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Adhesion of a compomer to dental structure
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the bond strength of a compomer to dental enamel, dentin, and cementum. Flat surfaces of these tissues were obtained from recently extracted human teeth. The different substrates were either treated with PSA (a primer and adhesive) or acid etched (35% phosphoric acid gel) and treated with PSA. Cylindrical specimens of compomer were then bonded to the substrates. Shear bond strength was determined after a 24-hour immersion in 37 degrees C water. Significant differences were found between both treatments on enamel, while none were found on dentin or cementum. The use of acid etchant on enamel as a surface-conditioning step previous to priming with PSA allowed a better bond between Dyract compomer and that substrate; acid etching was not particularly needed on dentin and cementum.
... Kompomerlerin kaviteye yerleştirilmelerinden önce üretici firmaların önerdiği dentin bağlayıcı ajanlar uygulanmalıdır. Kuvvetli bir bağlanma elde edilebilmesi için bu ajanların birbirini takip eden iki kat şeklinde uygulanması önerilmektedir (26). Araştırmalar dentin bağlayıcı ajan uygulanmasından önce asit uygulanmasının bağlanmayı arttırdığını göstermektedir (26)(27)(28). ...
... Kuvvetli bir bağlanma elde edilebilmesi için bu ajanların birbirini takip eden iki kat şeklinde uygulanması önerilmektedir (26). Araştırmalar dentin bağlayıcı ajan uygulanmasından önce asit uygulanmasının bağlanmayı arttırdığını göstermektedir (26)(27)(28). Fosforik asit uygulaması dentin tübüllerine tag penetrasyonu ile bir hibrit tabaka oluşumuna neden olmaktadır (26). Çalışmamızda da, asidin yıkanmasını takiben üretici firmanın önerileri doğrultusunda dentin tabakasının fazla nemi pamuk peletler yardımıyla alınmış ve dentin bağlayıcı ajan uygulanmıştır. ...
... Araştırmalar dentin bağlayıcı ajan uygulanmasından önce asit uygulanmasının bağlanmayı arttırdığını göstermektedir (26)(27)(28). Fosforik asit uygulaması dentin tübüllerine tag penetrasyonu ile bir hibrit tabaka oluşumuna neden olmaktadır (26). Çalışmamızda da, asidin yıkanmasını takiben üretici firmanın önerileri doğrultusunda dentin tabakasının fazla nemi pamuk peletler yardımıyla alınmış ve dentin bağlayıcı ajan uygulanmıştır. ...
Polymerisation shrinkage on composite resins and surrounding structures has been regarded as a major cause of microleakage and clinical failures in modern dentistry. The aim of our study was to investigate the effect of an additional flowable compomer layer on the microleakage of Class V dental cavities, which were further filled with a compomer. In the study; Class V cavities (2x3mm. in width and 1,5 mm. in depth) were prepared on the buccal surfaces of 120 permanent teeth using high speed diamond burs and water supply. The apical foramina of teeth were sealed with a layer of varnish and composite restorations. Samples were divided randomly into 6 groups of 20, and restored per manufacturer's instructions using experimental primer/conditioner and adhesive. Group 1, was filled with Compoglass ® F , Group 2 was filled with Compoglass ® Flow, Group 3 was lined with a layer of Compoglass ® Flow and filled with Compoglass ® F. Group 4, was filled with Dyract
... 22 Furthermore, the hydrophilic phosphate groups in the PENTA molecule, which is the active ingredient of the PSA Primer/Adhesive, react with the tooth surface and form an ionic bond with the calcium ions of the hydroxyapatite. 23 In addition to the ionic bonding of the material to the tooth structure, the macro-mechanical retention resulting from cavity preparation might contribute to the high cumulative retention (success) rate in our study. However, the high percentage of marginal discoloration observed in this study is most likely due to the deterioration of the bond between the material and the enamel. ...
... While enamel is harder to etch due to its substantially greater inorganic composition than dentin, 26 the self-etching primer system only produced shallow etching patterns compared with those of the conventional acid etchant. 27 Phosphoric acid conditioning before applying the self-etching primer system improves the strength of the compomer bond to enamel 23 and has been recommended by several authors. 23,26 A statistically significant color change at the end of the first year has been reported. ...
... 27 Phosphoric acid conditioning before applying the self-etching primer system improves the strength of the compomer bond to enamel 23 and has been recommended by several authors. 23,26 A statistically significant color change at the end of the first year has been reported. 28 Although there was no statistically significant difference in the color match after 3 years, a substantial drop in color change was observed during the second year and was more pronounced in the third year. ...
This study evaluated the 5-year clinical performance of Dyract polyacid-modified resin composite material in Class III cavities.
62 Class III cavities in 30 patients were restored with Dyract. Two experienced, calibrated examiners evaluated the restorations clinically at baseline and at 1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, and 5-year recalls, according to the modified Ryge criteria.
After 5 years, a total of six restorations had failed and the cumulative failure rate was 94.6%. By the 5-year recall, one restoration was replaced due to pulpitis and five were replaced due to secondary caries. After 5 years, marginal discoloration was statistically significant (P= 0.0002).
... Also, the results of this study show that there was difference in SBS value between the two self-etch adhesive systems (6th and 7th generation) but of non significant difference. This results is in agreement with Abate et al, 2000, Inoue et al ,2001, (19,20) reported that one-step-self-etch adhesive tend to have lower bond strength than twostep self-etch adhesive even of no significant difference value. ...
... Also, the results of this study show that there was difference in SBS value between the two self-etch adhesive systems (6th and 7th generation) but of non significant difference. This results is in agreement with Abate et al, 2000, Inoue et al ,2001, (19,20) reported that one-step-self-etch adhesive tend to have lower bond strength than twostep self-etch adhesive even of no significant difference value. ...
The effect of food simulants on the bond strength of orthodontic metal brackets bonded to enamel with light cured composite was studied. One hundred twenty extracted human premolars were selected and randomly divided into three equal groups each with 40 teeth, representing the adhesive bonding generation (5th, 6th and 7th). Each group was subdivided in to two subgroups which represented the storage media, which are distilled water (DW) and 75% aqueous ethanol (Food simulating solution-FSS). Then the storage media group was subdivided into two subgroups with 10 teeth each, representing two storage periods (1 day and 30 days). At the end of the storage period in the immersion media the brackets were debonded by an Instron universal testing machine to measure the shear bond strength. It was found immersion in the food simulants for 30 days significantly reduces the bond strength of light cured composite brackets.
... Adhesión, es aquel mecanismo que mantiene dos o más sustratos unidos (similares o diferentes), sin que se separen; se logra principalmente a través de dos mecanismos: 10 Químico: mediante la atracción interatómica entre dos o más estratos a través de enlaces iónicos, covalentes y enlaces secundarios como podrían ser las fuerzas de Van der Waals, fuerzas polares, puentes de hidrogeno, quelación y fuerzas de dispersión. 20,23 Físico: Este mecanismo de adhesión también se conoce como sistema de retención mecánica, se logra a través de los efectos geométricos y estructurales entre los sustratos adherentes. 23 Durante los últimos treinta años los odontólogos se han enfrentado a un continuo y rápido cambio de los materiales adhesivos. ...
