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Abstract
The gum resin of Boswellia serrata, known in Indian Ayurvedic system of medicine as Salai guggal, contains boswellic acids, which have been shown to inhibit leukotriene biosynthesis. In a double-blind, placebo-controlled study forty patients, 23 males and 17 females in the age range of 18 - 75 years having mean duration of illness, bronchial asthma, of 9.58 +/- 6.07 years were treated with a preparation of gum resin of 300 mg thrice daily for a period of 6 weeks. 70% of patients showed improvement of disease as evident by disappearance of physical symptoms and signs such as dyspnoea, rhonchi, number of attacks, increase in FEV subset1, FVC and PEFR as well as decrease in eosinophilic count and ESR. In the control group of 40 patients 16 males and 24 females in the age range of 14-58 years with mean of 32.95 +/- 12.68 were treated with lactose 300 mg thrice daily for 6 weeks. Only 27% of patients in the control group showed improvement. The data show a definite role of gum resin of Boswellia serrata in the treatment of bronchial asthma.
... It was believed that the decoctions contain active ingredients from Boswellia, which are useful in treating the above-mentioned diseases. Furthermore, the extract was used to treat bronchitis, asthma, hoarseness, dyspnea, cough, and cold [73,74]. ...
... This study demonstrates that a gum resin preparation from B. serrata might be effective in the treatment of chronic colitis, with minimal side effects [67,76]. The same research group evaluated the effects of B. serrata gum resin on the treatment of patients with bronchial asthma [74]. Their data demonstrated that 70% of patients treated with 300 mg thrice daily for 6 weeks showed improvement of disease, evident by the disappearance of physical symptoms and signs such as dyspnea, rhonchi, number of attacks, as well as a decrease in eosinophilic counts. ...
... Their data demonstrated that 70% of patients treated with 300 mg thrice daily for 6 weeks showed improvement of disease, evident by the disappearance of physical symptoms and signs such as dyspnea, rhonchi, number of attacks, as well as a decrease in eosinophilic counts. The control group (treated with placebo) only showed 27% of improvements in symptoms [74]. These data imply that gum resin from B. serrata could serve as a pharmacological agent in the treatment of bronchial asthma. ...
Boswellia trees, found throughout the Middle East and parts of Africa and Asia, are the source of frankincense oil. Since antiquity, frankincense has been traded as a precious commodity, but it has also been used for the treatment of chronic disease, inflammation, oral health, and microbial infection. More recently, the bioactive components of Boswellia trees have been identified and characterized for their effects on cancer, microbial infection (especially infection by oral pathogens), and inflammation. Most studies have focused on cell lines, but more recent research has also investigated effects in animal models of disease. As natural products are considered to be safer than synthetic drugs, there is growing interest in further developing the use of substances such as frankincense oil for therapeutic treatment.
... Sunburn Relief: Aloe Vera's cooling and anti-inflammatory properties are particularly effective In soothing sunburned skin. It can help reduce redness, swelling, and pain associated with sunburn[79] ...
... . Inflammatory Skin Conditions: Aloe Vera gel can be used to ease discomfort and reduce Inflammation in conditions like psoriasis and rosacea[78,79] 4. Moisturizer: Aloe Vera is used as a natural moisturizer for both the face and body due to its Hydrating properties. ...
... [3][4][5]. Natural products continue to encourage to carry out research on their pharmacological activity as a major source of drugs for future development ( Table 1) [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19]. Normally, "natural products" are a combination of various compounds and have been shown to inhibit inflammatory mediators such as nitric oxide, PGE2 and several cytokines via complex mechanisms [4,[6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19]. ...
... Natural products continue to encourage to carry out research on their pharmacological activity as a major source of drugs for future development ( Table 1) [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19]. Normally, "natural products" are a combination of various compounds and have been shown to inhibit inflammatory mediators such as nitric oxide, PGE2 and several cytokines via complex mechanisms [4,[6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19]. ...
Modulation of Prostaglandin E2 with Natural Products for Better Management of Pain and Inflammation
... Botanical medicines have gained traction in the research and clinical communities as effective agents with better safety profiles. Boswellia resin extracts and its active compounds such as Boswellic acids (BAs) and other triterpenoids have shown significant anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects in cerebrovascular diseases, brain edema, stroke, osteoarthritis and asthma (17)(18)(19)(20). Immunomodulation and anti-inflammatory activities of BAs are mediated by the direct inhibition of both 5-LOX and IκB kinase (IKK), which leads to the inhibition of NF-κB pathway and reduction of inflammatory molecules (21)(22)(23). ...
... The remaining patients (n = 100) were randomized and allocated to Boswellia (n = 50) and placebo (n = 50) groups. Twenty (20) patients overall discontinued the trial of which 13 for non-related surgical procedures, and 7 for personal reasons. The trial interruptions were not due to adverse events or efficacy issues. ...
Background:
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of death and disability. TBI can result in neuropsychiatric and cognitive problems as well as neurodegenerative pathologies that can appear right after or develop and persist years after injury.
Method:
We conducted a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial on patients who suffered from TBI three months to three years ago. The patients were randomized to placebo (n = 34) or K-Vie™ group (n = 46) for a treatment period of 3 months. The main primary outcomes include cognitive assessment in the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test-Recognition Test (RAVLT), Wechsler adult intelligence Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST) and trail-making test part B (TMT-B). Assessments were performed at baseline and at the month 3 follow-up visit. Linear mixed models were carried out to evaluate cognitive changes from baseline across all cognitive assessment tests.
Result:
The current study showed significant (p < 0.05) improvement in cognitive function of patients who were given K-Vie™ compared with placebo across the RAVLT, DSST and TMT-B performance assessments. A larger cohort would be beneficial to further confirm the clinical utility of K-Vie™ and assess its effects in acute phases of TBI.
... Boswellia serrata, also known as Indian frankincense, has shown promising effects in the treatment of asthma, including in pediatric patients. Several studies have demonstrated that Boswellia serrata, specifically its active compound boswellic acid, can help attenuate airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness in asthma (45)(46)(47)(48). Boswellic acid targeting Th2 cytokines and associated transcription factors. ...
Asthma, a prevalent chronic condition in children, poses significant challenges in management. While conventional treatments like inhaled corticosteroids and beta-agonists are standard, there is increasing interest in the role of herbal medicine and probiotics as complementary therapies. This paper reviews the impact of herbal remedies—such as Butterbur, Ginger, Turmeric, Boswellia, Licorice, and Ephedra—and probiotics on pediatric asthma. Evidence suggests these therapies may reduce inflammation and improve respiratory function, potentially benefiting asthma management. However, variability in product quality and study designs necessitates further research. Future studies should focus on validating these interventions through rigorous clinical trials to better integrate herbal medicine and probiotics into comprehensive asthma care for children.
