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Non-interpretive mechanisms in psychoanalytic therapy. The 'something more' than interpretation. The Process of Change Study Group

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Abstract

It is by now generally accepted that something more than interpretation is necessary to bring about therapeutic change. Using an approach based on recent studies of mother-infant interaction and non-linear dynamic systems and their relation to theories of mind, the authors propose that the something more resides in interactional intersubjective process that give rise to what they will call 'implicit relational knowing'. This relational procedural domain is intrapsychically distinct from the symbolic domain. In the analytic relationship it comprises intersubjective moments occurring between patient and analyst that can create new organisations in, or reorganise not only the relationship between the interactants, but more importantly the patient's implicit procedural knowledge, his ways of being with others. The distinct qualities and consequences of these moments (now moments, 'moments of meeting') are modelled and discussed in terms of a sequencing process that they call moving along. Conceptions of the shared implicit relationship, transference and countertransference are discussed within the parameters of this perspective, which is distinguished from other relational theories and self-psychology. In sum, powerful therapeutic action occurs within implicit relational knowledge. They propose that much of what is observed to be lasting therapeutic effect results from such changes in this intersubjective relational domain.

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... EEX can be linked to other concepts within and outside psychoanalysis, such as the shared implicit relationship (D. N. Stern et al., 1998) or the real relationship (Gelso, 2011). In any case, neither therapist's nor patient's previous patterns fully determine EEX, despite their inevitable participation. ...
... Thus, although assuming that every experience carries novelty by definition, that assimilative processes always entail a modicum of accommodation (Wachtel, 2008) and even that new patterns can form at the implicit realm of the therapeutic exchange without ever reaching full awareness (D. N. Stern et al., 1998), EEX that is not experienced by therapists as such will not participate in the creation of the potential space that 'is the basis for play, creativity, empathy and other factors that lend richness to human experience and relatedness' (Bram & Gabbard, 2001, p. 686). ...
... B. Stern, 1990), openness to turn unexpected 'now moments' into 'moments of meeting' (D. N. Stern et al., 1998), an inquisitive stance (Fonagy & Bateman, 2019), appropriate responsiveness and other related features. When ignored, it must be a signal of an overly saturated (Bion, 1970) mental state within the therapist, a 'subjugating third' (Ogden, 2004) or that SCT and OCT have captured most of the experiential field, in which case transference and countertransference expectations as defined in the classical view have become quite 'real'. ...
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The attempt to identify and classify distinct experiences falling under the common designation of countertransference has been labelled the specifist tradition. In this paper, a model describing two dimensions differentiating four components of countertransference experience is proposed. For each experiential component (subjective countertransference, objective countertransference, therapeutic attitude and emerging experience), a brief description based on previous literature from diverse theoretical fields is offered, along with clinical implications and illustrations and an account of empirical literature explicitly or implicitly addressing the specific component. In conclusion, the model is presented as a heuristic guide that can serve different purposes across different therapeutic orientations, with valuable implications for practice, training and supervision.
... There are many ways to describe the psychoanalytical relation, but I will here keep to a tradition the most well known interpreter of which is Hans Loewald (1960). Followers in this tradition are, for example not only Veikko Tähkä (1996), Riitta Tähkä (2000), the Novicks (Novick & Novick, 2003), but also Daniel Stern and his Boston Change Process Study Group (Stern et al., 1998). ...
... Another way to describe the condition of the new relation comes from so-called 'moments of meeting', a phenomenon described by The Boston Change Process Group (Stern et al., 1998). I here pick up only the most relevant points. ...
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In this paper, the author highlights some aspects of the psychoanalytic process through the perspective of poetic metaphors. In reading new metaphors, we often become bewildered. A literal reading, and a first hand meaning, comes to nothing. A concrete reference, as well as truth, is likewise destroyed. On the ruins of these literary dimensions, however, a second hand reading, meaning, world, and truth may be formed. To take a step from literal understanding to a metaphoric one is demanding, as the former provides safety. The same is true of the position of the psychoanalytic patient. He or she needs to leave an idiosyncratic, well known, way of apprehending world and others, to take perspectives never tried before. The challenges and vulnerabilities the patient meets when facing the possibilities of starting a psychoanalytic process are compared to the position of the reader of poetic metaphors. The argument is illustrated with a psychoanalytical case.
... In the present material, we found that when the therapist made explicit use of this aspect of the relationship (showing fallibility, sloppiness, humor, revealing more personal perspectives and opinions), it seemed to contribute to more sharing and open reflection. It was as if making use of the real relationship enabled an increased sense of intersubjectivity, possibly referred to as "moments of meeting" within the dyad, which would otherwise be missed (Stern, 1998). This concept is related to authenticity. ...
... The therapists seemed most successful in creating contact and attachment with them when they made use of the "real relationship". This includes authenticity, fallibility and "sloppiness" on the therapist's part, which might create a kind of intersubjective connection that Stern (1998) describes as "moments of meeting". This might be useful when considering rupture and repair in clinical work with AvPD patients. ...
... Early relational experiences build resilience by facilitating the implicit relational knowing so crucial to normal development (Stern et al., 1998). Gallese's (2009Gallese's ( , 2014 work highlights the impact of the early relational environment on the development of the internal and external monitoring that supports and sustains that implicit knowing. ...
... Research into mirror neurons helps us better understand some of the dilemmas encountered by the child who does not receive adequate attention (Gallese, 2009), the type of mirroring Winnicott (1971) described as the crucial experience of being able to find oneself in the eyes, and mind, of another person. We experience this recognition when our feelings are acknowledged, moments of meeting crucial to the subsequent moving on (Stern et al., 1998). Data on mirror neurons shows that the capacity for recognition of and responsiveness to the human face is hard-wired. ...
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People seek treatment at the Austen Riggs Center in the context of profound difficulties in adaptation that are marked diagnostically by mood disorders and personality disorders. Although mood and personality disorders have different diagnostic criteria, they cannot entirely be disentangled, each linked to dysfunctional parenting in childhood. Treatments that focus primarily on the depressive symptoms may miss the underlying difficulties with affect regulation linked to character pathology. I will link research and theory to clinical evidence to illustrate ways in which psychoanalytic therapy can be useful in enhancing mentalization in individuals with complex symptom pictures.
