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Effects of adhesive primers on bond strength of self-curing resin to cobalt-chromium alloy
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of four adhesive primers on the shear bond strength of a self curing resin to cobalt-chromium alloy.
The adhesive primers Acryl Bond (AB), Cesead Opaque Primer (COP), Metal Primer II (MPII), and MR Bond (MRB) were used. A brass ring placed over the casting alloy disk surface nonprimed or primed with each primer was filled with the self-curing methyl methacrylate polymethyl methacrylate resin. The specimens were stored in water at 37 degrees C for 24 hours and then alternately immersed in water baths at 4 degrees C and 60 degrees C for 1 minute each for up to 20,000 thermal cycles before shear mode testing at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min.
All the primers examined improved the shear bond strength between the resin and cobalt chromium alloy compared with nonprimed specimens before thermal cycling. However, after 20,000 thermal cycles, the bond strengths of resin to cobalt chromium alloy primed with COP or MPII primers were significantly greater than those of specimens primed with AB or MRB primers and nonprimed controls.
This study indicated that COP and MPII are effective primers to obtain higher bond strength between resin and cobalt-chromium alloy.
... 4 However, because of the low chemical affinity of resin cement to metal alloys, surface treatments are recommended to achieve a more durable bonding. [5][6][7] A variety of surface treatments have been studied in an effort to improve bond strength, including mechanical and chemical bonding as well as combinations of both. The application of several functional monomers is considered as one of the most ef-대한치과보철학회지 57권 2호, 2019년 4월 정홍택Shiela A. Campana박진홍신주희이정열 레진 시멘트와 코발트 크롬 합금의 미세인장결합강도에 다양한 프라이머들이 미치는 영향 fective chemical treatments to enhance the physicochemical bonding of resin cements to metal alloy. ...
... However, determining the most effective functional monomer for bonding and the effects of primer application on bond strength remain in debate. [5][6][7]10,11 Although macrotests such as tensile and shear bond tests are commonly used in studies to analyze metal-resin bond strength, these studies also have their limitations. 12 To overcome some limitations of macrotests, Sano et al. 13 used microtensile bond tests, which are considered more appropriate for the evaluation of bond strength since they allow a more uniform distribution of stress, reduce cohesive failure, and provide a more realistic measurement of bond strength at the adhesive interface. ...
... However, the use of metal primers for increasing the bond strength of non-precious alloys to resin cement remains controversial. According to Yoshida et al., 5 the bond strength between resin cement and sandblasted casting alloy was significantly higher when the metal primer was applied due to the affinity of some functional monomers to the oxide layer of base metal alloys. In addition, one recent study reported the tested primer significantly improved the tensile and shear bond strength of the resin cement to metal alloys. ...
... The metal primer application containing 10-methacryloyloxydecryl dihydrogen phosphate (MDP) is one of the adhesive primer applications that creates an excellent chemical bond between the PMMA and the metal [2,3,8,11]. In some previous studies, it was reported that the use of MDP-containing primers was more effective in enhancing the bond between the metal and the PMMA than other primers [3,4,11,14]. ...
... Currently, the application of an adhesive primer to increase the strength of the bond between adhesive resins and metals has been investigated in various studies [3-5, 9, 14, 31]. Yoshida et al. [14] reported in their study that the functional monomers of adhesive primers interact with an oxide layer created on the metal surface and this interaction increases the bond strength of metal to acrylic resin. In a previous study, which examined the SBS and leakage of PMMA to dental alloys, it was reported that adhesive application improved bond strength and decreased the distance of dye penetration in the metal acrylic interface [31]. ...
Objectives:
The aim of this study is to investigate the shear bond strength of an acrylic resin to titanium after different surface treatment methods.
Material and methods:
A total of seventy-two disc-shaped specimens (10 mm × 10 mm × 2 mm) were prepared from titanium alloy. The specimens were randomly allocated to six equal groups: Group S (sandblasting), Group MP (metal primer), Group 10W (fiber laser 10 W), Group 20W (fiber laser 20 W), Group 10WMP (fiber laser 10 W+metal primer), and Group 20WMP (fiber laser 20 W+metal primer). All of the specimens were thermocycled up to 5000 cycles. After thermal cycling, a shear bond strength test was conducted. The shear bond strength data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc pairwise comparisons (p < 0.05).
Results:
While the highest values were determined in Group MP, the lowest values were observed in Group S. Additionally, Group MP exhibited significantly higher shear bond strength values than any of the other groups (p < 0.05) except Group 10WMP. Similar results were observed between Group MP and Group 10WMP (p > 0.05). The groups in which a metal primer was applied (Group MP, 10WMP, and 20WMP) showed significantly higher values than Group S. The shear bond strength values of Group 10W and Group 20W were similar.
Conclusions:
The application of a metal primer significantly improved the bond strength of acrylic resin to titanium. Fiber laser application may be an alternative method to sandblasting for improving the bond strength of acrylic resin to titanium.
... It seems that the MDP present in Panavia F2.0 is responsible for high bond strength to base metal alloys. [28,30,31] Unexpectedly, in the case of P, the shear bond values recorded for the specimens treated with AP either with sandblasting or nonsandblasting were lower than the specimens those treated with MP. These differences were not significant though. ...
... The functional monomer of MP and MEPS which consists of similar functional groups (hydrogen phosphate) to MDP has a high affinity to the oxide layer produced on the surfaces of base metal alloys, contributing to a high and durable bond strength. [30,31] According to the results of the present study, for all resin cement, the shear bond strength was improved with usage of metal primers in conjunction with sandblasting which these changes were significant for P and RU. This finding is not in consistent with the results of Di Francescantonio et al. that they concluded the P can be used directly without a metal primer on the titanium surface. ...
Background: This study aimed to assess and compare the shear bond strength of self-etch and self-adhesive resin cement to nickel-chromium-cobalt alloy with different surface treatments.
Materials and Methods: In this in vitro study, a total of 120 disks were fabricated of VeraBond II base metal alloy. Specimens were divided into 15 groups of 8 based on the type of cement and surface treatment. The five surface treatments studied included sandblasting alone, application of Alloy Primer with and without sandblasting, and application of Metal Primer II with and without sandblasting. The three cement tested included Panavia F2.0, RelyX Unicem (RU), and G-Cem (GC). After receiving the respective surface treatments, the specimens were thermocycled for 1500 cycles and underwent shear bond strength testing. Data were analyzed using SPSS 20.0 and three-way analysis of variance. P values of the significant level of 0.05 were reported.
Results: The results exhibited that the mean bond strengths in sandblasted groups were higher than nonsandblasted one. These differences were significantly higher in the sandblasted groups of Panavia F2.0 and RU cement (P < 0.05).The mean bond strength values between GC and Panavia F2.0 were not statistically significant (P > 0.05). The highest bond strength was recorded for Panavia F2.0 with the surface treatment of both sandblasting and Metal Primer II.
Conclusion: Based on the results, sandblasting improves the shear bond strength of self-etch and self-adhesive resin cement to base metal alloys. The best results can be achieved with a combination of sandblasting and metal primers. The performance of resin cement depends on to their chemical composition, not to the type of system.
... [20][21][22] Many researchers compared the bond strengths between PMMA and metal alloys to which metal primers were applied, or not applied, and metal primers increased bonding strength. [17,18,[23][24][25] Therefore, authors of this study determined metal primer application as a standard for metal surface treatment. ...
... But this lowest bonding strength of this study did not differ from previous studies. [23][24][25][26][27] On the other hand, especially in the titanium made attachments of implant-supported dentures, there is very little space in the PMMA denture base. Patients, who use these dentures, apply more chewing force as they feel free to eat whatever they want as a result of having more retentive and comfortable dentures. ...
