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Goal Striving, Need Satisfaction, and Longitudinal Well-Being: The Self-Concordance Model

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Abstract

An integrative model of the conative process, which has important ramifications for psychological need satisfaction and hence for individuals' well-being, is presented. The self-concordance of goals (i.e., their consistency with the person's developing interests and core values) plays a dual role in the model. First, those pursuing self-concordant goals put more sustained effort into achieving those goals and thus are more likely to attain them. Second, those who attain self-concordant goals reap greater well-being benefits from their attainment. Attainment-to-well-being effects are mediated by need satisfaction, i.e., daily activity-based experiences of autonomy, competence, and relatedness that accumulate during the period of striving. The model is shown to provide a satisfactory fit to 3 longitudinal data sets and to be independent of the effects of self-efficacy, implementation intentions, avoidance framing, and life skills.

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... 31,32 Self-concordance Self-concordance is a micro-theory of the SDT, 24,33 describing the consistency with an individual's core values, talents, and needs. [34][35][36] Selfconcordant motivation is crucial for the success of health goal pursuit as it can predict greater efforts and more positive emotions, contributing to an individual's well-being. 35,[37][38][39] In their study on the role of self-concordance in IBD self-management, Horvát et al. 40 indicated that this psychological factor signifies an internal capacity, leading to lower quality of life through positive and fewer negative emotions during health goal pursuit. ...
... [34][35][36] Selfconcordant motivation is crucial for the success of health goal pursuit as it can predict greater efforts and more positive emotions, contributing to an individual's well-being. 35,[37][38][39] In their study on the role of self-concordance in IBD self-management, Horvát et al. 40 indicated that this psychological factor signifies an internal capacity, leading to lower quality of life through positive and fewer negative emotions during health goal pursuit. ...
... In the context of personal goals, greater self-efficacy can predict better goal progress and long-term commitment. 35,46 Among patients with IBD, previous studies have indicated that self-efficacy is a relevant component in disease management and coping. [47][48][49] Disease activity and self-management IBD is characterized by an unpredictable course that fluctuates between remission and relapse. ...
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Background Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic condition that significantly affects patients’ physical, mental, and social health, as well as their overall quality of life. Effective management of the disease demands self-management skills, enabling patients to navigate the daily challenges associated with IBD, such as unpredictable flare-ups, frequent hospitalization, severe symptoms, pain, and physical changes. Objectives This study examines the motivational aspects of self-management for patients with IBD and focuses on the role of autonomy and directive support from healthcare professionals in enhancing their self-concordance and self-efficacy. Design From November 2022 to February 2023, a cross-sectional questionnaire study was conducted at the IBD Center of Internal Medicine Clinic in Szeged, Hungary. Methods A total of 374 adult patients with IBD completed the paper–pencil questionnaire, of whom 241 patients (64.4%) had Crohn’s disease, and 133 patients (35.6%) had ulcerative colitis. Results Based on the findings of the path analysis (χ² (8) = 18.914, p = 0.01, comparative fit index = 0.935, TLI = 0.837, root mean squared error of approximation = 0.06), autonomy support positively predicted self-concordance (β = 0.48) and self-efficacy (β = 0.02), particularly during disease relapse. In addition, self-concordance and self-efficacy predicted more positive (βs = 0.28 and 0.35) and fewer negative emotional experiences (βs = −0.09 and −0.20). The model’s associations varied between the relapse and remission groups, indicating distinct impacts on different states of the disease. Conclusion Overall, autonomy support from healthcare professionals has been shown to enhance self-management in patients with IBD, particularly during disease relapse. Meanwhile, self-concordance and self-efficacy act as positive internal factors, thus reducing negative emotional experiences, especially during remission. In sum, this study underscores the need for further exploration of the motivational aspects of self-management and provides insights into developing interventions that promote the health behaviors of patients with IBD.
... Immediately after the task, participants were asked to fill out a survey questionnaire on their demographic information. In the questionnaire, we also measured control variables that were potentially important in the context of cyberloafing, such as interest in the task (Van Yperen, 2003), effort toward the task (Sheldon & Elliot, 1999), exhaustion from the task (Moore, 2000), and satisfaction with the task (Moore, 2000;Sheldon & Elliot, 1999). Subjects performed five rounds of different tasks, and the same survey followed each round. ...
... Immediately after the task, participants were asked to fill out a survey questionnaire on their demographic information. In the questionnaire, we also measured control variables that were potentially important in the context of cyberloafing, such as interest in the task (Van Yperen, 2003), effort toward the task (Sheldon & Elliot, 1999), exhaustion from the task (Moore, 2000), and satisfaction with the task (Moore, 2000;Sheldon & Elliot, 1999). Subjects performed five rounds of different tasks, and the same survey followed each round. ...
... Interest, defined as a mental state of being intrigued, curious, or attracted by a task, was measured by three items adapted from Van Yperen (2003). We used three items adapted from Sheldon & Elliot (1999) to measure effort, which refers to the degree to which a person exerts himself or herself to complete a task. Exhaustion, which means the depletion of mental resources, was measured by three items borrowed from Moore (2000). ...
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With the widespread use of computers and the internet in the workplace, computer use for personal reasons during work time, or cyberloafing, has become quite common. Without a clear understanding of the consequences of cyberloafing, practitioners cannot properly design an IT policy aimed at managing employees' cyberloafing. This study aims to develop and test a model of the relationship between cyberloafing and task performance. Specifically, we attempt to demonstrate how performance-based monetary incentives and time change the role of cyberloafing in task performance. Drawing on the theory of goal setting and the capacity theory of attention, we developed research hypotheses on how cyberloafing interacts with incentives and time to influence task performance. To test the hypotheses, we conducted five 2 × 2 experiments repeatedly on 189 subjects. The results of hierarchical linear modeling showed that although cyberloafing generally worsened task performance, this relationship varied with performance-based monetary incentives. Incentives significantly diminished the negative effect of cyberloafing on task performance. However, as our theory predicted, the moderating effect of incentives decreased over time. More specifically, we found that the two-way interaction between cyberloafing and incentives was in effect during earlier phases but gradually disappeared over time. This study contributes to IS research and practice by providing valuable insights into the role of cyberloafing in task performance and how this relationship changes over time with the option of performance-based monetary incentives.
... Second, we find that craft copreneurs experience greater consistency between family, home, and work values than their non-copreneurial peers. The integrated expression of craft's value-rationality amplifies the motivational and achievement effects of aligning copreneurs' personal and professional values, resulting in self-concordance (Sheldon & Elliot, 1999;Sheldon & Houser-Marko, 2001). The distinctive marriage of craft and copreneurial values -notable because copreneurship is not inherently value-rational and craft does not require integration across home-work boundaries -appears to encourage organizational persistence. ...
