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Physical Exercise and Psychological Well-Being: A Population Study in Finland
Abstract
Regular physical exercise has been characterized as a positive health behavior having physiological benefits. It may also yield psychological benefits. The purpose of the present study was therefore to explore the association between physical exercise frequency and a number of measures of psychological well-being in a large population-based sample.
A total of 3403 participants (1856 women and 1547 men) of the Finnish cardiovascular risk factor survey, ranging in age between 25 and 64, completed questionnaires. Besides answering questions concerning their exercise habits and perceived health and fitness, the participants also completed the Beck Depression Inventory, the State-Trait Anger Scale, the Cynical Distrust Scale, and the Sense of Coherence inventory.
The results of this cross-sectional study suggest that individuals who exercised at least two to three times a week experienced significantly less depression, anger, cynical distrust, and stress than those exercising less frequently or not at all. Furthermore, regular exercisers perceived their health and fitness to be better than less frequent exercisers did. Finally, those who exercised at least twice a week reported higher levels of sense of coherence and a stronger feeling of social integration than their less frequently exercising counterparts.
The results indicate a consistent association between enhanced psychological well-being, as measured using a variety of psychological inventories, and regular physical exercise.
... 7 Men, according to recent research, engage in more physical exercise than women. [8][9][10] In accordance with the Turkish National Burden of Disease Report, physical inactivity affects 70.0 percent of women aged [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29]30.4%, 45.9%, and 60.0% of women aged 60-69. 10 Efforts to promote or encourage adults to engage in regular physical activity have continued, whether in the United States or elsewhere. ...
... Exercising reduces stress, lifts one's spirits, and improves one's mood. [24][25][26][27] It's simpler to interact with people when you're physically active as well as sociable behavior is improved. 28,29 Research on the health benefits of physical activity for women came up with a variety of results. ...
... Exercising lowers stress levels, alleviates sadness, and boosts one's self-esteem. [24][25][26][27] Other social advantages of exercise include altering one's lifestyle, making it easier to connect with others, and promoting sociability. 28,29 Different findings were found in research looking at the health advantages of physical exercise for women. ...
Objective: Physical exercise has been shown to protect against a wide range of degenerative and life-threatening illnesses. Men in Mosul are more physically active than women, according to recent research. The goal of this research was to find out if the women value exercise and whether there are any obstacles in their way. Methods: The research included 400 female participants were chosen from university of Mosul, Iraq, all between the ages of 25 and 60. Physical activity-related questions were answered by women, and comments on the advantages and disadvantages of exercise were evaluated by them. Results showed that 70% of those who took part in the research did not engage in any physical activity. Physical, psychological, and social health advantages, environmental and personal obstacles, and timelessness were the perceived benefits and hurdles to exercise in order of importance. Conclusion: To some degree, the attitudes of Mosulian women toward exercising may be explained by the findings. Further research using bigger samples is required. Keywords: Women, Exercise, Health benefits
... Furthermore, some previous studies have also found benefits of PA on social capital in terms of social relations and social integration [30,33]. In a large sample of Finnish adults aged of 25-64 years [33], individuals who exercised at least twice a week experienced less cynical distrust and reported higher levels of a sense of coherence and a stronger feeling of social integration than their less frequently exercising counterparts. ...
... Furthermore, some previous studies have also found benefits of PA on social capital in terms of social relations and social integration [30,33]. In a large sample of Finnish adults aged of 25-64 years [33], individuals who exercised at least twice a week experienced less cynical distrust and reported higher levels of a sense of coherence and a stronger feeling of social integration than their less frequently exercising counterparts. A study by Hoye et al. [30] found that participation in organized sport was associated with increased levels of social connectedness. ...
Evidence on the relationship between psychosocial well-being and physical activity (PA) is insufficient, especially in young adults between 18 and 29 years. Identifying protective factors for psychosocial well-being as well as factors that may promote PA behaviour in this specific age group is crucial.
The aim of the present study was to explore the association between self-reported leisure time physical activity (LTPA) and a number of measures of psychosocial well-being in a large sample of Finnish young men. The sample used for this study is based on registers of the Finnish Defence Forces and consist of questionnaire-based data collected from 159,776 young healthy men (18–29 years, mean age 19 years) who started their military service during the period from 2015 to 2021. Sum scores were calculated for self-esteem and prosocial behaviour. Physical activity, number of friends and the relationship with the parents were each measured with a single question. Unadjusted and adjusted (education, financial situation of the family, family structure) logistic regression models were calculated.
A multinominal logistic regression analysis showed that a higher level of LTPA was associated with a higher level of both prosocial behaviour (OR 6.12, 95% CI 5.88–6.36) and self-esteem (OR 4.41 95% CI 4.28–4.54). Further, LTPA had a positive relationship with good social relations, both with peers and parents. The odds ratio for participation in any LTPA weekly was higher (OR 2.74; CI 2.27–3.20) among those who had a close and trustworthy relationship with their parents compared to those men with more challenging relationships with their parents (OR 1.77; CI 1.46–2.14). An inactive lifestyle (PA less than once a week) seemed to be most common among men with no friends. About one third (31%) of men with no friends reported to engage in LTPA less than once a week, while only 10% of men with very many good friends reported to engage in similarly inactive LTPA behaviour.
LTPA seems to be positively associated with self-esteem, prosocial behaviour and good social relations among young adult men. Actions aimed at promoting LTPA may have a positive impact on psychosocial well-being among young men, or vice versa. The relationship between PA and psychosocial well-being is complex and interrelated.