... Functional monomers have an affinity for the layer of chromium oxide that forms on a chromium cobalt alloy surface. 26 Several studies have shown the effectiveness of the functional methacrylate monomers. [23][24][25][26][27][28]36,37 Smooth primed metal plates displayed significantly higher mean separation forces than those of primed lattice retention. ...
... 26 Several studies have shown the effectiveness of the functional methacrylate monomers. [23][24][25][26][27][28]36,37 Smooth primed metal plates displayed significantly higher mean separation forces than those of primed lattice retention. The strength of the chemical bond appeared to be proportionally related to the metal surface area. ...
Poor mechanical and chemical bondings at the interface between a framework and denture base resin have been responsible for many removable partial denture failures. This study tested the force necessary to separate acrylic resin bases from test frameworks using different acrylic retention designs (smooth metal plate, metal plate with bead retention, lattice retention, and mesh retention). The force needed to separate acrylic resin from primed test frameworks was also measured.
Eighty chromium-cobalt test frameworks were fabricated using preformed wax patterns and cast according to manufacturer's instructions. Half the specimens were primed prior to acrylic processing. The same base acrylic was used for all specimens. Separation forces that fractured acrylic resin from test frameworks were generated by a universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 25 mm/min. Loads at failure and types of failure were recorded. Data were analyzed using ANOVA.
The mean separation force of acrylic resin from unprimed retention designs was highest for the metal plate with beads (3.1 kN), followed by mesh (2.8 kN) and lattice (2.1 kN), and lowest (0.1 kN) for the smooth metal plate. The mean separation force for primed acrylic retention designs was highest for the metal plate with beads (4.2 kN), followed by mesh (3.4 kN) and smooth metal plate (3.0 kN), and lowest for lattice retention (2.6 kN). Bond failure occurred both adhesively at the interface between metal and acrylic resin and cohesively within the acrylic resin. Cohesive bond failure increased when specimens were primed. The rate of cohesive bond failure remained the same for primed mesh retention specimens.
Significantly increased force was necessary to separate the acrylic from each design of primed test specimens compared with unprimed specimens of the same design. The primed metal plate with beads exhibited significantly greater separation force than the other three designs. Primed mesh had significantly greater separation force values than primed lattice and smooth metal plate. Primed lattice was significantly less retentive than the other three primed designs. Except for the retentive mesh specimens, there was higher occurrence of cohesive failures in the acrylic resin when the frameworks were primed.
... The finishing archwires could phosphoric acid 37%, a primer is applied to both the enamel and bracket base, which contains 10-methracryloyloxyldecyl dihydrogen phosphate for chemically bonding to metal. [22][23][24] Then, an orthodontic adhesive is placed on the bracket base, and the bracket- transfer jig combination is placed at the correct position on each tooth because of the precise fit between the transfer jig and the incisal edge or occlusal surface (Fig 3). The excess flash is removed, then the adhesive is light-cured for 40 seconds. ...
Current indirect lingual bracket bonding and archwire forming procedures are typically performed in a laboratory, which often come with high fees and long delivery times. Digital technology has created a trend toward in-office fabrication of orthodontic appliances. We have implemented a new clinical technique for in-office indirect lingual bracket positioning and lingual straight archwire forming using Autolign orthodontic software (Diorco, Korea) with over 24 months of clinical testing and more than 30 debonded cases. This article describes the clinical workflow and advantages of a fully in-office digital straight-wire lingual orthodontic technique, providing evidence of its efficiency through five brief case reports.
... A BPDM-based priming agent (Z-Prime™ plus, Bisco, USA) was used with the GZPRIMER group. The primer contained a carboxylic acid monomer to promote chemical adhesion in the chromium oxide on the metal surface through one of its methacrylate terminals (20)(21)(22). The primer was applied with a micro-brush, evenly moistening the adhesion surface. ...
Antecedentes: La constante necesidad de mejorar los sistemas adhesivos lleva a los fabricantes a desarrollar nuevos materiales que ofrecen resultados óptimos. Ellos aseguran que los nuevos adhesivos producen una unión fuerte y duradera entre los cementos resinosos y los materiales restauradores, incluso metales. Objetivo: Medir la resistencia adhesiva entre un cemento resinoso y una aleación de níquel-cromo (Ni-Cr) a las 24 horas y posterior al envejecimiento. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio experimental in vitro. Se utilizaron 40 cilindros metálicos de Ni-Cr que conformaron 4 grupos (n=10). Las superficies se lijaron mecánicamente y con partículas de Al2O3 de 50 μm (tratamiento superficial mecánico). Para el tratamiento superficial químico se empleó un diseño experimental que consistió en colocar: un imprimador metálico, silano y adhesivo universal. Posteriormente, a cada cilindro de metal se le cementó dos cubos de resina nanohíbrida con cemento resinoso, bajo una carga constante de 0,98 N durante 5 minutos. Se realizó un ensayo de cizallamiento inmediato (24 horas) y después del envejecimiento (5.000 ciclos térmicos). Resultados: Los valores más altos de resistencia adhesiva se obtuvieron con el grupo GSUNIVERSAL tanto cuando fue medido inmediatamente como cuando fue envejecido. Conclusiones: Los tratamiento mecánico y químico a base de 10-MDP más silano mejoran la adhesión entre una aleación de Ni-Cr y un cemento resinoso, inclusive después de envejecida.
... Similarly to Panavia, Cesead was resistant to moisture when bonded to non-precious alloys (Yoshida et al 1995, Orchard et al 1997, Yoshida et al 1997, Kountouras et al 1999, Yoshida et al 1999 Tanaka et al (1981), to provide adhesion to non precious alloy and also to precious metals with surface treatments. The material has an affinity for metal oxides. ...
This study investigated the behaviour of metal/resin laminates of dimethacrylate resins and cobalt chromium alloy (Co/Cr) when subjected to fatigue stressing by thermo-cycling and cyclical loading, after water storage. The veneering materials used were a microfine (Silux Plus) and a hybrid (Z100) composite, bonded to a Co/Cr alloy through an adhesive interface (Cesead opaque primer and body opaque resin). Characterisation of the two composite resins was carried out with particular attention to water sorption. Laminates were evaluated over a period up to six months, groups of ten specimens were load cycled alone (Ld) (up to 453,600 cycles at 5 Hz), thermo-cycled alone (Th) (up to 25,200 cycles between 4°C, 37°C and 60°C) load cycled and thermo-cycled (Ld/Th) (cycled as above). Following testing, laminates were assessed for their elastic modulus, examined microscopically and the adhesive interface was subjected to a dye penetration study. The microfine resin absorbed more water than the hybrid (2.88% and 1.84% by mass respectively) and lost more soluble material (0.61%, 0.19% of original mass respectively). The laminates of the different veneering resins exhibited differences in their elastic behaviour. The apparent flexural modulus of laminates made with the hybrid resin (initial: 482.3 ± 69.1 GPa, week 24 Ld/Th; 544.7 ± 70.3 GPa) was higher than those made with the microfine resin (initial: 288.1 ± 44.4 GPa, week 24 Ld/Th; 353.7 ± 47.5 GPa). The extension at failure of the hybrid resin laminates appeared to be lower than that of the microfine ones. However, little difference was seen in the stress at failure between groups. Week 24 Ld/Th; (Z100: 833.3 ± 355.8 MPa, Silux Plus: 828.4 ± 122.1 MPa). Both cohesive failure within the veneering resin and adhesive failures between the veneering resin and metal component were noted.