... That is, the integration of personal and professional values within a venture wherein values find a voice amplifies commitment to organizational persistence for copreneurs, but not for other founding teams. We conclude that family and professional value-congruence -a form of goal selfconcordance (Sheldon & Elliot, 1999;Sheldon & Houser-Marko, 2001) -and the reinforcement of value rationality encourages commitment to and the persistence of craft copreneurial firms. ...
... This suggests that craft copreneurship encourages self-concordance and reinforces the value rationality inherent in craft organizing, thereby encouraging organizational persistence. According to self-concordance theory, motivation increases when personal and professional goals and values are aligned (Sheldon & Elliot, 1999;Sheldon & Houser-Marko, 2001). When actors' work encourages the enactment of those goals and values, not only does their satisfaction increase, but so does their ability to achieve those goals (Sheldon & Elliot, 1999;Sheldon & Houser-Marko, 2001). ...
... There additionally needs to be some formalism or technique that can explicitly represent and manage these objectives, i.e., goals. A technique to select and achieve goals on its own is not sufficient, there needs to be some criteria or mechanism that assures that the selected objectives are in alignment with the agent's identity and value system; currently many systems exist that address some of our stated sub-problems [9,14,31,37,38,40], however, to our knowledge the use of the empirically based goal-self concordance theory to achieve agent-goal congruence [24,35,36] is novel. And lastly, we will also need to establish how the results of managing and achieving goals impacts the identity and value system. ...
... Goal reasoning in artificially intelligent systems and self-regulation in humans are volitional mechanisms that have the end of selecting goals and determining how and when they are pursued [32,36]. Goal pursuit and achievement among humans is described by Self-Regulation Theory [23] which maps very well onto the AI technique called goal reasoning (GR) [3,10,20,25], which is our selected formalism to address the sub-problem to represent and manage agent objectives; GR however, doesn't incorporate the motivation system effects experienced by humans during goal pursuit activities, so we model a subset of those described by self-regulation. ...
Article
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An autonomous agent deployed to operate over extended horizons in uncertain environments will encounter situations for which it was not designed. A class of these situations involves an invalidation of agent goals and limited guidance in establishing a new set of goals to pursue. An agent will benefit from some mechanism that will allow it to pursue new goals under these circumstances such that the goals are broadly useful in its environment and take advantage of its existing skills while aligning with societal norms. We propose augmenting a goal reasoning agent, i.e., an agent that can deliberate on and self-select its goals, with a motivation system that can be used to both constrain and motivate agent behavior. A human-like motivation system coupled with a goal-self concordant selection technique allows the approach to be framed as an optimization problem in which the agent selects goals that have high utility while simultaneously in harmony with its motivations. Over the agent’s operational lifespan its motivation system adjusts incrementally to more closely reflect the reality of its goal reasoning and goal pursuit experiences. Experiments performed with an ablation testing technique comparing the average utility of goals achieved in the presence and absence of a motivation system suggest that the motivated version of the system leads to pursuing more useful goals than the baseline.
... The goal self-concordance model (Sheldon & Elliot, 1999) focuses on the importance of pursuing goals that reflect an individual's original self. These are goals that are consistent with one's core interests, values, and beliefs and stem from his inner motivation. ...
... A number of 100 (58 girls and 42 boys) (based on the formula of Fidell and Tabachnick) were selected using convenience sampling. The data were collected by the goal self-concordance Scale (Sheldon & Elliot, 1999), Perfectionism Questionnaire (Hill et al., 2004) and Mindfulness Questionnaire (Bauer et al., 2006), Positive Emotion Scale (Watson et al., 1988). Data were analyzed by stepwise regression and computed in SPSS-22 software. ...
Article
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This study aimed to identify the role of mindfulness, maladaptive perfectionism, and positive affect in goal self-concordance. The method of this research was descriptive and correlational. The sample included 100 secondary school students in Isfahan in the academic year 2020-2021, who were selected by convenience sampling. Mindfulness Questionnaires, Maladaptive Perfectionism, Positive Affect, and Self-Efficacy were used to collect data. Data were analyzed using stepwise regression analysis. Data were analyzed using correlation coefficient and linear regression analysis. In stepwise regression, in the first step, the variable of mindfulness was entered and in the second step, the variable of maladaptive perfectionism was added, and finally, this regression model was able to predict 37% of the variance of goal self-concordance. However, the positive affect variable did not enter the regression equation due to the lack of predictive power. These findings provide new evidence on the importance of choosing self-concordance goals in life and identifying the factors influencing this choice.
... Achievement Goal Theory, as defined by Martin and Liem (2010), identifies mastery and performance goals as the primary sources of individuals' goal orientation. Furthermore, the Self-Concordance Model (Sheldon & Elliot, 1999) emphasizes the self-referenced nature of growth goals, highlighting the balance between goals, personal values, and interests. Based on a growth-oriented approach, goal-setting theory focuses on students' efforts to accomplish their academic tasks (Locke & Latham, 2002). ...
... The interview protocol was designed to elicit information about the participants' self-set goals, their strategies for achieving these goals, and the factors that influenced the formation and pursuit of their PBGs. The interview questions were informed by the conceptual framework of PBGs, as outlined in the existing literature (e.g., Martin, 2006;Sheldon & Elliot, 1999). ...
Article
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This study examined the impact of integrating Emotional Intelligence (EI) enhancement interventions into Computer-Assisted Language Learning (CALL) environments on English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners' oral skills, Personal Best Goals (PBGs), and self-efficacy. Employing a sequential explanatory mixed-methods approach, the study involved two intact classes of grade 11 learners in Malaysia, with the experimental group receiving targeted EI enhancement activities within a CALL platform, while the control group received standard CALL-based instruction. Pre-and posttest measures, along with semi-structured interviews, were used to assess the effects of the interventions. The results revealed that the experimental group outperformed the control group on posttest measures of oral proficiency, 553 indicating the effectiveness of EI-focused interventions in improving learners' oral skills. Furthermore, thematic analysis of the interviews identified themes related to the development of PBGs and self-efficacy within the CALL environment, highlighting the positive impact of EI enhancement on learners' goal-setting behaviors and confidence in language learning tasks. The findings underscore the potential of leveraging technology-enhanced language learning environments to promote the holistic development of learners' emotional, cognitive, and interpersonal competencies. This study contributes to the existing literature by providing empirical evidence of the interconnectedness between emotional factors, language learning outcomes, and learner motivation and engagement in CALL contexts. The study's implications for language teachers, materials developers, syllabus designers, policymakers, and suggestions for future research are discussed.