... According to Ammon et al, 2006 there are four major pentacyclic triterpene acids: βboswellic acid, 3-acteyl β-boswellic acid, 11-keto-β-boswellic acid (KBA) and 3-acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid (AKBA) [32]. These are known to possess various pharmacological activities like anti-inflammatory [33],immunomodulatory [34],anti-tumor [35], anti-asthmatic [36] , in chronic colitis [37] and as anti-arthritic [38,39] . In this piece of work, a comparison was made between MAE and UAE for extraction of KBA from B.serrata resin and was optimized through Box-behnken design (BBD), RSM. ...
Background: Boswellic acids are the main constituents of Boswellia serrata gum. These comprises of four pen-tacyclic triterpenes, 11-keto-β-boswellic acid (KBA) being one of them. Objectives: Comparing the extraction efficiency of KBA through microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) followed by optimizing the extraction process using response surface methodology (RSM) and validation of HPTLC. Methods: UAE and MAE of KBA were carried out employing methanol as extracting solvent. Working out the better mode of extraction, single factorial experiments were conducted for further optimization. Design expert software was used for optimization purpose where solvent to drug ratio, extraction temperature and extraction time were taken as input variables. Quantification of KBA in each extract was done through High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) and the method was validated as per International Council for Harmonization (ICH) guidelines. Results: UAE stood out to be better mode of extraction for KBA. Solvent to drug ratio of 21.54 mL/gram, extraction temperature of 45.12°C and extraction time of 10.02 minutes were established as optimum conditions which yielded 8.59%w/w of KBA. Regarding HPTLC, the Rf value of KBA was measured and correlation coefficient was calculated from standard curve. Accuracy, precision and recovery were found within limits. Conclusion: From this study, it was concluded that a non-thermal method is better choice of extraction for KBA. All the input variables significantly affected KBA content which was confirmed by model fitting. Moreover, HPTLC method was developed for quantification of KBA which was found to be accurate, reliable and highly sensitive.
... Boswellia extract has shown immense potential, primarily due to its anti-inflammatory role, in furthering alternative therapy for diseases like inflammatory bowel disease, asthma, peritumoral brain edema, and osteoarthritis [340][341][342][343]. Kimmatkar and colleagues, in their 2003 RCT, found that when compared with placebo controls, Boswellia extract was significant in decreasing knee pain and swelling [344]. ...
Osteoarthritis (OA) stands as a prevalent and progressively debilitating clinical condition globally, impacting joint structures and leading to their gradual deterioration through inflammatory mechanisms. While both non-modifiable and modifiable factors contribute to its onset, numerous aspects of OA pathophysiology remain elusive despite considerable research strides. Presently, diagnosis heavily relies on clinician expertise and meticulous differential diagnosis to exclude other joint-affecting conditions. Therapeutic approaches for OA predominantly focus on patient education for self-management alongside tailored exercise regimens, often complemented by various pharmacological interventions primarily targeting pain alleviation. However, pharmacological treatments typically exhibit short-term efficacy and local and/or systemic side effects, with prosthetic surgery being the ultimate resolution in severe cases. Thus, exploring the potential integration or substitution of conventional drug therapies with natural compounds and extracts emerges as a promising frontier in enhancing OA management. These alternatives offer improved safety profiles and possess the potential to target specific dysregulated pathways implicated in OA pathogenesis, thereby presenting a holistic approach to address the condition’s complexities.
... These in vitro anti-inflammatory effects have translated to in vivo benefits. One of the first studies was in asthma: Gupta et al. performed a double-blind, randomized controlled trial where BS was shown to result in 70% symptomatic improvement compared to 27% in the control arm [25]. Gerhardt et al. showed BS to be non-inferior to mesalazine in Crohn's disease and Madisch et al. showed an absolute 37% increase in the rate of clinical remission of collagenous colitis [26,27]. ...
Trismus is a common, extremely detrimental side effect following definitive radiotherapy for head and neck malignancies. Existing therapeutic modalities (active and passive range-of-motion exercises and systemic therapies) offer only modest, slow improvements in jaw opening; thus, there is a need for additional treatment options. Boswellia serrata (BS) ("Indian frankincense") is a tree native to West Asia and North Africa that produces resin-containing “boswellic” acids. These have been shown to have in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory effects and have previously been found to be an effective treatment for asthma, colitis, arthritis, and post-radiation edema. Herein we report the case of a 54-year-old male with severe post-radiation trismus who experienced a dramatic resolution with BS/Therabite® combination therapy. His trismus improved from 6 mm to 45 mm over 10 weeks (0.46 mm/day), far exceeding previous rates of improvement documented in the literature. There were no ill effects. Given the dearth of effective treatments for post-radiation trismus, BS is a promising agent deserving of further study.
... Oral AKBA inhibited human prostate tumor growth in xenograft mice through inhibition of angiogenesis induced by VEGFR2 signaling pathways [19]. Additionally, clinical trials have shown that B. serrata is effective in inflammatory conditions such as arthritis [20], bronchial asthma [13,21], and gingivitis [22] with a strong safety profile. ...
Purpose
Boswellic acids, active components of frankincense, suppress tumor proliferation in vitro with a strong clinical trial safety profile in patients with inflammatory diseases. We performed a Phase Ia window of opportunity trial of Boswellia serrata (B. serrata) in patients with breast cancer to evaluate its biologic activity and safety.
Methods
Patients with invasive breast cancer were treated pre-operatively with B. Serrata (2400 mg/day PO) until the night before surgery for a median of 11 days (SD 6 days; range: 5–23 days). Paraffin-embedded sections from pretreatment diagnostic core biopsies and post-treatment surgical excisions were evaluated using a tunnel assay and immunohistochemistry staining with Ki-67 antibodies. A non-intervention retrospective control arm consisting of core and surgical tissue specimens from untreated patients was used to compare patients treated with B. Serrata. The change in proliferation and apoptosis between diagnostic core specimens and surgical specimens was compared between the control and treatment groups using a two-tailed paired t-test.
Results
Twenty-two patients were enrolled, of which 20 received treatment, and 18 had sufficient tissue for IHC. There was an increase in percent change in proliferation from core biopsy to surgical excision in the control group (n = 18) of 54.6 ± 21.4%. In the B. serrata-treated group there was a reduction in proliferation between core biopsy and excision (n = 18) of 13.8 ± 11.7%. This difference was statistically significant between the control and B. serrata-treated groups (p = 0.008). There was no difference in change in apoptosis. There were no serious adverse events related to the drug.