... Studies conducted on large, age-diverse populations show a relationship between physical activity and life satisfaction. Hassmen, Koivula, and Uutela (2000) conducted a study on a sample of over 3,000 Finns and showed greater life satisfaction and lower symptoms of depression, less anxiety and anger, as well as lesser susceptibility to stress in those who did sports. Moreover, people exercising at least twice a week reported a greater sense of coherence and a stronger sense of social integration than people from comparative groups. ...
... From a public health perspective, understanding what may improve life satisfaction in older adults has significant implications for the design, implementation, and promotion of physical activity for this age group. In order to improve life satisfaction in older adults, it is necessary to develop various leisure opportunities that require dynamic physical activities, because this can relieve participants of anxiety (Brunes, Augestad, & Gudmundsdottir, 2013;De Moor, Boomsma, Stubbe, Willemsen, & de Geus, 2008;Hassmen et al., 2000), help them regain their self-esteem (McAuley et al., 2005), and help them maintain interpersonal relationships (Herbers & Meijering, 2015) with those who participate with them. It is also important to facilitate older people's access to places where such activities take place (such as a swimming pool, a cinema, a fitness center) and to increase the supportive role of local communities by organizing events, for example, family picnics and festivals. ...
Physical experience has a significant effect on older adults, especially on enhancing psychological well-being. A cross-sectional survey were conducted with 120 healthy older adults (mean age 69.0 years; 67.5% female), who indicated what activities and how often they undertook and filled in the short version of WHO Quality of Life scale (WHOQOL-BREF), which measured their life satisfaction in four domains. The results show that both the frequency and the intensity of physical activities improve life satisfaction. Older adults with low activity levels rarely choose cognitive or physically demanding activities over less demanding activities. The most active older adults prefer frequent but light physical activity, social interactions and solitary entertainment. ARTICLE HISTORY
... These contests make the experience more meaningful, so they are taken seriously and with a lot of emotion [6]. In the same way that Siedentop et al. [1] commented, "the idea of the persisting team is one of the most fundamental and nonnegotiable aspects of sport education [11]. Whereas in most physical education settings, teams are formed only for the duration of a game, in sport education students not only play together but also practice skills, develop tactics, and complete administrative tasks as a team." ...
... Whereas in most physical education settings, teams are formed only for the duration of a game, in sport education students not only play together but also practice skills, develop tactics, and complete administrative tasks as a team." Researchers have additionally observed that group alliance is probably the most amazing aspect of the model [7][8][9][10][11][12]. ...
While the school sports program model is typically established in secondary schools, it has received much less attention paid to physical training at the university. In this study, 110 Chinese university students were split into six groups. One group used sport education, and the other used a more traditional teacher-directed approach. Pupils were tested on how well they could play games, how well they did, and how much they knew. All of the people got better over the course of a 16-week period. People who went to sports high school got better grades than people who did not go to sports high school. Students may be encouraged to achieve the goals of Chinese university physical education by the highlights of sport education that have been displayed to spur understudies in past investigations (for example, being important for a group, contending in a way that is formatively suitable, and taking on different jobs). PES might have the option to make a one of a kind commitment to the improvement of youngsters’ fundamental development abilities and actual capacities, which are significant antecedents to partaking in later way of life and donning proactive tasks further down the road. Interactive abilities and conduct, confidence, and preschool perspectives might benefit from outside input when they are introduced in the correct manner. At times, they can likewise assist with scholastic and mental turn of events. Audit: many of these advantages will not come from simply participating in sports. They will be influenced by the way students and their teachers, parents, and coaches who work with them work together. Physical activities that take place in environments that emphasise positive experiences, diversity, and everyone’s involvement and that are run by teachers and coaches who are committed and trained, as well as parents who are supportive and informed, can have a big impact on how these activities turn out and how likely they are to have positive effects.
... Moreover, older adults who frequently participated in leisure activities were more likely to be satisfied with their lives and less likely to be depressed than those who had little to no involvement in leisure activities (Dupuis, 2008;Heo, Ryu, Yang, & Kim, 2018;Kim, Chun, Heo, Lee, & Han, 2016). Particularly, adults who exercised at least twice a week reported lower levels of depression, stress, and anger than those who exercised less frequently (Hassmen, Koivula, & Uutela, 2000). Being involved in sports and games was also associated with higher levels of happiness than participating in other types of recreational activities (Menec, 2003). ...
... The current study suggests that opportunities should be provided for older adults to regularly engage in a variety of leisure activities to improve different health aspects. When planning community-based initiatives, activity professionals are encouraged to consider the essential role of regular exercise (e.g., at least twice a week) to enhance mental health (e.g., lower levels of depression, stress, and anger and increase levels of happiness) among older adults living in the community (Hassmen et al., 2000;Lee et al., 2021). Particularly, as the physical enthusiast in this study demonstrated, older adults frequently working in the garden and physical exercise may be able to enhance physical strength, which can potentially contribute to activities for daily living (ADL) and active life lived free of disability in later life (Reynolds et al., 2005). ...