... Нині розвитку стресостійкості загалом та окремих її компонентів присвячено чимало праць сучасних фахівців. Зокрема, проблему мотивації до професійної та бойової діяльності розглянуто у роботах О. Хміляра [28], О. Колесніченка, Я. Мацегори, І. Приходька [21], О. Ковальчука [10], У. Гуляк [4], О. Музики [16], В. Циганка [29], Е. Елліота, К. Шелдона [34] та ін. Важливість когнітивно-інтелектуальної сфери особистості у подоланні стресу аналізували Л. Засєкіна [7], І. Немінський, О. Сафін [22] та ін. ...
... Шелдон та Е.Дж. Елліот у дослідженні про мотивацію зазначили, що людина найбільш внутрішньо вмотивована на виконання тих завдань, які відповідають її цінностям [34]. У контексті зазначеної проблематики експерти з мотивації Ш. Шварц і М. Рокич наголошують на прив'язаності цінностей і мотивації, описують їх як принципово мотиваційні та стверджують, що цінності є сполучною ланкою між більш загальним мотиваційним конструктом потреб і конкретнішим мотиваційним конструктом цілей [35]. ...
Article
У статті проаналізовано компоненти стресостійкості військовослужбовців механізованих підрозділів і розглянуто основні підходи до їхнього розвитку. В основу дослідження покладено аналіз сучасних, закордонних і вітчизняних наукових джерел. Відповідно до напряму наукового пошуку стресостійкість військовослужбовців механізованих підрозділів проаналізовано у межах чотирьох компонентів: ціннісно-мотиваційного, когнітивно-інтелектуального, емоційно-вольового та поведінкового. Ціннісно-мотиваційний компонент відбиває систему мотивів, потреб і цінностей військовослужбовців. Когнітивно-інтелектуальний компонент розглянуто через систему всіх пізнавальних процесів індивіда (відчуття, сприймання, пам’ять, уяву, мислення). Емоційно-вольовий компонент поєднує емоції, почуття та вольові якості військовослужбовця. Поведінковий компонент розглянуто у межах вибору військовослужбовцем конструктивних копінг-стратегій поведінки у стресовій ситуації. Проаналізовано методи підвищення мотивації військовослужбовців механізованих підрозділів, виокремлено підходи до розвитку їх психічних і психофізіологічних властивостей. Встановлено, що розвиток структурних компонентів стресостійкості військовослужбовців механізованих підрозділів залежатиме від низки послідовних взаємопов’язаних процесів: чіткого усвідомлення військовослужбовцями мети та сенсу особистісного перебування на війні; проведення реалістичних стресових тренувань під час занять із психологічної підготовки як способу реалізації знань, умінь і навичок, необхідних для збереження оптималь- ного психофізіологічного стану військовослужбовців у бою; свідомого контролю за своєю поведінкою у бою, зокрема вироблення вольових якостей, необхідних для виконання важливих бойових завдань, через оволодін- ня навичками емоційно-вольової саморегуляції та позитивного мислення.
... Relevant studies (Reis et al., 2000;Sheldon & Elliot, 1999) have suggested that as the level of daily satisfaction of an individual's psychological needs increases, their positive emotions increase and their psychosomatic problems and negative emotions decrease. In their research on university students, İlhan and Özbay (2010) found that individuals who satisfied their psychological needs had higher levels of subjective well-being. ...
Article
Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the psychological need satisfaction levels of foster families. Design/Methodology/Approach: The present study is descriptive and cross-sectional. Data were collected between July 1 and 30, 2020, from 138 volunteer foster parents living in Turkey. Findings: The Need Satisfaction Scale was a significant difference was found by age group in the subscale and overall scale scores of the individuals participating in the study. Significant differences by families’ educational status were only present in the Competence subscale. Significant differences by age at which they became foster families were found in the Autonomy subscale and overall scores, and significant differences by age of fostered child were found in the Competence and overall scores (p
... Individuals gain insight into their underlying values A. Jasbi Fig. 2 The goal-setting card. Source Bøthun and Jasbi's illustration (2023) and desires by delving into the rationale behind their goals (Sheldon & Elliot, 1999). When goals are chosen with consideration and alignment with one's intrinsic motivations, they are more likely to lead to fulfilling outcomes and meaningful progress (Brunstein et al., 1998). ...
Chapter
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In this chapter, I explore a goal-setting intervention aimed at improving adolescents’ oral health, incorporating insights from participatory design, salutogenesis and hope theory, and goal-setting approach. The intervention, a goal-setting card, was tested as part of a school-based intervention, reflecting collaborative efforts between adolescents and dental professionals. The intervention was tested and evaluated with 76 adolescents from 8 and 10th grades. We assessed the intervention through observations of the tests, focus group interviews after the test and two months after the test, and real-time feedback at the end of the tests. The study highlights the steps in developing the goal-setting intervention in promoting adolescent oral health and identifies areas for further development. While recognizing the significance of goal setting, in this chapter, I explain various obstacles faced in testing the intervention in this age group. These challenges, as detailed in the discussion, contain multiple aspects of the intervention process and adolescent behavior.
... For instance, if one is committed to a purpose, but experiences a lack of integrity in their commitments, that purpose may not be stably pursued or it may be pursued ambivalently, with conflicted emotion given the perceived costs of that purpose for other commitments. Psychology has found negative consequences for such conflict between goals and ambivalence within goals (Emmons, 1999;Emmons & King, 1988;Sheldon & Elliot, 1999). ...
Chapter
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Virtuous purpose development and education are considered. Life design education is presented as exemplifying some key facets of education for virtuous purpose. This draws on the 4 Es approach to virtues, which emphasizes ends, ethic, excellence, and emergence. Virtuous purpose is addressed in light of the 4 Es. Both moral and intellectual virtues are considered, with special focus on wisdom, integrity, imagination, and creativity as virtues supporting virtuous purpose. Educational implications of this approach are explored, especially relating to educational practices supporting the development of wisdom, integrity, imagination, and creativity. These include constructive and critical engagement with philosophy, autonomy support, and providing examples of an opportunity for creative exploration and expression. Limitations and future directions in current research are considered, especially regarding educating for virtuous purpose outside of secondary and tertiary education.
... Indeed, values are more rooted in the cognitive domain than traits, so traits with a more pronounced cognitive component tend to be more closely related to values. In contrast, values are not emotional variables, although they can evoke negative emotions when they are violated or positive emotions when they are fulfilled (Locke, 1997;Sheldon & Elliot, 1999). ...