... The occurrence of moments of meeting, though dependent on the co-construction of both parties, are spontaneous, implicit, and even unpredictable in both content and form by any one-sided participant. (Stern et al., 1998) Vitality Sharing 24 On the personal and experiential level, in these special moments, the minds of both participants intersect and jointly construct a shared experience (a shared private world) that can be perceived or seen by each participant. It is within these moments that the vitality gestalt is completed. ...
... By exploring dyadic relationships in various contexts such as those between mother and infant, romantic partners, and analyst and client, one can analyze the decisive moments that solidify these dynamic relations. The temporal thickness, as delineated by Stern's notion of "moments of meeting" (Stern et al., 1998), signifies a pivotal stage for nurturing genuine connections and reinforcing relational ties. In fields like psychoanalysis and psychotherapy, the concept of "moments of meeting" serves to elucidate the significance of unique instances where analysts and challenging clients enhance their counseling relationship (see Duarte, Martinez and Tomicic, 2021;Lord, 2018). ...
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In this article, firstly, we argue that the concept of vitality forms endows direct social perception (DSP) with suitable constructed percepts. Vitality forms capture how embodied actions unfold in the process, encapsulating the how-dimension of action; which provides a new dimension for understanding the multiplicities of action. Secondly, we discuss how vitality forms as a diachronic gestalt are completed and recognized in the process of dyadic sharing. We attempt to invoke another concept advocated by Stern, “moments of meeting,” thereby emphasizing the temporality problem of the constructed percepts in DSP. In these special moments, the minds of both parties intersect and co-construct a shared experience that can be perceived or seen by each participant. That is, vitality forms are a consequence of the co-construction within the dyad at the moments of meeting.
... 219), siendo así que la intersubjetividad sería producto de continuos procesos de autorregulación y regulación interactiva. Stern et al. (1998) señalan que la primera forma de representación no es con palabras o imágenes, sino con procedimientos relacionales reactuados o regulaciones mutuas de formas de "estar con otro". De tal modo, la investigación sistemática permite atender a este dominio relacional, relegado en el registro reconstruido, centrado en la palabra. ...
... Este estudio de caso múltiple estuvo dirigido a analizar cómo se vinculan las reconstrucciones de las sesiones con las transcripciones literales de las mismas, a fin de ampliar y complejizar la comprensión de los múltiples aspectos que componen el proceso terapéutico, y discutir las implicancias de ello para la formación de terapeutas. Ambos tipos de registro fueron comparados de forma exploratoria y emergente y, como la literatura sugiere, los hallazgos expresaron que los registros reconstruidos priorizan elementos verbales y explícitos de la interacción, y omiten aspectos implícitos y procedimentales como interacciones regulatorias, coconstrucciones de significados, momentos de alta intensidad afectiva, desencuentros y procesos de negociación intersubjetiva de orden implícito (Altimir & Jiménez, 2021;Stern et al., 1998). ...
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La reconstrucción de las sesiones psicoanalíticas desde el registro subjetivo del terapeuta ha sido la entrada paradigmática desde donde se han estudiado los procesos terapéuticos y construido los principales modelos psicoanalíticos teóricos y técnicos, lo cual es material central en la formación de terapeutas. La investigación sistemática del proceso terapéutico a partir de los registros de audio y video, así como la observación directa de díadas cuidador-infante para el estudio de las formas de comunicación y regulación mutua, han generado una ampliación de la comprensión de los procesos responsables del cambio psicológico y el desarrollo de competencias para el trabajo clínico. Es así que nos propusimos analizar las reconstrucciones que dos terapeutas hicieron de sesiones de psicoterapia con mujeres víctimas de violencia y las transcripciones literales de estas sesiones (audio grabadas), con el objetivo de identificar cómo se vinculan estas dos formas de registrar la sesión, a fin de comprender aspectos relevantes de la captación y registro del proceso terapéutico, y discutir sus implicancias en la formación terapéutica, en particular en el trabajo con población víctima de violencia de género. El enfoque del estudio es cualitativo y la data se analizó mediante el método de análisis temático inductivo (Braun & Clarke, 2006). Los resultados muestran elementos comunes y diferencias significativas entre ambos registros, las cuales se organizaron en tres ejes temáticos: (1) lo semejante, (2) lo atenuado y (3) lo excluido. En lo semejante, las reconstrucciones se vinculan con las transcripciones en tanto mantienen una organización secuencial de los principales hechos narrados y el registro textual de frases, metáforas y contenidos figurativos. Por otro lado, contenidos asociados a la agresión, la violencia, la sexualidad y los aspectos afectivos, sobre todo aquellos expresados hacia el terapeuta o los de alta intensidad, son registrados en las reconstrucciones de forma atenuada y suavizada. Asimismo, los aspectos interaccionales no verbales, prosódicos o rítmicos que organizan el intercambio terapéutico son excluidos en las reconstrucciones. Se discute el apoyo en las reconstrucciones del terapeuta como único registro para fines de supervisión terapéutica y comprensión de los procesos, en particular en casos de violencia de género.
... Expanding psychoanalysis beyond the limits of symbolization has been the quest of many practitioners (Knoblauch, 1997;Lauffenburger, 2016aLauffenburger, , 2016bLauffenburger, , 2019Nebbiosi & Federici-Nebbiosi, 2008;Peebles, 2023;Pickles, 2015;Sletvold, 2014;D. N. Stern et al., 1998;Zerbe, 2022). Capturing the nonverbal communications, such as prosody and somatic rhythms, is part of this expansion. Markman describes interpersonal rhythms as a tool used to gauge the pulse, vitality of connection, and particular rhythmic qualities of a uniquely shared world, providing a read on the most elemental way the dyad shares e ...
... A premature union manifests, in which patient and analyst unconsciously engage in states of implicit relational knowing (D. N. Stern et al., 1998), as each reads the other's mind and responds to the unconscious pressure each puts on the other. As Jung noted: ...
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Many patients report experiencing some form of intrapsychic attack, often manifesting in psychological and physical self-attack, and destructive interpersonal dynamics. Writers such as Melanie Klein (1940), Sigmund Freud (1917/1950), and Henri Rey (1994) offer hypotheses regarding the origins of such intrapsychic self-attack, and it is from these that the first ideas regarding the concept of the impulse to repair arise. However, an exploration of the relationship between Jungian perspectives, particularly in relation to the concept of the coniunctio, and psychoanalytic ideas regarding reparation of the inner world, is notably lacking. This paper explores both psychoanalytic and Jungian analytic theoretical perspectives, and the relationship between these, in articulating the ingredients which might contribute to true repair of the inner world within the patient, the analyst, and the therapeutic relationship. Clinical case material generated will be utilised to illustrate the clinical and theoretical material explored, and will illustrate my articulation of the elements which might contribute to true repair of the inner world within both the patient and the analyst, and within the therapeutic relationship.