To promote health and healthy aging, it is important to develop supportive environments and specific opportunities for meaningful and valuable social engagement. The current study examined the differences of Body Mass Index (physical health indicator), perceived health, happiness, and depression (mental health indicators) according to the clusters of leisure participation patterns among older adults who were retired and living in the community. A sample of 1,134 participants aged 60 years and older was extracted from the Alameda County Health and Ways of Living Study. The result of K-means cluster analysis revealed that there were three distinctive leisure participation patterns: the ardent achievers, the physical enthusiasts, and the easy contenders. The multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) showed that the ardent achievers had the highest perceived mental health and happiness scores and the lowest depressive symptoms scores. Physical enthusiasts demonstrated the highest scores on ‘working in the garden’ and the lowest Body Mass Index of the three groups, which is one of the important indicators for physical health. Activity professionals may encourage older adults living in the community to work in the garden or other moderate to rigorous physical exercise, which may contribute to increased physical and mental health of older adults. Further practical implications are discussed.
... Well-being is significantly reduced by physical illnesses and disabilities (Schleicher et al., 2005;Hickson et al., 2008;Kashubeck-West and Meyer, 2008;Pusswald et al., 2012), but having a life purpose can be protective against cognitive impairment, neuropathology, the risk for stroke, and myocardial infarction (Rafanelli et al., 2012;Guidi et al., 2013). Well-being is also strongly associated with physical health and health behaviors such as weight and the associated perceived discrimination (Carr and Friedman, 2005), physical activity (Hassmén, Koivula and Uutela, 2000;Edwards, Edwards and Basson, 2004;Svensson et al., 2021), and sleep (Pilcher, Ginter and Sadowsky, 1997;Hamilton et al., 2007). Higher well-being predicts better biological regulation as measured by the stress hormone, cortisol, and inflammation levels, or cardiovascular risk (Lindfors and Lundberg, 2002;Hayney et al., 2003;Ryff, Singer and Dienberg Love, 2004). ...
... Wellbeing is now understood as a multidimensional and dynamic construct encompassing both views and other new essential components such as mental and physical health, autonomy, social relationships, spirituality, self-acceptance (Keyes and Waterman, 2003;Ryff and Singer, 2013). Well-being can be mediated by numerous factors such as demographics (Keyes and Waterman, 2003;Carstensen et al., 2011), genetic predisposition (Keyes et al., 2010, personality traits (Lucas and Diener, 2008), income (Luhmann et al., 2011), exercise (Hassmén et al., 2000;Svensson et al., 2021), mindfulness meditation practice (Carmody and Baer, 2008), or connectedness with nature (Howell et al., 2011;Russell et al., 2013). These factors also shape the structure and function of our brains throughout the lifespan, with important implications for wellbeing levels. ...
Over the last 30 years we have observed dramatic declines in mental health worldwide, with nearly 450 million people currently suffering from a mental or behavioral disorder. Globally, there is less than 1 mental health professional for every 10,000 people, with 76-85% of the population in low and middle-income countries without access to treatment. The overarching aim of this thesis is the identification of novel and cost-effective methods for measuring, detecting, and assessing well-being. In the first study of this research project, we validated the ability of a quick global scale to capture multidimensional well-being on 1,615 participants that participated in an online survey, identified some predictors of well-being, and observed improvements from online interventions. Mental health and individual well-being also influences the structure and function of our brains across the lifespan, which in turn, mediate well-being levels. While progress has been made regarding our understanding of the interacting relationships between well-being and brain function, much is still unknown. Recent technological advances have led to the development of affordable, light-weight, wearable, and wireless electroencephalography (EEG) technologies that offer fast preparation time, high mobility, and that facilitate the collection of EEG data over large and diversified populations by increasing access to populations that were previously difficult to study with conventional systems. The analysis of large datasets with robust statistical methods or advanced machine-learning algorithms can ease the identification of trends, the mediator role of covariables, and the classification of mental states. While low-cost, low-density EEG systems have presented significant challenges for conducting EEG research, here we validated a wearable system for recording spectral measures relevant to the study of well-being, by comparison with a state-of-the-art system (study 2). In study 3, we used the tools validated in studies 1 and 2 to examine the relation between EEG and multidimensional well-being in a large sample (N = 353). We found a potential EEG marker of well-being, consistent with some literature on anxiety and depression, with age as a mediator. We discuss interpretations and limitations related to the studies and the broader field, as well as future directions (e.g., real-world EEG monitoring, dyadic or multimodal applications, brain-computer interfaces, neurofeedback training) and ethical implications for the field. The broader applications of this line of research will hopefully help to reduce the prevalence of mental health disparities worldwide (e.g., chronic stress, anxiety disorder, depression, psychiatric conditions), and will also help to predict and prevent mental illness in the broader population.
... The importance of the physical aspect in psychological well-being has been pointed out in many studies. For example, it has been demonstrated that exercise can decrease depression (North et al., 2008) and stress (Hassmén et al., 2000), and increase psychological well-being (Hayes & Ross, 1986;Fox, 1999). Savoring (Bryant & Veroff, 2007;Smith & Hollinger-Smith, 2015) and relaxation exercises such as breathing techniques (Chandla et al., 2013;Sianoja et al., 2018) as well, have been found to foster well-being. ...
... The present research examined the effects of a six-day online training of selected AoL components on eighth and ninth graders' well-being, measured as engagement, perseverance, optimism, connectedness, and happiness (EPOCH; Kern et al., 2016;H1). Secondly, due to the relevance of physical aspects in well-being (Fox, 1999;Hassmén et al., 2000;Sianoja et al., 2018), we investigated whether the inclusion of body-related AoL components could enrich the effect of cognitive AoL exercises in enhancing well-being (H2). Therefore, we introduced two intervention groups that differed in the selection of trained AoL components: ...