... 20,23 Físico: Este mecanismo de adhesión también se conoce como sistema de retención mecánica, se logra a través de los efectos geométricos y estructurales entre los sustratos adherentes. 23 Durante los últimos treinta años los odontólogos se han enfrentado a un continuo y rápido cambio de los materiales adhesivos. Este movimiento se inicia con la comercialización de la primera resina dental de uso directo en los años 60, seguido de la introducción en la práctica clínica de la técnica de grabado ácido; desde entonces las resinas compuestas (composite), las estrategias de unión al substrato dental y los agentes promotores de adhesión han progresado significativamente. ...
... Several studies reported physical properties of the PMRC materials similar to those of resin composites [12,13]. Additionally, in vitro evaluations have shown substantial enamel and dentin bond strengths [14]. The reported characteristics of these materials and the simplified bonding system which requires no acid-etching to enamel suggest that PMRCs may be used as restorative material in low stress-bearing areas of permanent teeth. ...
... Although the manufacturer does not recommend enamel-etching, it would be reasonable to expect a high bond strength to enamel, since Dyract is essentially a resin composite [11]. This contention has been supported by previous studies which demonstrated bond strength to etched enamel of 26.1 and 22.04 MPa, an approximately 2-3-fold increase compared to unetched enamel [14,32]. This in vitro confirmation that Dyract must be used with a bonding system and that etching procedures on enamel may be helpful in preventing marginal discolouration, which is of concern, since it may indicate deterioration of the bond [33,34]. ...
The aim of this study was to evaluate the 3-year clinical performance of one polyacid-modified resin composite material (PMRC). Dyract, in minimally invasive occlusal cavities and its neighbouring fissures.
One hundred and sixteen restorations of the material investigated were placed by a single operator in a group of selected children under controlled conditions. Isolation of the restorations was accomplished with the use of cotton rolls and aspiration. Using modified US Public Health Service (USPHS) codes and criteria, the restorations were reviewed clinically within 1 week of placement (baseline), and thereafter at 6 months, 1, 2 and 3 years.
After 3 years, marginal discolouration was present in 8.6% of the restorations. The marginal adaptation was rated as partly sealed (Oscar-Alpha) in 107 (92.2) of the restorations. Five restorations had lost their sealant components, while four restorations were partly sealed with explorer-catch after 3 years. Although wear of the restorations was considerable, restorations rated as 'partly sealed' had at least two-thirds of their sealant components fully retained. Recurrent caries was associated with four (3.4%) restorations.
In this clinical study, the retention rate of the tested PMRC material was good, although a marked occlusal wear was evident. The marginal adaptation of the PMRC at the enamel site would probably have been better by the use of enamel-etching. Provided the marginal adaptation and wear resistance of the material is further improved, clinical use of PMRCs in minimally invasive occlusal cavities can be advocated.
... Since compomers are similar to resin composites, primer-adhesive systems should be used before the material is placed into the cavity during clinical application. It has been stated that the bond strength of the compomer material will be higher if etching is applied to the enamel of the tooth to be treated before the use of the primary-adhesive system (Abate, Bertacchini, & Polack, 1997). ...
... 12 Tay, en 1995, utilizando microscopía electrónica de transmisión clasificó la microfiltración como poca, modera-En nuestro estudio, la pared con mayor microfiltración fue la gingival (0.84 -4.13 mm 2 ). Perdigao, 1,2 Reeves, 15 y Abate 16 entre otros, afirman que una posible causa de la gran microfiltración en esta pared se deba, quizas, a su cercanía con la unión amelocementaria, dado que en esta zona los túbulos dentinales tienen un diámetro mayor. Además, el cemento radicular es un tejido con un alto componente orgánico y el selle puede verse afectada por esta razón. ...
... They have concluded that reattachment of the coronal fragment is a realistic alternative to placement of conventional resin-composite restorations. Abate RS et al. [30], evaluated the bond strength of a compomers to dental enamel, dentin, and cementum. Their results showed that the use of acid-etchant on enamel as a surface-conditioning step previous to priming with a primer and adhesive allowed a better bond between Dyract compomer and that substrate; acid-etching was not particularly needed an dentin and cementum. ...
... When comparing the adhesive properties of adhesive luting cements it is very essential that all the factors which influence the retention of adhesive luting cement to tooth and restorative surface are standardized. The bond strength of adhesive luting cements to enamel and dentin varies [30]. The differences observed between bond strengths in enamel and dentin can be attributed to the differences in the composition between enamel and dentin substrates. ...
Introduction: In self adhesive resin cements adhesion is achieved
to dental surface without surface pre-treatment, and requires only
single step application. This makes the luting procedure less
technique-sensitive and decreases postoperative sensitivity.
Aim: The purpose of this study was to evaluate bond strength of
self adhesive resin after surface treatment of enamel for bonding
base metal alloy.
Materials and Methods: On the labial surface of 64 central
incisor rectangular base metal block of dimension 6 mm length,
5mm width and 1 mm height was cemented with RelyX U200
and Maxcem Elite self adhesive cements with and without surface
treatment of enamel. Surface treatment of enamel was application
of etchant, one step bonding agent and both. Tensile bond strength
of specimen was measured with universal testing machine at a
cross head speed of 1mm/min.
Results: Least tensile bond strength (MPa) was in control group
i.e. 1.33 (0.32) & 1.59 (0.299), Highest bond strength observed
when enamel treated with both etchant and bonding agent i.e.
2.72 (0.43) & 2.97 (0.19) for Relyx U200 and Elite cement. When
alone etchant and bonding agent were applied alone bond strength
is 2.19 (0.18) & 2.24 (0.47) for Relyx U200, and 2.38 (0.27) 2.49
(0.16) for Max-cem elite. Mean bond strength was higher in case of
Max-cem Elite as compared to RelyX U200 resin cement, although
differences were non–significant (p > 0.05).
Conclusion: Surface treatment of enamel increases the bond
strength of self adhesive resin cement.
... A higher bond strength can be obtained when the enamel has been etched by 10 per cent or 35 per cent phosphori c acid prior to the placement of the pri m e r / adhesive. 27,84,85 Perhaps this procedure should be a routine step to further increase the bond strength of the restorative system. ...
Hybrid restorative materials comprising resins and components of conventional glass ionomers have been widely introduced and accepted by the dental profession in recent years. These include the resinmodified glass ionomer cements and the polyacidmodified resin composites or compomers. They are developed in an attempt to overcome the problems of traditional restoratives, such as moisture sensitivity and reduced early strength, while at the same time maintaining their clinical advantages of command setting, adhesion to tooth structures, adequate strength to occlusal load, fluoride release and aesthetics. This paper reviews the development, composition and properties, of these new materials. Their clinical performance appears to be promising and they should be considered as good alternatives to amalgam and other conventional restorative materials in the future.
... Yet we all want to know what is the effect of temporary restorations [50], and different dentine surface preparations [51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58]. Even more so we want to know if the current vogue for one-bottle bonding systems [59][60][61][62][63][64] self etching primers [65][66][67] and the short cuts proposed with compomers [68] are potentially as good if not better than the three stage (etch-prime-bond) systems. We want to know if primary teeth present a different problem from permanent teeth [69][70][71][72]. ...
This review of the published literature on dental materials for the year 1997 has been compiled by the Dental Materials Panel of UK. It continues a series of annual reviews started in 1973. Emphasis has been placed upon publications, which report upon the materials science or clinical performance of the materials. The review has been divided by accepted materials classifications (fissure sealants, glass polyalkenoate cements, dentine bonding, dental amalgam, endodontic materials, casting alloys, ceramometallic restorations and resin-bonded bridges, ceramics, denture base resins and soft lining materials, impression materials, dental implant materials, orthodontic materials, biomechanics and image processing, resin composites, and casting investment materials and waxes). Three hundred and thirty three articles have been reviewed.