... This dialogue in action cultivates an atmosphere of intimacy, enabling both individuals to forge a genuine understanding, establish familiarity, and nurture a sense of belonging. Comparable concepts have been explored by scholars like Ogden [47,48,49,50]. Ogden describes the therapist's actions as interpretive actions, which the therapist uses deliberately or unwittingly as a way of telling the patient about himself or herself. ...
... Research in psychotherapy has long acknowledged these relational processes as critical for therapeutic change, as seen in various models and interventions. For instance, the Boston Change Process Study Group (BCPSG) and their influential work on "moments of meeting", emphasizing how authentic responsiveness can be used to facilitate therapeutic change (Stern et al., 1998). We also highlight the Accelerated Experiential Dynamic Psychotherapy (AEDP) model with its focus on "undoing aloneness" through the therapist's active emotional participation (Goto et al., 2022;Markin et al., 2018). ...
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Relational neuroscience struggles to capture the complex dynamics of shared interpersonal moments, leading to gaps in understanding whether and how interdependencies between interacting persons translate into something meaningful. Current neuroscientific research often focuses on motor synchronization and cognition rather than the implicit relational qualities central to psychotherapy. We argue that this disconnect stems from an over-reliance on simplified quantitative methods, a failure to centralize experiential factors, and the lack of convergent research. Drawing on emerging frameworks such as 4E cognition (embodied, enacted, extended, and embedded) and MoBI (Mobile Brain/Body Imaging), we advocate for integrating subjective and experiential elements with neural data. We propose focusing on "qualities" in multi-brain neuroscience—moving beyond binary or linear scales—to better capture the subtleties of relational moments. Finally, we emphasize the importance of convergence research across disciplines to better understand what interpresence holds. If psychotherapeutic knowledge is used to guide neuroscientists in what to look for, this multi-disciplinary approach holds promise for advancing the study of psychotherapy's relational processes, offering new insights into the neurobiology of meaningful moments in therapy and elsewhere. We propose ConNECT (Convergent research including Neuroscience and Experiences, Capturing meaningful dynamics with Therapists’ knowledge) as the path forward.
... Nos résultats vont dans ce sens d'une disponibilité pleine à ce qui se présente à soi, dans cette temporalité de l'instant, qui semble à la fois la condition et le fruit de la rencontre avec l'image littéraire. Cette façon d'habiter le moment présent pourrait faire écho au concept de now moments (Stern et al., 2002), lesquels sont définis comme des moments présents qui deviennent très denses subjectivement et qui sont caractérisés par des éléments de Ensuite, chez les participant.e.s qui ont raconté avoir été touché.e.s profondément par leur expérience de lecture, les moments de rencontre les plus significatifs avec le texte semblent s'être vécus sur un mode qui sollicitait l'entièreté de leur être. « Le poème nous prend tout entier », nous dit de façon similaire Bachelard (1957, p. 35). ...
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Dans la pensée existentielle, le vécu humain de la finitude a été principalement réfléchi à travers le concept d’angoisse de mort. Sur le plan empirique, ce concept a surtout été étudié dans le cadre de la Terror Management Theory. Cette dernière soutient que l’être humain tente d’éviter l’angoisse de mort par différents moyens défensifs, laissant peu de place à d’autres réactions face à la finitude qui pourraient notamment être tournées vers la croissance. À cet égard, face à l’angoisse, les arts narratifs proposent des images et des récits dans lesquels engager son être et desquels dégager un sens qui aide à vivre avec l’incontrôlable et l’irrévocable. Si certains bénéfices des arts narratifs en lien avec l’angoisse de mort ont pu être identifiés, beaucoup reste à comprendre à propos de la façon dont l’expérience de la finitude se vit à travers la rencontre avec des œuvres littéraires. De plus, les recherches expérimentales n’ont à ce jour que peu porté sur cette expérience d’un point de vue qualitatif et subjectif, ce qui apparaît limité pour évoquer avec complexité et nuance ses dimensions intimes et symboliques. D’autre part, le présent processus de recherche a eu cours pendant la pandémie mondiale associée au virus SARS-CoV-2, épreuve existentielle collective susceptible d’éveiller l’angoisse de mort, et donc contexte fertile à l’étude du vécu existentiel des arts. La présente étude avait pour objectif d’explorer l’expérience vécue de l’exposition au thème de la finitude à travers la rencontre avec une œuvre littéraire où le thème de la mort est central, chez des personnes adultes, en temps de pandémie. Plus précisément, elle visait à répondre aux questions de recherche suivantes : 1) Quelle est l’expérience vécue du processus entourant la lecture d’un récit littéraire où le thème de la finitude est central? ; 2) Comment s’exprime le rapport à la mort au cœur de cette expérience? ; 3) Quel sens est donné à cette expérience de lecture dans un contexte de pandémie? Pour ce faire, un devis qualitatif s’inscrivant dans l’approche phénoménologique herméneutique-existentielle de van Manen (2016) a été retenu. Les participant.e.s (N = 8) prenaient part à une entrevue préliminaire, faisaient la lecture d’une œuvre littéraire choisie parmi une sélection de trois, puis participaient à un entretien phénoménologique semi-structuré sur leur expérience vécue de cette lecture. L’analyse a permis de dégager des catégories transversales ainsi qu’un grand thème essentiel pour chacune des questions de recherche, en plus de résultats individuels riches et évocateurs permettant de les illustrer. Globalement, l’expérience vécue auprès d’un récit littéraire ayant la finitude comme thème central se révèle ainsi être une expérience saisissante d’une rencontre personnelle avec l’auteur.e qui renforce la sensation de soi-même et de la vie (premier grand thème essentiel) et qui favorise la création d’un espace-temps propice pour exister avec la possibilité de la mort et se saisir du caractère précieux de l’existence (deuxième grand thème essentiel). Dans le contexte de la pandémie, cette expérience donne lieu à une perception intensifiée et à un sentiment de communauté autour de la souffrance liée à l’isolement pandémique – la sienne et celle de l’autre – et à une volonté de l’apaiser (troisième grand thème essentiel). Les résultats fournissent des appuis empiriques à de nombreuses idées jusqu’ici surtout formulées théoriquement à propos du rôle des arts face aux grands enjeux existentiels de la vie. La discussion met entre autres en lumière la manière dont ils s’inscrivent en cohérence avec les quatre structures fondamentales de l’existence suggérées par van Manen (1997), et comment ils sont susceptibles de contribuer à sensibiliser les milieux scientifiques, artistiques, éducatifs et cliniques aux potentiels de la rencontre avec les arts narratifs face à l’adversité existentielle, autant sur le plan individuel que collectif. Mots-clés : finitude, angoisse de mort, arts littéraires, phénoménologie herméneutique-existentielle, pandémie, recherche qualitative, population adulte
... in order to gather pertinent information, researchers conducted semi-structured interviews with Veterans continuing their second career as part of an exploratory qualitative methodology to address research objectives. to enable the informant's perspective to prevail over the researcher's expectations, an exploratory qualitative technique was chosen (Stern et al., 1998). in order to analyze the nature of Veteran's motives toward a second career, the theoretical framework of Socio-emotional Selectivity theory served as the foundation. ...