... The adhesive strength between the PEEK and acrylic resin significantly influences the probability of denture fracture. Many studies have analyzed the adhesive strength of metal surface treatments to denture base resins [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16], suggesting that such treatments lead to improvement in the bending strength of the denture, while providing protection from microleakage between the interface, discoloration, and denture fracture. Studies on the bond strength of PEEK to luting cement or veneering resins for fixed prostheses have been reported [17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25]; however, information on the bonding strength between PEEK (applied to the clasp) and acrylic resin is lacking. ...
These days, new prosthodontic materials are appearing with the development of digitalization. Among these, the use of polyetheretherketone (PEEK) as the clasp of removable partial dentures has been proposed. The adhesive strength between the PEEK and acrylic resin influences the probability of denture fracture. To investigate the effect of PEEK surface treatments on the shear bond strength to acrylic resin, five surface treatment conditions of PEEK were analyzed: 1. no treatment; 2. ceramic primer application; 3. Al2O3 sandblasting; 4. Rocatec; and 5. Rocatec with ceramic primer application, comparing with a metal primer-treated Co-Cr alloy. Two kinds of autopolymerizing resin (Unifast II and Palapress Vario) were used as bonding materials. The specimens were evaluated to determine the bond strength. Rocatec treatment with ceramic primer application yielded the highest bond strengths (12.71 MPa and 15.32 MPa, respectively, for Unifast II and Palapress Vario). When compared to a metal primer-treated Co-Cr alloy, the bond strength of PEEK to Unifast II was similar, whereas it was about 60% of that to Palapress Vario. Rocatec treatment, combined with ceramic primer, showed the highest bond strength of PEEK to acrylic resin. Treatment of PEEK will enable its use as the clasp of removable dentures and the fixation of PEEK prostheses.
... The bond strength of a resin to a base metal alloy is influenced by the size of aluminum oxide particles and it was concluded that using 250 µm Al2O3 particles result in a significant increase in the roughness of the base metal alloy surface (7). The mechanism of the effect of air abrasion on M.L was shown by many researchers; when the particles of Air Abrasion hit the metal surface and their kinetic energy is transformed to thermal energy, which may reach the melting point of metal alloy. ...
background: The microleakage (M.L) at the metal-resin interface in a removable partial denture may results in
discoloration, fluid percolation, and acrylic resin deterioration. Enhancing resistance to microleakage at this interface
may improve the long-term union between the two materials (alloy and acrylic resin). The aim of this study was to
determine the effect of various metal surface treatments on microleakage and bonding between the metal alloy
and acrylic resin used in the fabrication of a removable partial denture.
Materials and Methods: Sixty rectangular Co/Cr samples (50 mm x 25 mm x 1 mm) were prepared and they had a
grid pattern, which formed 50 squares which then divided into 2 groups according to the type of acrylic resin
received each one 30 samples {A- for heat cure resin (HCR), B- for visible light cure resin (VLCR)} which were
subdivided according to the type of surface treatments into 3 subgroups each one 10 samples (A1 B1 for Air
Abrasion -- A2 B2 for Metal Prime II (MP II) application -- A3 B3 for combination of Air Abrasion and Metal Primer II
application). Each sample was divided into experimental half (treated) and a control half (untreated). The samples
were thermocycled (3000 cycles, 5 °C to 50 °C with a dwell time of 1 minute) after application of resin, and placed in
sodium fluorescein (0.2 g / 1000 mL) dye solution (Uranine dye, BDH chemicals Ltd Poole, England) for 48 hours. If the
penetration of the dye was not more than half of the square it was recorded half square and if it was more than half
it was recorded as one square.
Results: The results showed that the subgroup that received Air Abrasion + Metal Primer II surface treatments for both
types of resins HC and VLC (A3 and B3) had the least M.L values, followed by the Air Abrasion subgroup (A1 and B1).
Subgroups that received Metal Primer II alone (A2 and B2) showed the highest M.L value than the other subgroups.
All Co/Cr samples with VLCR showed less dye penetration than that of HCR whether with surface treatment or
without suggesting higher binding of resin with the Co/Cr surface.
Conclusion: A combination of air abrasion and MP II for light cure samples showed the highest reduction in M.L
compared to all other types of surface treatments and to HCR. MP II alone was less effective in reduction of M.L than
other surface treatments. The use of VLCR with different metal surface treatments revealed greater reduction in M.L
than that when used HCR even when there is no surface treatment.
Keywords: Co/Cr- heat and light cure resin interface, metal surface treatments, microleakage.
... Considering that the adhesiveness depends on the type of metals, the surface of non-precious alloy has a higher chemical reaction than its metal oxide layer; showing higher bond strength with resin if used with metal pre-treatment agent containing carboxylic acid derivatives. 18,19 Meanwhile, it is reported that using acidic adhesive monomer will result in lower bond strength 20 in the bond of precious alloy and resin than non-precious alloy. Then the bond strength could be significantly increased as a metal pre-treatment agent contains sulfur derivative monomer. ...
... These metal primers contain active monomers, which are involved in the forming of a bond between the oxide present on the metal substrate surface and the resin cement. Studies have shown that metal primers containing 4-META (4-methacryloyloxyethyl trimellitate anhydride), MDP (10-methacryloyloxydecryl dihydrogen phosphate), or MEPS (thiophosphate methacryloyloxyalkyl) derivatives monomers have been shown to increase bond strength between various dental casting alloys and resin based adhesive materials (Matsumura et al 1996;Tanaka et al 1981;Yoshida et al 1997). ...
This study evaluated the effect of disinfectants on the tensile bond strength of Nickel-Chromium alloy bonded with resin cement. 180 pairs of Nickel-Chromium dumbbells were prepared. The dumbbells were divided into 3 groups (n=60), which received one of the following treatments: Sandblasted only (control), sandblasted and Perform (R)-ID or sandblasted and sodium hypochlorite (SH) before bonding with resin cement. All bonded specimens were stored in distilled water for 24 h and half of the specimens were subsequently thermocycled (500 cycles) before debonding. Tensile bond strength was recorded and each dumbbell was examined for failure mode. Two-way ANOVA analysis indicated that overall there was a statistically significant difference between 24 h and thermocycling test, but no differences between sandblasted only, sandblasted and Perform-ID or sandblasted and SH groups. Post-ANOVA contrasts indicated that only the sandblasted and SH group showed a significant difference between the 24 h and thermocycling test. Disinfectants did not significantly decrease tensile bond strength between Nickel-Chromium dumbbells bonded with resin cement.
... The VBATDT monomer has affinity for only some metal elements, such as Au, Ag, Pd, Pt [16] and Cu [17]. The MDP is effective for use with nonprecious metal alloys [18] and its ester phosphate group increases the chemical bonding affinity with the surface layer of chromium oxide formed of the cobalt-chrome alloy surface [19]. ...
... Sie haben sich als eine Alternative zum Silikatisieren erwiesen. 15,16,17,18,19 Diese Primer beinhalten meistens phosphorsäurehaltige bzw. carboxylatsäurehaltige Monomere. ...
In der vorliegenden Untersuchung wurde die Scherfestigkeit zwi- schen Verblendkompositen und einer CAD/CAM CoCr-Legierung ZENO NP bei unterschiedlich vor- behandelter Oberfläche be- stimmt. Dazu wurde auf dem Gerüstwerkstoff das Komposit mit einer definierten Fläche aufge- bracht und anschließend bis zum Bruch abgeschert. Die Scherfes- tigkeit wurde aus der gemessenen Kraft und der Klebefläche errech- net.
... Several studies have revealed that thermal stress induced by thermocycling weakens the adhesive bonding between resin-based materials and cast Co-Cr alloys, but priming with 10-methacryloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate (MDP) significantly improved the bonding durability [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19] . However, no information is available regarding adhesive bonding between resin composites and laser-sintered Co-Cr alloys. ...
