Content uploaded by Daniel George Saunders
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by Daniel George Saunders on Oct 11, 2017
Content may be subject to copyright.
The impact of different forms of psychological abuse on battered women
Abstract
Battered women receiving either shelter (n = 30) or nonshelter services (n = 30) from a domestic violence agency were interviewed regarding psychological abuse and its aftermath. Four types of abuse were derived from factor analysis: ridiculing of traits, criticizing behavior, ignoring, and jealous control. Sheltered women experienced ridicule and jealous/control more often than nonsheltered women. For the entire sample, ridiculing of traits was rated as the most severe form. Ignoring was the strongest predictor of low self-esteem. Both psychological abuse and physical abuse contributed independently to depression and low self-esteem. However, fear of being abused was uniquely predicted by psychological abuse. Implications for practice and research are discussed.
... IPV was measured using questions from the behavioral risk factor surveillance system (CDC, 2006). Sackett and Saunders (1999) investigated the impact of different forms of abuse on women receiving services from a domestic violence agency and found that both emotional abuse and physical abuse contributed to depression and low self-esteem. 130 Article DOI: 10.52589/AJMSS-DDX1D4V0 DOI URL: https://doi.org/10.52589/AJMSS-DDX1D4V0 ...
... outside matrimonial home) multiplies the odds of emotional violence by (e −0.3548 = 0.70) it means that husband staying away from home causes 30% reduction in the risk of emotional violence compared to when husband lives at home. Marital duration between the periods of (5-9) years, (15)(16)(17)(18)(19) years, (20-24) years, (25-29) years, and 30 years above have substantial impacts on emotional violence, and duration in marriage between (5-9) years has a (e 0.4081 =1.50) times odds of experiencing violence; this shows that there is 50% greater risk of exposure to emotional violence. However, between Who decides how to spend money also has a significant impact on the violence. ...
... Marital duration between (5-9) years compared to other levels of marital duration increases the z-score of emotional violence by 0.237 keeping other variables constant. Duration between (15)(16)(17)(18)(19) years increases the standard score of emotional violence by 0.3888 compared to all other levels of duration. However, marital duration of (25-29) years and 30 years above, increases the standard score (z-score) of emotional violence by 0.625 and 0.621 respectively. ...
Emotional abuse refers to a pattern of behavior where one person seeks to control, manipulate, and dominate another person, often causing emotional harm and trauma. It is committed more frequently against women. The repeated occurrence of this in Kenya necessitated the conduct of this research work on the factors associated with emotional violence in the country. A total of 8444 respondents were considered in this study. We employed binary logistic, probit, and complementary-log log regression on the retrieved data. The data were collected from the Kenya Demographic Health Survey (KDHS) via their website. Emotional violence has been identified as one of the most prevalent forms of violence against women globally (WHO, 2013). On average, Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) affects about 47% of the Kenya population. This study aimed to model some risk factors influencing emotional violence in Kenya and the investigation was carried out by observing the extent to which selected covariates such as number of other wives, number of children under the age of five , age at first marriage, partner’s age, education status, husband living in the house, husband’s smoking habit, marital duration, spending decision, number of sexual partner(s), husband’s jealousy, accusation from husband, money trust and partner’s ten-year age difference influence emotional violence. The result of the research work ascertained that “accusation from husband” is the factor which has the most significant impact on emotional violence.
... Psychological abuse is also found to be directly causing psychologica l distress (Antai et al., 2014;Kaslow et al., 1998;Marshal,1999), low selfesteem (Baldry, 2003;Marshall, 1999;Ovara, McLeod and Sharpe, 1996;Sackett and Saunders, 1999), substance abuse (Kaslow et al., 1998;Ovara, McLeod and Sharpe, 1996) and cognitive impairment (Ovara, McLeod and Sharpe, 1996). Psychological abuse may lead also to depression (Antai et al., 2014;Baldry, 2003;Dutton, Goodman and Bennett, 1999;Marshal,1999;McKibbin,1998;Pico-Alfonso, et al.,2006;Sackett and Saunders, 1999), anxiety (Baldry, 2003;McKibbin, 1998;Pico-Alfons et al., 2006), PTSD (Arias and Pape,1999;Baldry, 2003;Dutton, Goodman and Bennett,1999;Pico-Alfonso et al.,2006 and ultimately to suicide (Antai et al., 2014;Ludermir et al., 2008;Vives-Cases et al., 2011). ...