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Defense Veterans possess valuable skills and are within working age upon retirement, yet only a fraction successfully transitions into second careers. This research intends to bridge the empathetic gap between corporate employers and veterans navigating career shifts. Employing a qualitative approach, the study involved conducting semi-structured interviews with 30 veterans who had embarked on second careers. Data collection and interpretation followed an adapted long-interview methodology, while analysis applied a constant comparative method across cases, integrating theory, field notes, and memos in an iterative process. The findings highlight that the transition from military service to corporate employment involves substantial challenges. However, skills and experiences gained during their military tenure proved valuable for veterans in corporate roles. To enhance career transitions, veterans involved in continuous learning, pursued higher education, professional certifications, and participated in Directorate General Resettlement (DGR) programs for upskilling. The study underlines the positive link between early preparation and successful adaptation to civilian careers, embodying pre-emptive socialization for new professional responsibilities. These insights align with current policy updates on Defense transition support and resettlement strategies promoting proactive career planning. The inferences are valuable for ex-servicemen (ExSM) and organizations supporting veteran career pathways.
... Het is terrein dat Bateson analoge communicatie noemde en dat hij in zijn antropologische studies onderzocht. Het is ook het communicatieve niveau dat Daniel Stern implicit relational knowing noemde (Stern et al., 1998). Een voorbeeld hiervan is de interactie tussen een moeder en haar baby, waarin beiden al na drie maanden impliciet weten hoe met elkaar om te gaan. ...
... Therefore, it is favorable that the patient has a high tolerance for the curative process, the setbacks, and the contrasting painful and satisfying feelings set into motion by the analytic treatment. The good self-experience of satisfying moments of the meetings (Stern et al., 1998) is also easily outside the equilibrium state or homeostatic regulation. As shown in John's treatment, he used several regulatory ways to distance himself from his emotions: intellectualization, rapid talking, and reducing the frequency of sessions. ...
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Homeostasis, a self-regulating process that aims for stability, is presented to be the most fundamental regulatory principle of the psyche. Stability, or avoiding the extremes, is crucial for survival. The mind operates on different layers of homeostasis. Freud's three phylogenetic layers and regulating principles, namely nirvana, constancy, and psychic structure, are reviewed here. The self-image and its identity of perception form the core of the structure. In a clinical context, a cure that deviates too much from the self-image is perceived as threatening stability. The therapeutic relationship is an ideal setting for fostering the ego's mentalization capacity and the development of psychic structure. This paper demonstrates how mentalization and autonomous self-regulation challenge pathologic homeostatic regulation through clinical examples. The defensive resistance to cure, with its intriguing deep unconscious phylogenetic roots in homeostatic regulation, underscores the practical implications of these theoretical viewpoints in a clinical setting.
... Se ha señalado la relevancia que momentos no interpretativos, momentos presentes de encuentro emocional ocurridos entre paciente y analista tienen en la modificación de conocimientos relacionales implícitos patológicos del paciente. (Stern et al , 1998). En el caso de Ms. C. la contención de las ansiedades y actuaciones de Ms. C en los primeros tiempos del análisis, por parte de la analista, probablemente incidió en la constitución del vínculo entre ambas y en la posibilidad de análisis posterior. ...
... It is also possible that quietly those sessions that the analyst perceived as chaotic and unproductive, helped Carla to co-create in the analysis new forms of implicit relational knowledge (Stern et al, 1998), and also to develop new ways of being together with another (Tronick, 2003). This increased capacity for mutual regulation brings with it the development of trust, mindfulness and more secure forms of attachment (Fonagy, 2015.). ...
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We propose to critically evaluate and strengthen the level of clinical evidence in psychoanalysis, using a strategy of triangulating clinical phenomena from different perspectives and increasing contextual knowledge. Insufficient discussion of alternative hypotheses and limited contextual information are two Achilles heels of psychoanalytic case presentations. We analyze the case of a patient treated with transference-focused psychotherapy (TFP), making explicit the theoretical-clinical agreements and disagreements between the authors. We discuss the strengths and limitations of triangulation and contextualization, concluding that they make clinical work and psychoanalytic writing more reliable, transparent, auditable and replicable.
... It is also possible that quietly those sessions that the analyst perceived as chaotic and unproductive, helped Carla to co-create in the analysis new forms of implicit relational knowledge (Stern et al, 1998), and also to develop new ways of being together with another (Tronick, 2003). This increased capacity for mutual regulation brings with it the development of trust, mindfulness and more secure forms of attachment (Fonagy, 2015.). ...
Article
ABSTRACT We propose to critically evaluate and strengthen the level of clinical evidence in psychoanalysis, using a strategy of triangulating clinical phenomena from different perspectives and increasing contextual knowledge. Insufficient discussion of alternative hypotheses and limited contextual information are two Achilles heels of psychoanalytic case presentations. We examine the concept and quality standards of clinical evidence in psychoanalysis and related disciplines, with particular attention to the contribution of the Three-Level Model (3-LM). We analyze the case of a patient treated with transference-focused psychotherapy (TFP), making explicit the theoretical-clinical agreements and disagreements of the authors. We discuss the strengths and limitations of triangulation and contextualization, concluding that they make clinical work and psychoanalytic writing more reliable, transparent, auditable and replicable.
