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The
Veterinary
Record,
June
14,
1997
Papers
and
Articles
Influence
of
orchiectomy
on
canine
behaviour
R.
J.
Maarschalkerweerd,
N.
Endenburg,
J.
Kirpensteijn,
B.
W.
Knol
Veterinary
Record
(1997)
140,
617-619
One
hundred
and
twenty-two
dog
owners
were
interviewed
to
obtain
information
about
the
effects
of
orchiectomy
on
the
behaviour,
unwanted
side
effects,
and
testosterone-depen-
dent
disease
processes
in
their
dogs.
Behavioural
problems
were
the
main
reason
for
orchiectomy,
unwanted
sexual
behaviour
being
the
most
common,
together
with
roaming,
aggression,
and
abnormal
urination
behaviour.
Objectionable
sexual
behaviour,
inter-male
aggression,
roaming,
and
abnor-
malurination
were
reduced
after
orchiectomy
in
approximate-
ly
60
per
cent
of
the
dogs.
The
side
effects
of
orchiectomy
included
increased
bodyweight,
increased
appetite
and
decreased
activity
in
less
than
50
per
cent
of
the
dogs,
and
there
was
asignificant
relationship
between
increased
appetite
and
bodyweight.
The
clinical
signs
of
testosterone-dependent
disease
in
most
of
the
dogs
either
decreased
or
disappeared
after
orchiectomy.
ORCHIECTOMY
of
the
male
dog
is
one
of
the
most
frequently
performed
surgical
procedures
in
veterinary
practice.
The
tech-
nique
is
simple,
minimally
invasive
and
effective.
The
reasons
for
orchiectomy
include
rendering
dogs
infertile
(Gerber
and
others
1973,
Dunbar
1975,
Theran
1993,
Rocken
and
others
1994,
Stubbs
and
Bloomberg
1995),
eliminating
objectionable
behaviour
(Hopkins
and
others
1976,
Fry
1987,
Heidenberger
and
Unsheim
1990,
Askew
1992,
Rocken
and
others
1994)
and
elimi-
nating
testosterone-dependent
disease
processes
(Nielsen
and
Aftosmis
1964,
Wilson
and
Hayes
1979,
El
Etreby
and
others
1980,
Mekel
1987,
Theilen
and
Madewell
1987,
Rocken
and
oth-
ers
1994).
However,
these
positive
effects
may
be
associated
with
adverse
side
effects
such
as
obesity
and
decreased
activity
(Edney
and
Smith
1986).
The
effects
of
orchiectomy
on
the
behaviour
and
health
of
dogs
were
studied
by
Hopkins
and
others
(1976).
However,
their
study
involved
only
a
small
number
of
dogs
with
multiple
behavioural
problems,
from
a
non-randomised
population,
and
non-
behavioural
reasons
for
orchiectomy
were
underrepresented.
These
limitations
warranted
a
new
study
of
a
larger
number
of
dogs
from
a
population
chosen
at
random.
The
purpose
of
this
study
was
to
evaluate
the
effects
of
orchi-
ectomy
in
dogs,
and
to
compare
the
incidence
of
effects
in
the
dogs
which
were
castrated
for
a
medical
reason
with
the
inci-
dence
in
dogs
which
were
castrated
for
behavioural
problems.
Because
no
control
group
was
available,
no
comparisons
could
be
made
between
the
castrated
dogs
and
matched
non-castrated
dogs.
Materials
and
methods
One
hundred
and
twenty-four
dog
owners
were
interviewed
by
telephone.
Their
addresses
were
obtained
from
a
random
sample
of
11
Dutch
private
veterinary
clinics,
five
of
which
were
located
in
rural
areas
and
six
in
municipal
areas.
Every
dog
that
was
cas-
trated
in
the
period
between
six
and
12
months
before
the
inter-
view
was
included
in
the
study.
Each
owner
was
interviewed
with
a
standard
questionnaire.
Information
was
obtained
about
the
signalment
of
the
dog,
the
reason
for
orchiectomy,
and
the
effects
of
orchiectomy
on
its
behaviour,
testosterone-dependent
disease
processes,
and
undesir-
able
side
effects
(decrease
in
activity,
increase
in
bodyweight
or
appetite
and
changes
in
the
coat).