... Psychological abuse is also found to be directly causing psychologica l distress (Antai et al., 2014;Kaslow et al., 1998;Marshal,1999), low selfesteem (Baldry, 2003;Marshall, 1999;Ovara, McLeod and Sharpe, 1996;Sackett and Saunders, 1999), substance abuse (Kaslow et al., 1998;Ovara, McLeod and Sharpe, 1996) and cognitive impairment (Ovara, McLeod and Sharpe, 1996). Psychological abuse may lead also to depression (Antai et al., 2014;Baldry, 2003;Dutton, Goodman and Bennett, 1999;Marshal,1999;McKibbin,1998;Pico-Alfonso, et al.,2006;Sackett and Saunders, 1999), anxiety (Baldry, 2003;McKibbin, 1998;Pico-Alfons et al., 2006), PTSD (Arias and Pape,1999;Baldry, 2003;Dutton, Goodman and Bennett,1999;Pico-Alfonso et al.,2006 and ultimately to suicide (Antai et al., 2014;Ludermir et al., 2008;Vives-Cases et al., 2011). Pico-Alfonso and others (2006) in their study conducted with a sample of Spanish women found psychological IPV to be as detrimental as physical IPV in terms of depressive symptoms in their study sample. ...
... Moreover, psychological abuse has been shown to elicit fears of physical abuse which in turn may create a pervasive climate of distress (Marshall, 1996;Sackett and Saunders, 1999). Research on psychological abuse suggests that an underlying motivation for psychological abuse is the desire of perpetrators to exert control over other individuals and destroy their sense of self-esteem (Johnson and Ferrero 2000;Schwartz, 2000). ...
... The consequences may not be seen directly, however it affects and decreases individuals' self-esteem (Sackett & Saunders, 1999), and it is associated with depression, as Katz and Arias (1999) found out in their longitudinal study. In this respect, the current study is unique to understand the dynamics of manipulative relationships regarding individuals' commitment to and satisfaction in their relationships. ...
... Psychological abuse was found to be a strong predictor of ending the relationship than physical abuse (Arias & Pape, 1999;Edwards et al., 2012;Gortner et al., 1997). On the other hand, the reason why psychologically abusive relationships continue is that psychological abuse may decrease victims' self-esteem and therefore they may not be able to think of another life after their abusive relationship (Sackett & Saunders, 1999). Also, victims may minimize the abusive behaviors because of the sake of relationship maintenance, and they may be confused about what is positive and negative regarding their relationship (Dardis et al., 2013), and they may find excuses for the abuse (Edwards et al., 2012). ...
... Therefore, masculinity can be a factor to be looked upon in men's emotional manipulation behaviors. In addition, self-esteem can be examined with emotional manipulation in relation to commitment and satisfaction, since it was found that psychological violence affects victims' self-esteem (Sackett & Saunders, 1999). Also, personality types which are called as Dark Triad; ...
... Profile of Psychological Abuse (Sackett and Saunders, 1999) was used to assess the discriminant validity of the scale. The reliability of profile of psychological abuse was α=.75-.85. ...
Background: Intimate relationships are built upon trust. With it, there is liberty and security to experience the full potential of intimacy and affection the relationship has to offer. Objective: Therefore, the present study aimed to develop a reliable and valid indigenous scale for women measuring trust in their intimate partner. Method: The study was carried out in three phases. In phase one, ten semi structured interviews were conducted with married women to generate items. Relevant literature was also studied thoroughly. In phase two, construct validity of the scale was established through exploratory factor analysis. A convenient sample of 400 women was taken. Results: Principal component analysis using varimax rotation resulted in three factors i.e., benevolence, predictability, and dependability. The overall variance explained by all these factors accounted for 71.82%. In phase three, psychometric properties of the scale were examined. The alpha reliability of the scale was significantly high α=.85. Discriminant validity of the scale was r= -.72, p<.01. Conclusion: Hence, it is a valid and reliable indigenous scale to measure trust in intimate partner among women.