During secondary school, students’ well-being is challenged in manifold ways and declines continuously. To address this issue, we designed and evaluated a six-day online art-of-living intervention to foster eighth and ninth graders’ ( N = 69) well-being. Art-of-living (AoL) is based on empirical evidence and conceptualizes strategies that lead to well-being. We tested the effectiveness of the AoL training and investigated the possible contribution of body-related AoL exercises to cognitive exercises by comparing two intervention groups (cognitive training vs. cognitive and body-focused training) and a waitlist control group. Levels of AoL and well-being at pretest, posttest, and two-week follow-up showed that both significantly increased in the intervention groups. No significant differences were found between the cognitive and combined training. We discuss methodological issues of the study and propose that the approach to enhance student well-being by using art-of-living exercises is fruitful for application in school and should be explored further.
... Umgekehrt konnte gezeigt werden, dass bei gesunden älteren Erwachsenen Depressionen häufig mit einem niedrigen Niveau an körperlicher Aktivität einhergehen [105,120,121]. Selbst nach der Korrektur der Ergebnisse für Alter, Geschlecht, ethnische Zugehörigkeit, finanzielle Belastung, chronische Erkrankungen, Behinderung, Body-Mass-Index, Alkoholkonsum, Rauchen und soziale Beziehungen zeigen sich negative Korrelationen zwischen dem Bewegungsniveau und dem Auftreten depressiver Symptome [122]. ...
... Daha önceki birçok çalışma, fiziksel aktivitenin geriatrik depresyonu önleyebileceğini bildirmiştir. Kesitsel analizler sürekli olarak aktif bireylerin daha az aktif olanlara göre daha az depresif semptom bildirdiğini göstermiştir (4)(5)(6). Yaşlılarda yaygın bir sorun örüntüsü, fiziksel uygunluk eksikliğinden (denge kaybının düşmeye neden olması vb.) kaynaklanır. Kas-iskelet sistemi değişiklikleri ve duyusal bilgilerin entegrasyonu gibi nöromusküler sistemdeki yaşa bağlı değişiklikler, geriatrik bireylerde postüral kontrol sorunlarına neden olabilir (7). ...
Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı yaşlı bireylerde fonksiyonel performans, fiziksel aktivite düzeyi ve depresyon durumunun postüral kontrol ile ilişkisini incelemektir. Yöntem: Çalışma ev ortamında yaşayan 65 yaş ve üstü 48 birey ile gerçekleştirildi. Ölçüm parametreleri olarak postüral kontrol için Sway mobil denge uygulaması, alt ekstremite kas kuvveti için Otur-Kalk Testi, fiziksel aktivite seviyesi için SenseWear kol bandı, mental durum için Mini-Mental Test ve depresyon durumu için Beck Depresyon Ölçeği (BDÖ) kullanıldı. Bulgular: Sway skoru, toplam enerji harcaması (TEE) (r=0,28, p=0,04) ve adım sayısı (r=0,30, p=0,03) ile pozitif korelasyon gösterirken BDÖ ile negatif korelasyon gösterdi (r=-0,33, p=0,03). Beck Depresyon Ölçeği puanı ile tüm fiziksel aktivite parametreleri arasında negatif korelasyon bulundu. Fonksiyonel performansı gösteren alt ekstremite kuvveti fiziksel aktivite parametreleri ile orta-iyi korelasyon gösterirken BDÖ ile orta düzeyde negatif korelasyon gösterdi (r=-0,63, p<0,001). Vücut Kütle İndeksi değeri TEE ile pozitif korelasyon gösterdi (r=0,34, p=0,01). Sonuç: Bu çalışmanın sonuçları, postüral salınım, fiziksel aktivite ve depresyon durumu arasında anlamlı bir ilişki olduğunu göstermiştir. Yeterli fiziksel aktivite düzeyi, depresyon düzeyinin ve postüral kontrol sisteminin sürdürülmesi ve iyileştirilmesi için önemlidir. Sağlıklı yaşlanmada fiziksel aktivite düzeyi, depresyon düzeyi ve postüral kontrol ilişkisi göz ardı edilmemelidir.
... 24 Patients who exercise regularly may have better diets and may be less likely to drink excessive amounts of alcohol or take illicit drugs or nonprescription drugs inappropriately, suffer less from depression and other forms of mental illness, and may be less likely to be exposed to environmental tobacco smoke. [21][22][23][24][25] Physical activity is also known to have beneficial effects on inflammation and immune function that may reduce the risk of non-CV diseases, especially cancer. 26 Cardiovascular and non-CV diseases share certain risk factors. ...
Objective:
To identify specific causes of death and determine the prevalence of noncardiovascular (non-CV) deaths in an exercise test referral population while testing whether exercise test parameters predict non-CV as well as CV deaths.
Patients and methods:
Non-imaging exercise tests on patients 30 to 79 years of age from September 1993 to December 2010 were reviewed. Patients with baseline CV diseases and non-Minnesota residents were excluded. Mortality through January 2016 was obtained through Mayo Clinic Records and the Minnesota Death Index. Exercise test abnormalities included low functional aerobic capacity (ie, less than 80%), heart rate recovery (ie, less than 13 beats/min), low chronotropic index (ie, less than 0.8), and abnormal exercise electrocardiogram (ECG) of greater than or equal to 1.0 mm ST depression or elevation. We also combined these four abnormalities into a composite exercise test score (EX_SCORE). Statistical analyses consisted of Cox regression adjusted for age, sex, diabetes, hypertension, obesity, current and past smoking, and heart rate-lowering drug.