All
the
questions
could
be
answered
by
yes
or
no
except
those
conceming
behaviour
to
which
the
responses
were
'increased',
'no
change',
or
'decreased'.
The
data
were
analysed
statistically
with
the
sPss
PC+
program.
All
hypotheses
were
tested
by
the
chi-square
test.
The
effect
of
age
was
examined
by
correlation
analyses.
P<0-05
was
considered
significant.
Results
Follow-up
information
could
not
be
obtained
from
two
of
the
124
cases.
No
breed
predilection
was
found
and
the
most
common
breeds
were
mixed
breeds
(43),
hunting
dogs
(25),
shepherds
(25),
and
terriers,
pinchers
and
schnauzers
(14);
there
were
fewer
toy
breeds
(8),
fighting
dogs
(5)
and
pole
dogs
(2).
The
median
age
of
the
dogs
at
the
time
of
the
interview
was
4-8
years
and
their
medi-
an
age
at
orchiectomy
was
four
years.
Behavioural
problems
were
the
most
frequent
reason
for
orchiectomy,
and
undesirable
sexual
behaviour
was
the
most
com-
mon
of
them
and
was
directed
towards
people,
other
dogs,
and
objects.
Roaming
and
aggression
were
also
common
reasons
for
orchiectomy.
Fifteen
of
the
23
aggressive
dogs
were
aggressive
towards
other
male
dogs.
Frequently,
dogs
were
castrated
because
of
their
periodical
roaming
behaviour
when
bitches
in
the
neigh-
bourhood
were
in
heat.
Other
behavioural
problems
included
fear
and
urinating
inside
or
outside
the
house
(Table
1).
The
second
group
of
reasons
included
testosterone-dependent
disease
processes;
14
dogs
were
castrated
because
of
balano-
posthitis,
nine
for
prostatic
enlargement,
six
for
perianal
gland
tumours
and
six
for
testicular
tumours;
there
were
also
seven
dogs
affected
by
urinary
incontinence,
epilepsy,
cryptorchidism,
orchi-
tis,
or
perianal
fistula.
Thirty-three
owners
listed
more
than
one
reason
for
the
orchiectomy
(Table
2).
Objectionable
sexual
behaviour
was
often
modified
by
orchiec-
tomy.
Hypersexual
behaviour
directed
towards
people
decreased
after
orchiectomy
in
57
per
cent
of
the
affected
dogs.
The
sexual
interest
in
other
male
and
female
dogs
declined
in
approximately
40
per
cent
of
the
dogs.
This
decline
was
not
absolute,
because
some
castrated
dogs
still
mounted
a
bitch.
Other
dogs
lost
all
,1
~
R.
J.
Maarschalkerweerd,
DVM,
N.
Endenburg,
PhD,
J.
Kirpensteijn,
DVM,
B.
W.
Knol,
DVM,
PhD,
Department
of
Clinical
Sciences
of
Companion
Animals,
Faculty
of
Veterinary
Medicine,
Utrecht
University,
PO
Box
80.145,
3508
TD
Utrecht,
The
Netherlands
617
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The
Veterinary
Record,
June
14,1997
TABLE
1:
Effects
of
orchiectomy
on
the
behaviour
of
dogs
castrated
because
of
sexual
behaviour,
roaming,
aggression,
urinating
and
fear
Decrease
No
change
Increase
Effect
on
(%)
(%)
(%)
Sexual
behaviour
(n=56)
Towards
people
57
43
0
Towards
male
dogs
43
57
0
Towards
bitches
41
60
0
Towards
other
objects
26
69
5
Roaming
(n=25)
Induced
by
bitches
in
heat
64
36
0
Other
causes
16
80
4
Aggression
(n=23)
Outside
52
44
4
Inside
26
74
0
To
unfamiliar
people
22
74
4
To
familiar
people
9
87
4
Inter-male
aggression
57
39
4
To
bitches
26
74
0
Other
objects
0
100
0
Urinating
(n=13)
Inside
the
house
69
31
0
Outside
the
house
23
77
0
Fear
of
(n=7)
Sounds
14
86
0
People
0
100
0
Dogs
0
100
0
Traffic
14
86
0
Other
causes
29
71
0
interest
in
bitches,
even
those
that
were
in
heat.
Of
the
castrated
males
6
per
cent
became
attractive
to
intact
male
dogs.