Conclusion
Boswellia serrata inhibited breast cancer proliferation and was well-tolerated in a Phase Ia window of opportunity trial.
... The cytotoxic effects were specific and produced by the controlled mechanisms of apoptosis and cell-cycle arrest; common targets for other chemotherapeutics. Furthermore, we know that oleresins from other Bosweillia species are well tolerated in animal models and clinical trials (Gupta et al., 1998;Kimmatkar et al., 2003;Sengupta et al., 2008). The therapeutic potential of B. carterii may be of value in low-income and developing countries. ...
Background: Leukemias are a common cancer in adults and children. While existing treatments are effective, they are associated with severe side-effects compounded by the emergence of drug resistance. This necessitates the need to develop new drugs and phytopharmaceuticals offer a largely untapped source. Oleoresins produced by plants in the genus Boswellia have been used for centuries in traditional medicine and recent work suggests they may exhibit anti-cancer activity. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear and most existing research focusses on Boswellia serrata; just one of many species in the Boswellia genus. To address these limitations, we elucidated the anti-cancer potential and associated mechanisms of action of Boswellia carterii.
Methods: A methanolic solvent extraction method was optimised. The effect of methanolic extracts of B. carterii on leukaemia (K562, MOLT-4 and CCRF-CEM) and normal (PBMC) cell line viability was assessed using MTT assay and flow cytometry. Cell morphology, apoptosis (Annexin-V/propidium iodide), mitochondrial membrane potential (Rhodamine-123) and the cell cycle (propidium iodide) were evaluated using flow cytometry. Regulatory protein expression was quantified using Western Blot.
Results: Methanolic extracts of B. carterii oleoresin reduced the viability of K562, MOLT-4 and CCRF-CEM cell lines with selectivity indexes of between 1.75 and 2.68. Extracts increased the proportion of cells in late apoptosis by 285.4% ± 51.6%. Mitochondrial membrane potential was decreased by 41% ± 2% and the expression of cleaved caspase-3, -7, and -9 was increased by 5.7, 3.3, and 1.5-fold respectively. Extracts increased the proportion of cells in subG1 and G1 phase by 867.8% ± 122.9% and 14.0 ± 5.5 and decreased those in S phase and G2/M by 63.4% ± 2.0% and 57.6% ± 5.3%. Expression of CDK2, CDK6, cyclin D1, and cyclin D3 were decreased by 2.8, 4.9, 3.9, and 2.5-fold.
Conclusion: We are the first to report that methanolic extracts of B. carterii are selectively cytotoxic against three leukemia cell lines. Cytotoxic mechanisms likely include activation of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway and cell cycle arrest through downregulation of CDK2, CDK6, cyclin D1, and cyclin D3. Our findings suggest that B. carterii may be an important source of novel chemotherapeutic drugs and justifies further investigation.
... This part is soluble in water and contains polysaccharide and polymeric parts, whereas the resin part is soluble in alcohol and terpenes. Abundant studies on the natal activity of B. serrata gum-resin extract have revealed its efficacy against inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis [18], inflammatory bowel disease [19], cancer [20], asthma [21] and ulcerative colitis [22]. Boswellic acid has shown its activity by inhibiting enzyme 5-LOX [23] HLE [24], cathepsin G [25] and microsomal prostaglandin E2 synthase [26]. ...
Background
The present study revealed the grafting of extracted oleo gum resin of Boswellia serrata with polyacrylamide by conventional method with a principle of radical polymerization by using potassium per sulfate/ascorbic acid as redox initiator. A series of copolymer were synthesized using varying concentration of acrylamide at varying temperature. The optimum ratio for grafting was selected (1:2.5), on the basis of percent grafting and grafting efficiency. The grafted gum was further used as a nanocarrier to encapsulate cefuroxime axetil for their sustained release. Then, the nanoparticles were further analyzed by FT-IR, scanning electron microscopy, and DLS. The encapsulation efficiency (%), loading capacity (%) and drug content (%) was also calculated.
Result
The optimized nanoparticles have shown spherical morphology with dimension of 209.4 ± 20.46 nm along with entrapment efficiency (62.47 ± 4.23%), loading capacity (33.57 ± 3.01%) and drug content (89.35 ± 6.47%). The prepared nanoparticles had found to be more stable at 4 °C. The experiential results rationalize the effectiveness of cefuroxime axetil-loaded boswellic acid nanoparticles owing to higher cellular uptake, nonstop intercellular drug withholding and improved antiproliferative effect by initiating apoptosis.
Conclusion
The significant anti-arthritic effect of developed nanoparticles may be endorsed due to its dimension, encapsulation efficiency, and long-lasting drug release profile. Thus, the developed nanoparticles may assume to be a hopeful formulation for rheumatoid arthritis, which requires further investigation and may recommend a novel track to arthritis patients.
... Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), which include ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, are abnormal mucosal immune responses with changes in the composition of gut microflora [22]. Frankincense has an anti-inflammatory effect and improves ulcerative colitis symptoms [23][24][25]. It can also induce remission in patients with Crohn's disease [26,27]. ...
Background
Herbal medicine is commonly integrated with conventional medicine in Saudi Arabia, especially for the management of digestive disorders. However, the majority of Saudis use herbal remedies without prior consultation with a physician, which raises concerns about their appropriate and safe use. The aim of this study was to assess the level of awareness among the Saudi population regarding the proper utilization and potential adverse effects of frequently used herbs for the treatment of gastrointestinal (GI) diseases.
Methods
A cross-sectional survey was conducted in Saudi Arabia from January to March 2021. An electronic self-administered questionnaire was distributed.
Results
A total of 543 participants from different age groups, educational levels, and cities across Saudi Arabia completed the study questionnaire. The most commonly used herbs at home by the participants were: myrrh, parsley, black seed, chamomile, mint, anise, clove, and green tea. 57.7% of the participants perceived herbs as safer than conventional medicines; 27.3% reported that using herbal remedies over conventional medicine was a family tradition, and 21.4% used herbs because they were cheaper than conventional medicines.
Conclusion
Herbal remedies, including myrrh, parsley, blackseed, chamomile, mint, and anise, are commonly employed for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders in Saudi Arabia. However, the knowledge level of participants regarding potential side effects and drug-herb interactions was found to be deficient. As such, there is a pressing need for educational campaigns and community awareness programs to elucidate the proper usage of herbal remedies and to caution against their potential adverse effects.
