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The prevention of alcohol use by rural youth
... Conrad et al (1992) in their review of multiple studies on teen smoking observed that lower socio economic status consistently predicted smoking onset among teens. According to D'Onofrio (1997), alcohol use was also disproportionately concentrated among economically disadvantaged youth. Economic factor such as unemployment may contribute to use of alcohol among members of the society. ...
This paper examined the socio cultural determinants of smoking and alcohol consumption among road transport workers in Anambra state. It is a cross sectional survey and the participants were drawn from the National Union of Road Transport Workers (NURTW) Awka Chapter. The questionnaire constituted the instrument for data collection for the study and participants in the study were selected using the simple random sampling technique. The social learning theory and the availability-proneness theory were adopted as the theoretical anchorage for the study. It was found among others that road transport workers in Anambra state drink alcohol to overcome boredom, avoid stress and to make them happy. It was also found in this study that road transport workers were influenced into drinking alcohol because of the availability of alcohol, peer group influence, influence from their families and the desire to cope with economic stress of day to day realities of life. The study also found that smoking makes people to feel good/high and that smoking of marijuana produces an endless calm and unassuming behaviour on them. Finally, it was observed that road transport workers smoke and drink alcohol because it is sweeter when they are taken together and it makes them feel good when they smoke and drink simultaneously. The study therefore recommended among others that commercial drivers should be monitored on the highways to ascertain the level of alcohol in their systems with a view to penalizing those of them who drink and drive. The study also recommended attitudinal change for members of the road transport workers through intensified sensitization with a view to curtailing the penchant for addiction especially while at work.
A small proportion of the adolescents who consume alcohol develop alcohol abuse or dependency, which is characterized by a maladaptive pattern of alcohol use leading to significant impairment or distress. This chapter begins with an indication that a high number of adolescents have had some experience with alcohol and draws attention to the factors leading to abuse and dependency, prevention and intervention strategies, etc. The prevalence of alcohol use and alcohol use disorder varies because of differences in law regarding purchased and consumption of alcoholic beverages across countries, laws regarding advertising of alcoholic beverages differ across countries and cultural views about the use of alcohol determining the accessibility and acceptance of its use. Considerable progress has been made over the last decade in the identification and evaluation of prevention and intervention strategies that aim to reduce alcohol use and misuse in young people. College programs that comprise cognitive skills training, brief motivational enhancement and/or alcohol expectancy challenges have also demonstrated efficacy, particularly among high-risk and problem drinkers. Directions for addressing the gaps are provided, including ways in which genetic programs and strategies may be adapted for implementation in these groups. Despite these promising developments, many interventions have not yet been subject to the rigorous level of evaluation required to ascertain efficacy.
The purpose of this article is to describe alcohol and drug use in a sample of high school students from rural southwestern Pennsylvania. Results from rural adolescents are compared with a national longitudinal study, the Youth Risk Behavior Survey from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The importance of the nurse's role in prevention and intervention with adolescent substance use is discussed.
Adolescents in rural areas use substances at rates comparable to urban adolescents; understanding causes of rural adolescent substance use is critical if prevention efforts are to succeed. The present review has three primary goals: (1) to define rural, (2) to evaluate the empirical evidence regarding correlates and causes of rural adolescent substance use from a social contextual framework (L. V. Scaramella, R. D. Conger, R. Spoth, & R. L. Simons, in press), and (3) to discuss the malleability of theoretically based risk or protective factors in rural settings. The review concludes with a discussion of the difficulties and challenges of implementing prevention programs in rural areas.
Stress, developmental changes and social adjustment problems can be significant in rural teens. Screening for psychosocial problems by teachers and other school personnel is infrequent but can be a useful health promotion strategy. We used a cross-sectional survey descriptive design to examine the inter-relationships between depressive symptoms and perceived social support, self-esteem, and optimism in a sample of rural school-based adolescents. Depressive symptoms were negatively correlated with peer social support, family social support, self-esteem, and optimism. Findings underscore the importance for teachers and other school staff to provide health education. Results can be used as the basis for education to improve optimism, self-esteem, social supports and, thus, depression symptoms of teens.
This report discusses adolescent research recruitment strategies in general and specifically, those developed by a research team for a rural school setting. Recruitment of adolescent subjects involves the consideration of several complex issues. These issues include adolescent development, ethical and legal guidelines, and access to school settings. Specific strategies are discussed regarding access and culture of the rural setting, collaboration, and recruitment procedures in relation to their use to recruit adolescent subjects from rural schools.
Research on the prevention of alcohol abuse in America has only recently begun to consider the needs of special populations. This chapter will consider alcohol prevention as a function of four major special population divisions: gender, ethnicity, region (population density), and socioeconomic status. Specific ethnic groups examined will include Hispanics, African-Americans, Asian-Americans, and Native Americans. In general, there is some support for the utility of current alcohol prevention approaches on special populations. Much population-specific work completed to date has not been rigorously designed or evaluated, though it appears likely that partnering with population gatekeepers and showing cultural respect and sensitivity to the population, and providing material that is relevant to the population's adaptation to their environment are essential.
Various rural prevention research challenges have been articulated through a series of sessions convened since the mid 1990s by the National Institutes of Health, particularly the National Institute on Drug Abuse. Salient in this articulation was the need for effective collaboration among rural practitioners and scientists, with special consideration of accommodating the diversity of rural areas and surmounting barriers to implementation of evidence-based interventions. This paper summarizes the range of challenges in rural prevention research and describes an evolving community-university partnership model addressing them. The model entails involvement of public school staff and other rural community stakeholders, linked with scientists by Land Grant University-based Extension system staff. Examples of findings from over 16 years of partnership-based intervention research projects include those on engagement of rural residents, quality implementation of evidence-based interventions, and long-term community-level outcomes, as well as factors in effectiveness of the partnerships. Findings suggest a future focus on building capacity for practitioner-scientist collaboration and developing a network for more widespread implementation of the partnership model in a manner informed by lessons learned from partnership-based research to date.
Uncontrolled anger is a contributing force in the three leading causes of adolescent death: homicide, suicide, and injuries. Anger may be one of the early warning signs which could lead to violent behavior. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between anger experience and expression with the potential correlates of life events, perceived social support, self-esteem, optimism, drug use, anxiety, and depressive symptoms in rural adolescents. The participants (n = 193) were aged 14 to 17 years old in ninth through eleventh grades enrolled at three rural Western Pennsylvania public high schools. Participants completed nine questionnaires. Negative life events, anxiety, drug use, and depressive symptoms had significant positive correlations with anger. In addition, anger was found to have significant negative correlations with the adolescents' perceived family support, self-esteem, and optimism. With this knowledge, health promotion programs conducted by pediatric nurses can target anxiety, drug use, and depressive symptoms while bolstering family support, self-esteem, and optimism to promote anger management in adolescent health care.
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