The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the bond strengths between resin composite veneer and laser-sintered cobalt-chromium (Co-Cr) alloy with and without retention devices (Laser-R and Laser-N respectively). Cast Co-Cr alloy with and without retention devices (Cast-R and Cast-N respectively) were also prepared for fabrication technique comparison. Disk-shaped Co-Cr alloy specimens were air-abraded with alumina and veneered with a veneering system, Estenia C&B (ES) or Ceramage (CE). After 20,000 thermocycles, tensile testing was performed. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and multiple comparison test. When no retention devices were present, no significant differences were observed between Laser-N/ES and Cast-N/ES, or between Laser- N/CE and Cast-N/CE, but ES exhibited significantly higher bond strength than CE. With retention devices, Laser-R/ES, Cast- R/ES and Laser-R/CE showed no significant differences, and their retention strengths were significantly higher than that of Cast- R/CE. Compared to cast Co-Cr alloy, laser-sintered Co-Cr alloy with retention devices provided better retention durability for resin composite-veneered prostheses.
... These include electrolytic etching, chemical etchants, and silica coating. The availability of resin based adhesive primers for base metals capable of chemically bonding to casting dental alloys has simplified the procedures for surface preparation of base metal alloys [5]. A strong and stable bond between veneering material and metal framework considerably assists in the esthetic appearance and clinical longevity of a restoration, which has to withstand a combination of mechanical, chemical and thermal stresses [6]. ...
A growing number of composite materials are being used as an alternative for veneering cast restorations. The objective of this investigation was to evaluate and compare the shear bond strength of UDMA based composite, restorative composite, and heat cure acrylic when veneered to Ni-Cr alloy and to evaluate the type of bond failure. Three different veneering materials were used: heat cure acrylic, UDMA based composite and a restorative composite. 10 samples were fabricated, each with heat cure acrylic and restorative composite and 20 samples were fabricated with UDMA based composite; thus, the total number of samples amounted to 40. All the samples were subject to shear bond stress fracture tests and observed for the type of bond failure. The greatest mean shear bond strength was recorded in relation to the UDMA based composite material when thermal conducting paste was used during the curing (10.51 MPa). The mean bond strength values of UDMA based composite without thermal conducting paste (8.92 MPa), heat cured acrylic veneering material (4.24 MPa) and restorative composite material (5.03 MPa) were significantly different from each other (p > 0.05). Samples veneered with heat cure acrylic veneering material and restorative composite material showed adhesive failure. Samples prepared with UDMA based composite veneering composite showed cohesive or predominantly cohesive failure. UDMA based composite veneering material when used with heat protection paste exceeds the shear bond strength requirement as suggested by Matsumura et al. (>10 MPa). A statistically significant association between the test groups and the type of failure was observed.
... Erzeugung von Mikroretentionen (Yoshida et al. 1997) und die Reinigung der Oberfläche (Tiller et al. 1985). Beim Sandstrahlen finden komplexe Reaktionen an der Metalloberfläche statt, die die Spaltung und Anhäufung bestimmter chemischer Elemente beinhalten. ...
Ziel dieser In vitro- Studie war die Beurteilung der Scherfestigkeit zwischen industriell hergestellter Zirkoniumdioxidkeramik (Y-TZP) und einem Verblendmaterial, bestehend aus einem Mikro- Hybridkomposit. nach unterschiedlicher Vorbehandlung der Oberflächen.
Hierzu wurden 72 Y-TZP Proben hergestellt, in sechs Gruppen (n=12) eingeteilt und unterschiedlich vorbehandelt. Gruppe A (Kontrolle): Sandstrahlen mit 110μ Al2O3 Partikeln, Gruppe B: Oberfläche zusätzlich mit Panavia F 2.0 (Kuraray, D) beschichtet, Gruppe C: beschichtet mit Rely X Unicem (3M Espe, D), Gruppe D: beschichtet mit Triceram Liner (Esprident, D), Gruppe E: beschichtet mit Triceram Bonder (Esprident, D), Gruppe F: beschichtet mit Glasur einer niederschmelzenden Keramik. Anschließend wurde ein Kompositzylinder (Durchmesser 2,4 mm) auf die vorbehandelte Oberfläche polymerisiert. Die Proben wurden einer thermischen Wechsellast (1000x 4°C-55°C) unterzogen und die Scherkraft in einer Universalprüfmaschine gemessen. Die Bruchmodi wurden unter dem Lichtmikroskop beurteilt. Die durchschnittliche Verbundstärke der Proben wurde statistisch mittels ANOVA und der verbesserten Statistik für paarweisen Vergleich analysiert.
Ergebnis dieser Untersuchung war, dass alle zusätzlichen Behandlungen zum Sandstrahlen die Scherfestigkeit signifikant (p≤0.001) verbesserten. Die Verbundfestigkeit in [N] waren in Gruppe D> Gruppe E> Gruppe B> Gruppe F> Gruppe C> Gruppe A.
Die Verbundfestigkeit in [MPa] waren in Gruppe D > Gruppe E> Gruppe F > Gruppe B > Gruppe C > Gruppe A. Die statistische Auswertung der Verbundfestigkeitswerte in [N] ergab signifikante Unterschiede zwischen den experimentellen Gruppen, außer zwischen Gruppe B und C, B und F, C und F, D und E. Die statistische Auswertung der Verbundfestigkeitswerte in [MPa] ergab nur signifikante Unterschiede zwischen den experimentellen Gruppen A und B-F, D und C, D und F.
Daraus folgt, dass das Beschichten einer industriell hergestellten Y-TZP Keramik mit adhäsiven Befestigungsmaterialien oder verschiedenen Keramikschichten signifikant höhere Scherverbundfestigkeiten zum Verblendkomposit liefert, als die alleinige Behandlung mit Sandstrahlen durch Aluminiumdiioxid und eine Beschichtung mit einem keramischen Liner oder Bonder und Opaker als empfehlenswert anzusehen ist.
... Resin-based luting materials are typically selected for cementing crowns onto "minimally retentive preparations" [11][12][13]. However, a durable bond between resin-based luting materials and metal alloys without any surface treatment has not been achieved because the luting materials have a low chemical affinity with metal alloys [14][15][16][17]. A variety of surface treatments are available for improving the strength of the bond between resin-based luting materials and metal alloys. ...
We investigated the effects of different Er:YAG laser treatments on the surface roughness of base metal alloys. A total of 36 specimens were prepared of two base metal alloys (Wiron 99, Bellabond plus). The surfaces of the specimens were standardized by gradual wet grinding with 320-, 600-, 800- and 1,000-grit silicon carbide paper for 10 s each on a grinding machine at 300 rpm. Specimens of each alloy were randomly divided into six groups (n = 6) comprising a control group (group C), a group sandblasted with Al(2)O(3) powder at 60 psi for 10 s through a nozzle at a distance of 10 mm (group S), and four Er:YAG laser (Fotona AT) treatment groups. The laser treatment groups were as follows: 500 mJ, 10 Hz, 100 μs (group 500MSP); 500 mJ, 10 Hz, 300 μs (group 500SP); 400 mJ, 10 Hz, 100 μs (group 400MSP); and 400 mJ, 10 Hz, 300 μs (group 400SP). Surface roughness measurements (Ra) were performed using a profilometer. The data were analysed by two-way ANOVA, and mean values were compared using Tukey's HSD test (α = 0.05). According to the two-way ANOVA results, the base metal alloys and interaction between base metal alloy and surface treatment were not statistically significant different (p > 0.05), the surface treatments were significantly different (p < 0.0001). For the two base metal alloy groups, no significant differences were observed among the control, 400MSP, and 400SP groups (p = 0.912), and these groups demonstrated the lowest Ra values. The highest Ra value was observed in group S (p < 0.05). Er:YAG laser treatment at 400 and 500 mJ/10 Hz is not an alternative method for surface roughening of base metal alloys.