Results:
The study identified 13,382 patients (females: n=4736, 35.4%, 50.5±10.5 years of age). During 12.7±5.0 years of follow-up, there were 849 deaths (6.3%); of these 162 (19.1%) were from CV; 687 (80.9%) were non-CV. Hazard ratios for non-CV death were significant for low functional aerobic capacity (HR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.19 to 1.69; P<.0001), abnormal heart rate recovery (HR, 1.36; 95% CI, 1.15 to 1.61; P<.0033), and low chronotropic index (HR, 1.49; 95% CI, 1.26 to 1.77; P<.0001), whereas abnormal exercise ECG was not significant. All exercise test abnormalities including EX_SCORE were more strongly associated with CV death versus non-CV death except abnormal exercise ECG.
Conclusion:
Non-CV deaths predominated in this primary prevention cohort. Exercise test abnormalities not only predicted CV death but also non-CV death.
... Exercise has been widely recognized as an effective intervention in various health conditions, including pain management. Regular physical activity has been associated with improved cardiovascular health, enhanced mood, and decreased stress levels (Hassmén et al., 2000). In recent years, research has also explored the potential benefits of exercise in mitigating the symptoms of primary dysmenorrhea. ...
Introduction: This study aimed to investigate the impact of chair aerobic exercises and core strengthening exercises on primary dysmenorrhea, assessing pain and disability scores using the Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS) and Women's Low Back Pain and Disability Index (WaLLID). The effectiveness of these exercise interventions in reducing pain and disability associated with primary dysmenorrhea was examined. Methods: A randomized controlled trial was conducted with participants diagnosed with primary dysmenorrhea. Two exercise groups were formed: chair aerobic exercises and core strengthening exercises. Pain and disability scores were measured using NPRS and WaLLID before and after the intervention. The exercises were performed for a specific duration, and the scores were compared within and between the exercise groups. Results: Both chair aerobic exercises and core strengthening exercises significantly decreased pain and disability scores of NPRS and WaLLID. However, no significant difference was observed in the scores between the two exercise groups. These findings indicate that both exercise modalities are effective in reducing pain and disability associated with primary dysmenorrhea. Conclusion: This study concludes that chair aerobic exercises and core strengthening exercises are effective in managing pain and disability in individuals with primary dysmenorrhea. Both exercise interventions offer comparable benefits in terms of pain management and functional improvement. The results support previous research highlighting the positive impact of exercise interventions on menstrual pain management. Chair aerobic exercises provide a suitable option for individuals with limited mobility or a preference for seated exercise, while core strengthening exercises focus on enhancing core strength and stability. Further research is needed to explore the long-term effects, optimal exercise protocols, and potential combinations with other treatment modalities for primary dysmenorrhea management. Understanding the underlying physiological mechanisms of these exercise interventions would provide valuable insights for improving dysmenorrhea management. Keywords: Primary dysmenorrhea, Chair aerobic exercises, Core strengthening exercises, pain, disability, Numeric Pain Rating Scale, Women's Low Back Pain and Disability Index.
... Despite numerous benefits associated with regular exercise, compliance is less due to low motivation, the inability to fit exercise into a daily routine, lack of enjoyment and fatigue (Argent et al., 2018;Hassmén et al., 2000;Sharman et al., 2015). A potential solution to this problem of poor exercise adherence is to promote enjoyable activities that require less perceived effort and could be easily integrated into daily routines (Arlinghaus and Johnston, 2019;Huberty et al., 2008). ...
This review compared the effects of eccentric versus concentric exercise training in healthy people and people with metabolic disease. A systematic search on Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science, SCOPUS and PubMed was conducted in February 2022. Randomised controlled trials conducted on sedentary healthy adults or those with an existing metabolic disease that compared eccentric versus concentric exercise training interventions of four weeks or longer that involved multiple joints and large muscle groups (e.g., walking, whole-body resistance training) were included in the review. The primary outcome was glucose handling, measured as HbA1c, HOMA, fasting glucose or insulin. Measures of cardiovascular health, muscle strength, and functional physical fitness were secondary outcomes. Nineteen trials involving 618 people were included. Results of meta-analyses showed that eccentric exercise had no benefit to glucose handling (HbA1c level; SMD - 0.99; 95% CI, -2.96 to 0.98; n = 74; P = 0.32) but resulted in significant increases in overall muscle strength (SMD 0.70; 95% CI 0.25 to 1.15; n = 224; P = 0.003) and decreases in blood pressure (Systolic Blood Pressure; MD -6.84; 95% CI, -9.84 to -3.84; n = 47, P = 0.00001, and Diastolic Blood Pressure; MD -6.39; 95% CI -9.62 to -3.15; n = 47, P = 0.0001). Eccentric exercise is effective for improving strength and some markers of cardiovascular health compared to traditional exercise modalities. Additional high-quality studies are necessary to validate these results. (PROSPERO registration: CRD42021232167).