... One of the main objectives of environmental research is to know and forecast differences in environmental beliefs and behaviours to find the methods to motivate people to act more proenvironmentally. Based on the literature review, numerous research has found that personal values are the key determinant of pro-environmental behaviours (Stern et al., 1998); De Groot and Steg, 2008;Hornsey et al., 2016;Tolppanen and Kang, 2020). Human values and the priorities of these values are the key drivers that determine the future of the world. ...
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Schwartz’s Value Theory has brought about a rebirth of research on human values. However, the mediating role of pro-environmental behaviours and happiness on human values is inadequate. Thus, this study adopted the bipolar dimensions of human values organised by Schwartz, self-transcendence, and self-enhancement as the independent construct of values to explore the mediating role of pro-environmental behaviours and happiness. Data were taken from a random sample of Klang Valley residents (N = 700) in Malaysia. Partial least squares and structural equation modeling tools were used to achieve the aims. The study found that self-transcendence plays a vital role in affecting pro-environmental behaviours and happiness. Pro-environmental behaviours lead to happiness, and it is an important mediator between human value with happiness. Happiness leads to pro-environmental behaviours, and it is also an important mediator between human values and pro-environmental behaviours. The results confirm that psychological factors (happiness) regarding the environment play a prominent role in determining pro-environmental behaviours. Hence, cultivating self-transcendence values is crucial to foster pro-environmental behaviours and boosting happiness. Engaging with pro-environmental behaviours is important to generate positive feelings, which will eventually boost happiness. Nurturing a sense of happiness will motivate pro-environmental behaviours as well.
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This paper explores the moment of change in analysis I call "the still point" through consideration of the phenomenology of when that which is known is sacrificed and the new has not yet appeared. The change process is understood as inherently relational where transformation comes about when the analyst is as vulnerable and open as the patient. Ghent's work on surrender, Stern's on moments of meeting, Jung's on transformation in the I Ching, and Strachey's work on the mutative interpretation are each considered. The still point is rooted in the collective unconscious, which provides the underlying energy for the interpersonal dimension of change in analysis. The image of the pendulum swinging to an undetectable stillness in the instant before it changes direction is used to illustrate the still point.
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The author hypothesizes that Freud had a clinical intuition about a new theory of psychic development, and a new vision of psychoanalytic technique, by introducing his concepts of Agieren and compulsion to repeat (Zwange zur Wiederholung) in his 1914g paper, "Remembering, Repeating and Working Through". It is postulated that this view remained in the Freudian model as a private, implicit theory, and was not taken up for many decades in the analytic movement. A re-reading of this text suggests Freud conceived of a psyche that contains registers of early experiences, which would never have been conscious to the patient. These experiences can be known, worked through, and transformed afterwards, by being repeated in action within the frame. The author proposes that "enactment" is the royal road for access to the intrasubjective registrations of early intersubjective interaction, which previously he has called psychic gestures. He considers that certain psychic gestures of the analysand become psychic gestures of the analytic couple, which are jointly dramatized within the transference-countertransference field. The pair's constant working through, in order to dis-identify themselves from this relational script of the patient's mind, is the starting point for co-production of something new and hitherto unknown.
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Partendo dalle radici del movimento psicoanalitico e usando l'immagine di una manovra dell'aeronautica militare denominata "Il Cobra di Pugacëv", in questo articolo l'Autore intende esplorare e dimostrare l'utilità ed efficacia di brevi interventi inaspettati nella lingua del paziente straniero. Avvalendosi di vignette cliniche, lo scritto si concentra sull'uso strategico di queste espressioni, intercalari anche gergali, così come di gesti, tutti a intensa valenza affet-tiva e, pertanto, in grado di avvicinare il terapista sia all'area degli affetti che a quella del senso-di-Sé del paziente, nonostante egli difenda e protegga i suoi spazi interni.
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This preliminary study should be regarded as a pilot piece of research designed specifically to explore some of the unconscious dynamics that operate within the Balint Group process. A brief history is offered by introduction, which aims to set this research in the wider context of the influences that shaped Michael Balint's thinking, particularly the view that the primary obstacles in therapeutic work derive from the analyst's own resistances. The study itself attempts to highlight the presence or absence of ‘domains of implicit relational knowing’ between Balint Group participants, within which ‘moments of meeting’ may take place, leading to a change in the thinking/feeling of the Presenter about their case. It is suggested that such domains emerge through unconscious interactions and that the Group Matrix contains and fosters such activity. The rationale for the use of a 7‐point scale of participants' subjective evaluations of feeling attuned/connected or mis‐attuned/unconnected towards the Group, the Presenter and the Conductor is drawn from Attachment/Neuroscience research. The data gathered from two groups, each engaging in two presentations, reveal patterns of identical scores suggesting the presence of ‘domains’, and marked discrepancy scores suggesting their absence. Sufficient ‘domains’ accompanied a change in thinking/feeling for the Presenter, while few ‘domains’ and marked discrepancy scores did not do so. These observations are tentatively discussed with reference to the early origins of unconscious communications.
Chapter
In the first part, the authors explain some basic notions of the attachment theory which is the main theoretical basis of interfamilial therapy. The multifamily group is described as a “secure social base” where the participants can carry out their therapeutic process. Subsequently, the characteristics of the intervention within the multifamily group from the perspective of attachment are discussed in more detail. In the second part, the authors introduce us to dialogic practices and their application in the multifamily group. They outline the four dialogical levels (individual, intrafamilial, interfamilial and social) that occur in parallel in the multifamily group context. Finally, they make a proposal for the integration of dialogic practices and attachment theory in the multifamily group and analyse the role of the leader from a dialogic perspective. In the third part, they introduce practical aspects that facilitate the construction of the multifamily group: the convening, composition, temporality and complementarity with other therapeutic activities. Finally, suggestions are given on how to start or close the multifamily group session.