... Nevertheless , under the scanning electron microscope (SEM) , the etching pattern of enamel achieved by Prompt L-Pop is very similar to that created by phosphoric acid. 6 • 7 Additionally, the formation of a hybrid layer on dentin was observed under the SEM 21 and under the transmission electron microscope (TEM) (Figs . 1,2). 8 Structural changes on enamel and dentin were also analyzed by SEM upon the application of NRC. ...
The acid-etch-technique has provided an ideal surface for bonding to enamel by using 30-40% phosphoric acid. The resulting etch pattern is characterized by the profuse formation of microporosities which allow the penetration of monomers into those porosities to form resin tags that provide micromechanical retention. Successful attempts of bonding to dentin in a similar fashion have been reported more recently. Due to the specific properties of dentin, such as its tubular structure and its intrinsic wetness, bonding to dentin has not yet reached the ideal characteristics. In spite of the existing deficiencies in dentin adhesion, the increasing demand for esthetic restorations has generated intensive research on new esthetic materials with special focus on amalgam alternatives. The bonding mechanism of recent dentin bonding agents is based on the penetration of ambiphilic molecules into acid-etched dentin to form a lacework of dentin collagen and polymerized monomers. Dentin adhesive systems that contain a multitude of different bottles of different colors and shapes belong to the past. Because clinicians are increasingly eager to try new materials, the actual tendency calls for simplification of the bonding procedure e.g. one-bottle adhesive systems and all-in-one no-bottle materials. In spite of simpler materials, a separate etching step is still needed for one-bottle systems. Nevertheless, manufacturers of these simplified one-bottle materials recommend their use to bond polyacid-modified composites (compomers) without a separate etching step. The most recent addition to the group of simplified adhesives is the all-in-one no-bottle adhesives; one of these all-in-one systems, Prompt L-Pop (ESPE) has resulted in very promising laboratory results when used on enamel. In spite of the uncertainty about the capacity of all-in-one adhesives to etch enamel adequately in vivo, scanning electron microscopy studies have resulted in an enamel-etching pattern morphologically similar to that corresponding to phosphoric acid-etched enamel. While all-in-one adhesive systems have been reported to result in very satisfactory dentin bond strengths, results from other laboratories suggest that bonding to dentin with all-in-one adhesive systems will need to be somewhat improved. Clinical studies, which are the ultimate test for the acceptance of dentin adhesives, are now underway in several centers. Six-month data showed a very good clinical performance for this ultra-simplified all-in-one adhesive system.
... F2000 uses conventional phosphoric acid etching followed by single bond adhesive system application. This procedure results in substantial penetration of the resin into the microporosities created by the etching and is believed responsible for the strength and durability of the bond (Glasspoole, Erickson & Davidson, 2001;Abate et al., 1997). In Dyract AP group, NRC was applied to enamel followed by the bonding system Prime & Bond NT. ...
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the shear bond strength of different sealant and filling materials, used in minimally invasive dentistry, to human enamel.
Thirty-five sound extracted third molars were selected. The crowns were longitudinally sectioned, embedded in polystyrene resin, and grounded until a flat enamel surface was reached. The samples were assigned into seven groups (n = 10), according to the materials: G1-Fluoroshield; G2-Clinpro; G3-Dyract AP; G4-F2000; G5-Vitremer; G6-Fuji IX; G7-Vidrion F. All materials were applied according to the manufacturer's instructions. The samples were stored in distilled water at 37 degrees C for 24 h and submitted to a shear bonding strength test in a universal testing machine with a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. The failure sites were observed in Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The data were submitted to ANOVA and Tukey's tests (p < 0.05).
The mean values (MPa) of shear bond strength were for Fluroshield (25.92 +/- 8.83), Vitremer (20.41 +/- 13.34), Dyract AP (17.08 +/- 6.38), Clinpro (12.82 +/- 8.38), F2000 (8.71 +/- 3.74), Fuji IX (7.64 +/- 2.57), and Vidrion F (4.54 +/- 2.11). Fluroshield resin sealant and Vitremer resin modified glass-ionomer showed statistically higher shear bond strength values than the conventional glass ionomer (GIC) cements. Clinpro and F2000 showed bond strength values with statistical difference only from Fluroshield. The failure mode varied among the groups. The majority of samples presented mixed failure.
FluroShield and Vitremer showed better performance of shear bond strength to enamel than conventional GIC.
Devant la mort annoncée à moyen terme de l’amalgame dentaire après la conférence de Minamata de 2014, et devant le débat naissant autour de la toxicité potentielle des résines composites du fait de la présence en leur sein de bisphénol A, les ciments verres ionomères suscitent un regain d’intérêt. Mais quelles sont réellement les applications cliniques de ces matériaux ? L’objectif de ce travail est de synthétiser les données concernant cette famille de matériaux. Quelles en sont les différentes familles, quelles en sont les différentes propriétés, quelles en sont les techniques opératoires de mise en place, quelles en sont les dernières évolutions ?
Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the tensile bond strength of nickel-chromium alloy to dental enamel by using four different resin cements. Materials and Methods: 40 extracted central incisor teeth embedded in acrylic blocks were flattened not to expose dentin. Wax rectangular blocks of 5 mm length, 5 mm width and 1 mm height with a loop were invested and casted using Nickel-Chromium alloy by conventional induction casting method and sandblasted. Then casted rectangular blocks and 40 tooth embedded acrylic samples were divided into four groups (10 each) and cemented to tooth enamel following manufacturer's instructions as; GroupAcemented using RelyX U200, Group B cemented using Smartcem 2, Group C cemented using Multilink Speed and Group D cemented using Multilink N and then stored in artificial saliva for 24 hours. The direct pull tensile test was carried out on Universal Testing Machine at cross head speed of 0.5mm/min. Results: One way ANOVA showed a highly statistically significant (p<.01) difference between all the four resin cements. Post Hoc Tests- Multiple comparisons showed highly statistically significant (p< 0.01) difference between RelyX U200: Multilink N, Smartcem 2: Multilink Speed, Smartcem 2: Multilink N, Multilink Speed: Multilink N. Difference between RelyX U200 : Smartcem 2 and RelyX U200 : Multilink Speed was statistically significant(p< 0.05). Conclusion: Self etch resin cement (Multilink N) showed maximum mean tensile bond strength as compared to self-adhesive resin cements (Smartcem 2, RelyX U200 and Multilink Speed). Clinically the greatest advantage of self-adhesive cements is the easy and fast application technique. But this time saving technique is not as effective as self-etch resin luting agents. The presumed benefit of saving time with self-adhesive luting agents may only be realized at the expense of compromising bond strength.
Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate the microleakage in class V restoration restored with self-etching adhesive and conventional total etching two bottle adhesive systems and their recommended resin-based composites. Methods: Two types of adhesive systems were used self-etching adhesive Etch and Prime 3.0 with Degufill Mineral resin-based composite RBC (Degussa) and conventional total etching two-bottle Gluma Solid Bond with Flow Line RBC (Heraeus Kulzer). The bonding systems were used strictly according to manufacturer's instructions except that with two-bottle adhesive system, the cavities were filled with a wet or dry bonding technique. Each group consists of 5 freshly extracted maxillary first premolar teeth (10 cavities, one buccally and one lingually all margins were in enamel), the leakage scores were calculated after 500 cycles in cold and hot baths 5 and 55°C respectively with 30 seconds dwell time both at occlusal and gingival margins. Data were analyzed by Fischer Exact Test. Results: there was no statistical difference in leakage scores between occlusal and gingival margins of self-etching adhesive bonding system. The difference was statistically significant in conventional total etching two-bottle adhesive system between the occlusal and gingival margins when dry technique was used and was highly significant when wet technique was used. There was no statistically difference between self-etching adhesive and conventional total etching two-bottle adhesive system. Significance: The results suggest that the use of conventional total etching two-bottle bonding technique is better than the use of self-etching adhesive bonding technique and there is no difference between the use of wet bonding technique over dry bonding technique.
The aim of this experimental examination was to compare the values of shearing force, which breaks the connection between polymer bonding agents (XP Bond and Xeno III), used with restorative polymer Dyract Extra, and enamel, after and without enamel's exposure to ozone. Ninety deciduous molars extracted for orthodontic reasons were used in the study. After cleaning the enamel surface, sixty samples were subjected to ozone treatment (among them thirty teeth were covered with a remineralisation agent releasing F-) (Fig. 1-3) and selected polymeric bonding agents were used according to the manufacturer's instructions (Table 1). Prepared in this way, enamel was covered with Dyract Extra polymeric restorative material. The measured shearing force was calculated per contact surface of the material and enamel. As a result the value of adhesive strength was calculated for every sample. It was observed that ozonating the deciduous tooth's enamel can significantly increase the adhesion of polymers to its surface, whereas the application of a remineralisation agent after the ozonating decreases the value of the adhesive strength (Table 2).
The cervical margin of class-II and class-V cavities is usually located below the cemento-enamel junction. This area poses a clinical problem in adhesive resin restorations, since the margins of the cavities are limited by cementum (Fig. 8.1), a calcified tissue exhibiting several histo-morphological and functional variations from the dental structures that have been extensively evaluated as bonding substrates (enamel and dentin). Cementum is a specialized connective tissue covering the outermost layer of calcified matrix on root surface, with a primary role to connect the periodontal ligament to the root surface.Cementum has not been largely encountered as a substrate from the bonding point of view, despite the fact that cervical microleakage has been early recognized to contribute to high incidence of secondary caries and fail of restorations [1, 2]. Very few studies have evaluated cementum-bonding restorations and the techniques used in present clinical practice in terms of their effectiveness and predictability [2-6]. A systematic approach to bonding at the cervical margins of class-II and class- V restorations requires understanding of anatomy and histo-physiology of the root dental structures. This chapter reviews the main structural, compositional, and functional aspects of cementum, and its primary evaluation as a bonding substrate.
The purpose of this article was to review the fluoride release and recharge capabilities, and antibacterial properties, of fluoride-releasing dental restoratives, and discuss the current status concerning the prevention or inhibition of caries development and progression. Fluoride-containing dental materials reported in literature are glass-ionomer cements, resin-modified glass-ionomer cements, polyacid-modified composites (“compomers”), fluoride-releasing composites and fluoride-releasing amalgams. Therefore, original scientific papers and reviews listed in PubMed were included in the review. Fluoride-containing dental materials show clear differences in the fluoride release and uptake characteristics. Clinical studies exhibited conflicting data as to whether or not these materials significantly prevent or inhibit secondary caries. Fluoride-releasing materials, predominantly glassionomers and compomers, did show cariostatic properties and may affect bacterial metabolism under simulated cariogenic conditions in vitro. However, it is not proven by prospective clinical studies whether the incidence of secondary caries can be significantly reduced by the fluoride release of restorative materials.
This study evaluated the 5-year clinical performance of polyacid-modified resin composite, Dyract (DeTrey/Dentsply, Konstanz,
Germany), restorations in class V carious lesions. Ninety-two class V carious lesions in 28 patients were restored with Dyract.
Restorations were clinically evaluated at baseline, 1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, and 5-year recalls and were evaluated according to the
modified Ryge criteria by two experienced calibrated examiners in regard to color match, marginal discoloration, wear or loss
of anatomical form, caries, marginal adaptation, and surface texture. The retention rate after 5years compared to baseline
in class V carious restorations was 84%, with only 12 restorations failing. Color change and marginal discoloration in restorations
were found to be statistically significant (p = 0.0238 and p < 0.0001, respectively) at the end of the 5years, but did not require replacement of any of the restorations. The results
of this study revealed that at the end of 5years, Dyract exhibited a clinically acceptable success rate but had significant
color changes and marginal discoloration in class V carious lesions.
El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto sobre la fuerza adhesiva (SBS), adhesivo remanente, y superficie del esmalte del recementado de brackets nuevos en la misma superficie de esmalte utilizando distintos métodos de acondicionamiento del esmalte. Utilizamos 135 incisivos bóvinos. Los brackets fueron cementados al esmalte con: (1)acido-fosfórico al 37%, (2)ácido-fosfórico al 37% (antes del primer cementado pero no en los siguientes cementados), (3)Transbond-Plus-Self-Etching-Primer® (TSEP) y (4)acondicionador que no precisa lavado (NRC). Los brackets fueron cementados y descementados tres veces utilizando el mismo procedimiento de acondicionamiento con la excepción del grupo 2 donde no se volvió a grabar con ácido-fosfórico al 37% en la segunda ni tercera secuencias de cementado. SBS y el adhesivo remanente fueron evaluados para cada descementado. Se realizaron observaciones al MEB para cada secuencia de acondicionamiento. Se realizó el análisis estadístico utilizando ANOVA, test de Mann-Whitney, y test de Kruskal-Wallis. ABSTRACT: The aims of this study were to evaluate the effect on shear bond strength (SBS), adhesive remnant, and enamel surface of repeated bonding of new brackets on the same tooth using different methods of enamel conditioning. 135 bovine incisors were used. Brackets were bonded to enamel using one of the following conditioning procedures: (1) 37% phosphoric-acid, (2) 37% phosphoric-acid (prior to first bond but not for further bonds), (3) Transbond Plus Self Etching Primer® (TSEP), and (4) non-rinse-conditioner (NRC). Brackets were sequentially bonded and debonded three times following the same conditioning procedure with the exception of group 2 where 37% phosphoric-acid was not reapplied prior to the second and third bonding sequences. SBS and adhesive remnant were evaluated for each debond. SEM observations were made for each conditioning sequence. Statistical analysis was undertaken using ANOVA, Mann–Whitney, and Kruskal–Wallis tests.
Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar, in vitro, a infiltração marginal em restaurações de classe V, executadas com resina composta (RC), cimento de ionômero de vidro resino-modificado (CIVRM) e compômeros, por meio de diferentes técnicas restauradoras, e submetidas à ciclagem mecânica e térmica. Trinta e seis molares humanos íntegros receberam 72 preparos de classe V nas faces vestibular e lingual. A margem oclusal foi localizada em esmalte; a margem gengival, em dentina. Os dentes foram divididos em nove grupos de oito espécimes cada. As cavidades foram restauradas de acordo com as diferentes técnicas. Nos grupos 1, 2, 4 e 5, não foi feito condicionamento ácido. Após 24 horas em água a 37°C, as amostras sofreram ciclagem mecânica e térmica, imersão em rodamina B e secção no sentido vestíbulo-lingual. O grau de penetração variou de zero (infiltração) a 3 (infiltração máxima). O teste Kruskal-Wallis revelou diferenças estatísticas significantes entre as técnicas restauradoras (p < 0,05). Sem o condicionamento ácido, os compômeros apresentaram a maior infiltração nas duas margens, oclusal e gengival. A RC, na margem gengival, exibiu menor infiltração que os compômeros e o CIVRM. A retenção adicional e o condicionamento ácido + adesivo foram ambos capazes de reduzir a infiltração nas margens gengival e oclusal das restaurações de compômeros.
To evaluate the effects of air abrasion, acid etching, and the combination of both procedures on the microleakage of preventive Class I resin restorations.
Eighty-four extracted human molar teeth were randomly assigned to seven groups with 12 teeth each. Occlusal fissures were opened with a diamond bur and etched with phosphoric acid (groups I and VI); prepared with a diamond bur without etching (group VII); air abraded with the KCP 1000, using 50-micron aluminum oxide particles without etching (group II), and with phosphoric acid etching (group III); or air abraded with 27-micron aluminum oxide particles without etching (group IV), and with phosphoric acid etching (group V). Preparations were filled with a low-viscosity resin composite (Liquicoat, groups I to V) or with a low-viscosity polyacid-modified resin composite (PrimaFlow, groups VI and VII). Six teeth in each group were thermocycled (5 degrees-55 degrees C, 2500 cycles). Dye penetration (methylene blue) was evaluated in ordinal scale.
The number of non-thermocycled and thermocycled specimens revealing no microleakage was as follows: group I, 6 and 1; group II, 2 and 2; group III, 4 and 3; group IV, 0 and 0; group V, 1 and 0; group VI, 3 and 2; and group VII, 0 and 0, respectively. No significant differences existed between the thermocycled specimens and non-thermocycled specimens, except within group I.
Results indicated that (1) air-abrasion treatment with 27-micron particles is less effective in preventing microleakage compared to 50-micron particles, (2) air abrasion should be combined with acid etching to reduce microleakage of preventive Class I resin restorations, and (3) acid etching significantly reduces microleakage of the low-viscosity polyacid-modified resin composite in preventive Class I restorations.
The aim of this in vivo study was to evaluate the interfacial adaptation of Class II resin composite open sandwich restorations with a polyacid-modified resin composite as a stress-absorbing layer (PMRC/RC). Twenty Class II box-shaped, enamel-bordered cavities were prepared in 10 premolars scheduled to be extracted for orthodontic reasons. An open PMRC/RC sandwich restoration was placed in 1 of the cavities of each tooth. The first layer, PMRC, in the proximal box extended to the periphery in the cervical part of the cavity. The following RC layers were placed with a horizontally incremental technique. The PMRC was excluded from the control cavity. The teeth were extracted after 1 month and the interfacial adaptation of the restorations was studied with quantitative scanning electron microscope analysis using a replicate technique. Gap-free interfacial adaptation was observed for the PMRC/RC and RC restorations in cervical enamel in 97% and 73%, respectively (P = 0.006). The gap-free scores for dentin were 87% and 64%, respectively (P = 0.022). Excellent interfacial adaptation was observed in both groups for the occlusal enamel 99% and 100%, respectively. The adaptation to occlusal enamel for the direct resin composite restorations was significantly better than to dentin or cervical enamel. A higher frequency of enamel fractures was observed parallel to the cervical margins compared to the occlusal. No dentin fractures were observed in the experimental groups. The PMRC/RC sandwich technique showed a statistically significant improved interfacial adaptation to dentin and cervical enamel in Class II enamel-bordered cavities. The clinical significance of the differences has to be evaluated.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of various enamel surface treatments on the bond strength of a compomer to enamel.
Ground bovine enamel specimens were divided into four groups. A compomer (F2000, 3M) was bonded to the specimens using different enamel surface treatments. Two groups examined the effect of application of the F2000 self-etching primer/adhesive (3M) with respect to static or dynamic priming. A third examined use of the primer/adhesive after phosphoric acid etching, and the fourth (control) group provided bond strength of the compomer to phosphoric acid etched enamel with a resin bonding system (Single Bond, 3M). Shear bond strengths for the specimens were measured after 24h storage in water at 37 degrees C. Effects of the various surface treatments on enamel were examined by SEM.
Significant differences in bond strength of compomer to enamel were found that were related to the various surface pretreatments. Dynamic priming resulted in higher enamel bond strengths than static priming, and the best bond strengths were obtained when the enamel was etched with phosphoric acid. SEM analysis showed that depth of etch and resin penetration was also directly related to the bond strengths measured.
Bond strength of compomer to enamel is significantly affected by the method of pretreatment of the enamel.
The purpose of this study was to compare the microleakage of class V cavities restored with composite resin (CR), resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC) and polyacid-modified resin composite (PAMRC), using different clinical procedures. Thirty-six noncarious human molars were used in this study. A class V cavity, measuring approximately 3 mm x 4 mm x 2 mm, was prepared in each tooth in both buccal and lingual aspects, with a diamond bur (number 1,093) at high speed, with coolant water spray. The occlusal margin was located on enamel and the gingival margin was located on dentin. The teeth were divided into 9 groups with 8 specimens each. The cavities were restored according to different techniques. The specimens from groups 1, 2, 4 and 5 did not receive acid etching. The samples were stored in water at 37 degrees C for 24 hours, subjected to occlusal load, thermocycled and immersed in rhodamine B. The restorations were then washed and sectioned in buccolingual direction. The depth of dye penetration was scored from zero (no leakage) to 3 (maximum leakage). The Kruskal-Wallis test revealed statistically significant differences between the materials (p < 0.05). PAMRC used without acid etching showed the greatest score of leakage in both margins. In the gingival margin, CR showed scores of leakage lower than those of PAMRC and RMGIC. Additional retentions and acid etching were able to decrease microleakage in PAMRC restorations in both gingival and occlusal margins.
To evaluate the effect of three enamel conditioners and four restorative materials on enamel shear bond strengths.
120 bovine incisors were polished to 600-grit and randomly assigned to three enamel adhesive systems (n=40): Syntac Single Component with phosphoric acid etching (PA-SSC), Syntac Single Component without phosphoric acid etching (SSC), and Experimental Prompt L-Pop (LPI), a self-etching adhesive. The specimens were restored with one of four resin restorative materials (n=10): (1) Compoglass F, a high-viscosity compomer; (2) Compoglass Flow, a low-viscosity compomer; (3) Tetric Ceram, a high-viscosity resin-based composite (RBC); and (4) Tetric Flow, a low-viscosity RBC. After thermocycling, shear tests were carried out with an Instron Universal Testing Machine. Mean enamel bond strengths were analyzed with ANOVA and Duncan post hoc test at P < or = 0.05.