... Previously, various interventions have been carried out in previous studies to develop and improve psychological well-being conditions such as; art therapy (Bennington et al., 2016), wisdom therapy & well-being therapy (Fava & Ruini, 2014), cognitive happiness-increasing practice, activity effects (Joseph & Linley, 2004), physical exercise (Edwards, 2006;Hassmen et al., 2000;Scully et al., 1998), and wellness counseling (Granello & Witmer, 2013). Of the many interventions that can be done to improve students' psychological well-being, the wellness counseling model is considered the most appropriate to improve students' psychological wellbeing. ...
The changes in the learning system during the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia affected the psychological well-being of students. The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of the wellness group counseling to improve students’ psychological well-being at the Madrasah Tsanawiyah in Cianjur, West Java, Indonesia. Psychological well-being in this research is defined as the functioning of individual psychological aspects as indicated by self-acceptance, positive relations with others, autonomy, environmental mastery, purpose in life and personal growth. This research uses quantitative approach. It adopted quasi-experimental pre-test post-test control group design and the instrument was adapted from Ryff and Singer (1996). The population of the research is the 8th grade students of Madrasah Tsanawiyah Assa’idiyyah Cianjur Class of 2021/2022 academic year and 14 students as samples with purposive sampling. The research result showed that the wellness group counseling has a significant influence to improve the psychological well-being of the students.
... Social motives behind practicing NW include an improved quality of life, better stress management as well as enhanced self-esteem and ability to function in the community [82,83]. PA provides participants with a sense of purposefulness, identity and belonging to a given social group [84,85]. ...
The aim of the study was to identify motives and barriers which have the greatest influence on participation in Nordic Walking (NW) of people with normal body weight and persons who are either overweight or obese (according to their BMI). In the study, the modified Physical Activity and Leisure Motivation Scale (PALMS) was used, which was designed to measure adult physical activity (PA) motivation. PALMS measures eight motives for participation in PA, on a 5-point Likert scale. The study was conducted during a NW competition and during training sessions of its participants. Two groups of respondents were taken into account: the first group with those with normal body weight and the second group with those who were overweight or obese. Respondents with normal body weight were more frequent participants of NW sessions. Enhanced body capacity, concern for one’s health, improved body shape and lifespan extension were major motives of practicing NW. Polish people perceive PA as a means of improving the quality of life due to enhanced health and wellbeing. Subjects with normal body weight tended to mention lack of areas suitable for NW and lack of time due to professional work. Overweight or obese persons pointed to other types of PA, shyness and lack of time.
... Many exercise groups share characteristics with choirs, including music exposure, coordinated movement, and social opportunities. Exercise groups have also been found to improve subjective wellbeing and quality of life in older populations (Rennemark et al., 2009), with participation in exercise correlated with reduced depressive symptoms (Lindwall et al., 2007), and overall psychological wellbeing and mood (Hassmen et al., 2000;McIntyre et al., 2020). Similar to choirs, exercise groups have also been found to increase a sense of social cohesion (Dunlop & Beauchamp, 2011;Tunçgenç & Cohen, 2016) and expression of pro-social behaviours (Di Bartolomeo & Papa, 2019). ...
Community choirs can contribute to health and wellbeing, but there is less clarity about the mechanisms through which choir participation promotes positive change, or whether mechanisms are shared with other leisure activities. This research explores two possible types of mechanism: Mechanisms relating to individual characteristics pertaining to mindset and motivation, including experiences of flow, competence, autonomy, and relatedness (Study 1); and mechanisms relating to the activity experience, which include music, movement, and social opportunities (Study 2). In Study 1, middle and older aged members of choirs, exercise groups and other kinds of social groups (N = 190) completed surveys on their experience of emotional wellbeing (operationalized as positive and negative affect scores), mental wellbeing, and social cohesion (outcomes) pertaining to their group activity as well as experiences of motivation, flow, and the components of Self-Determination Theory (potential mediators). Multiple regression analyses revealed that participation in Choir or Exercise groups predicted positive emotional wellbeing, but not social cohesion. Underlying mechanisms differed, with positive affect mediated by intrinsic motivation for choir members, and by intrinsic motivation, identified regulation, and flow for Exercise group members. Mental wellbeing was correlated only with exercise group participation and was mediated by flow. Study 2 used an experience sampling methodology conducted with a sub-group from Study 1 (N = 59), which asked daily questions about wellbeing (happiness, sense of social connection, and energy levels) and participation in activities (music engagement, exercise, and social activities) experienced in their everyday lives and not directly associated with any leisure group participation. Repeated-measures t-tests revealed that participants were more likely to report higher levels of social connection on days in which they participated in music activities than on days in which they did not engage in music activities. Engaging in exercise or social activities was also associated with a greater sense of social connection, as well as higher levels of happiness and energy. In sum, the activity characteristics and individual differences of motivation and mindset towards participation correlated with greater wellbeing, reflecting an ecological model of person-activity fit, with no indication of superior benefits associated with group singing. Findings are discussed in terms of social prescribing and other settings where social opportunities are organized.
... The sample size was coded as a continuous moderator to determine the influence of sample size on the intervention effects. The proportion of males in the sample was coded, since there are some indications of gender difference in physical activity and aggressive behaviour (Hassmén et al., 2000). Participants' age was coded as a continuous moderator to determine the intervention effects in different age groups. ...
Background
Aggressive behaviour is a substantial behavioural problem in children and adolescents. This review systematically summarises the current evidence on the relationship between physical activity participation and aggressive behaviour and quantifies the effects of physical activity interventions on aggression in children and adolescents.