Roaming
behaviour
induced
by
bitches
in
heat
declined
in
64
per
cent
of
the
dogs
after
orchiectomy,
but
roaming
behaviour
without
a
sexual
stimulus
decreased
in
only
16
per
cent
of
the
cases.
Orchiectomy
decreased
aggressive
behaviour
inside
the
house
in
26
per
cent
and
outside
the
house
in
52
per
cent
of
the
affected
dogs.
The
best
response
reported
by
the
owners
was
a
reduction
of
57
per
cent
in
aggressiveness
towards
other
male
dogs
outside
the
house
(inter-male
aggression).
In
contrast,
in
a
few
dogs,
there
was
an
increase
in
aggressive
behaviour
towards
well
known
peo-
ple,
as
well
as
to
strangers
and
other
dogs.
Orchiectomy
rarely
affected
the
behaviour
of
dogs
that
were
fearful
(Table
1).
Abnormal
urination
behaviour
often
decreased,
especially
inside
the
house.
It
was
difficult
to
make
a
distinction
between
abnormal
urination
inside
the
house
caused
by
scent
marking
or
induced
by
behavioural
changes
such
as
happiness
or
fear.
The
urination
pattern
outside
the
house
was
also
changed;
usually
the
frequency
declined
and
six
owners
reported
that
the
typical
male
urination
posture
changed
to
that
of
a
bitch.
Dogs
castrated
for
a
non-behavioural
reason
underwent,
except
for
their
urination
behaviour,
the
same
behavioural
changes
as
dogs
cas-
trated
because
of
behavioural
problems.
The
frequency
of
urination
inside
the
house
of
dogs
castrated
because
of
a
behavioural
problem
decreased
significantly
more
than
the
urination
frequency
of
dogs
castrated
because
of
a
non-behavioural
problem
(P
=
0.0154).
Side
effects
of
orchiectomy
included
increased
bodyweight
(47
per
cent),
increased
appetite
(25
per
cent),
and
decreased
physical
activity
(21
per
cent).
No
significant
relationship
was
observed
between
the
increase
in
bodyweight
and
the
decreased
activity
or
decreased
roaming
behaviour.
There
was
a
significant
relationship
between
increased
bodyweight
and
increased
appetite
in
the
cas-
trated
dogs
(P
=
0-0048).
One
dog
developed
urinary
incontinence
after
orchiectomy.
The
age
of
the
dogs
at
the
time
of
orchiectomy
had
no
influence
on
the
behavioural
changes.
In
94
per
cent
of
the
cases
the
clinical
signs
associated
with
the
disease
processes
for
which
the
dogs
were
castrated
decreased
or
disappeared.
Discussion
In
this
sample
of
122
dogs
in
the
Netherlands
the
main
reason
for
orchiectomy
was
for
the
treatment
of
behavioural
problems.
TABLE
2:
Effects
of
orchiectomy
on
diseases
in
dogs
castrated
because
of
testosterone-dependent
disease
Number
Decrease
No
change
Disease
of
dogs
(%)
(%)
Prostatic
enlargement
9
89
11
Balanoposthitis
14
93
7
Peranal
gland
tumour
6
100
0
Testicular
tumour
4
100
0
Other
diseases
7
100
0
The
main
behavioural
responses
to
orchiectomy
were
reductions
of
60
to
90
per
cent
in
objectionable
sexual
behaviour,
roaming,
inter-male
aggression
and
urinating
in
the
house,
a
result
similar
to that
observed
in
previous
studies
(Hopkins
and
others
1976,
Fry
1987,
Heidenberger
and
Unsheim
1990).
The
behavioural
effects
of
orchiectomy
have
been
investigated
previously,
but
the
results
should
be
interpreted
with
caution.
Hart
(1976)
interviewed
42
dog
owners
non-randomly
in
a
university
setting.
Fry
(1987)
investigated
the
behavioural
effects
of
orchiec-
tomy
by
interviews
which,
in
70
per
cent
of
cases,
took
place
between
two
and
eight
years
after
the
orchiectomy.
An
accurate
evaluation
of
behavioural
changes
is
difficult
after
such
long
intervals
(Askew
1992).
Heidenberger
and
Unsheim
(1990)
acquired
information
from
209
dog
owners,
by
giving
the
readers
of
a
popular
pet
magazine
the
opportunity
to
respond
to
a
pub-
lished
written
interview.