_______________________________________________________________________________________ BARDAVÍO ANTÓN, CARLOS. Violencia de género psicológica y persuasión coercitiva: dos violencias especiales ¿y una misma raíz de lo injusto? Revista Elec-trónica de Ciencia Penal y Criminología. 2023, núm. 25-09, pp. 1-53. http://criminet.ugr.es/recpc/25/recpc25-09.pdf RESUMEN: La violencia de género constituye un tipo de violencia específica que ha sido ampliamente estudiada por diversas ciencias ayudando a su comprensión fenomenológica y a su criminalización. Dentro de las formas de la violencia de género, la psicológica tiene ciertas reminiscencias con otro tipo de problemática en principio separada de esta, la persuasión coercitiva en los denominados grupos coercitivos, sectas o relaciones sectarias. En esta investigación apuntaremos ciertas similitudes que pueden ayudar tanto a la comprensión y prueba de ciertas dinámicas de violencia de género psicológica habitual, en la que la víctima consiente y justifica el ataque y otras en las que no lo reconoce como tal, como a aquellas en las que la persuasión coercitiva tan sutil, imperceptible, progresiva e indirecta hace que la víctima dentro de dinámicas grupales o duales coercitivas no reconozca la vulneración de sus derechos fundamentales más inherentes al concepto de persona: la capacidad de libre voluntad. Resulta desde dicha comparación fenomenológica una fórmula de compresión de ambos injus-tos desde una misma raíz de lo injusto pero con diferencias. PALABRAS CLAVE: injusto, micromachismos, persuasión coercitiva, sectas, violencia de género psicológica. TITLE: Psychological domestic violence and coer-cive persuasion: two special violences, and a same root of the unjust? ABSTRACT: Domestic violence constitutes a specific type of violence that has been extensively studied by various sciences, helping its phenomenological understanding and criminalization. Within the forms of domestic violence, psychological violence has certain reminiscences with another type of problem that is separate from it in principle, coercive persuasion in the so-called coercive groups, cults or sectarian relations. In this research we will point out certain similarities that can help both the understanding and proof of certain dynamics of psychological and habitual Psychological domestic violence, the one in which the victim consents and justifies the attack and others in which she does not recognize it as such, such as those in which such subtle, imperceptible, progressive and indirect coercive persuasion makes the victim within coercive group or dual dynamics not recognize the violation of their most inherent fundamental rights to the concept of person: the capacity of free will. From this phenomenological comparison , a compression formula of both unjust results from the same root of the unjust, but with differences.
Coercive control is a complex, insidious and under-researched dimension of psychological intimate partner violence (IPV) that has been associated with trauma and mental health impacts. This thesis had two overarching aims: (1) to improve the understanding of the trauma and mental health impacts of coercive control, and (2) to explore the mental health support needs and wants of women following coercive control exposure to aid their long-term recovery. To achieve these aims this thesis employed a mixed methods approach and included three separate yet interlinked studies: a systematic review and meta-analysis, and two qualitative reports. The review aimed to examine quantitative associations involving coercive control with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression and complex PTSD (CPTSD) and included 68 observational studies. Data from 45 studies were included in the meta-analyses. Meta-analyses showed that coercive control exposure was moderately associated with both PTSD and depression. The associations were comparable to those between broader dimensions of psychological IPV and PTSD and depression that were also investigated in the review, and with associations involving physical IPV with PTSD and with depression examined in previous meta-analyses. Only one study reported on the relationship between coercive control and CPTSD and meta-analyses could not be performed.
Studies 2 and 3 addressed gaps that were identified in the systematic review and meta-analysis. To enhance the understanding of the trauma and mental health impacts of coercive control and the support needs of victim-survivors, a qualitative approach was employed for studies 2 and 3, and 16 women who had experienced coercive control were interviewed. Study 2 reported on these women’s lived experience of the mental health impacts of coercive control. Study 3 explored what types of psychological supports women need and want to aid their long-term recovery. Building on the findings of study 1, studies 2 and 3 made six key contributions to the coercive control literature: (1) Clarification of the coercive control construct by identifying entrapment (including social entrapment) and insidiousness (characterised by subtlety, intangibleness, gradual worsening), as the underlying dimensions of coercive control that likely differentiate coercive control from other dimensions of IPV, and may be associated with unique mental health reactions; (2) evidence that coercive control exposure should be recognised as a traumatic event; (3) qualitative evidence for the association between coercive control and CPTSD symptoms; (4) proposition that the ongoing threat and terror, insidiousness and entrapment of coercive control contribute to the unique and complex trauma and mental health reactions that may be reflected in CPTSD symptoms; (5) the need for a holistic recovery focus that integrates clinical and personal recovery; and (6) the need for integrated trauma-and-coercive control-informed psychosocial interventions. Taken together, this thesis has made several significant contributions to the coercive control literature that have important implications for policy, clinical practice and research.
It is well documented that psychological abuse and jealousy are two of the risk factors that impair well-being in a romantic relationship. The main objective of this study was to determine whether psychological abuse by one partner in a romantic couple and jealousy by the other partner predict the satisfaction with romantic couple. A questionnaire-based survey was administered to a sample of 79 Romanian adults (47 males and 62 females). Participants completed a demographic and relationship form as well as Romanian versions of the Scale of Psychological Abuse in Intimate Partner Violence (EAPA-P; Porrúa-García et al., 2016), the Interpersonal Jealousy Scale (IJS; Mathes & Severa, 1981; Mathes, Roter & Joerger, 1982), and the Relationship Assessment Scale (RAS; Hendrick, 1988). Working hypotheses were tested using correlation analysis and multiple linear regression with the standard method. Compared to females, males reported significantly higher satisfaction with romantic couple. Participant gender was a positive predictor of the satisfaction with romantic couple, whereas direct and indirect strategies for psychological abuse and jealousy were negative predictors. Some practical implications are discussed.