... 13,14 Of the chemical methods, metal priming is the most common chemical method for creating a strong bond between PMMA and an alloy in RPDs. [15][16][17] However, differences in the shear-bond strengths between resin and an alloy have been reported after applying various metal primers. For example, Shmizu et al. 15 and Ohkubo et al. 17 reported that the shear-bond strengths between PMMA and a Co-Cr alloy that was primed with MDP and MEPS was greater than those found when the alloy was primed with 4-META or when the Siloc bonding system was used. ...
The purpose of this study was to compare the shear-bond strengths (SBSs) of an acrylic resin and a cobalt-chromium (Co-Cr) alloy after applying a metal primer, Nd:YAG laser irradiation, or both to the sandblasted surface of the Co-Cr alloy.
The serviceability of a removable partial denture (RPD) is dependent on the bond strength at the resin-alloy interface. No previously published studies exist on the use of Nd:YAG lasers for preparing the surface of a Co-Cr alloy in an RPD to obtain a high-strength bond between PMMA and the alloy.
One-hundred twenty Co-Cr alloy specimens were sandblasted and randomly assigned to four equal groups: Group I, sandblasting; Group II, sandblasting + metal primer; Group III, sandblasting + Nd:YAG laser; and Group IV, sandblasting + Nd:YAG laser + metal primer. To establish the most appropriate fluence for modifying the surface of the sandblasted cast specimens, we conducted a preliminary study. Nd:YAG laser irradiation at a fluence of 46.9 J/cm(2) was selected. After the various surface treatments, each alloy specimen was embedded in PMMA to determine the SBS between PMMA and the alloy.
Group II and III specimens exhibited higher SBSs than did those of the Group I specimens (p < 0.05), and Group IV specimens showed higher SBSs than did those of the Group II and III specimens (p < 0.05). A significant difference existed in failure types among groups (p < 0.05). Failure type was predominantly adhesive for groups I and III, but predominantly mixed for groups II and IV.
Nd:YAG laser irradiation at a fluence of 46.9 J/cm(2) roughens the sandblasted surface of a Co-Cr alloy and increases the strength of the bond between PMMA and the alloy. This bond strength can be increased further by applying a metal primer to the laser-irradiated surface.
Background: between the base metal Co chemical treatment and the combination of both treatments on a metal framework. Materials and Methods: with retention beads and the other half was grind. All test specimens were divided into 5 groups; control, sandblasted, sandblasted and Metal primer II (GC Co., Tokyo, Japan), sandblast photo primer (Shofu, Kyoto, Japan), Rocatectribochemical silica coating system (3M ESPE, Seefeld, Germany) are used for each group. Then; Gradia opaque and Gradia indirect laboratory composites (GC Co., Tokyo, Japan) were applied to all groups cycling (TC) after the application of Gradia. Shear bond strength of each specimen was tested in an universal testing machine and fractured specimens were examined with SEM.
The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the effect of functional monomers with phosphorus on bonding durability to titanium. Three metal conditioners (Alloy Primer, AP; Metal Link, ML; Eyesight Opaque Primer, EP) were assessed. The functional monomers for base metal are 10-methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogenphosphate (MDP) for the AP, 6-methacryloxyhexyl phosphonoacetate (MHPA) for the ML, and methacrylatephosphate (MP) for the EP. Cast disk specimens made of high-purity titanium (T-Alloy H) were air-abraded with 70μm alumina, primed with three conditioners, and then bonded with an acrylic resin adhesive (Super-Bond C&B). Shear bond strengths were determined both before and after thermocycling (20, 000 cycles).
Before thermocycling, the shear bond strengths for the AP and ML groups were significantly higher than those for the EP and unprimed (defined as control) groups (p<0.05). The AP group exhibited significantly higher bond strength than the ML group after thermocycling (p<0.05). Significant difference was not found between the EP and the unprimed groups regardless of thermocycling application (p>0.05).
The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the retention strength between a resin composite veneering material and three types of cobalt–chromium (Co–Cr) alloy substrates. Co–Cr alloy specimens with 81 retention devices (LSR), with 144 retention devices (LDR), and without retention device (LN) were fabricated using a laser-sintering system. The specimens were air-abraded with alumina, conditioned with a primer [Alloy primer (AP) or M.L. primer (ML)], and veneered with a light-polymerized resin composite (Gradia). Three control groups (LSR-N, LDR-N, and LN-N) without primer were also prepared. After 20,000 thermocycles in 4 and 60 °C water, tensile retention strengths were determined using a universal testing machine. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance and a post hoc Tukey–Kramer HSD test (α = 0.05, n = 8). The highest retention strengths were obtained in LSR-AP (28.3 MPa), LSR-ML (23.3 MPa), LDR-AP (26.9 MPa), and LDR-ML (27.8 MPa), and these values were not significantly different. In the absence of a retention device, the retention strengths were significantly different in the following order: LN-N (0.1 MPa) < LN-ML (12.4 MPa) < LN-AP (20.2 MPa). The specimens without primer were significantly different in the following order: LN-N (0.1 MPa) < LSR-N (15.4 MPa), LDR-N (17.1 MPa). No significant difference was found between the numbers of retention devices, which were 81 and 144. In conclusion, the combined use of the primers and the retention devices is recommended when the laser-sintered Co–Cr alloy is veneered with the resin composite materials to maximize the retention strength.
This study measured the bonding strength of various porcelain prosthesis materials before and after thermocycling to select prosthesis materials that can maximize beauty and tolerance. To measure bonding strength, various porcelain materials were baked on with-Beryllium metals, non-Beryllium metals 8group and Zirconia 1 group among commercially available base alloys, and measured the bonding strength was measured before and after thermocycling. The findings of this study are as follows: 1) PTM(press-to-metal) porcelain non-Beryllium metal showed the, highteat bonding strength each 73.2MPa, 59.2MPa before and after thermocycling. 2) The porcelain materials baked on non-Beryllium metal showed higher bonding strength before and after thermocycling than those baked on with-Beryllium metal. 3) Zirconia products showed the lowest 38.7MPa bonding strength before and after thermocycling.
Purpose: This study compared the shear bond strength of heat pressed and feldspathic porcelain to metal. Through thermocycling, the clinical aspect of heat pressed porcelain fused metal was estimated. Materials and Methods: 90 non-precious metal specimens were made (4{\times}4{\times}8 mm) and divided to three groups. All spicimens were treated and built-up with the porcelain (4{\times}4{\times}3 mm) by 2 different methods according to group: Group I: Inspiration^{(R)}, Group II: Ivoclar, IPS Inline^{(R)}PoM, Group III: GC Initial IQ-One Body^{(R)}PoM. The half of each group`s specimens were thermocycled. All specimens` shear bond strength were measured by Instron universal testing machine. Exact measuring point was far 1 mm from porcelain/metal interface to the porcelain side. For the statistical analysis, 2-way ANOVA was used. Results: In no-thermocycling specimens, the shear bond strength showed no statistical significance between each group (P > 0.05). In comparison between nothermocycling and thermocycling specimens in each group, the shear bond strength was decreased according to thermocycling, but there was no statistical significance (P > 0.05). In thermocycling specimens, there was no statistical significance between each group (P > 0.05). Conclusion: In feldspathic porcelain and other two types heat pressed porcelain, there was no statistical difference in the shear bond strength of porcelain to metal. The heat pressed porcelain seems to be clinically useful for the aspect of the shear bond strength.