PA-SSC resulted in higher mean bond strengths than LP1, but the difference was not statistically significant. Both PA-SSC and LP1 resulted in statistically higher mean bond strengths than SSC at P < or = 0.0001. The lowest mean bond strengths of all the groups were obtained when SSC was used with an RBC (Tetric Ceram or Tetric Flow). SSC and PA-SSC resulted in statistically higher mean bond strengths when used with a compomer than when used with an RBC, regardless of the viscosity. Although recommended to be used only with compomers, LP1 resulted in statistically similar enamel bond strengths when used with the composite of corresponding viscosity (Tetric Ceram vs. Compoglass F; Tetric Flow vs. Compoglass Flow). LP1, however, resulted in higher enamel bond strengths when combined with Tetric Ceram than when combined with Tetric Flow. When the results were pooled for "viscosity", high-viscosity restorative materials resulted in higher bond strengths than low-viscosity materials at P < or = 0.041. When the data were pooled for "restorative material", compomers resulted in higher bond strengths than composites at P < or = 0.0001.
The aim of this study was to define the morphological bonding of the F2000 Restorative System (3M Dental Product) to enamel and dentin. For this purpose, high resolution scanning electron microscope (SEM) in conjunction with a tensile bond strength analysis was used to correlate the morphological findings to the bonding potential. Scotchbond 1 (SB1) adhesive system was utilized as a control.
Teeth were prepared in vivo and prepared as: (1) F2000 PA for 15s, (2) F2000 PA for 30s, (3) 35% phosphoric acid for 15s and SB1 and (4) 35% phosphoric acid for 30s and SB1. All teeth were then restored with the F2000 compomer restorative material, extracted, sectioned and analyzed by means of a field emission in-lens SEM (FEISEM). The conditioning/etching patterns of the two adhesive systems were also evaluated in vitro on dentin disks in order to show high resolution details of every single step of the bonding procedure.
FEISEM images showed a repetitive pattern of the enamel crystals with several microporosities after the 30s application of F2000 PA; moreover a good adaptation of the adhesive resin on the conditioned enamel was observable. FEISEM analysis of the dentin surface revealed no evidence of a smear layer after the application of F2000 PA for 30s. Residual smear plugs were partially obliterating the tubule orifices when F2000 PA was used, while they were completely absent after etching with 35% phosphoric acid. The total etching technique revealed open tubules and resin tags formation after the application of SB1.
The one step etching/priming/bonding procedure of the F2000 PA showed favorable results at ultra-structural level when applied on both the enamel and the dentin surface for 30s (as per manufacturers' instructions), but the bond strength analysis showed higher values of bonding of the F2000 compomer when the SB1 adhesive agent (after etching with 35% phosphoric acid) was used (7.7+/-2.2 vs 19.0+/-4.4MPa).
This study evaluated the three-year clinical performance of a polyacid-modified resin composite material, Dyract (DeTrey/Dentsply, Konstanz, Germany), in Class III cavities. Sixty-two Class III cavities in 30 patients were restored with Dyract. Restorations were clinically evaluated at baseline, one-, two- and three-year recalls according to the modified Ryge criteria by two experienced, calibrated examiners. After three years, the retention rate was 96.7%. At the one-year interval, one restoration had to be replaced due to sensitivity. At the two-year recall, one restoration, with a caries lesion adjacent to its margin, was clinically unacceptable and had to be replaced. Except for these two restorations, all other restorations were clinically acceptable in regard to color match, marginal discoloration, wear or loss of anatomical form, caries, marginal adaptation and surface texture after three years. At the end of three years, marginal discoloration was statistically significant (p=0.017) but did not require replacement of any of the restorations. Dyract exhibited significant marginal discoloration after three-year clinical performance in Class III cavities.
To determine the effect of different combinations of surface conditioning (DeTrey Conditioner 36, NRC, no etching) and restorative materials (Dyract AP, Spectrum TPH) on the shear bond strength of Prime and Bond NT to enamel and dentin, and to characterize the resin-dentin interface produced by these combinations.
Shear bond strength was tested on 30 enamel and 30 dentin flat labial surfaces of extracted bovine teeth. The enamel and dentin specimens were randomly assigned to six groups of five teeth each and treated using different combinations of surface conditioners and restorative materials with Prime and Bond NT. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation of argon-ion-etched specimens was done to evaluate the resin-dentin interface.
The type of surface conditioning and restorative material had significant effects on dentin bond strengths. Etching the dentin prior to application of Prime and Bond NT significantly increased bond strength and caused formation of a hybrid layer for Spectrum TPH. For Dyract AP, dentin etching generally did not improve bond strength despite the formation of a hybrid layer. On enamel, Prime and Bond NT had consistently high bond strengths on etched specimens.
The results showed that Dyract AP and Spectrum TPH, when used with Prime and Bond NT have different bonding mechanisms and the effect of surface conditioning on their shear bond strength differs. Clinicians should be aware of these effects in order to optimize bonding.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical performance of three compomer systems: Compoglass F, Dyract AP and F2000 in Class V carious lesions. In addition, some restorations were placed in teeth scheduled for extractions in order to evaluate the compomer/dentin interface with the scanning electron microscope (SEM). A total of 175 Class V carious lesions having the gingival margins extending into cementum were restored with the tested materials. Each restoration was clinically evaluated immediately after placement, after 1 year and after 2 years using the USPHS criteria. After 1 year no loss of restoration was recorded. No significant difference between the materials was observed for any evaluation category. After 2 years, one Compoglass and two Dyract restorations were lost. No loss of F2000 was reported. No significant difference was reported between the tested materials and between the 2-year data and baseline ones. A well-defined hybrid layer as well as resin tags was seen at the interface between the tested materials and vital dentin.
To evaluate the 2-year clinical performance of Dyract in small Class I cavities in non stress-bearing areas.
On 36 patients, 87 small cavity preparations were performed. The lesions were diagnosed macroscopically with a probe. They involved fissures, were shallow and had reached dentin but the lateral spread was limited and localized in dentin. Cavities were designed to be on non stress bearing areas. Cavities' average faciolingual widths were prepared to be 1/3 or less than the intercuspal width. At baseline, 1- and 2-year recalls, the restorations were evaluated according to the modified Ryge criteria by two calibrated, experienced examiners.
None of the restorations was lost and retention rate was 100% at the end of 1 year. After 2 years, one restoration (1.1%) had to be replaced due to caries lesion adjacent to its margin and the rate of retention was 98.9%. At the 2-year recall, marginal discoloration (rated Bravo) was observed in 19.8% of the restorations but did not require the replacement of any restorations. Except the failed restoration, no other was clinically unacceptable in regard to color match, wear or loss of anatomic form, marginal discoloration, caries, marginal adaptation and surface texture.
Direction of dentin tubules is an important factor that affects bond strength of contemporary adhesive materials. Because conservative proximal cavity preparations in primary teeth contain more dentin tubules running oblique or parallel to the cavity walls, this study was conducted to evaluate the influence of tubule orientation on the bond strength to primary dentin. A polyacid-modified resin composite material was used as the test material. A microtensile test was utilized to enable evaluation of bond strengths in three different tubule orientations (perpendicular, oblique, parallel) following aging of the resindentin bonds by long-term immersion of the test samples in water. Samples bonded parallel to the dentin tubules showed the highest microtensile bond strength, followed by the oblique and perpendicular groups. Statistical analysis of the data showed no significant difference between the bond strength of parallel and oblique groups. Independent of the tubule orientation, all samples revealed cohesive fracture within dentin.