Article
The aim of this study is to analyze whether disvalues—that is, undesirable traits and emotions that have a negative impact on the individual and are reflected in the Seven Deadly Sins (anger, envy, gluttony, greed, lust, pride, and sloth) and the Dark Triad traits (narcissism, machiavellianism, and psychopathy)—have a predictive power for pathological and uncontrollable shopping behavior (compulsive shopping). Two studies were conducted on as many consumer samples to examine the relationship between disvalues and compulsive shopping behavior and the influence of personality traits on this relationship. The results of Study 1 confirmed that anger, envy, gluttony, and pride, as well as psychopathy directly influence compulsive shopping behavior. In addition, two types of consumers were identified: those who are guided by values (Sober and Light consumers) and those who are guided by disvalues (Vicious and Dark consumers). Only the latter exhibit a high levels of compulsive shopping behavior. Study 2 found that personality traits (in terms of the Big Five factors) moderate the relationship between disvalues and compulsive shopping behavior. More specifically, this relationship is negatively moderated by conscientiousness and agreeableness, and positively moderated by neuroticism.
... Internal LOC correlates positively with job satisfaction and job performance (Judge & Bono, 2001), which satisfies the need for achievement. People who follow targets for autonomous reasons show better adaptability than those who are driven by external causes (Sheldon & Elliot, 1999). When driven by internal motives, people make more effort to achieve goals, as well as have greater well-being benefits. ...
Conference Paper
In Western culture people suffer from poor authenticity, but being authentic in daily life is positively linked to well-being in the future and this link is one-directional. The study aims to understand locus of control and value dimension influence on authenticity by using regression analyses. In accordance with previous studies, the locus of control affects an individual’s sense of authenticity. Results of this study show, that internal locus of control and self-transcendence value dimension positively but self-enhancement value dimension negatively influence authentic living; external locus of control and self-enhancement value dimension positively but self-transcendence value dimension negatively influence self-alienation; and self-enhancement and conservation value dimensions positively but openness to change value dimension negatively influence accepting external influence. The locus of control has no effect on accepting external influence. In addition, this study shows the effect of two value dimensions on two authenticity indicators: high self-enhancement and low self-transcendence value dimensions influence higher levels of self-alienation, which negatively affects the sense of authenticity. The opposite in the hierarchy of these values – high self-transcendence and low self-enhancement value dimensions create higher rates of authentic living, which positively influences feelings of authenticity. Self-alienation and accepting external influence are negatively related to authentic living. Environment plays a significant role.
... The experience of satisfaction with life as an entrepreneur is not free from these values and qualitative distinctions, and without realising this fact and how much satisfaction is realised within a symbolic system of integration (Dupré, 1993;Rieff, 1987), within a community, language, and history, the reflective stance taken in the experience of ELS is empty and devoid of content. Thus, researchers must account for both underlying motives for engagement and higher-order life goals and aspirations (Deci & Ryan, 2000;Sheldon & Elliot, 1999), as well as evaluative judgments concerning these motivational constructs. While our focus on early experienced volition and its moralisation (Kwon et al., 2023) addresses an aspect of this motivational structure, it also raises important questions concerning the background of this experienced volition and the standards and values that will eventually excite this sense of entrepreneurial fulfilment and life satisfaction. ...
Article
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This study explores how being satisfied with one’s life as an entrepreneur is a crucial ethical and psychological outcome of early volition and, subsequently, a vital resource in the development of a richer eudaimonic experience from entrepreneurship. We develop and test our predictions based on two independent datasets: American and Swedish business owners and early stage entrepreneurs. We argue and demonstrate that satisfaction with life as an entrepreneur conveys a distinct state of entrepreneurial well-being and constitutes a crucial self-evaluation which mediates the effects of early volition in entrepreneurship on long-term eudaimonia. We contribute to the emerging conversations on entrepreneurship, business ethics, and well-being.
... However, those with lower levels of purpose may not regulate themselves towards personal goals and values, and may not have a sense of knowing "what to do?" (George & Park, 2016;Martela & Steger, 2016). Previous research has demonstrated that having a clear vision, a purpose, and pursuing personal valued goals lead to the fulfilment of basic psychological needs, further resulting in positive changes in subjective well-being (Sheldon & Elliot, 1999). Purpose is positively associated with well-being outcomes (Steger, 2012), reduced mortality risk (Cohen et al., 2016), and longevity (Hill & Turiano, 2014) while it negatively relates to hopelessness (Marco et al., 2020), depression, and anxiety (Boreham & Schutte, 2023). ...
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Previous research supports the tripartite framework of meaning in life (MiL).The Three Dimensional Meaning in Life Scale (3DM) is a self-report measure drawing upon the tripartite framework, comprising of coherence, purpose, and significance. The primary goal of the present research is to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the 3DM, and to assess how 3DM and its subscales relate to mental health and psychopathology indicators in a Turkish-speaking adult sample. The study employs a sample of 702 participants, of which 540 are female. The methods employed include confirmatory factor analysis, measurement invariance analyses, Pearson’s correlation tests, reliability analyses, regression analyses, and independent samples t-tests. The 11-item, three-factor structure of the 3DM was verified to be replicated in the Turkish version by the first-order confirmatory factor analysis: [(χ2 = 181, df = 40, p = .00)], CFI = .98, TLI = .97, RMSEA = .071,90%CI[.060, .081], SRMR = .03. Internal consistency coefficients of the subscales and the 3DM total demonstrated strong reliability with strong item-total correlations. The correlation coefficients of the 3DM supported concurrent and divergent validity. Additionally, the 3DM predicted well-being and psychopathology indicators. Measurement invariance analyses of the subscales revealed that coherence, purpose, and significance scales were consistent and equivalent across gender. According to the findings, the Turkish version of the 3DM is a valid and reliable scale when administered among adult Turkish-speaking individuals.
... The relationship between value congruence and attitudes toward policy support could be more nuanced than previously thought. 60 The self-concordance model 68 and regulatory focus theory 69 provide a theoretical framework for understanding these nuanced patterns. For social focus values, extreme congruence between personal and cultural values could enhance motivation to support pandemic restrictions, as they are perceived as selfconcordant and aligned with authentic interests. ...
Article
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Objectives: We explored the roles of personal values and value congruence一the alignment between individual and national values一in predicting public support for pandemic restrictions across 20 European countries. Study design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: We analyzed multinational European survey data (N = 34,356) using Schwartz's values theory and person-environment fit theory. Multilevel polynomial regression was employed to assess the linear and curvilinear effects of personal values on policy support. Multilevel Euclidean similarity analysis and response surface analysis were conducted to evaluate the impact of value congruence and delineate nuanced congruence patterns. Results: Findings revealed that extreme levels of security, conformity, stimulation, hedonism, and achievement values were associated with decreased policy support. Value congruence with security, conformity, and benevolence increased support, while congruence with stimulation, hedonism, and achievement reduced it. High congruence between personal and national social focus values significantly boosted policy support. Extreme mismatches in self-direction values amplified support. Societal power exceeding personal power also increased support. Matched levels of hedonism motivated greater support, while stimulation and achievement value (in)congruence showed little impact. Conclusions: We highlight the differential effects of personal values and value congruence on public attitudes toward pandemic restrictions. The findings underscore the importance of considering the interplay between individual and societal values when designing and implementing effective pandemic response strategies.