Purpose: It often happens that magnets clinically detach from denture bases. To establish the appropriate laboratory procedure to fix the magnet in the denture base, the tensile bond strength of magnetic steel in auto-polymerizing resin was measured under several conditions. Materials and Methods: Magnetic stainless steel cylinders (AUM 20) of 4 mm diameter were prepared as specimens. The cross section of the specimens was ground with silicon-carbide abrasive paper (#800) to create a bondable surface. After grinding, half of the specimens were treated by air abrasion with 50 µm alumina. Both surfaces were treated with one of the three commercial primers: Metal Primer II (MPII), Metal Link Primer (MLP), and Meta Fast Bonding Liner (MFL). Auto-polymerizing resin was poured on the bonded surfaces of the metal. The tensile bond strength between the metal and resin was measured after the specimens were stored in water at 37˚C for 24 hours. Thermal cycle examinations, with immersion alternately in water baths at 4˚C and 60˚C for 1 minute up to 2,000 times were conducted. Results: The bond strength of sanded surfaces with primer treatment varied from 21.6 to 32.2 MPa and the value increased significantly when primer treatments other than MPII were used. The bond strength of air-abraded surfaces with primer treatment varied from 31.1 to 38.3 MPa and the value increased significantly with all primer treatments. Bond strengths of all groups were significantly reduced by the application of thermal cycling (p<0.05). The bond strength of air-abraded surfaces with primer treatment varied from 3.6 to 4.2 MPa and the bond strength was significantly (p<0.05) larger than those in other groups. Conclusion: The combination of air abrasion and primer application is the most effective procedure to fix the magnet. (Int Chin J Dent 2005; 5: 7-11.) Clinical Significance: To solve the clinical problem of magnetic detachment, enhancement of bond strength is necessary.
Nanocomposites of octavinyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (OVPOSS) and functionalized SiO2 were investigated in order to determine the effect of particles on the morphology and mechanical properties of PMMA. The outcome of the study suggested that functionalized SiO2 and octavinylPOSS molecule had different morphology. As proved by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy analysis, the crystal structure of OVPOSS molecule was significantly different from amorphous aggregates of functionalized SiO2. With the additional particles in the nanocomposites, the sizes of octavinylPOSS and functionalized SiO2 began to reduce. This illustrated that the separation of aggregates led to the formation of irregular POSS molecules and amorphous SiO2 particles varied. Differential scanning calorimetry analysis indicated that PMMA-POSS nanocomposites had a homogeneous system. However, there was a significant phase separation at 3 wt.% SiO2. PMMA-SiO2 nanocomposites displayed lower reinforcing effects than expected, based on the mechanical properties of nanocomposites containing OVPOSS molecules.
ObjectiveA search was conducted in biomedical journals published from January 1997 to June 1997 to identify all dental materials publications and sort them into major categories.MethodsTables of contents for 79 journals for the period of January to June, 1997 were inspected and divided into 17 categories. Citations were analyzed by both frequency in journals and in categories, as well as compared to frequencies for previous years.ResultsA total of 445 citations were detected in 79 journals for the period January 1997 to June 1997. Certain journals (n=19) demonstrated a higher citation frequency (>_ 10 citations for 6 months) and represented 77.8% of all citations. The greatest number of citations continued to involve bonding (n = 97), resin-based restorative materials (composites; glass ionomers) (n = 95), prosthodontic materials (n=51), and pulp protection / luting materials (n=48). Frequencies by category were very similar to those for the last four years.SignificanceThe compiled literature citations provide a supplement for researchers and academicians seeking information in existing electronic databases.
To evaluate the effect of different surface treatments on shear bond strength between a metallic alloy (Co-Cr-Mo - Remanium CD) and a resin cement (Rely X TM) and to evaluate the mode of fracture after testing, forty couples of metallic-alloy disks were melted, regularized, polished, submitted to four thermal cycles (Vacuum, 960ºC, 8 minutes) and randomly separated into four groups. Each group received a different type of treatment: Group PSP: Polished with sandpaper 600; Group PCP: Polished with sandpaper 600 and application of the metal primer Alloy Primer (Kuraray); Group JSP: Sandblasted with 100µm aluminum oxide; Group JCP: Sandblasted with 100mm aluminum oxide and treated with a metal Primer. The groups were cemented and stored in distilled water at 37ºC for 36 hours and submitted to the shear bond strength test. The mean and standard deviation (in Kgf/cm²) obtained for each group was: PSP 4.0/0.4; PCP 88.9/33.6; JSP 163.2/27.6; JCP 144.5/54.0. After the statistical analysis the authors concluded that: the highest values were obtained for the sandblasted groups (JSP, JCP), regardless of the primer application; the Alloy Primer increased the retention between the Rely X cement and the polished surface of the Co-Cr-Mo alloy, yet its bond strength was not greater than that obtained with sandblasting; all specimens showed adhesive failures in the tested interface.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of adhesive primers (APs) applied to Co-Cr and Ni-Cr metal alloys on the bond strength of resin cements to alloys. MATERIALS AND METHods: Eight cementing systems were evaluated, consisting of four resin cements (Bistite II DC, LinkMax, Panavia F 2.0, RelyX Unicem) with or without their respective APs (Metaltite, Metal Primer II, Alloy Primer, Ceramic Primer). The two types of dental alloys (Co-Cr, Ni-Cr) were cast in plate specimens (10 x 5 x 1 mm(3)) from resin patterns. After casting, the plates were sandblasted with aluminum oxide (100 microm) and randomly divided into eight groups (n = 6). Each surface to be bonded was treated with one of eight cementing systems. Three resin cement cylinders (0.5 mm high, 0.75 mm diameter) were built on each bonded metal alloy surface, using a Tygon tubing mold. After water storage for 24 hours, specimens were subjected to micro-shear testing. Data were statistically analyzed by two-way ANOVA and Tukey's studentized range test.
The application of Metal Primer II resulted in a significantly higher bond strength for LinkMax resin cement when applied in both metal alloys. In general, the cementing systems had higher bond strengths in Co-Cr alloy than in Ni-Cr.
The use of AP between alloy metal surfaces and resin cements did not increase the bond strength for most cementing systems evaluated.
Purpose:
Approximately 38% of removable partial denture (RPD) failures involve fracture at the alloy/acrylic interface. Autopolymerizing resin is commonly used to repair RPDs. Poor chemical bonding of repair acrylic to base metal alloys can lead to microleakage and failure of the bond. Therefore, ideal repair techniques should provide a strong, adhesive bond. This investigation compared the tensile bond strength between cobalt-chromium (Super Cast, Pentron Laboratory Technologies, Llc., Wallingford, CT) and nickel-chromium (Rexalloy, Pentron Laboratory Technologies, Llc.) alloys and autopolymerized acrylic resin (Dentsply Repair Material, Dentsply Int, Inc, York, Pa) using three primers containing different functional monomers [UBar (UB), Sun Medical Co., Ltd., Shiga, Japan: Alloy Primer (AP) Kuraray Medical Inc., Okayama, Japan; and MR Bond (MRB) Tokyuyama Dental Corp., Tokyo, Japan] and two processing techniques (bench cure and pressure-pot cure).