Methods
Studies were identified through a search of five electronic databases (PsycINFO, SPORTDiscus, MEDLINE, CINAHL and Web of Science) with combinations of three groups of keywords. Two independent reviewers screened and extracted data from the individual studies. The reporting quality and publication bias were assessed. The relationship between physical activity participation and aggressive behaviour was systematically summarized. Data (effect sizes) were pooled to investigate the effects of physical activity interventions on aggressive behaviour. A moderator meta-analysis was performed to identify potential moderators of the effects of physical activity interventions on aggressive behaviour.
Results
Nineteen studies met the inclusion criteria. The relationship between physical activity participation and aggressive behaviour was mixed. A significant reduction in aggressive behaviour was observed after physical activity interventions (k = 8, SMD = −0.53, 95% CI [-0.27, −0.79], p < 0.001). The moderator meta-analysis showed that physical activity interventions involving team-based physical activity had greater effects than those involving individual-based physical activity (β = 0.42, SE = 0.18, p = 0.02). In addition, interventions involving physical activity alone were more effective in reducing aggressive behaviour than those that combined physical activity with other activities such as a philosophy course (β = −0.63, SE = 0.11, p < 0.001).
Conclusion
The current meta-analysis presents evidence for the effect of physical activity interventions on aggressive behaviour in children and adolescents. Physical activity–only interventions involving team-based physical activity might be used for preventing or reducing aggressive behaviour in children and adolescents. Possible mechanisms, methodological strengths and weaknesses, implications, and suggestions for future studies were discussed.
... The older the emotional age will be more controlled and more able to accept physical limitations than younger people (9,10). This is because older people's demands and expectations are lower than younger patients, and the older patient's age affects nurses in providing services (11,12). ...
Patient satisfaction is a measure of service quality in hospitals. Satisfaction can be influenced by various aspects, one of which is patient characteristics. The purpose of the study was to analyze the relationship between the Characteristics of Class 3 Inpatients and Service Satisfaction at Mokopido General Hospital, Baolan, Tolitoli Regency. This type of quantitative research with a Cross-Sectional approach. The population in this study amounted to 1,178 patients; a sample of 93 patients was obtained using the slovin formula, while sampling was using the Proportionate Stratified Random Sampling technique. The analysis used was the Contingency Correlation with a value of =10%. The results of this study indicated a strong relationship between patient characteristics in the form of last education (p = 0.000) and age (p = 0.000) with service satisfaction. There is a strong relationship between age group, education and service satisfaction at Mokopido General Hospital, Baolan, Tolitoli Regency. Older respondents are more satisfied with their services. Respondents who are not educated are more satisfied with the services received. Suggestions for the empathy dimension are expected that the doctor or nurse will be able to be polite, and friendly, listen to complaints about the patient's illness, and provide a way out in the consultation so that the patient is satisfied with the service
... Anger and depression are other negative emotions that were tested to be decreased after regular exercise. ( Hassmén et al., 2000). Moreover, from a cross-sectional study in America, scientists found out that popular team sports improve mental health better than other kinds of sports. ...
Middle school students are often affected by negative emotions, which significantly harm their physical and mental health. Physical exercise may be an effective form of relief. This study discusses the alleviating effect of basketball training on high school students' bad emotions. This study recruited 62 high school students and divided them into 2 groups. The control group didn’t do any basketball-related training, and the basketball training group did regular basketball training. We gather the statistics by sending out questionnaires about whether they are training or not and their anxiety score. The statistical results show that the anxiety level of the exercise group was significantly lower than that of the control group. This showed that basketball training is an effective way to relieve the bad emotions of high school students.
... The third factor is the frequency at which the patient is expected to perform the exercises. The frequency of exercise is inversely associated with depression symptoms and overall well-being [38,108]. High-frequency (3 to 5 exercise sessions per week) aerobic exercise interventions for 8 weeks have been shown to be more effective in reducing symptoms of depression than low-frequency interventions (one session per week) [109]. ...
Depression is a major public health issue in numerous countries, with around 300 million people worldwide suffering from it. Typically, depressed patients are treated with antidepressants or psychological therapy or a combination of both. However, there are some limitations associated with these therapies and as a result, over the past decades a number of alternative or complementary therapies have been developed. Exercise is one such option that is supported by published extensive basic and clinical research data. The aim of this review was to examine the beneficial effects of exercise in depression. Physical activity and exercise have been shown to be effective in treating mild-to-moderate depression and in reducing mortality and symptoms of major depression. However, physical activity and exercise are still underused in clinical practice. This review attempts to propose a framework to help clinicians in their decision-making process, how to incorporate physical activity in their toolkit of potential therapeutic responses for depressed patients. We first summarize the interactions between depression and physical activities, with a particular focus on the potential antidepressant physiological effects of physical activity. We then identify some of the barriers blocking physical activity from being used to fight depression. Finally, we present several perspectives and ideas that can help in optimizing mitigation strategies to challenge these barriers, including actions on physical activity representations, ways to increase the accessibility of physical activity, and the potential of technology to help both clinicians and patients.
... In line with our findings, previous work has demonstrated that exercise leads to decreased anxiety symptoms for individuals with anxiety disorders as well as healthy individuals (Mochcovitch et al., 2016;Stubbs et al., 2017). Additionally, the association between number of workouts or fitness gains and reduction in rumination, general negative affect, sadness, and hostility is consistent with previous findings indicating that increased exercise reduces the risk of depression (Hassmén et al., 2000;Mammen and Faulkner, 2013). Importantly, our work and others have shown that exercise engagement may reduce negative mood state even in the absence of changes in cardiorespiratory fitness (Olson et al., 2017). ...