... The ability to increase aqueous solubility is thus a valuable aid to increase the efficacy for certain drugs [7] . Based on the biopharmaceutics classification system (BCS), drug substances are classified into four categories according to their solubility and permeability properties, as shown in Figure1.1 [8,9] For the drugs exhibiting low solubility but reasonable membrane permeability, which are categorised as BCS class II, it is obvious that for Class II drugs the low ability to dissolve is a more important limitation to their overall rate and extent of absorption than their ability to permeate through the intestinal epithelia. Formulation plays a major role in determining the rate and extent of absorption of such drugs from the gastrointestinal tract. ...
... Treatment with B. serrata was demonstrated to be effective in bronchial asthma management (37)(38)(39), reducing the need for the standard therapeutic approaches of long-acting β 2 -ago-nist and corticosteroid inhalation (40). Indeed, the use of non-specific β 2 -agonists may result in cardiovascular and neurological side effects (41), and the use of corticosteroids in children has been associated with the suppression of growth (42); hence new and safer therapeutic approaches are demanded. ...
... Getah dari Boswellia telah lama digunakan dan dikonsumsi oleh masyarakat. Beberapa penelitian menemukan potensinya sebagai pengobatan radang sendi, asma, dan kanker (Xia et al., 2017;Gupta et al., 1998). Ekstrak Boswellia serrata telah diidentifikasi berperan sebagai agen antiinflamasi, antioksidan, dan antikanker. ...
Getah kemenyan dengan genus Boswellia telah lama digunakan secara tradisional pada beberapa penyakit. Kandungan Boswellia salah satunya adalah asam boswellic. Asam boswellic memiliki aktivitas neuroprotektif dan antiinflamasi. Beberapa jenis asam boswellic yang paling banyak diteliti mengenai efek farmakologi adalah asam 11-keto-β-boswelik (KBA), asam asetil-11-keto-β-boswellik (AKBA), dan β-boswelik (βBA). βBA diteliti memiliki efektivitas permeabel terhadap Blood Brain Barrier (BBB) dibandingkan jenis asam boswellic lainnya. Oleh karena itu, βBA memiliki potensi yang lebih besar dalam pengaruhnya pada otak terutama hippocampus. Review ini bertujuan untuk memberikan informasi lengkap dan membahas mengenai pengaruh boswellic acid pada performa hippocampus di otak terutama efek pada fungsi kognitif, efek farmakologis pada studi in vivo dan invitro, serta mekanisme molekuler sehingga diharapkan dapat menjadi pengetahuan sebagai acuan dalam melakukan penelitian lanjutan. Pemberian asam boswellic memberikan efek neuroprotektif dan antiinflamasi pada hippocampus sehingga dapat bekerja menghambat apoptosis sel di hippocampus, meningkatkan viabilitas sel saraf, dan meningkatkan kemampuan learning dan memori serta kognitif melalui anti-infalamasi. Beberapa mekanisme molekuler asam boswellic yang dapat mempengaruhi performa hippocampus adalah 5-Lipoxygenase (5-LOX), peningkatan Nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2 (Nrf2), penekanan aktifitas acetylcholinesterase (AChE), dan pengaturan Ca (2+/-) dan protein kinase teraktivasi mitogen (MAPK). Akan tetapi, penelitian mengenai pengaruh boswellic acid pada performa hippocampus masih sangat terbatas dan perlu dilakukan penelitian lebih lanjut terutama pada manusia.
... In a double-blind placebo control clinical study alcohol extract was given in a 300 mg thrice daily dose for 6 weeks. 70% of asthmatic patients gained clinical improvement [44]. Similarly, gradual control of asthma, regarding the frequency of attacks, pulmonary function tests improvement, and lowering levels of leukotrienes were obtained by another study [45]. ...
Boswellia serrata is an ancient and valuable herb that was widely used throughout the centuries. Boswellia trees grow in India, Northern Africa, and the Middle East from which Frankincense or olibanum resin is taken. The beneficial effects of Boswellia and its active ingredients (Boswellic acids) were thoroughly investigated in many diseases. Where the non-redox and 5-lipoxygenase inhibitory actions were reported. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) mainly ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD) are chronic inflammatory disorders of the gastrointestinal system. Although the cause is still unclear, the immune system is claimed to have the upper hand in the pathogenesis of IBD. Several studies have demonstrated the ameliorating effect of Boswellic acids on the severity of IBD and the potential role of Boswellia in the induction or maintenance of remission. The aim of this chapter is to explore the the possible effect of Boswellia in IBD management as a complementary and alternative strategy.
... The tree grows in dry mountainous regions of India, Northern Africa and the Middle East. 1 Boswelliaserrataextract (BSE) is used in Indian ayurvedic medicine for the treatment of arthritis and other inflammatory conditions. [2][3][4] Recently, Gotaet al reported the efficacy of solid lipid Boswelliaserrataparticles (SLBSP) in Osteoarthritis of knee. 5 Boswellic acids (BAs) have been identified as the major active components of the gum resin extract of Boswelliaserrata. ...
Boswellic acids (BAs) including 11-keto-β-boswellic acid (KBA) and 3-acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid (AKBA) are the active principles of Boswelliaserrata extract (BSE) which is used in traditional Indian medicine for the treatment of inflammatory conditions. BAs are characterized by low oral bioavailability. In order to circumvent this problem, solid lipid boswelliaserrata particles (SLBSP) were developed which is essentially a complexation of BAs with phospholipids such as phosphatidyl choline. The objective of this study was to compare the metabolic stability of SLBSP versus plain BSE using HHL-17, a Human telomere inactivated hepatocyte cell line. The two
formulations were incubated in HHL-17 for time points ranging from 30 minutes to 480 minutes. At the end of incubation period, cells were lysed and concentration of KBA and AKBA in the cell lysates was estimated using a validated LC-MS/MS technique. It was observed that KBA from plain BSE was cleared by the hepatocytes with a half-life of 5.8 hours, whereas, KBA from SLBSP exhibited lesser accumulation in hepatocytes and lowmetabolic clearance. No difference was observed in the rate of metabolism of AKBA from the two formulations. It can be concluded that phospholipid complexation confers metabolic stability to KBA by rendering it less permeable into human hepatocytes.
... This reduced systemic inflammation correlated with cognitive and functional improvement in patients with AD following the 6-month treatment. Boswellia extracts have shown anti-inflammatory and antioxidants effects in CNS diseases like in patients with stroke and brain tumors [36,37] as well as in other inflammationrelated diseases such as Crohn's disease [53], asthma [54], or osteoarthritis [55]. By contrast, other antiinflammatory cytokine like IL-8 increased after 1 month, suggesting that boswellia restores the inflammatory balance. ...