... Sheldon & Houser-Marko (2001) used a five-wave panel design to test if the upward spiral of broaden-and-build theory holds for goal striving and motivation. More specifically, if initial self-concordant motivation (i.e., goals that are aligned with one's values and beliefs; Milyavskaya et al., 2014;Sheldon & Elliot, 1999) would indirectly predict increased well-being through goal attainment, creating a self-reinforcing cycle (i.e., increased motivation for future striving, even better attainment, and then further increases in well-being). When initiated, maintaining the upward spiral is a different story. ...
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One effective route to increasing well-being is through the pursuit of activities which suit a person’s personality strengths (i.e., person-activity fit). People who strive for achievement tend to organize their behaviors in ways that promote goal attainment and well-being. We tested the hypothesized process that achievement striving would lead to increased well-being over time through feelings of competence and flow. A secondary aim was to describe the types of personally valued activities and whether activity type facilitates competence and flow. Undergraduate students (N = 346 at Time 1; N = 244 at Time 2) completed an online survey measuring personality, personally expressive activities, basic psychological need satisfaction, flow, and well-being at two timepoints ~ 4 months apart. Two coders thematically coded activities into seven types (e.g., reading and writing, hobbies). We used cross-sectional and longitudinal serial mediation models to test our hypothesis with eudaimonic (life worth) and hedonic (life satisfaction) well-being, controlling for sample characteristics (recruitment source and term). Achievement striving was positively correlated to competence and well-being, but the indirect effects did not show that well-being is boosted by feeling competent and in flow during in personally expressive activities, cross-sectionally or longitudinally. Perceived competence was comparable across activity types, although flow was highest in reading and writing activities. While achievement strivers tended to feel happy and competent at personally expressive activities, the mechanistic pathway to well-being is not yet clear. Future studies might recruit larger sample sizes and utilize smaller time lags (e.g., ecological momentary assessment).
... In sum, we build upon previous intrapersonal and interpersonal authenticity work in organizational science (Heppner, Kernis, Nezlek, Foster, Lakey & Goldman, 2008;Peus, Wesche, Streicher, Braun & Frey, 2012;Sheldon & Elliot, 1999) by integrating the structural lens on policy and the intersectional lens on identity. This framework seeks to move conversations in the authenticity domain beyond the dichotomous spectrum of simply "choosing" to bring one's whole self to work or not, to consider disadvantages and privileges that are innate within such conversations and efforts. ...
... While self-determination theory research has explored the relationship between goals, needs, and various conceptualizations of well-being, including hedonic well-being, scholars maintain a distinction between hedonic and eudaimonic well-being (Ryan & Deci, 2001). Although some conditions may foster hedonic well-being without promoting eudaimonic well-being (Nix et al., 1999), the satisfaction of psychological needs is relevant to both eudaimonic and hedonic aspects of well-being (Sheldon & Kasser, 1998;Sheldon & Elliot, 1999;Reis et al., 2000;Sheldon et al., 1996). ...
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The pursuit of well-being goes beyond seeking pleasure and satisfaction. Aristotle's concept of "eudemonia" highlights human flourishing and the development of one's full potential. In psychology, subjective well-being has expanded to include a more holistic understanding of well-being. The Paper builds on Aristotle's ideas and modern positive psychology to define and measure eudaimonic well-being (focusing on living a meaningful life). It explores links to social factors, work-life experiences, health, and future research directions including: socioeconomic inequality, the role of arts and humanities, and ethical entrepreneurship. This paper aims to closely interpret Aristotle's perspective and examine how it aligns or diverges from its use in contemporary psychology, thereby providing a clearer theoretical framework. Eudemonia is discussed as an ethical idea that represents the highest form of living, emerging naturally from human qualities. It's an active pursuit involving subjective experiences and the striving for goals that are inherently valuable for humans. While eudemonia represents a singular approach to life, it encompasses various elements like a sense of belonging, justice, and social harmony. The concept is distinct from mere pleasure-seeking (hedonic) and is about leading a complete life characterized by virtue of excellence. Aristotle viewed it as the ultimate purpose of human existence. Psychological research on eudaimonic well-being encompasses areas such as psychological well-being theory, self-determination theory, and meaning in life. Future research directions in eudaimonic well-being will also be discussed.
... The notion of goals has been an important theoretical concept for describing how people achieve a desired end state (Gollwitzer, 1996;Kwak et al., 2022;Locke & Latham, 2002;Sheldon & Elliot, 1999). Locke and Latham (2002) noted that "a goal is the object or aim of an action, for example, to attain a specific standard of proficiency, usually within a specified time limit (p. ...
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... Consequently, individuals strive to fulfill these needs, and when successful, they achieve psychological growth (e.g., intrinsic motivation), integrity (e.g., internalization and assimilation of cultural practices), and well-being (e.g., life satisfaction and psychological health [52]), as well as experiences of vitality [53] and self-congruence [54]. ...
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... Research in organizational behavior and human resource management provides empirical support for the benefits of aligning personal and organizational goals. Studies by Sheldon and Elliot (1999) have shown that when employees perceive a strong alignment between their personal goals and the objectives of their organization, they exhibit higher levels of job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and motivation. In the context of sustainable tourism, argue that alignment between employees' personal values and the sustainable goals of tourism organizations leads to more effective implementation of sustainability practices, as employees are more engaged and proactive in contributing to these initiatives. ...
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The tourism industry, characterized by its dynamic and service-oriented nature, is at a pivotal juncture where the sustainability of its practices and the well-being of its workforce are of paramount concern. The concept of workplace spirituality has emerged as a critical element in addressing these concerns, offering a holistic approach to developing future tourism human resources. This paper aims to investigate the connection between workplace spirituality and its impact on sustainable tourism practices, alongside examining the pivotal role that tertiary tourism vocational education holds in nurturing human resources endowed with a profound sense of workplace spirituality. It underscores the critical insight that sustainable tourism can only be achieved through human resources who prioritize spirituality, genuine contribution, and self-awareness. As conclusion, it is found that the integration of workplace spirituality into both the practice of sustainable tourism and the educational processes of tertiary tourism vocational schools presents a promising pathway for developing tourism human resources. This approach recognizes the intrinsic value of spiritual well-being in the workplace and its ripple effect on organizational success, employee satisfaction, and sustainable development. As the tourism industry continues to evolve, the emphasis on workplace spirituality will not only differentiate competitive talents but also pave the way for a more sustainable, ethical, and fulfilling future for tourism.