Chapter
Die Autor*innen arbeiten in Band 19 der Internationalen Psychoanalyse einen Schwerpunkt auf das Sein und die Bedingungen des Lebendig-Werdens heraus und bringen eine Vielfalt an Themen zusammen, die unter einem ontologischen Gesichtspunkt neu gedacht werden können. In Arbeiten zu Winnicotts Konzeption des Leibseelischen und der Bedeutung von »Unintegriertheit« ebenso wie in Berichten von klinischer Arbeit mit autistischen Patient*innen und mit einem psychotischen Adoleszenten während der Covid-19-Pandemie wird diese früheste leibseelische Ebene des going on being deutlich. Weitere Arbeiten befassen sich mit der Entstehung eines Kern-Selbst aus dem primären Masochismus, mit weiblicher Subjektivität und mit dem Thema des »verlorenen« Selbstanteils bei trans Patient*innen. Auch bei dem Blick auf gesellschaftliche Themen wie Rassismus, Traumatisierung durch ein autoritäres Regime oder die psychoanalytische Identität zwischen den Kulturen geht es weniger um das Erkennen und Deuten als darum, durch genaue Beschreibungen die Wahrnehmungsfähigkeiten für die Dimension des Seins und Werdens zu erweitern. Das International Journal of Psychoanalysis gilt als weltweit wichtigste Fachzeitschrift der Psychoanalyse. Aus diesem reichen Fundus versammelt Internationale Psychoanalyse jährlich ausgewählte Beiträge in deutscher Übersetzung. Mit Beiträgen von Lisa Baraitser, Dominique Bourdin, Eugênio Canesin Dal Molin, Nelson Ernesto Coelho Junior, Louise Gyler, Alessandra Lemma, Anat Tzur Mahalel, Sharon Numa, Thomas H. Ogden, Michael Parsons, Tami Pollak, Luca Quagelli, Joona Taipale und Renata Udler Cromberg
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While screen-mediated analysis long predated the pandemic, it was largely seen as non-equivalent to in-person treatment by analysts and patients alike. When COVID forced us to move our entire practices to the screen, our concerns about its limitations were replaced by relief; we could continue doing analytic work during a terrifying and challenging time. Three years later, many have chosen to continue practicing remotely for reasons that are no longer driven by fears of exposure. We mostly minimize or deny our earlier concerns about the limitations of screen work. Have we chosen convenience, ease, and a personal sense of safety over togetherness, while ignoring the underbelly of remote work? This paper identifies the convergence of several forces underlying our decision to stay remote, including guilt and anxiety about privileging our own self-interest, unmourned losses and collective PTSD, fear of the future and existential anxiety about living in a techno-culture that threatens to replace us. Our denial of these powerful forces makes it easy to rationalize a decision to embrace remote work and disavow the threat it poses to our field.
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Au centre de cet article se trouve La « directive sur la psychothérapie », qui réglemente l’application de la psychanalyse dans le cadre de l’assurance maladie. L’auteur aborde dans cette première partie, tout d’abord la relation entre la psychanalyse et le traitement des malades, pour ensuite exposer l’histoire de l’établissement de la « directive » et son caractère de compromis. Ensuite sont discutés certains éléments de la réglementation. Dans une deuxième partie, qui sera publiée dans un prochain numéro, l’arrière-plan théorique du système des directives est éclairé, avant que l’auteur ne plaide finalement pour des modifications fondamentales.
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RIVISTA DI PSICOANALISI E GRUPPOANALISI APPLICATE ALLA CLINICA, ALLA CULTURA, ALLA VITA
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This paper explores how at-one-ment and twoness interact in the clinical setting. Namely, how the unconscious mode of knowing the other intuitively from the inside, by becoming at-one with them, interacts with the conscious-rational mode of knowing about the other from the outside; how experiencing the other’s experience as one’s own, rather than like one’s own, informs (and is informed by) the common clinical stance of twoness, in which analyst and patient meet as separate persons. Through clinical illustrations, I argue that these are complementary (rather than contradictory) modes of knowing, communicating and being and that, paradoxically, twoness is essential for the emergence of at-one-ment, even though the latter is inadvertent.
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Discusses the development of L. Sander's theory of early development based on his research over the past 30 yrs. The theory considers the infant, its caretaking environment, and the exchange between them to be a living system. Coherence within the system is maintained through an endless ongoing exchange between the infant and its context of life support (caretaking environment). Sanders proposed an epigenetic sequence of 7 adaptive tasks describing a process whereby interactions originate in the management of basic physiologic states. The stages are as follows: initial regulation (1–3 mo), reciprocal exchange (4–6 mo), initiative (7–9 mo), focalization (10–23 mo), self-assertion (14–28 mo), recognition (18–36 mo), and reversal (18–36 mo). From this sequence, Sanders formulated 5 propositions relating recurrent infant states to the continuity of inner experience and to the achievement of a sense of agony in self regulation. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
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Early interaction structures provide an important basis for emerging self- and object representations. Interaction structures are characteristic patterns of mutual regulation which the infant comes to remember and expect. We use recent evidence for early representational capacity to suggest that early interaction structures are represented in a presymbolic form in the first year and provide the basis for emerging symbolic forms of self- and object representations. We specifically address the nature of the interrelatedness that is represented. Patterns of mutual regulation between mother and infant in the early months of life, illustrating matching and derailed exchanges, are described, based on microanalyses of film and videotape. These patterns provide an empirical basis for conceptualizing variations in the quality of the interrelatedness that may be represented. We suggest that the dynamic process of reciprocal adjustments is the substance of these earliest "interactive representations." What is represented is an emergent dyadic phenomenon, structures of the interaction, which cannot be described on the basis of either partner alone. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
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Explores the proposal that infant research is applicable to adult treatment through organizational principles of interactive regulation. Three organizing principles derived from infant research are used to create metaphors and analogies for adult treatment. These 3 principles (ongoing regulation, disruption and repair, and heightened affective moments) constitute hypotheses about how analyst–patient interactions become patterned and salient. They can further specify modes of therapeutic action in adult treatment. The case of a 36-yr-old professional woman with a depressive outlook on life and a strong belief that therapy would not help is used to illustrate the therapeutic action of the 3 principles. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
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M. Mahler (1971; Mahler et al, 1975) speculated that the normal developmental process of separation-individuation led young toddlers to experience ambivalence when needing comforting contact with a caregiver. However, recent work on attachment relationships indicates that ambivalent and other forms of conflict behavior centered around the need for comforting contact with a caregiver in early toddlerhood are more likely to be related to difficulties in parent–infant interaction than to normative ambivalence. Literature leading to this conclusion is reviewed, including work on disorganized/disoriented infant attachment behaviors and recent longitudinal studies of the sequelae of early attachment patterns through age 6 yrs. Revisions in the existing framework of object-relations theory are proposed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
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Three principles of salience (POSs) describe interaction structures in the 1st yr of life. Ongoing regulations (ORs), disruption and repair (DAR), and heightened affective moments (HAMs) are variations on the ways in which expectancies of social interactions are organized. The term ORs captures the pattern of repeated interactions. DAR describes a specific sequence in the broad pattern. In HAMs, 1 dramatic moment stands out in time. The POSs constitute criteria by which interactions will be categorized and represented at a presymbolic (PS) level, and can illuminate the origins of both representation (REP) and internalization (INTL). Interactive regulation (REG) is the central concept in both. It is proposed that INTL is not distinct from the organization (ORG) of REPs. The expectation and PS REP of the dyadic modes of REG, as organized by the POSs, constitute the inner ORG. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
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Important advances have recently been made in studying emotions in infants and the nature of emotional communication between infants and adults. Infant emotions and emotional communications are far more organized than previously thought. Infants display a variety of discrete affective expressions that are appropriate to the nature of events and their context. They also appreciate the emotional meaning of the affective displays of caretakers. The emotional expressions of the infant and the caretaker function to allow them to mutually regulate their interactions. Indeed, it appears that a major determinant of children's development is related to the operation of this communication system. Positive development may be associated with the experience of coordinated interactions characterized by frequent reparations of interactive errors and the transformation of negative affect into positive affect, whereas negative development appears to be associated with sustained periods of interactive failure and negative affect.