The
non-random
nature
of
this
interview
style
may
have
skewed
the
results.
To
prevent
these
errors
in
this
investigation,
the
authors
used
a
reliable
interview
form,
a
random
population
and
a
limit
of
12
months
between
the
orchiectomy
and
the
interview.
According
to
Dillman
(1978)
the
telephone
inter-
view
is
a
reliable
method
for
evaluating
behavioural
changes.
However,
the
owners
made
only
subjective
assessments,
for
instance
of
the
weight
of
the
animal,
and
these
assessments
may
have been
inaccurate.
The
dogs
were
obtained
from
a
random
sample
of
the
Dutch
rural
and
municipal
dog
populations.
The
ratio
of
the
numbers
of
mixed
and
purebred
dogs
observed
in
a
large
randomly
selected
group
of
dogs
by
NIPO
Market
Research
Institute
in
1984
(NIPO
1984)
was
50
per
cent,
compared
with
64
per
cent
purebred
in
the
present
study,
suggesting
that
the
popula-
tion
of
dogs
in
this
study
was
reasonably
representative
of
the
population
as
a
whole.
The
interval
between
the
orchiectomy
and
the
interview
was
between
six
and
12
months.
The
six-month
period
was
suggested
by
Hopkins
and
others
(1976)
as
the
minimum
to
allow
behavioural
changes
to
develop.
Dogs
without
behavioural
prob-
lems
were
included
because
the
effect
of
this
surgery
on
the
behaviour
of
the
dog
is
unclear.
Normal
sexual
behaviour
can
be
divided
into
a
primary
phase
(appetive
or
courtship)
and
a
secondary
phase
(consummatory)
behaviour
(Hart
1974b).
Previous
studies
have
suggested
that
con-
summatory
behaviour
decreases
significantly
after
orchiectomy,
but
that
the
castrated
male
never
loses
all
interest
in
a
bitch
in
heat
(Beach
1970,
Le
Boeuf
1970,
Hart
1974b).
However,
in
the
pre-
sent
study
some
of
the
dogs
lost
all
interest
in
a
bitch
in
heat
after
castration.
This
difference
may
be
the
result
of
the
dogs'
varying
degree
of
experience
before
orchiectomy,
although
Beach
(1974)
concluded
that
age
and
experience
did
not
influence
the
orchiecto-
my-induced
change
in
sexual
behaviour.
In
this
study
roaming
behaviour
decreased
less after
orchiecto-
my
than
in
previous
investigations
(Hopkins
and
others
1976,
Fry
1987,
Heidenberger
and
Unscheim
1990).
However,
roaming
behaviour
may
be
due
more
to
disobedience
than
to
attraction
to
bitches
in
heat
and
this
type
of
roaming
behaviour
may
not
be
changed
by
orchietomy;
this
may
explain
the
difference
between
this
and
the
other
studies.
The
classification
of
aggressive
behaviour
made
by
Hart
(1974a)
could
not
be
used
because
the
owners
were
often
unable
to
distinguish
the
different
types
of
aggressive
behaviour
(compet-
itive,
pain-induced,
territorial,
fear-induced,
predatory,
maternal
and
leamed
aggression).
The
alternative
classification
of
aggres-
618
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The
Veterinary
Record,
June
14,
1997
sion
as
either
inside
or
outside
the
house,
against
male
or
female
dogs,
and
towards
familiar
or
unfamiliar
people,
is
more
suitable
for
this
type
of
interview.
Orchiectomy
reduced
not
only
inter-
male
aggression
but
also
aggression
directed
against
female
dogs
and
unfamiliar
people.
Heidenberger
and
Unsheim
(1990)
report-
ed
an
increase
in
aggressive
behaviour
in
6
per
cent
of
dogs
after
orchiectomy
and
a
similar
proportion
(4
per
cent)
showed
an
increase
in
aggressive
behaviour
in
this
study.
Owners
should
be
warned
of
this
possible
side
effect,
although
the
incidence
is
very
low.
The
differences
in
the
proportional
reduction
of
the
various
types
of
aggression
suggest
that
further
prospective
studies
of
the
role
of
orchiectomy
on
aggressive
behaviour
should
be
made.