Material and methods:
One hundred and twenty eight base metal alloy ingots were polished, air abraded, and ultrasonically cleaned. The control group was not primed. Specimens in the test groups were primed with one of the three metal primers. Autopolymerized acrylic resin material was bonded to the metal surfaces. Half the specimens were bench cured, and the other half were cured in a pressure pot. All specimens were stored in distilled water for 24 hours at 37 degrees C. The specimens were debonded under tension at a crosshead speed of 0.05 cm/min. The forces at which the bond failed were noted. Data were analyzed using ANOVA. Fisher's PLSD post hoc test was used to determine significant differences (p < 0.05). Failure modes of each specimen were evaluated under a dissecting microscope.
Results:
Significant differences in bond strength were observed between combinations of primers, curing methods, and alloys. Primed sandblasted specimens that were pressure-pot-cured had significantly higher bond strengths than primed sandblasted bench-cured specimens. The pressure-pot-curing method had a significant effect on bond strength of all specimens except Co-Cr alloy primed with UB. The highest bond strength was observed for both Co-Cr and Ni-Cr alloys that were sandblasted, primed with MRB, and pressure-pot cured. Co-Cr alloys primed with UB had the lowest bond strength whether bench cured or pressure-pot cured. Primed specimens generally experienced cohesive bond failures within the primer or acrylic resin. Nonprimed specimens generally experienced adhesive bond failures at the resin/metal interface.
Conclusions:
Within the limitations of this study, MRB provided the highest bond strength to both Ni-Cr and Co-Cr alloys. Generally, bond strength improved significantly when specimens were primed. Pressure-pot curing, in most cases, resulted in higher bond strength than bench curing. The results of this in vitro study suggest that MRB metal primer can be used to increase bond strength of autopolymerized repair acrylic resin to base metal alloys. Curing autopolymerized acrylic under pressure potentially increases bond strength.
When resin-bonded prostheses are constructed with titanium, they must be strongly bonded with luting materials for the prostheses to withstand the oral environment over the long term. However, limited information is available about the bond durability between luting materials and titanium.
This study determined whether a phosphate and two thiophosphate primers increase bond strength and durability between a commercially available pure titanium and four luting agents.
Three primers and four luting agents were divided into three groups according to the type of acidic monomers: carboxylic acid derivatives (4-META, 4-AET, and MAC10), a phosphoric acid derivative (MDP), and a thiophosphoric acid derivative (MEPS). Disk specimens were bonded with 16 combinations of 3 primers and 4 luting agents, including 4 controls. Shear bond strengths were determined after 1-day immersion in water and after thermocycling for 100,000 cycles.
Bond strengths were influenced by thermocycling, primer, luting agent, and their combinations. After thermocycling, the groups that demonstrated the highest bond strengths were six combinations of two primers (Cesead Opaque Primer and Metal Primer II) and three luting agents (Imperva Dual, Panavia 21, and Super-Bond C&B).
Bonding systems are used in some fixed prosthetic devices with base alloys. However, different studies of the same dental alloy bonding agents, under similar circumstances, have yielded disparate results in bond strength testing.
This study compared directly 2 dental alloy bonding systems through a "duel" type of confrontation, which basically is a 2-way tensile force test.
Ninety Wiron 88 base alloy cylinders (diameter of 8 mm length 15 mm) were sandblasted on both sides with Al(2)0(3) powder (particle size 50 microm) during 10 seconds at an approximate distance of 5 mm, at an air pressure of 60 psi determined before sandblasting procedures. The surface of each cylinder was cleaned from Al(2)0(3) powder with a strong burst of oil-free air from a chairside air syringe. Thirty cylinders were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups for direct bond strength comparison: (1) Panavia 21 to Panavia EX, (2) Panavia 21 to Metabond, or (3) Panavia 21 to a combination of a resin bonding agent plus Panavia 21. Each group was composed of 10 specimens that used 3 cylinders for each specimen. Each side of the sample cylinder received the same quantity of cement and 1 cylinder at a time was bonded to it. Cylinder alignment was verified with a Boley gauge during luting procedures. The bonded 3-piece block was held together for 24 hours under a compressive force of 2 kg/cm(2) using a hydraulic press. Excess cement was removed with a brush, and the pertinent air sealant was applied to allow for autocuring of the cement. Specimens were later stored in water at room temperature for 48 hours before thermocycling procedures. Each specimen was thermocycled for 100 cycles with a 5-minute dwelling time in water at 4 degrees C and 60 degrees C. Specimens were subject to tensile force testing until debonding in 1 of the cylinders.
The opposing pull duel test (OPDT) showed that the Panavia EX failed (40. 3 MPa) 10 of 10 duels against Panavia 21, whereas Panavia 21 failed (49.7 MPa) 9 of 10 duels against Metabond, and Panavia 1 failed (50. 1 MPa) 10 of 10 duels against Photobond+Panavia 21. ANOVA revealed significant differences (P <.05) between PAN-EX group and MET and PHB+P21 groups. However, no significant differences were found between MET and PHB+P21 groups.
The opposing pull duel test was a valid method to directly compare bond strengths of 2 bonding systems to dental base alloys. There was a small dispersion of the values even though cement mixing and thickness variables were difficult to control. Duel tensile testing provides meaningful information on the superiority of one bonding system over another in this controlled environment.
Composite veneering materials are used as alternatives to porcelain in fixed prosthodontics. Mechanical retention of the resin on the metal framework has been associated with the formation of gaps at the resin/alloy interface, and failure of the restoration. Several chemical bonding systems have been introduced to promote resin adhesion. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the shear bond strength of three photocured composites (Artglass, Solidex & Signum+) to a Ni-Cr alloy.72 wax disks covered with 150-mum diameter beads were cast and divided in two equal groups. In the first group, Metal Photo Primer was applied on the casting surface, while the Siloc system was used in the second. Each group was divided in three subgroups of 12 samples, in which the three composites were photocured. Half of the specimens of each subgroup were subjected to 1000 and 5000 thermal cycles (5 and 55 degrees C) respectively. All specimens were tested in shear in a universal testing machine. The Siloc-Solidex group showed the highest bond strength (17.3 +/- 3.7 MPa). No statistically significant difference was found between specimens treated with Metal Photo Primer or Siloc. Thermocycling did not significantly affect the bond strength values. Solidex showed an adhesive failure mode for both alloy surface treatments, while Artglass and Signum+ exhibited combination failures. Conclusively, the appropriate alloy surface treatment - resin combination can significantly improve the resin-alloy shear bond strength. Specifically, Solidex resin exhibited significantly higher bond values compared with Artglass and Signum+, for both surface treatments and thermocycling procedures.
There is a need for achieving reliable chemical bond strength between veneering composites resins and casting alloys through the use of simplified procedures.
The purpose of this study was to examine the shear bond strength of an indirect composite resin to a Ni-Cr alloy, using 4 primers and 2 airborne-particle-abrasion procedures.
Fifty-six Ni-Cr (Heraenium NA) discs, 10 mm in diameter and 1.5 mm in height, were fabricated. Twenty-four discs were airborne-particle abraded with 50-microm Al2O3 particles, while another 24 were airborne-particle abraded with 250-microm Al2O3 particles. The following primers were applied on 6 discs of each airborne-particle-abrasion treatment group: Solidex Metal Photo Primer (MPP50, MPP250), Metal Primer II (MPII50, MPII250), SR Link (SRL50, SRL250), and Tender Bond (TB50, TB250). The Rocatec system was used on another 6 discs, airborne-particle abraded according to the manufacturer's recommendations, which served as the control group (R). Two more discs were airborne-particle abraded with 50-microm and 250-microm Al2O3 particles, respectively, to determine the Al content on their surfaces, without any bonding procedure. The indirect composite resin used was Sinfony. Specimens were thermally cycled (5 degrees C and 55 degrees C, 30-second dwell time, 5000 cycles) and tested in shear mode in a universal testing machine. The failure mode was determined with an optical microscope, and selected specimens were subjected to energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Mean bond strength values were analyzed using 2-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's multiple comparison tests (alpha=.05) and compared to the control group using 1-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's multiple comparison tests (alpha=.05).