... Consistent with SDT's viewpoint on different types of motivation, some participants may truly want to engage in the training (e.g., to improve their mental health) whereas others may feel forced (e.g., driven by guilt). Prior work found that autonomous or volitional, relative to the controlled or pressured, pursuit of goals predicts greater goal-attainment (Sheldon & Elliot, 1999). Also, prior work in the domains of education, health care, and sports has shown that autonomous motivation predicts greater retention (e.g., Vallerand et al., 1997;Vansteenkiste et al., 2005). ...
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Abundant research has shown that the support of students’ basic needs for autonomy, relatedness, and competence contributes to higher motivation and mental health. Yet, whether students themselves can craft their own need satisfactions and be trained herein has rarely been examined. The findings of the present online intervention study among university students indicates that a brief 7-day training on need crafting during a stressful period suffices to foster greater need satisfaction and well-being, while reducing need frustration and ill-being, with enhanced need crafting accounting for the training benefits. These effects were somewhat stronger for participants who were more actively engaged in the program, but did not depend on participants’ type of motivation to initiate the training, the self-chosen pacing of the training or their use of WhatsApp during the training. Yet, more autonomously motivated participants, those using WhatsApp and choosing the fast track were less likely to drop-out of the training. The discussion focuses on the role of need crafting as a pro-active skill that fosters well-being and resilience in students.
... An intrinsic motivation to progress towards their business goals could have positively influenced the levels of effort that they exerted towards progressing in coaching (Kotha et al., 2023). While being ambitious positively impacts performance and goal attainment (Locke, 1996), it can equally impact wellbeing negatively (Sheldon & Elliot, 1999), particularly if goals are unrealistic or overly outcome-focused. Coaches can provide support to balance goal attainment of entrepreneurs with MWB by helping them set attainable goals linked to their values and their broader purpose in life (Locke & Latham, 2002). ...
... The benefits of TL have been deployed using a myriad of theories and mechanisms as well. In progressive order, some theories are job characteristics (Hackman and Oldham, 1976;Piccolo & Colquitt, 2006), selfconcept-based (Shamir, House, & Arthur, 1993), selfconcordance (Sheldon & Elliot, 1999;and Bono & Judge, 2003), self-determination (Ryan & Deci, 2000), social networks (Ameri, Honka, and Yie 2023;Bono and Anderson, 2005), contagion (Tims et al., 2011), public service motivation and mission valence (Caillier, 2014), conservation of resources perspective (Lin, Scott, and Matta, 2019), and positive organizational behavior theory (Bak, Jin, and McDonald, 2022). To serve as a beacon for followers, transformational leadership continues to be a sustained and relevant theory addressing leadership. ...
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The brisk growth of sales enablement has granted firms valuable programs and processes, along with random acts of empowerment and missed opportunities. If sales enablement aligns firm resources to improve selling productivity and the customer journey, what are the responsibilities, expectations, and qualifications of the people who hold the senior-level sales enablement role? This study scrutinizes 131 job postings of director-level enablement roles and decodes each to offer the initial analysis of what this role is tasked with and expected to possess. Results show that the main responsibilities involve being a sales catalyst, creating a learning experience, developing marketing, and advancing sales operations initiatives. Expectations include being both an internal and external liaison, providing leadership, and being a systematic problem solver. Lastly, the main qualifications being sought in this role include possessing diverse experience already, having varied communication capabilities, distinct individual abilities, and collaborative skills to affect change and implementation. Journal of Selling
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Purpose The present study attempts to extend our understanding of the application of self-determination theory. The study examines the mediating role of self-efficacy and self-esteem in the relationship between family motivation and academic performance. Design/methodology/approach Through adopting a survey questionnaire, we collected 329 responses from management educators (faculty members teaching in business schools) from various universities. Findings The data were analyzed using the partial least square structural equation modeling technique. All the hypothesized relationships found empirical support, indicating that family motivation is directly related to academic performance. Furthermore, self-efficacy and self-esteem mediate this direct relationship. Originality/value The paper forwards robust theoretical and practical implications and underlines important directions for future researchers. The study makes novel contributions to relationships inviting for empirical attention.
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Resources are critical for family‐work enrichment (FWE), meaning that more resources facilitate higher FWE. This suggests that living with overqualified partners—those with surplus skills, abilities, and work experience—might increase spouses’ FWE. However, this may not always be true, as overqualified employees may lack motivation or opportunities to transfer their surplus resources to home domains, thereby reducing their spouses’ FWE. Drawing on the crossover of resources theory, this study posits that the nature of this relationship depends on employees’ schedule control or the competitive climate via social support for spouses. We examined the proposed moderated mediation model in two studies. Study 1 (N = 246) was based on a sample of hospital employees and their spouses, and Study 2 (N = 328) used matched data from employees of an information technology company and their spouses. Study 1 showed that when schedule control was higher or competitive climate was lower, perceived overqualification was positively related to spouses’ FWE through increased social support. We constructively replicated these effects in Study 2 using (a) instrumental and emotional support; (b) additional outcomes such as spouses’ job performance and work well‐being; and (c) alternative mediators and moderators. Across the two studies, our research supports the transfer of the surplus resources of overqualified employees to facilitate their spouses’ FWE in favorable work contexts.
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Hedonic, eudaimonic, and extrinsic motives in daily activities affect well-being outcomes. Hedonic motives refer to pleasure and comfort pursuit. Eudaimonic motives include pursuing excellence, authenticity, growth, meaning, and value-congruent activity. Extrinsic motives encompass the pursuit of fame, power, status, material wealth, and popularity. Previous research has laid emphasis on the connections of well-being motives and outcomes. However, these studies do not largely focus on personal goal selection and pursuit. This study adopts the Self-Concordance Model (SCM), and investigates the mediating role of goal self-concordance between well-being motives and outcomes including positive affect, negative affect, meaning in life, and life satisfaction. A total of 823 participants (Age mean = 23,41, SD = 6,94) took part in the study. The results showed that eudaimonic and extrinsic motives had associations with most of the well-being outcomes while hedonic motivation interestingly demonstrated no associations with them. Furthermore, goal self-concordance substantially mediated the positive effects of eudaimonic motivation and the negative effects of extrinsic motivation on well-being outcomes. Implications of well-being motives and outcomes in the context of personal goals are discussed.
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This chapter explores the various motivations driving individuals and organizations to engage in environmental leadership and pro-environmental practices. These motivations are rooted in a combination of intrinsic factors, such as personal values, ethical imperatives, and environmental stewardship, as well as extrinsic factors, including social support, regulatory pressures, and economic incentives. Additionally, an integrative and systems perspective emphasizes the importance of long-term sustainability approaches over short-term gains. The chapter also addresses the challenges associated with the traditional concept of leadership, which often embodies a hierarchical and individualistic paradigm. It presents an innovative perspective based on Keith Grint’s analytical typology, which categorizes leadership into five distinct dimensions: person, position, process, results, and purpose. This typology is applied to the context of environmental leadership and illustrated through a review of a previous study that examined various leadership dimensions within conservation programs. This analysis sheds light on how leaders and leadership are socially constructed within environmental contexts, providing a comprehensive view of leadership. Furthermore, the chapter explores how environmental leaders exert influence across different scales within organizational structures, highlighting a two-dimensional framework characterized by two distinct yet interrelated levels of influence—individual and organizational—and two types of influence relationships—internal and external.