Background
Recent therapeutic approaches for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) have had limited success. Considering the association of neuroinflammation with AD symptoms as demonstrated in multiple studies, assessment of the clinical efficacy of molecules that reduce systemic or brain inflammation is warranted.
Objective
This clinical trial assessed whether boswellic acids can improve cognitive and neuropsychiatric symptoms while reducing inflammation in AD patients.
Methods
A double-blind, placebo-controlled, study was conducted on 85 AD patients randomized to boswellic acids (K-Vie™ as the main ingredient in Memowell™) or placebo for 6 months. Clinical Dementia Rating–Sum of Boxes (CDR-SOB) and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores were compared to baseline and between groups and constituted the co-primary clinical efficacy endpoints. Secondary outcomes included neuropsychiatric assessment (Neuropsychiatric Inventory-Questionnaire, NPI-Q) and assessment of AD and inflammation biomarkers.
Results
Patients on K-Vie™ showed a 3.1- and 1.6-unit improvement in MMSE and CDR-SOB scores, respectively, when compared to patients on placebo. NPI-Q analysis revealed significant improvement in the K-Vie™ but not in the placebo group. Only mild gastrointestinal side effects were reported in a few patients. Patients on K-Vie™ showed improvement in plasma AD biomarkers and reduction of key inflammatory cytokines including IL-6 and TNF.
Conclusion
Our results support the positive cognitive effects of boswellic acids by reducing the systemic inflammation.
... 2%. These benefits were documented through the clinical study by Gupta et al in 1998 for respiratory disease, Hasson et al, in 2011 for antibacterial activities, Hosain et al, (2019) who extracted active ingredients with immune-stimulant activities, and in 1984 by Maupetit et al, who used frankincense in cosmetic preparations.[22][23][24][25]. ...
... Resins and gum resins are extracted from plant sources. Several other studies investigated the anti-inflammatory, anti-leukotriene, antiacetylcholinesterase, and anticancer activity of the resin and especially its major components, the boswellic acid derivatives(Ali et al. 2008;Wahab et al. 1987;Ammon et al. 1993;Ammon et al. 1991;Gupta et al. 1997;Gupta et al. 1998;Shao, et al. 1998). ...
Chapter 7: Role of Aroma Therapy in relieving pain
Chapter 8: Aromatherapy for relieving mental stress
... This reduced systemic inflammation correlated with cognitive and functional improvement in patients with AD following the 6-month treatment. Boswellia extracts have shown anti-inflammatory and antioxidants effects in CNS diseases like in patients with stroke and brain tumors [36,37] as well as in other inflammationrelated diseases such as Crohn's disease [53], asthma [54], or osteoarthritis [55]. By contrast, other antiinflammatory cytokine like IL-8 increased after 1 month, suggesting that boswellia restores the inflammatory balance. ...
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) remains an incurable neurodegenerative disorder. Neuroinflammation has been now recognized as an important player in the pathogenesis of AD. We conducted a clinical trial to measure whether boswellic acids (K‐Vie™, an enriched Boswellia extract) can improve cognitive and neuropsychiatric symptoms while reducing inflammation in patients with AD. We conducted a placebo‐controlled clinical trial including a total of 85 patients with mild‐to‐moderate (based on MMSE) Alzheimer’s disease randomized to Boswellia (n = 43) and placebo (n = 42) groups. The treatment doses were 400 mg K‐Vie™ capsule, thrice a day (1200 mg/day), versus matching placebo. Of 85 patients, 43 were assigned to Boswellia and 42 to the placebo group. There were 8 dropouts. The median age of study participants was ∼71 (range, 63‐85) for the Boswellia and ∼70 (range, 61‐81) for the placebo group with 54.5% females and 45.5% males. After 6 months of treatment, there was a significant increase of the MMSE scores with a 1.7 (df = 39, 95% CI 1.2 to 2.1) unit in the Boswellia group compared to ‐1.4 (df = 36, 95% CI ‐2.0 to ‐0.9) unit decrease in the placebo group. There was also a significant decrease of the CDR‐SOB scores in the boswellia group with ‐0.8 (df = 39, 95% CI ‐1.1 to ‐0.6) unit difference, whereas the placebo group saw a 0.8 (df = 36, 95% CI 0.4 to 1.2) unit increase from baseline to 6 months. The analysis of neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPI‐Q) revealed a significant ‐3.4 (df = 27, 95% CI ‐6.1 to ‐0.8) unit decrease, whereas the placebo group did not show a significant change (p = 0.08) (df = 23, 95% CI ‐0.4 to 6.9). Patients receiving Boswellia showed a significant decrease as compared to placebo in plasma levels of several key pro‐inflammatory cytokines including IL‐6 (F(1,38) = 71.1, p<0.0001), TNF‐α (F(1,35) = 14.8, p = 0.0005), and IL‐1α (F(1,38) = 33.4, p<0.0001) as well as a significant increase in the plasma level of amyloid‐β42/amyloid‐β40 ratio (F(1,36) = 19.3, p<0.0001). No serious adverse events were observed during the trial. This study suggests that a reduction of systemic inflammatory biomarkers correlates with improvement in brain and cognitive function. Decreasing inflammation may represent a novel avenue to effectively treat AD.
... It is frequently prescribed in the Unani System of Medicine for skin conditions, corneal ulcers, osteoarthritis, dysentery, chronic inflammatory illnesses, wound healing, and diarrhea [36], used as an antiobesity [58] and anticonvulsant agent [59], and is beneficial in liver fibrosis [60] and several cancers [61][62][63][64][65]. Boswellia resin is used to prevent and treat colitis and ulcerative colitis. B. Serrata shows satisfactory antioxidant activity in the cerebrovascular system [66,67] and various inflammatory conditions [68][69][70][71][72][73][74][75][76][77] and exerts antipyretic, antiatherosclerotic, and analgesic activity [38,[78][79][80] in inflammatory bowel disease, allergies, and arthritis, including osteoarthritis, and pain [81][82][83][84][85]. It has also been used as an antiseptic in mouthwashes [86] and for treating chronic inflammatory diseases [87][88][89]. ...
Organic materials have been the subject of numerous recent cosmetics studies. Plant extracts and/or plant-derived resources in the Middle East have significant potential in many cosmetic fields because they exhibit useful properties that promote the repair of cellular functions and improve skin conditions. Multiple organic substances from these resources have long-lasting environmental effects, extensive storage capacities, and affect human physiological activity. Recent studies have revealed that Commiphora myrrha (myrrh) and Boswellia serrata (frankincense) extracts can prevent aging, acne, and spots while enhancing skin moisture and suppleness. Given that myrrh and frankincense exhibit anti-inflammatory and antioxidant characteristics that significantly improve human health, their utilization in various cosmetic products has received attention from global cosmetic corporations. This review details the bioactive compounds and cosmeceutical properties of myrrh and frankincense and their use in cosmetic formulations.