This study evaluated the pulpal response and in-vivo microleakage of a flowable composite bonded with a self-etching adhesive and compared the results with a glass ionomer cement and amalgam. Cervical cavities were prepared in monkey teeth. The teeth were randomly divided into three groups. A self-etching primer system (Imperva FluoroBond, Shofu) was applied to the teeth in one of the experimental groups, and the cavities were filled with a flowable composite (SI-BF-2001-LF, Shofu). In the other groups, a glass ionomer cement (Fuji II, GC) or amalgam (Dispersalloy, Johnson & Johnson) filled the cavity. The teeth were then extracted after 3, 30 and 90 days, fixed in 10% buffered formalin solution and prepared according to routine histological techniques. Five micrometer sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin or Brown and Brenn gram stain for bacterial observation. No serious inflammatory reaction of the pulp, such as necrosis or abscess formation, was observed in any of the experimental groups. Slight inflammatory cell infiltration was the main initial reaction, while deposition of reparative dentin was the major long-term reaction in all groups. No bacterial penetration along the cavity walls was detected in the flowable composite or glass ionomer cement except for one case at 30 days in the glass ionomer cement. The flowable composite bonded with self-etching adhesive showed an acceptable biological com- patibility to monkey pulp. The in vivo sealing ability of the flowable composite in combination with the self-etching adhesive was considered comparable to glass ionomer cement. Amalgam restorations without adhesive liners showed slight bacterial penetration along the cavity wall.
Long-term prospective survival studies of resin-modified glass ionomer cements (RMGICs) and polyacid-modified resin composites (compomers) placed in non-carious cervical lesions (NCCLs) are lacking from general dental practice. Short-term studies have shown an unsatisfactory clinical performance for several materials.
One practitioner placed 87 compomer (Compoglass, Vivadent-Ivoclar) and 73 encapsulated RMGIC (Fuji II LC, GC Int.) restorations in NCCLs for 61 adults. Compoglass was placed using SCA primer, and Fuji II LC using GC Dentin Conditioner. No cavity preparation was undertaken. The Kaplan-Meier method was used for estimating the cumulative survivals for those restorations that were replaced, with the probability level set at alpha = 0.05 for statistical significance.
Restorations were judged unsatisfactory (by the practitioner and the subjects) because of surface and marginal loss of material (68.8 per cent), dislodgement (18.8 per cent) and discoloration (12.4 per cent), these modes being similar for both materials (P = 0.35). Unsatisfactory restorations were replaced in 121 (75.6 per cent) instances. After periods of up to five years, cumulative survival estimates were 14.9 (5.8 Standard Error) per cent for Compoglass and zero per cent for Fuji II LC (P = 0.74). Median survivals were 30 months for Compoglass and 42 months for Fuji II LC.
Both materials had high long-term unsatisfactory performances when placed in non-prepared NCCLs in a general dental practice.
To evaluate the microtensile bond strengths (MTBS) of a dual-cured dentin adhesive bonded to dentin using a light-cured resin-based composite (composite) or a polyacid-modified resin-based composite (compomer), and to investigate the effect of water aging on the bond strengths of these systems.
Flat dentin surfaces prepared from extracted human third molars were bonded with Prime&Bond NT Dual-Cured version (PBNT). Resin build-up crowns were constructed incrementally with two different materials: a composite (Z250) or a compomer (Dyract AP). When Dyract AP was used as the restorative material, half of the specimens were etched with 36% phosphoric acid, and the other half of the specimens were not etched. After storage in water for 24 hours or for 6 months, the teeth were sectioned to obtain bonded 1.3 mm2 beams containing the bonded interface. Each beam was tested in tension in an Instron machine at 0.5 mm/minute. Results were analyzed by multiple ANOVA and Student-Newman-Keuls multiple comparison tests.
The group PBNT/Dyract AP bonded to acid-etched dentin showed the highest bond strength, in the 24-hour evaluation. Bond strength values decreased significantly after aging. The groups treated with PBNT in light-cured, dual-cured and self-cured modes performed equally well in the 24-hour evaluation. After 6 months of water aging, bond-strengths of the light-cured groups remained stable. By contrast, decreases in the bond strengths of the self-cured groups were observed.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the pulpal response of a fluoride-releasing one-step adhesive in nonexposed monkey teeth.
Cervical Class V cavities were prepared in monkey teeth. The cavities were divided into three groups of different restorative materials. A one-step adhesive (SI-IB551, Shofu) was applied to the teeth, and the cavities were filled with a resin composite (Beautifil, Shofu). In the other two groups, a two-step adhesive (Imperva FluoroBond, Shofu) together with either a resin composite (Beautifil) or a glass-ionomer cement (Fuji II, GC) was placed in the cavities. The teeth were then extracted after 3, 30, and 90 days, fixed in 10% buffered formalin solution, and prepared according to routine histological techniques. Five-micrometer sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, or Brown & Brenn gram stain for bacterial observation. Four histological features, odontoblastic change, inflammatory cell infiltrate, reparative dentin formation, and the bacterial staining, were evaluated and compared. The results were compared statistically with significance defined as p < 0.05 (Kruskall-Wallis test).
Disarrangement of the odontoblasts and slight inflammatory cell infiltrations were the main initial reactions, while deposition of reparative dentin was the major long-term reaction in all groups. No statistically significant differences in the four histological features were seen among the restorative materials placed in the cavities (p > 0.05). No serious pulpal inflammatory reactions, such as necrosis or abscess formation, were observed in any of the experimental groups.
The one-step adhesive showed acceptable biological compatibility with the monkey pulp, whereas the pulpal response to the system was minimally different from that of the glass-ionomer cement or the two-step self-etching adhesive.
This study evaluated the three-year clinical performance of Class V restorations made of a polyacid-modified resin composite, Dyract. Ninety-two Class V carious lesions in 28 patients were restored with Dyract. Restorations were clinically evaluated at baseline, first, second, and third year recall visits, according to the modified Ryge criteria by two experienced, calibrated examiners. Retention rate after three years in Class V carious restorations was 92.4%, with only seven failed restorations. Color change and marginal discoloration in restorations were found to be statistically significant (p = 0.013 and p < 0.001, respectively) at the end of third year, but none of the affected restorations required replacement. The results of this study revealed that at the end of three years, Dyract exhibited good clinical success rate but significant color change and marginal discoloration in Class V carious lesions.
To evaluate the 5-year clinical performance of Dyract in small Class I cavities in non stress-bearing areas.
On 36 patients, 87 restorations needing small cavity preparations were performed. The lesions were diagnosed macroscopically with a probe. They involved shallow fissures, and had reached dentin but the lateral spread was limited and localized in dentin. Cavities were designed to be on non stress bearing areas. Cavities' average facio-lingual width were prepared to be 1/3 or less than the intercuspal width. At baseline, 1-, 2-, 3-, 4- and 5-year recalls, the restorations were evaluated according to the modified Ryge criteria by two calibrated, experienced examiners.
None of the restorations was lost and retention rate was 100% at the end of 1 year. After 2 years, one restoration (1.2%) had to be replaced due to caries lesion adjacent to its margin and the rate of retention was 98.8%. At the 3-year recall, four restorations, at the 4-year, one restoration and at the 5-year, one restoration had caries lesions adjacent to their margins and the cumulative retention rates were 94.2%, 92.9% and 91.5% respectively. Significant differences were detected between all of the evaluation periods in regard to color match rate (P = 0.00001), with the exception of rate between the baseline and 1 year evaluations. In regard to the marginal discoloration rates, there were statistically significant differences (P = 0.00001) between all of the evaluation periods with the exception of rates between the baseline and 1-year, 3- and 4-year, and 4- and 5-year results. Except for the failed restoration, no other restoration was clinically unacceptable in regard to color match, wear or loss of anatomic form, marginal discoloration, caries, marginal adaptation and surface texture.