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The principles underlying psychoanalytic technique and their impact on practice are the main objects of this comprehensive and systematic study, which is based on research in psychoanalysis. By taking the differences between psychoanalytic schools and the finding of related disciplines into account, the authors describe new perspectives. After descriptions of the development of psychoanalysis, chapters are devoted to comprehensive accounts of the key concepts of the psychoanalytic therapy – transference, countertransference, and resistance – as well as to the initiation and conduct of treatment, to the role of models, and to the scientific status of psychoanalytic theory. Psychoanalysis, understood in such terms, can be applied to a broad spectrum of mental disorders and psychosomatic illnesses.
Book
In The Shadow of the Object, Christopher Bollas integrates aspects of Freud's theory of unconscious thinking with elements from the British Object Relations School. In doing so, he offers radical new visions of the scope of psychoanalysis and expands our understanding of the creativity of the unconscious mind and the aesthetics of human character. During our formative years, we are continually "impressed" by the object world. Most of this experience will never be consciously thought, and but it resides within us as assumed knowledge. Bollas has termed this "the unthought known", a phrase that has ramified through many realms of human exploration, including the worlds of letters, psychology and the arts. Aspects of the unthought known --the primary repressed unconscious --will emerge during a psychoanalysis, as a mood, the aesthetic of a dream, or in our relation to the self as other. Within the unique analytic relationship, it becomes possible, at least in part, to think the unthought -- an experience that has enormous transformative potential. Published here with a new preface by Christopher Bollas, The Shadow of the Object remains a classic of the psychoanalytic literature, written by a truly original thinker.
Conference Paper
This paper addresses an intersubjective issue that arises out of our model of therapeutic change: Why do humans so strongly seek states of emotional connectedness and intersubjectivity and why does the failure to achieve connectedness have such a damaging effect on the mental health of the infant? A hypothesis is offered-the Dyadic Expansion of Consciousness Hypothesis-as an attempt to explain these phenomena. This hypothesis is based on the Mutual Regulation Model (MRM) of infant-adult interaction. The MRM describes the microregulatory social-emotional process of communication that generates (or fails to generate) dyadic intersubjective states of shared consciousness. In particular, the Dyadic Consciousness hypothesis argues that each individual, in one case the infant and mother or in another the patient and the therapist, is a self-organizing system that creates his or her own states of consciousness (states of brain organization), which can be expanded into more coherent and complex states in collaboration with another self-organizing system. Critically understanding how the mutual regulation of affect functions to create dyadic states of consciousness also can help us understand what produces change in the therapeutic process.
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After an Editorial Note, the complete Italian edition, with a new translation, of Sándor Ferenczi & Otto Rank's essay of 1924 The Development of Psychoanalysis, written in 1923, is published (only chapters 1, 3, and 5, had been previously translated into Italian). Also an Afterword written by Michael Turnheim for a German edition of this essay published in 1996 by Turia & Kant of Vienna is translated. The Development of Psychoanalysis represents an important milestone of the debate on the theory of psychoanalytic technique, and shows how already at the beginning of the 1920s some issues that today are discussed within the psychoanalytic movement were already well known.
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Constructivism and Hermeneutics. The Internal and External. One-Person and Two-Person Psychology. Neutrality. Psychoanalysis and Psychotherapy. Free Association and the Analytic Process. What Analysts Say and Do. Theory and Technique. The Body in Psychoanalysis. Conclusion.
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This paper addresses an intersubjective issue that arises out of our model of therapeutic change: Why do humans so strongly seek states of emotional connectedness and intersubjectivity and why does the failure to achieve connectedness have such a damaging effect on the mental health of the infant? A hypothesis is offered— the Dyadic Expansion of Consciousness Hypothesis— as an attempt to explain these phenomena. This hypothesis is based on the Mutual Regulation Model (MRM) of infant- adult interaction. The MRM describes the microregulatory social-emotional process of communication that generates (or fails to generate) dyadic intersubjective states of shared consciousness. In particular, the Dyadic Consciousness hypothesis argues that each individual, in one case the infant and mother or in another the patient and the therapist, is a self-organizing system that creates his or her own states of consciousness (states of brain organization), which can be expanded into more coherent and complex states in collaboration with another self-organizing system. Critically understanding how the mutual regulation of affect functions to create dyadic states of consciousness also can help us understand what produces change in the therapeutic process. RESUMEN: Este ensayo trata de un asunto intersubjetivo que sale de nuestro modelo de cambio terapeutico: ¿por quelos humanos tan fuertemente buscan estados de conexion emocional e intersubjetividad y por queel fracaso en alcanzar tal conexion tiene un efecto tan danino en la salud mental del infante? Se ofrece una hipotesis, la Hipotesis de Expansion del Estado de Conciencia en forma de Diada, como un intento de explicar estos fenomenos. Esta hipotesis estabasada en el Modelo de Regulacion Mutua (MRM) de la interaccion infante-adulto. (Tronick, 1989). El MRM describe el proceso de comunicacion socio-
Article
present a system for describing the infant's capacities for coping with stressful interactions, and we summarize data on the developmental changes and stability of these capacities Mutual Regulation Model of social engagement infant coping in response to the still-face, simulated depression, clinical depression, and the strange situation interconnections among self and mutual regulation, object exploration, coping, and defense (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Article
present a model of the process of infant emotional functioning and experience—the Model of Mutual Regulation—that in part accounts for the toxic effects of maternal depression on a child's social–emotional functioning and development / summarize our work on microanalytic studies of normal interactions and our experimental perturbations of interactions in the Face-to-Face Still-Face Paradigm / focuses on understanding normal interactions, including interactive errors and repairs, deviations, and disruptions (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Article
propose . . . that this longer temporal dimension is occupied by the basic requirement for biological regulation of infant states along the arousal-quiescent continuum illustrate . . . how soon after birth the individually unique features of a particular caregiver become a part of the event-structure of the regulatory interaction review . . . some of the biolgical features that govern neonatal state organization and underly the recurring structure of events that the infant requires of the caregiving system in addition to underlying the event-structure of the system in adapted equilibrium, the property of biorhythmicity also sets the background for the regularities of the interactive situations in the system that are necessary for the infant's regularly recurrent experience of its inner states how can the origins of the self as a psychic structure emerge from the mutuality of influence required to achieve enduring state regulation (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Article
This article explores how an infant might represent object-related, interpersonal experience. To be clinically relevant, our exploration is limited to goal-directed, motivated behavior. We propose that motives—as enacted and subjectively experienced—result in a unit of ongoing subjective experience called an “emergent moment.” We suggest that such “moments” are represented in at least six separate, parallel, basic schematic formats: sensorimotor schemas; perceptions; concepts; scripts; “temporal feeling shapes”; and “protonarrative envelopes.” The temporal feeling shape is proposed as a format for representing affects. And the protonarrative envelope is proposed as a format for representing the global experience in a narrative-like form. All six schematic formats, taken together, comprise a network of schemas that we call the “schema-of-being-with.”.