... Oral AKBA also inhibited human prostate tumor growth in xenograft mice through inhibition of angiogenesis induced by VEGFR2 signaling pathways [20]. Additionally, clinical trials have shown that B. serrata is effective in in ammatory conditions such as arthritis PMID: 32549135 [21], bronchial asthma [13,22], and gingivitis [23] with a strong safety pro le. ...
Background
Boswellic acids, the active components of frankincense, have been shown to suppress tumor proliferation and apoptosis in vitro with a strong clinical trial safety profile in patients with inflammatory diseases. We performed a Phase Ia window of opportunity trial of Boswellia serrata (B. serrata), the plant that produces frankincense, in patients with breast cancer to evaluate its biologic activity and safety.
Methods
This was a Phase Ia window of opportunity trial invasive breast cancer patients treated pre-operatively with B. Serrata (2400 mg/day PO) until the night before surgery. Paraffin-embedded sections from pretreatment diagnostic core biopsies were evaluated using a tunnel assay and immunohistochemistry staining with Ki-67 antibodies. A non-intervention control arm consisted of core and surgical tissue specimens from untreated patients was used to compare to patients treated with B. Serrata. The change in proliferation and apoptosis between diagnostic core specimens and specimens obtained at surgery was compared between the control and treatment groups using a two-tailed paired t-test.
Results
There was an increase in percent change in proliferation from core biopsy to surgical excision in the control group (n = 18) of 54.6 ± 21.4%. In the B. serrata-treated group there was a reduction in proliferation between core biopsy and excision (n = 18) of 13.8 ± 11.7%. The difference between core and surgical specimens was statistically significant between the control and B. serrata-treated groups (p = 0.008). There was no difference in change in apoptosis. There were no serious adverse events related to the drug.
Conclusion
Boswellia serrata inhibited breast cancer proliferation in vivo in a clinically well-tolerated Phase Ia window of opportunity trial.
Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov. Identifier NCT03149081, date of registration May 11, 2017
... Around two-thirds of the participants experienced an improvement in bronchitis and dyspnea. There was also intracellular Ca 2+ mobilization and MAPK activation [96,97]. Liu et al. evaluated the antiasthmatic potential of BA and examined its effect in a mouse asthma model. ...
... 38,39 Hepatoprotective Activity: 40 Antigastritis activity 41 Hypoglycemic Activity. 42 Anti-Asthmatic Activity: 43 Ba mbusa arundinacea 30 Anti-ischemic Heart Disease Activity: 99 Bronchodilatory Activity: 100 Nephro protective effect 101 ...
Majoon Halaila is polypharmaceutical preparation of Unani System of Medicine given particularly in old age to counter the effects of ageing such as greying of hair, decreased body strength, decreased memory power, weakness of heart etc. It is an electuary which is prepared especially for the people engaged in mental work. It is a compound of Halailajat with other ingredients prepared by the process of Ajin (mixing), in a semisolid form hence, renamed as Majoon Halaila. This compound formulation contains 10 ingredients that possess cardiac tonic, exhilarant, memory enhancer, brain tonic activities. It is being particularly used in age related dementia as well as to counter the effects of ageing in Unani system of Medicine.
... Acetyl-11-ketoβ-boswellic acid is the most effective in inhibiting the enzymewhich is responsible for inflammation, i.e 5lipoxygenase [41][42][43]. It has been reported that B. serrata gum resin has beneficial effects in patients with bronchial asthma [44]. ...
Allergies have known to be an abnormally vigorous immune response in which the immune system fights off an allergen or antigen initiating mast cells to release histamine into the blood. Substances which prevent mast cells from releasing histamine are considered as antiallergic agents. The drugs utilized for the treatment of allergy are mast cell stabilizers, steroids, anti-histamine, leukotriene receptor antagonists, and decongestants. Anti-histamine drugs have side effects such as drowsiness, confusion, constipation, difficulty urinating, blurred vision, etc. The use of medicinal plants for effective and safe management of diseases has recently received much attention. Various herbs are utilized for their antiallergic and anti-histaminic properties. Some of the herbs useful in the management of allergic diseases of the respiratory tract like Piper longum, Ocimum tenuiflorum, Solanum xanthocarpum have been discussed. Ample scientific evidence is available for the anti-histaminic and antiallergic activity of Azadirachta indica, Aloe vera, Tinospora cordifolia, and a number of other such herbs which are safer to use as antiallergic agents have been reported. The review summarizes a wide variety of herbs and botanical ingredients with their common scientific names and distribution for their easy identification and usage as safe antiallergic agents, also discussing their molecular mechanisms involved in combating allergic reactions.
Asthma is a condition in which a person's airways become inflamed, narrowed, swollen, and produce excessive mucus, making it difficult to breathe due to some allergens such as pollen, dust mites, mould spores, pet dander, particles of cockroach waste etc. The word "asthma" originates from the Greek meaning short of breath, meaning that any patient with breathlessness was asthmatic. The term was refined in the latter part of the 19th Century with the publication of a treatise by Henry Hyde Salter entitled "On Asthma and its Treatment". Asthma is a common condition diagnosed in as many as 25% of Scottish children by the age of 11 years. Childhood asthma is heterogeneous in terms of severity. In traditional system of medicines, plants herbs like ginger, Echinacea, garlic etc. are used in the treatment of asthma. Medicinal plants have been known for millennia and are highly esteemed all over the world as a rich source of therapeutic agents for the prevention of diseases and ailments. The importance of herbal medicine in the treatment of asthma is indisputable. This review highlights the etiology of asthma and few plants which are known to show antiasthmatic activity which are popular in traditional system of medicine.
Herbal medicine has gained significant global importance, not only as a form of medicine but also as an economic factor. Although the utilization of herbal medicines has witnessed a surge, questions persist about their consistency, safety, and efficacy in different regions. Boswellic acid (BA) represents one of the active constituents extracted from the Boswellia serrata plant, which belongs to the Burseraceae family. The oleoresin gum derived from this plant is known by various names, including Salai guggul, Indian olibanum or Indian frankincense. The active constituents exhibit diverse biological activities, including antidiuretic, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor properties. This review aims to provide updated information about Boswellia serrata, its traditional medicinal uses preliminary phytochemical investigation, and pharmacological effects.