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of one step adhesives on the shear bond strength of a compomer restorative material to both enamel and dentine. Human extracted teeth were used for the study. Ten samples were prepared for both enamel and dentine specimens for each of the five groups: Tooth, no etch, Prime and Bond NT (P+B NT); tooth, Non-Rinse Conditioner (NRC), P+B NT; tooth, NRC, Prime and Bond 2.1 (P+B 2.1); tooth, etch, P+B NT; tooth, etch, P+B 2.1. The specimens were subjected to bond testing. The shear bond strength was measured using an Inston 1193 testing machine using a cross head speed of 1 mm/minute. The specimens were tested to destruction. The results show that for the enamel specimens the highest bond strength was recorded for those specimens subjected to Etch, P+B 2.1 (22.1 MPa) and Etch P+B NT (20.0 MPa). The groups of specimens which did not undergo etching had very low bond strengths ranging from 11.4 MPa for NRC, P+B 2.1, 8.5 MPa for NRC P+B NT to 6.9 MPa for P+B NT. For the dentine specimens, for all of the groups, the shear bond strengths were low. Those groups subjected to etching produced the highest values of 7.9 MPa for NRC P+B 2.1 with the lowest value of 6.1 MPa for NRC P+B NT. These bond strengths were significantly lower than those achieved for bonding to enamel. Prime and Bond NT and Prime and Bond 2.1, used in conjunction with acid etching, produce satisfactory bond strengths of compomer restorative material to enamel. Bond strengths to dentine were low.
This study evaluated the five-year clinical performance of Dyract AP, a polyacid-modified resin composite, in restorations of Class I carious lesions.
One hundred eight Class I carious lesions in 21 patients were restored with Dyract AP. The lesions, which were macroscopically diagnosed with a probe, involved fissures. The average buccolingual width of the cavities was equal to or less than one-third of the intercuspal width. Restorations were clinically evaluated by two experienced, calibrated examiners at baseline and at 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 years, utilizing the modified Ryge criteria. The evaluation criteria included color match, marginal discoloration, wear or loss of anatomical form, caries, marginal adaptation, and surface texture.
At the end of the 5-year period, a total of 13 restorations had failed, and the cumulative rate of success was 93.37%. By the 5-year recall, 12 restorations had carious lesions adjacent to the margins, and 1 restoration had discoloration that was rated as Charlie. Color changes, marginal discoloration, wear or loss of anatomical form, caries, marginal adaptation, and change in surface texture were found to be statistically significant (p < 0.001) after 5 years. Aside from the thirteen failed restorations, the degrees of color matching, marginal discoloration, wear or loss of anatomical form, caries, marginal adaptation, and surface texture were clinically acceptable at 5 years after treatment.
At the end of 5 years, Dyract AP exhibited acceptable clinical performance in the treatment of Class I carious lesions. Therefore, it can be considered an alternative material for the restoration of Class I cavities.
Clinical Relevance
For two years, the three restoration/adhesive combinations used in this study (Dyract AP/Prime & Bond NT with NRC pretreatment, Dyract AP/Prime & Bond NT with phosphoric acid pretreatment and Filtek A110/Single Bond) exhibited very good clinical performance in Class III cavities. Clinically simplified systems and handling characteristics of materials may effect their clinical performance.
Marginal microleakage was measured around amalgam restorations lined with alloy-glass ionomer cement and coated with a glass ionomer varnish. Preparations were made in 48 human extracted mandibular molar teeth. Alloy-glass ionomer liners and varnishes were placed into selected preparations. Tytin amalgam was inserted into all of the teeth and left unburnished and unpolished. Half of the total samples were thermocycled for 5 days and the remainder were left in deionized water. The teeth were immersed in a 0.5% methylene blue dye and sectioned vertically with a diamond saw. Microleakage was scored visually at x100 magnification, and the data were analysed using the Mann-Whitney U-test (P less than or equal to 0.05). Thermocycling did not have a significant effect on microleakage, except when both an alloy-glass ionomer liner and varnish were used. Overall, the use of an alloy-glass ionomer liner made the most significant difference in reducing microleakage.
This study compared the relative amounts and patterns of fluoride release from six commercially available light-cured liners in artificial saliva over a 28-day period. Cavalite and two Zionomer products released relatively small amounts of fluoride. Timeline and XR Ionomer released the highest cumulative total of fluoride over time. During the last time interval (14-28 days), Timeline released the greatest amount of fluoride. Patterns of fluoride release for all materials were similar with the largest proportion of the total fluoride release being in the first 24-48 hours, followed by a dramatic reduction in release rate.
New fast-setting glass ionomer restorative materials have been developed. This study compared fluoride release from two of these materials with that of a slower-setting material. Although each material released fluoride ions continuously, the slower-setting material released the highest concentrations.
The cure of all resin-modified glass ionomer materials depends to some degree on light activation. However, the materials have chemical-cure mechanisms that could increase depth of cure. Thus, this study was conducted to evaluate the depth of cure of five resin-modified glass ionomer restorative materials.
Five specimens of Fuji II LC (GC America), Geristore (Den-Mat), Photac-Fil (ESPE America), VariGlass (Caulk/Dentsply), and Vitremer (3M Dental Products) were fabricated in Teflon molds. Each material was visible light-activated for 40 s. Specimens were 5 mm x 5 mm x 9 mm (depth), but material at depths greater than 5 mm was too soft to measure. Microhardness (KHN) at the surface and at 1 mm increments below the surface of each specimen was measured at 10 min, 1 d, and 7 d after light-curing.
At 10 min post-irradiation, the top layers (0-1 mm) of each material were significantly harder than the deeper layers (4-5 mm). However, at 1 d, Geristore, Photac-Fil, Vitremer and Fuji II LC had uniform hardness, regardless of depth. In contrast, VariGlass hardness decreased significantly with depth, from 43.3 at the surface to 11.7 at 5 mm. At 7 d, Photac-Fil, Vitremer and Fuji II LC had more uniform hardness regardless of depth than either Geristore or VariGlass. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Duncan's multiple range tests.
Immediately following light activation, the upper layers of each material were harder than the deeper layers, but the degree of cure in the deeper layers improved over time. VariGlass was the only material in which bottom hardness (5mm) and top hardness remained significantly different at 1 d, suggesting that VariGlass has less effective chemical-cure mechanisms than the other materials tested.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of several factors on the hardness of resin-modified glass-ionomer cements (hybrid ionomers) and polyacid-modified resin composites (compomers). Disk-shaped specimens were prepared from the following materials: Vitremer, Fuji II LC, Photac-Fil, and Dyract. Three specimens of each product were irradiated with a light-curing device and three were not. Barcoll hardness was determined on both sides of the specimen 10 minutes after irradiation and after 48 hours of immersion in 37 degrees C water. A factorial design was used to evaluate the factors that influenced the results. The Dyract group that was not light cured was not included in the analysis because the product did not harden under this circumstance. Analysis of variance revealed a significant effect of material, time, and specimen side when light curing was carried out. The use or nonuse of light curing was also significant. For some hybrid ionomers (e.g., Photac-Fil), light curing is a more essential step than for others to obtain adequate hardness values.