Article
In recent decades of its brief history, brain science has shed light on the source of motives. We review the chemistry and anatomy of the neural core of human motivation; it seems to penetrate the hemispheric cognitive fields asymmetrically, subjecting them to differing evaluations by self-organizing states of mind. The brain core generates and responds to the rhythm and color of emotions, giving moral control to relationships and setting values and meanings in communication. The newborn human mind is ready to share transcendent states with an empathic partner. Fantasy-making play of a child in friendships presages adult rituals. Mystic rites and mythic symbols express feelings essential to time- and space-defying cooperation within the ancestral culture.
Article
The normal feedback infants receive from their mothers in face-to-face interaction was distorted by having the mothers face their infants but remain facially unresponsive. The infants studied reacted with intense wariness and eventual withdrawal, demonstrating the importance of interactional reciprocity and the ability of infants to regulate their emotional displays.
Article
To evaluate the extent to which infants and mothers are able to coordinate their behavior, the interactions of 54 mother-infant pairs--18 each at 3, 6, and 9 months of age--were videotaped. Coordination was evaluated with 2 measures: (1) matching--the extent to which mother and infant engage in the same behavior at the same time; and (2) synchrony--the extent to which mother and infant change their behavior with respect to one another. Mother-infant pairs increase their degree of coordination with infant age, but the proportion of time they are coordinated is small. Mother-son pairs spend more time in coordinated states than mother-daughter pairs. The results suggest that interactions be characterized in terms of their movement from coordinated to miscoordinated states rather than only in terms of their degree of coordination. The gender differences are discussed in terms of their importance for the developmental differences in females and males.
Article
This brief synopsis of an organizational perspective on early development represents an integration of three major areas of the author's research: that of a detailed observational study of early mother-infant interaction over the first three years of life; that of a continuous neonatal state and caregiving interactional monitoring method over the first two months of life; and that of a 25- to 30-year follow-up on the same infants observed initially. From these data a ground plan is proposed for our thinking about the individual's life span trajectory as a unique construction within a unique context for that individual's interactional and adaptive self-regulatory strategies. Beginning with a review of biological principles, the paradoxical integration of complexity and unity in living systems is traced from the conceptualization of infant state and observations on its regulation through the role of state in the origins of awareness of inner experience, to the consolidation and validation of the self as agent in self-regulation. Central to integration is the recognition process, stemming from one's awareness that another is aware of what one is aware of within oneself. The constructionist perspective on the critical role of specificity in this organizing process is illustrated by reference to the negotiation between caregiver and infant of seven issues of adaptive coordination over the first three years of life. Finally, five propositions are formulated describing such specificity in this organizing process, as one that underlies integration of levels of the living system relating the biological, the developmental, the shaping of the life span trajectory, and the reconstructive therapeutic process.
Article
The author focuses on state, a particular and continuing dimension of non-verbal expression which, though generally seen, heard or felt, often remains implicit. Basic, primal, reflecting psyche and soma woven together, state lies in a direct link with our earliest beginnings. Conveying one's affect, the sense of one's body--of one's self--in relationship to oneself and to the outer world, it influences and is influenced by the presence of the other. Thus, a change in state may be an early cue of the experiential effect of a perception, reflecting the impact of another's felt participation--including that other's state--the place from which we may truly find ourselves as participant-observers. State illuminates our unceasing subjectivity. In its subtle manifestation, it offers an added 'royal road' to what is yet unconscious, opening vital pathways of psychic experience that might otherwise have remained unnoted. Brought to collaborative and explicit focus, state can be mutually observed, and enquiry as to its meaning undertaken. It can be verbalised, and it can be analysed. Further, in sharpening our observance of nuances of data, attention to state will deepen consideration of the nature of our analytic evidence. Clinical examples are offered in elaboration of these ideas.
Article
Triangulation in relationships
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Fivaz-Depeursinge, E. & Corboz-Warnery, A. (1995). Triangulation in relationships. The Signal, 3 (2): 1-6.
The Tree of Knowledge
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Maturana, H. & Varela, F. (1980). The Tree of Knowledge. Boston: Shambhala.
The Child and the Family
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Winnicott, D. W. (1957). The Child and the Family. London: Tavistock.
Self disclosure and affect . Presented at the American Psychological Association
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Stechler, G. (1996). Self disclosure and affect. Presented at the American Psychological Association, Division 39 April meeting.
Paradox and resolution
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Sander, L. (1997). Paradox and resolution. In Handbook of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, ed. J. Osofsky. New York: John Wiley, pp. 153-160.
My experience of analysis with Fairbairn and Winnicott
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Recognition process: Specificity and organisation in early human development
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Sander, L. (1991). Recognition process: Specificity and organisation in early human development. Unpublished manuscript.