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There is an emerging debate around the idea that goals can shape perceptual experiences, guiding people to act in a goal-directed manner. The degree to which a person’s motivation for goal striving is derived from internal versus external sources and aligns with their values, beliefs, and self-concept (i.e., self-concordance) plays an important role in determining successful goal pursuit but has been an overlooked factor in the research surrounding goal-driven perceptual phenomena. In the present experiment n = 66 participants determined whether stimuli depicting crowds of moving people contained 10 or more individuals. We assigned participants to either a threat-goal condition, emphasizing the potential for threat in large crowds, or a control condition which had no additional justification for the task. We measured goal self-concordance for the task and manipulated both the size of the crowd and the proportion of individuals in the crowd performing threatening actions across trials. Self-concordance predicted less accurate responding, with participants over-estimating small crowds and under-estimating large crowds. Additionally, participants with self-concordant motivation in the threat-goal condition had faster reaction times and were less influenced by task instructions. Our findings suggest that the self-concordance of motivation for a task may influence the way participants respond to stimuli, rather than the way they perceive them.
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Purpose This study emphasises the importance of both literal and figurative interpretations in explaining training and adjustment (cross-cultural) diversity in a multinational enterprise (MNE) context. Design/methodology/approach The study employs structural equation models applied to employees relocated to a Malaysian subsidiary. It emphasises the importance of distinguishing between measurement, analysis and interpretation. This distinction highlights the need to not only directly quantify variables but also indirectly interpret their relationships to address diversity. Findings The findings underscore the significance of figurative interpretation in understanding diversity, particularly at the micro level. Literal interpretation focuses on direct analysis, while figurative interpretation involves an indirect analysis where diversity may not be immediately evident. The study suggests that considering both macro and micro levels is essential in understanding training and adjustment diversity. Originality/value This study offers a novel perspective by incorporating both literal and figurative interpretations to deepen the understanding of diversity in international business contexts. It uniquely positions itself by distinguishing between the direct quantification of variables and the indirect interpretation of their relationships. This dual approach enables a more comprehensive understanding of how training, adjustment, compliance with standards and commitment to expectations interact within MNEs. By advocating for figurative interpretation, the study encourages a more holistic analysis that extends beyond surface-level metrics, providing valuable insights for future research. It also paves the way for practitioners to develop strategies that not only address diversity at both macro and micro levels but also foster adaptability within culturally diverse work environments.
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Self‐quantification technology is increasingly and irrevocably transforming consumers' relationships with their own minds and bodies. However, existing research findings on the contribution of self‐quantification to consumer well‐being are disparate. Given the popularity of self‐quantification technology among consumers in the post‐pandemic era and its inherent transformative nature, it is surprising that this gap remains unaddressed. To resolve this inconsistency and to examine how and when self‐quantification influences consumer well‐being, we conduct a meta‐analysis of consumer well‐being in the context of self‐quantification technology. Our findings reveal that self‐quantification positively influences consumer well‐being. However, self‐quantification also negatively affects consumer well‐being through body image and self‐esteem. The systematic moderation effects of cultural dimensions (e.g., uncertainty avoidance and individualism), prior experience, data sharing, and sample characteristics on the relationship between self‐quantification and consumer well‐being are also confirmed. While uncertainty avoidance, prior experience, and data sharing accentuate the positive effects of self‐quantification on consumer well‐being, an individualistic culture attenuates this influence. This study contributes to the consumer well‐being literature and extends objectification theory in the context of self‐quantification. These findings will guide practitioners and policymakers in devising strategies and policies to allow self‐quantification technology to be used in a way that enhances consumers' health and well‐being.
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Introduction Major depressive disorders (MDD) are a leading health concern worldwide. While first line medication treatments may fall short of desired therapeutic outcomes, physical activity (PA) interventions appear to be a promising and cost-effective add-on to improve symptoms of depression. This study aimed to address challenges in the assessment of PA in inpatients treated for MDD by examining the correspondence of self-reported and accelerometer-based PA. Methods In 178 inpatients treated for MDD (mean age: M = 41.11 years, SD = 12.84; 45.5% female) and 97 non-depressed controls (mean age: M = 35.24 years, SD = 13.40; 36.1% female), we assessed self-reported PA via the Simple Physical Activity Questionnaire (SIMPAQ) for one week, followed by a week where PA was monitored using an accelerometer device (Actigraph wGT3x-BT). Additionally, we examined correlations between PA levels assessed with the SIMPAQ and exercise determinants in both groups. Results Descriptively, inpatients treated for MDD showed lower levels of light PA on accelerometer-based measures, whereas they self-reported increased levels of certain types of PA on the SIMPAQ. More importantly, there was only a small degree of correspondence between self-reported and actigraphy-based PA levels in both in patients ( r = 0.15, p < 0.05) and controls ( r = 0.03, ns). Only few significant correlations were found for self-reported PA (SIMPAQ subscores) and perceived fitness, whereas self-reported PA and estimated VO 2 max were unrelated. Furthermore, only weak (and mostly statistically non-significant) correlations were found between exercise determinants and SIMPAQ-based exercise behavior in both populations. Discussion Our findings emphasize the intricate challenges in the assessment of PA, not only in inpatients treated for MDD, but also in non-depressed controls. Our findings also underline the necessity for a diversified data assessment. Further efforts are needed to refine and improve PA questionnaires for a more accurate data assessment in psychiatric patients and healthy controls.
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Background and Objective The mental health of economically disadvantaged college students in China is notably inferior to that of their non-disadvantaged peers. As such, these students necessitate a broader spectrum of psychological support beyond mere financial assistance. Seligman’s PERMA theory has established a compelling association between social support and positive emotions with subjective well-being. However, there is a scarcity of research focusing on character strengths within this framework, particularly the mechanisms that underlie their relationship. Hence, this study aims to examine the relationship between character strengths and subjective well-being among Chinese impoverished college students, while also delving into the chain mediating roles of perceived social support and positive emotions. Methods A convenience sampling method was employed to collect cross-sectional data from impoverished college students. Participants (N=336, Mean age=20.67) were assessed using four instruments: the Chinese Virtues Questionnaire (CVQ-96), the Perceived Social Support Scale (PSSS), the Positive and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS), and the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS). Results Character strengths, perceived social support, positive emotions, and subjective well-being were all significantly positively correlated with each other (p<0.01). In addition, regression analysis indicated that character strengths positively predicted perceived social support (β=0.71, p<0.001), positive emotions (β=0.44, p<0.001), and subjective well-being (β=0.52, p<0.001). Perceived social support positively predicted positive emotions (β=0.34, p<0.001), and subjective well-being (β=0.44, p<0.001). Positive emotions positively predicted subjective well-being (β=0.88, p<0.001). Furthermore, chain mediation analysis revealed that character strengths influenced subjective well-being both directly and indirectly through perceived social support and positive emotions. Conclusion Perceived social support and positive emotions play a chain mediating role between character strengths and subjective well-being among impoverished college students.