Since ancient natural resins played an important role in the daily life and rituals of religious ceremonies due their aromatic odor various medicinal effects. Boswellia, one of the most important natural resins, is the subject of our research. The Boswellia plants belong to species of Bruceracera family. They produce fragrant resins given by laticiferous ducts through a process of incising the bark of the branches; a yellow gum is released, then becomes hard upon exposure to natural conditions in small granules known as Boswellia resins or frankincense.
Through the study of combinations and mixtures mentioned in some manuscripts and modern research, it was found that frankincense was used in several fields in different historical periods. It is still used in religious ceremonies in Roman Catholic, Episcopal, Orthodox and Indian churches.
Since ancient medicine, frankincense was used as antiseptic, anti-inflammatory and anti-bleeding. Over the last twenty years, scientists and pharmaceutical companies have been working to reveal the best types of frankincense, and its indications to highlight its various medical effects and identify the active constituents.
Therefore, the goal of this research is to compare the most important uses of frankincense in pharmaceutical products mentioned through the ancient civilizations with its modern uses. Its indications, impact mechanism and side effects, if exist, are determined
Background. Asthma is a common disease with rising prevalence worldwide, especially in industrialized countries. Current asthma therapy with traditional medicines lacks satisfactory success, hence the patients’ search for alternative and complementary treatments for their diseases. Researchers have conducted many studies on plants with antiallergic and antiasthmatic effects in recent decades. Many of these plants are now used in clinics, and searching for their mechanism of action may result in creating new ideas for producing more effective drugs. Purpose. The goal of this review was to provide a compilation of the findings on plants and their active agents with experimentally confirmed antiasthmatic effects. Study Design and Method. A literature search was conducted from 1986 to November 2023 in Scopus, Springer Link, EMBASE, Science Direct, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science to identify and report the accumulated knowledge on herbs and their compounds that may be effective in asthma treatment. Results. The results revealed that 58 plants and 32 herbal extracted compounds had antiasthmatic activity. Also, 32 plants were shown to have anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects or may act as bronchodilators and potentially have antiasthmatic effects, which must be investigated in future studies. Conclusion. The ability of herbal medicine to improve asthma symptoms has been confirmed by clinical and preclinical studies, and such compounds may be used as a source for developing new antiasthmatic drugs. Moreover, this review suggests that many bioactive compounds have therapeutic potential against asthma.
Background
Oxidative stress is an important contributor to Alzheimer's disease. Olibanum has therapeutic effects on various diseases. The effect of Olibanum on memory deficit induced by scopolamine (Sco) was challenged.
Methods
Four groups were considered as (1) control (2) Sco, (3-4) Sco - Olib 100 and 200 mg/kg. Treatment by Olib or vehicle was done for two weeks. The third week was accompanied by the Morris water maze (MWM) and passive avoidance (PA) with Sco injection. On the last day, the brain and hippocampus were used for evaluation of the malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and a total thiol group.
Results
Sco increased the traveled time and distance to reach the hidden platform during five days of learning (p<0.01 - p<0.001) whereas it decreased the traveled time and distance (p<0.05- p<0.01) in the target area during the probe test of MWM. Sco also decreased delay time in the PA test (P<0.05 - P<0.001). Sco also decreased CAT, SOD, and thiol, whereas it, increased MDA in both the cortex and hippocampus (p<0.01 - p<0.001). Olib attenuated the impaired performance of the rats induced by Sco in MWM and PA tests. Olib reversed the increasing effects of Sco on MDA in both cortex and hippocampus and also reversed the attenuating effects of Sco on CAT, SOD, and thiol.
Conclusion
Olib had an inhibitory effect on memory deficit induced by Sco probably through its anti-oxidant property.
Objective: It is known that the functional receptor of the COVID-19 virus, which affects millions
of people, is converting enzyme-2 (ACE2). The virus causes disease by binding to ACE2 receptors in
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vascular endothelium and alveolar epithelium. In this study, we aimed to investigate possible late-term
renal effects in patients with mild COVID-19 disease with ultrasonography (USG).
Materials and Methods: Our study was carried out on USG images of 183 COVID-19 patients
(103 females, 80 males) with positive PCR tests and 183 control groups (84 females, 99 males). ),
parenchymal echo structure and thickness were evaluated.
Results: Right kidney AP value of COVID-19 patients was 52.83±6.9 mm, left kidney AP value was
53.11±6.5, which was significantly increased compared to the control group (p<0.05). When the cortex
thicknesses were compared, the right renal cortex (15.37±5.5 mm) of the COVID-19 patient group
increased significantly, while the left renal cortex (15.37±1.6 mm) decreased significantly. Echoes and
lengths of both kidney parenchyma in the patient and healthy groups were not statistically significant
(p>0.05).
Conclusion: Many studies on kidney involvement in patients with severe COVID-19 disease and
receiving intensive care treatment have been included. However, as far as we know, there is not enough
information in the literature about kidney involvement in patients with a mild course of COVID-19
and their long-term follow-up. Thus, we think that our study will be important in preventing kidney
problems in the future in patients with mild COVID-19 disease and will contribute to the literature.
Background
In the last few decades, it has been largely perceived that the factors affecting the immune system and its varying pathways lead to the pathological progression of inflammation and inflammatory conditions. Chronic inflammation also contributes to common diseases, such as diabetes mellitus, ischemic heart disease, cancer, chronic renal inflammatory disease, non-alcoholic fatty hepatic disease, autoimmune diseases and neurodegenerative diseases.
Objective
Interestingly, plant sources and secondary metabolites from plants have been increasingly employed in managing acute and chronic inflammatory diseases for centuries. Boswellic acids are pentacyclic triterpenoidal moieties obtained from the oleo gum resin of different Boswellia species.
Methods
Detailed data was collected revealing the anti-inflammatory potential of Boswellic acids through various databases.
Result
These are pharmacologically active agents that possess promising anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritic, antirheumatic, anti-diarrheal, anti-hyperlipidemic, anti-asthmatic, anti-cancer, and anti-microbial effects.
Conclusion
Boswellic acids have been in use since ancient times primarily to treat acute and chronic inflammatory diseases. This review discusses the various mechanisms underlying the inflammatory process and the necessity of such natural products as a medication to treat inflammatory diseases. In addition, a discussion has also been extended to understand the primary targets involved in inflammation. The review further explores the therapeutic potential of boswellic acids in chronic inflammatory diseases by analyzing numerous reported scientific studies.
While β-boswellic acid is very readily available by extraction from frankincense resin, the accessibility of α-boswellic from the resin involved great effort and tedious purification procedures. Alternatively, a partial synthesis from readily available oleanolic acid was developed, the key steps of which are a reduction of the carboxyl group C-28 furnishing a methyl group, followed by palladium-assisted oxidation of the methyl group C-24, and configurational inversion at C-3.