Scent-marking
and
frequent
urination
is
considered
to
be
typi-
cal
of
territorial
behaviour
in
dogs
(Hart
1974a).
Hopkins
and
oth-
ers
(1976)
stated
that
olfactory
stimuli
evoke
scent-marking
and
that
blood
testosterone
levels
influence
the
strength
of
the
stimuli
required
to
produce
scent-marking
behaviour,
a
decrease
in
blood
testosterone
concentration
necessitating
stronger
olfactory
stimuli
to
evoke
the
behaviour.
An
absence
of
these
stimuli
inside
the
house
may
explain
the
decrease
in
scent
marking
behaviour
observed
after
orchiectomy.
This
finding
is
supported
by
the
results
of
the
studies
by
Hopkins
and
others
(1976)
and
Heidenberger
and
Unsheim
(1990).
Six
owners
mentioned
that
the
posture
of
their
dogs
when
uri-
nating
changed
to
that
of
a
bitch.
This
side
effect
of
orchiectomy
suggests
that
the
theory
that
the
sexually
dimorphic
pattern
of
canine
urinary
posture
is
simply
a
matter
of
the
maturation
of
the
nervous
system,
without
any
apparent
action
of
sex
hormones,
other
than
the
effect
of
pregnancy
(Hart
1974b),
may
not
be
cor-
rect.
According
to
Edney
and
Smith
(1986),
Heidenberger
and
Unsheim
(1990)
and
Stubbs
and
Bloomberg
(1995),
castrated
dogs
are
more
often
obese
than
intact
dogs.
Edney
and Smith
(1986)
suggested
that
food
intake
remained
the
same
while
energy
consumption
decreased
after
orchiectomy,
while
Hopkins
and
oth-
ers
(1976)
and
Hart
(1976)
assumed
that
orchiectomy
reduced
activity
because
of
a
decline
in
roaming
behaviour.
Heidenberger
and
Unsheim
(1990)
also
observed
a
decrease
in
activity
after
orchiectomy,
but
they
suggested
that
this
was
due
to
an
increase
in
bodyweight,
not
vice
versa.
Of
the
orchiectomised
dogs
in
this
study
47
per
cent
had
an
increase
in
bodyweight
and
a
decrease
in
activity,
but
there
was
no
significant
relationship
between
these
two
variables.
However,
there
was
a
significant
relationship
between
an
increase
in
appetite
and
bodyweight.
The
increase
in
appetite
may
be
the
result
of
a
decrease
in
serum
testosterone
con-
centration.
In
man,
testosterone
increases
the
basal
lipolysis
of
abdominal
fat
cells
(Bebuffe-Scrive
and
others
1987)
and
a
decrease
in
testosterone
may
therefore
decrease
basal
lipolysis
and
cause
an
increase
in
intracellular
fat.
This
pathophysiological
mechanism
may
explain
the
increase
in
bodyweight
of
dogs
after
orchiectomy.
However,
other
mechanisms,
including
a
direct
effect
of
testosterone
on
the
appetite
centre
in
the
brain,
may
play
a
role.
Disease
processes,
including
perianal
gland
tumours,
and
prostate
enlargement,
responded
to
orchiectomy
as
reported
by
Nielsen
and
Aftosmis
(1964),
Wilson
and
Hayes
(1979),
El
Etreby
and
others
(1980)
and
Theilen
and
Madewell
(1987).
Balanoposthitis
was
a
common
reason
for
orchiectomy
in
this
study
and
almost
all
the
owners
reported
a
decrease
in
preputial
discharge
after
the
procedure.
Orchiectomy
is
rarely
mentioned
as
a
therapy
for
balanoposthitis
(Mekel
1987,
Rocken
and
others
1994)
and
these
results
warrant
further
investigation
Orchiectomy
was
an
effective
way
of
dealing
with
behavioural
problems,
such
as
inter-male
aggression
and
roaming
and
testos-
terone-dependent
disease
processes
in
the
dog.
However,
owners
should
be
warned
that
side
effects,
such
as
an
increase
in
appetite,
may
occur.
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619
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behaviour
Influence of orchiectomy on canine
R. J. Maarschalkerweerd, N. Endenburg, J. Kirpensteijn and B. W. Knol
doi: 10.1136/vr.140.24.617
1997 140: 617-619 Veterinary Record
http://veterinaryrecord.bmj.com/content/140/24/617
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