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This paper explores and establishes a link between positive psychology coaching and business outcomes by investigating the benefits to employees, their well-being, job satisfaction, and organizational performance. The mixed-methods research design involved a quantitative survey involving 200 employees from various industries and qualitative input through semi-structured interviews with 20 managers. The study sought to establish empirical evidence (through statistical data and measurement scales) to support the benefits of positive psychology coaching in business through meeting key criteria and to illustrate the impact of positive psychology coaching on business outcomes both quantitatively and qualitatively. Generally, the findings indicate that there is a strong and positive benefit to implementing positive psychology coaching in the workplace environment, evidently enhancing employee well-being (mean score of 4.2), job satisfaction (mean score of 4.0), and organizational performance (mean score of 4.1). The qualitative analysis provided deeper insights into the process and types of positive psychology coaching interventions that stood out and were more effective. This strategy of thematic analysis on interview transcripts revealed that strengths-based development and goal-setting seemed to be key positive psychological interventions. The findings support existing literature and key theoretical models, such as the PERMA model and the Broaden-and-Build Theory.
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Tourism industry has become the backbone of most countries’ economies. In most countries, it helped and contributed to the growth of the national Gross Domestic Product (GDP). There are many types of tourism businesses that focus on meeting the needs of different types of customers. Trends in the tourism business are always shifting. Nowadays, tourists are attracted to explore something adventurous in nature sites. However, an increase in the number of natural disasters reported in the media lead to uncertainty of the tourism destination. In fact, it has gained the prominence of all agencies, mainly the tourists, especially when it is related to their safety and security issues. Even though outdoor and adventure sports tend to involve risks, many of the tourists still support nature and extreme activities because it is a natural human life that will do something that makes them happy and feel thrilled of extremeness. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to review the relevant literature on how destination image and perceived risk as a mediating role can affect behavioural intention. To prepare the groundwork, for the subsequent literature review, the key terms are explained. This is followed by a comprehensive discussion about the destination image and its elements. This paper concludes that the elements of destination image should be viewed as a set and associated with perceived risk and behavioural intention. The findings provide an all-encompassing understanding of destination image, illustrate the academic evolution of the topic, and point to crucial directions for future research.
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Purpose Utilizing the framework of person-job fit theory and the Model of Proactive Motivation Process and Antecedents, the primary objective of this study is to scrutinize the correlation between perceived overqualification and job crafting, in turn, holds the potential to stimulate innovative work behavior. Additionally, we assess the moderating role of goal self-concordance within this intricate relationship. Design/methodology/approach Employing a three-wave time-lagged survey methodology encompassing 200 institutional staffing in China, we methodically substantiate the proposed model. Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling. Findings Our findings affirm a positive correlation between perceived overqualification and expansion-oriented job crafting, contingent upon the presence of goal self-concordance. Notably, individuals exhibiting a heightened goal self-concordance intensify the relationship between perceived overqualification and expansion-oriented job crafting, thereby fostering an augmented propensity for innovative work behavior. Originality/value This study diverges from prevailing negativity surrounding perceived overqualification, emphasizing the positive influence of expansion-oriented job crafting in reshaping the impact of perceived overqualification on innovative work behavior. It represents the initial exploration into the role that goal self-concordance play in influencing overqualified employees, contributing to an enriched understanding of the intricate interplay.
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Introduction Subjective well‐being, an important index for measuring mental health, is presently declining among junior high school students. Envy, one of their common emotions, is inextricably linked to subjective well‐being. Based on the Dual Envy Theory, our research explores the bidirectional relationship between benign‐malicious envy and subjective well‐being. The mediating role of self‐esteem, as well as the related gender differences, is examined. Methods Chinese middle school students (n = 1566, boys 50.3%, age = 13.96 ± 0.88 years old) were assessed at two time points over a 3‐month interval. Structural equation modeling was used to examine the longitudinal relationships among the variables. Results (1) Cross‐lagged analysis showed a positive bidirectional relationship between benign envy and subjective well‐being and a negative bidirectional relationship between malicious envy and subjective well‐being in the total sample. However, the path from T1 subjective well‐being to T2 malicious envy in boys was not significant. (2) Self‐esteem mediated the relationship between both benign and malicious envy and subjective well‐being among both boys and girls. A Wald chi‐square test showed that T2 self‐esteem was a stronger predictor of T2 benign envy in boys than in girls. Conclusion The results reveal a virtuous cycle of benign envy and subjective well‐being, and a vicious cycle of malicious envy and subjective well‐being, while emphasizing the role of self‐esteem in this process. Gender differences were also noted. These findings have important implications for improving the subjective well‐being of secondary school students and exploring the positive effects of envy.
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With the rise of populism in many countries, including Germany, it is more important than ever to better understand the causes and consequences of populist support. Using two experiments within the context of a large panel survey, we study how support for the German right-wing populist party Alternative für Deutschland (AfD) is associated with subjective perceptions of personal and financial well-being. In both experiments, we rely on priming the identity of AfD supporters, once in a controlled manner and once in a natural setting. We document a causal relationship from AfD support to diminished well-being for new and marginal AfD supporters. Our findings challenge the prevailing assumption that causality moves unidirectionally, from life dissatisfaction to support for populist parties, and suggest that early interventions focusing on positive messages are particularly promising to win voters back into the mainstream.
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How do people identify new and better lifegoals for themselves? The goal breakthrough model (GBM) purports to answer this question. The GBM draws from creative process theories of preparation, incubation, illumination, and elaboration to explain how people “cross the Rubicon” to new purposes, in response to felt dissatisfaction. Neuroscience research supporting the GBM is reviewed, highlighting brain‐sequences linking Default Mode Network activity, Cognitive Control Network activity, and Salience Network activity. This understanding of the neural basis of creative goal‐functioning informs an elaborated version of the GBM, one that is less linear and more dynamic than its predecessor model. Overall, the GBM proposes a novel explanation for how people can actively prompt their nonconscious minds to provide new and better behavioral alternatives to consider.
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