The groups abraded with 50-microm particles exhibited significantly higher bond strength compared to the groups abraded with 250-microm particles. Group MPII50 exhibited the highest mean value (17.4 +/-2 MPa). Groups MPP50, MPP250, and TB50, TB250 showed adhesive failures and significantly lower bond strength compared to group R. Groups MPII50, MPII250, and SRL50, SRL250 showed combination failures and no significant difference compared with group R. EDS revealed interfacial rather than adhesive failures.
Airborne-particle abrasion with 50-microm Al2O3 particles may result in improved bond strength, independent of the primer used. The bond strength of Metal Primer II and SR Link specimens was comparable to that of specimens treated with Rocatec.
In vitro tensile bond strengths were determined for three adhesive cements and two resin-bonded bridge cements to two alloys, each prepared by two methods: sandblasted Ni-Cr-Be alloy (I), electro-etched Ni-Cr-Be alloy (II), sandblasted Type IV gold alloy (III), and tin-plated Type IV gold alloy (IV). Storage conditions of 24 hours at 37 degrees C and 30 days at 70 degrees C were evaluated. The highest bond strengths were obtained for the electro-etched Ni-Cr-Be alloy, and all bond failures were cohesive. At both 24 hours and 30 days, the adhesive cements had the highest bond strengths to the other alloy/surface preparations (I, III, and IV). The adhesive cements usually failed cohesively under these conditions, whereas the resin-bonded bridge cements failed adhesively at the cement-alloy interface. Storage for 30 days at 70 degrees C caused average decreases of 30%, 5%, 15%, and 32% for alloy/surface preparations I to IV, respectively.
抄録
The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the mechanical properties, water sorption and solubility and shear bond strengths of eight commercially available luting agents to silver-palladiumcopper-gold (Ag-Pd-Cu-Au) dental alloy. Five adhesive resin cements, Bistite Resin Cement, Imperva Dual, Panavia EX, Panavia 21 and Super-Bond C & B and three conventional luting agents, zinc phosphate (Elite Cement 100), carboxylate (HY-bond Carbo Cement) and glass ionomer (Fuji Bond) were used. In general, resin cements except for Super-Bond C & B showed higher values of Knoop hardness and compressive, diametral and transverse strengths than conventional luting agents. Adhesive resin cements showed much less water sorption and solubility than ordinary cements. Adhesive luting agents maintained excellent bond strengths of approximately 27-37 MPa to Ag-Pd-Cu-Au alloy after 50, 000 thermocycles while alternately immersing the specimen in 4°C and 60°C water for one minute each. These results suggest that resip cements may be more clinically useful for cementing restorations than conventional luting agents.
The effect of three adhesive metal primers on the shear bond strength of a light-cured prosthetic composite resin bonded to cobalt-chromium or silver-palladium-copper-gold casting alloy was evaluated. The adhesive metal primers used were New Metacolor opaque bonding liner, Cesead opaque primer, and 0.5% VBATDT in acetone. A newly prepared light-cured opaque resin was used to bond a light-cured veneering resin to dental alloys. The specimens were thermocycled in water for up to 20,000 cycles between 4 °C and 60 °C, and shear bond strengths were recorded. The light-cured composite resin bonded most strongly to Co-Cr alloy primed with Cesead primer and to Ag-Pd-Cu-Au alloy with the VBATDT primer. These adhesive metal primers may be clinically acceptable for bonding a light-cured prosthetic composite resin to base or precious metal.
1. Pitting corrosion provides undercuts suitable for retaining a resin facing. 2. Using a cathode with a proper shape, pits were uniformly distributed on the surface of a metal casting. The size of pits varies, depending on the time of pitting treatment. 3. The retentive pits were excellent in both retentive strength and marginal sealing when compared with spherical powder and beads.
This investigation compared the tensile bond strengths of a nickel-chromium-beryllium alloy etched electrolytically and etched with a commercially available chemical gel. The number of applications and the thermal conditions of the chemical etchant were varied to assess their influence on the composite-to-metal tensile bond strength. Etched metal cylinders were bonded end-to-end with a resin luting agent and were subsequently tested for tensile strength. Etch patterns, mean bond strengths, and mode of failure were recorded. Significant differences relating to the application number and the thermal conditions of the chemically etched specimens were noted.
With the cleaned metal surface without passive film or an oxide layer, chromium, cobalt, and iron show excellent bonding strength, indicating values similar to 18-8 stainless steel. Therefore the existence of a passive film and oxide layer at the interface metal/resin is not essential for metal-resin bonding. The adhesive ability decreases in the order:Cr≅Co≅Fe>Cu>Ag>Au≅Ni>Pt>Pd.
A method of chemically etching selected nonnoble alloys has been developed. This report provided data supporting that an effective attachment is created between resin and etched metal. This system reduces the disadvantages in creating a micromechanical retention by the electrochemical approach. The simplification of the process and reduction in the equipment needed should encourage greater use of etched-metal resin-bonded retainers.
Nonprecious Ni-Cr casting alloys can be electrolytically etched to yield a highly retentive surface for micromechanical bonding of dental resins. The acid, current density, and etching time to achieve the retentive features are specific for each alloy. Conditions for etching one beryllium-containing and one non-beryllium-containing alloy are described. The tensile strength of a resin system to these alloys has been determined to be over two times the accepted value of the resin bond to acid-etched enamel.
A technique was described for a retentive mechanism that etches the inner side of cast fixed partial denture frameworks. The etched metal ceramometal restoration was then bonded to the enamel surface utilizing the technique for acid etching enamel. Improved resin-bonded retainers provide innovative, conservative, and viable alternatives to traditional fixed prosthodontics.
To evaluate the shear bond strengths of four resin cements to cobalt-chromium (Co-Cr) alloy using two adhesive primers.
The adhesive luting agents Imperva Dual (ID), Panavia 21 (P21), Super-Bond C&B (SB) and Bistite Resin Cement (BR), and the adhesive primers Metal Primer (MP) and Cesead Opaque Primer (COP) were used. Two sizes of dental casting alloy disks were nonprimed or primed and cemented with each adhesive luting agent. The specimens were stored in water at 37 degrees C for 1 day, and then immersed alternately in water baths at 4 degrees C and 60 degrees C for 1 minute each for up to 100,000 thermocycles before shear mode testing at a cross-head speed of 0.5 mm/minute.
The application of COP was effective for improving the shear bond strengths of ID, SB or BR to Co-Cr alloy compared with nonprimed specimens and those primed with MP. However, when Co-Cr alloy was cemented with P21, there were no significant differences in bond strengths between the three groups at all thermocycles.
A newly metal surface treatment: practice in prosthodontics
- Imai
Imai Y. A newly metal surface treatment: practice in prosthodontics. To-kyo: Ishiyaku Publishers; 1991. p. 265-7.
Procedures for applying adhesive resin (MMA-TBB) to crown and bridge restorations. Part 1. The influence of dental nonprecious alloys and the treatment of inner surface of metal to adhesion
- Yamashita
Yamashita A, Yamami T. Procedures for applying adhesive resin (MMA-TBB} to crown and bridge restorations. Part 1. The influence of dental nonprecious alloys and the treatment of inner surface of metal to adhe-sion. J Jpn Prosthodont Soc 1982;26:584-91.
Effect of adhesive metal
- K Yoshida
- Y Taira
- H Matsumura
- Atsuta
Yoshida K, Taira Y, Matsumura H, Atsuta M. Effect of adhesive metal