Objectives: This study investigates differences in terms of the psychological problems and suicidal ideation between women who were victims of physical assault by their husbands and those who were not subject to it in Jordan. Methods: The study sample consists of 102 women; 51 women were subject to abuse by their husbands whereas 51 women were not. The study uses seven sub-scales of the second issue of the computerized, multi-aspect personality test, namely depression, psychopathic deviation, psychasthenia, anxiety, Kane’s post-traumatic disorder, Schlinger’s post-traumatic disorder, and suicidal thoughts. Results: The results of the current study show that there are statistically significant differences between women who were hit by their husbands and those who were not, favoring women who were physically assaulted. Differences between the two types of women apply to all aspects of the study (depression, suicidal thoughts, psychopathic deviation, psychasthenia, Kane’s post-traumatic disorder, Schlinger’s post-traumatic disorder, and anxiety). Conclusions: The study reveals that physical assault by husbands constitutes an important motive for wives’ suicide. Despite the fact that many Arab and non-Arab studies deal with issues of abuse and violence against women, the current study is unique in the sense that it is the only one in the region that examines the impact of this physical assault on the psyche of women, showing that the differences are in favor of women who were victims of their husbands’ abuse in comparison to women who were not.
Introduction
Stemming from a stress appraisal and coping perspective, the present investigation developed a methodology for assessing how individuals appraise abusive dating relationship conflicts (Study 1) and the implications of such appraisals for informing coping responses to abusive interactions (Study 2).
Methods
Participants ranging in age from 17 to 29 years (Study 1: 102 males, 339 females; Study 2: 88 males, 362 females) completed a survey in which they were presented with a series of 10 scenarios that conveyed relationship conflict cues that were ostensibly aligned with various forms of psychological abuse.
Results
Factor analyses indicated that blatant actions conducted in privacy were differentiated from more ambiguous public forms of psychological abuse, in that the latter were appraised by both males and females as more abusive. Females were further likely to appraise blatant conflicts as more threatening but at the same time more resolvable. Participants who had encountered abuse in their own intimate relationships were especially likely to appraise conflicts as abusive, threatening and uncontrollable. Such appraisals were associated with greater endorsement of avoidant coping strategies in response to an abusive encounter, irrespective of personal relationship experiences.
Discussion
It is suggested that how individuals appraise relationship conflicts may be key to their ability to cope effectively with such encounters or to provide appropriate support to those experiencing psychologically abusive relationships.
This study investigated the relationships between help-seeking, learned helplessness and severity of abuse in a sample of four groups of women. It was found that abused women seeking help, either by residing in a shelter or attending a support group, as opposed to women who not seeking help or women who were not abused, evidenced higher levels of self-reported abuse and learned helplessness. These findings were discussed in light of research by Walker (1984) and Gondolf and Fisher (1988) who see help-seeking and learned helplessness as opposing or mutually exclusive behaviors or personality traits.
The Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory (SEI) was examined using a modified version of the Sabers and Whitney model for construct validation. The SEI, Piers-Harris Children's Self-Concept Scale (CSCS), and Children's Social Desirability Scale (CSDS) were administered to 55 males and 50 females enrolled in six intact fifth-grade classes. Each student also received a teacher rating of self-concept using the Coopersmith Behavioral Academic Assessment Scale (BASE). Regression analyses indicated that the SEI has convergent validity with regard to the CSCS (p < .01) and BASE (p < .01), has discriminant validity with regard to the CSDS (p > .05), is sensitive to differences in achievement level (p < .01), and is internally consistent (coefficient alpha = .86). Intra-rater stability for the BASE ranged from .85 to .97; average inter-rater agreement was .86.
Despite the growing awareness of wife abuse as a serious social problem of epidemic proportions, to date no systematic research has been conducted to delineate on an empirical basis distinct patterns of abuse within this heterogeneous population. The present study has as its goal the identification of differential patterns of wife abuse, each having a unique etiological profile with attendant implications for intervention. Toward this end a multivariate quantitative taxonomic procedure was employed to delineate 5 homogeneous subgroups of women (N = 119; 17–58 yrs) abused by their partners. Subsequent analyses revealed these 5 subtypes to differ significantly in frequency and severity of abuse, usual precipitants, typical responses of the woman and her assailant, history of violence in the family of origin, and disposition following brief residence at a shelter for battered women. (15 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)