Acc. to history, β-agonists, the cognate ligand of the 2 adrenoreceptors, have been used as bronchodilators for around 5,000 years, and they are still the first-line treatment for asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) today. The human 2-adrenergic receptor (2AR) is a member of the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family and is a popular therapeutic target due to its major involvement in bronchodilation. The human β2-adrenoceptor is a 7-transmembrane receptor that is encoded by a gene on chromosome 5 and is found throughout the respiratory system. Intracellular signalling is significantly influenced by cyclic adenosine monophosphate and protein kinase after β2-adrenoceptor activation. Beta-2 adrenergic receptors are cell-surface receptors clinically taken advantage of in the management of bronchospasm as in patients with bronchial asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Agonist or antagonistic medications are used to target these receptors. While there are no selective beta-2 antagonists, agonists used to stimulate receptors are either selective to the beta-2 subtype or nonselective, stimulating all beta subtypes, including beta-2. Long-acting β2-agonists (LABAs) should be used only when asthma symptoms persist in individuals who are already taking frequent inhaled corticosteroids, according to major asthma management guidelines (ICSs). b2-Adrenoceptor agonists cause fast bronchodilation and are used to treat asthma symptoms all over the world. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterised by debilitating symptoms and gradual airflow limitation. Long-acting bronchodilators are the backbone of therapy for individuals with moderate-to-severe COPD; if symptoms worsen, recommendations advocate mixing bronchodilators from several classes to optimise efficacy.
COVID-19 is a running story with an unexpected end. Despite the large effort to provide effective treatment and prophylaxis, many people are still getting infected. This may be explained by the continuous virus mutations, and hence, the attenuation of the vaccine’s efficacy. Therefore, long-life boosting of the body’s immunity is a hopeful way against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Medicinal plants and other complementary and alternative remedies were used effectively in treating numerous mankind’s health problems. Recently, a lot of studies have confirmed the effect of natural products, cupping therapy, and acupuncture against SARS-CoV-2. The aim of this chapter is to remind ourselves of the natural pharmacy that God gave us, by shedding the light on the importance of some herbs and traditional remedies in the management of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Boswellia trees, found throughout the Middle East and parts of Africa and Asia, are the source of frankincense oil. Since antiquity, frankincense has been traded as a precious commodity, but it has also been used for the treatment of chronic disease, inflammation, oral health, and microbial infection.
Human group IIA secreted phospholipase A2 (GIIA) is a key enzyme in infammatory reactions,
worsening the condition of several chronic infammatory diseases. The natural inhibitors of GIIA
potentially block the production of infammatory mediators. In the present study, elemolic acid,
a triterpenoid from Boswellia serrata inhibited the GIIA enzyme in a concentration-dependent
manner with IC50 value of 5.70 ± 0.02 µM. The mode of GIIA inhibition was studied by increasing
the concentration of the substrate from 30 to 120 nM, and calcium from 2.5 to 15 mM, the level of
inhibition was not changed. The inhibitor-enzyme interaction was examined by fuorimetry and
Circular Dichroism (CD) studies; elemolic acid altered intrinsic fuorescence intensity and shifted far
UV- CD spectra of GIIA enzyme, suggesting the direct interaction with GIIA. Elemolic acid neutralized
the GIIA mediated indirect hemolytic activity from 94.5 to 9.8% and reduced GIIA induced mouse paw
edema from 171.75 to 113.68%. Elemolic acid also reduced the hemorrhagic efect of GIIA along with
Vipera russelii neurotoxic non-enzymatic peptide -VNTx-II (VR-HC-I). Thus, the elemolic acid has been
proven as a potent inhibitor of GIIA enzyme and modulated the GIIA induced infammatory response
by in situ and in vivo methods.
Ethnopharmacological relevance
Rheumatoid arthritis is one of the most common disabling chronic progressive autoimmune diseases affecting the adult world population. Boswellia serrata has been a known anti-inflammatory agent since ancient times. Therefore, research on Boswellia extract based on Acetyl Keto Boswellic Acid (AKBA) content evaluating its efficacy and safety is necessary.
The study aimed to find a suitable Boswellia extract rich in AKBA to evaluate its bioavailability, anti-inflammatory, and anti-arthritic effect. In addition, the synergistic action of AKBA extract with methotrexate (MTX) was also assessed on an animal model.
Materials and methods
Oral bioavailability of AKBA and the anti-inflammatory activity of 10% AKBA (5, 10, 20, 40 mg/kg b.w) was assessed and compared with 2% AKBA (40 mg/kg) and diclofenac (10 mg/kg). The effect of 10% AKBA at 20 mg/kg and 40 mg/kg was evaluated in the FCA induced arthritis animal model alone and combined with methotrexate (MTX) at 2 mg/kg b.w. Subplantar injection of FCA produced edema within a few hours with progressive arthritis by the 9th day after injection. All the treatments were initiated from the 10th day until the 45th day. Oral administration of 10% AKBA was done daily and MTX by intraperitoneal route once a week from day 10 to day 45. Paw volume, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total bilirubin, oxidative markers (superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels, malondialdehyde (MDA), total proteins and liver histopathology were examined.
Results
10% AKBA provided 8.48-fold, 24.22-fold, 47.36-fold, and 110.53-fold higher AUC (0-α) of AKBA at 5 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg, 20 mg/kg and 40 mg/kg, respectively compared to 2% AKBA at 40 mg/kg. Percentage paw edema inhibition of 10% AKBA at 20 mg/kg and 40 mg/kg were significantly higher than 2% regular AKBA (40 mg/kg) and diclofenac (10 mg/kg). 10% AKBA at a dose of 20 and 40 mg/kg significantly reduced ESR compared with FCA treated group. A combination of methotrexate with 10% AKBA showed the highest reduction in ESR. 10% AKBA at both dose levels significantly reduced hepatic marker enzymes and total bilirubin levels. Treatment with 10% AKBA showed a significant increase in total proteins, antioxidant enzymes and a decrease in malondialdehyde levels. Similarly, 10% AKBA protected the hepatocytes compared with the FCA and FCA + MTX treated group. 10% AKBA was capable of significantly minimizing FCA and FCA + MTX induced changes.
Conclusion
Anti-inflammatory activity of AKBA due to inhibition of lipoxygenase (LOX) enzymes supports the use of AKBA in inflammatory disorders. Combination therapy of 10% AKBA with MTX is effective in inhibiting arthritis and circumventing hepatotoxicity produced by MTX in arthritic animals.
ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any references for this publication.