Regular physical exercise can decrease the risk for obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease, increase life expectancy, and promote psychological health and neurocognitive functioning. Cross-sectional studies show that cardiorespiratory fitness level (VO2 max) is associated with enhanced brain health, including improved mood state and heightened cognitive performance. Interventional studies are consistent with these cross-sectional studies, but most have focused on low-fit populations. Few such studies have asked if increasing levels of physical activity in moderately fit people can significantly enhance mood, motivation, and cognition. Therefore, the current study investigated the effects of increasing aerobic exercise in moderately fit individuals on psychological state and cognitive performance. We randomly assigned moderately fit healthy adults, 25–59 years of age, who were engaged in one or two aerobic exercise sessions per week to either maintain their exercise regimen (n = 41) or increase their exercise regimen (i.e., 4–7 aerobic workouts per week; n = 39) for a duration of 3 months. Both before and after the intervention, we assessed aerobic capacity using a modified cardiorespiratory fitness test, and hippocampal functioning via various neuropsychological assessments including a spatial navigation task and the Mnemonic Similarity Task as well as self-reported measures including the Positive and Negative Affect Scale, Beck Anxiety Inventory, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Perceived Stress Scale, Rumination Scale, Eating Disorders Examination, Eating Attitudes Test, Body Attitudes Test, and Behavioral Regulation of Exercise Questionnaire. Consistent with our initial working hypotheses, we found that increasing exercise significantly decreased measures of negative affect, including fear, sadness, guilt, and hostility, as well as improved body image. Further, we found that the total number of workouts was significantly associated with improved spatial navigation abilities and body image as well as reduced anxiety, general negative affect, fear, sadness, hostility, rumination, and disordered eating. In addition, increases in fitness levels were significantly associated with improved episodic memory and exercise motivation as well as decreased stress and disordered eating. Our findings are some of the first to indicate that in middle-aged moderately-fit adults, continuing to increase exercise levels in an already ongoing fitness regimen is associated with additional benefits for both psychological and cognitive health.
... In addition to demographic, socioeconomic and personality factors, factors such as lifestyle (Witmer, Sweeney, & Myers, 1993), social support (Masini & Barrett, 2008), physical exercise (Hassmen, Koivula, & Uutela, 2000), and Internet on social involvement (Kraut, Patterson, Lundmark, Kiesler, Mukophadhyay, & Scherlis, 1998) seem to be associated with psychological well-being. The current study focused on the predictive utility of lifestyle, social support and demographic variables (gender, marital status) in psychological well-being. ...
... oms. And, also protects an individuals from the unsafe outcomes of stress (Salmon, 2001).It was described that when physical workout was performed during leisure time in adequate amount drops the stress (Aldana et. al., 1996). Likewise, Schnohr et. al. (2005) identified that stress get reduced as the amount of exercise gets increased. Furthermore, Hassmén et. al. (2000), founded that involvement in exercise for 2 or 3 times in a week have been showed a lowers level of stress than non-involved individuals.Moreover, (Atlantis et. al., 2004) conducted a pre-post design study and concluded that indulging in aerobic exercise and weight-training for 24 weeks provides the noteworthy alterations in the amount ...
Anxiety, depression, and stress are the most common psychological concerns among the population of society. The desirable changes in mental health are obtained through therapeutic diagnosis i.e., physical exercise practice and physical activity participation which are having a great potential as a prevention and treatment for these psychological issues. The purpose of the study was to systematically review the evidences for the effect of an exercise program on psychological variables i.e., anxiety, depression, and stress. For this purpose 198 research articles were reviewed from the available resources i.e. Research Gate, Pub Med, Google Scholar, Springer, Scopus, Web of Science and sample of 38 research articles were selected for the study as per the inclusion criteria. This study was given an idea that exercise interventions were beneficial in reducing the anxiety, depression, and stress. Further, research literature evidently reported that exercise in detention environments improves mental health. Findings of the study were concluded that low to high intensive exercise practices, physical activities and participation in recreational games brought the significant improvement in psychological variables i.e., anxiety, depression, and stress respectively in place of the alternative of drugs and other clinical treatment methods.
... PA has been shown to help with weight control, offset anxiety and depression symptoms, and improve sleep [11]. Those engaged in regular PA can maintain weight and exhibit improved mental health outcomes such lower rates of depression, anxiety, anger, and stress compared to those who are physically inactive [12][13][14]. A single bout of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity improves anxiety and depression symptoms [11,15], decreases blood pressure [11,16], and improves sleep [11,17] on the day it is performed. ...
Background
Most women incarcerated in jail are not physically active and do not attend recreation time (rec-time), a time dedicated to being physically active, outside. The purpose of this study was to determine barriers and facilitators to attending and being physically active during rec-time among women incarcerated in jail.
Methods
We recruited and distributed a cross-sectional questionnaire to 100 women incarcerated at the Coconino County Detention Facility (CCDF) in Flagstaff, Arizona from March to July 2020. Women were asked about their experience with rec-time at CCDF, including if they had ever attended, how often they attended, if they exercised at rec-time, activities they participated in, and facilitators, barriers, and benefits to attend rec-time.
Results
Among 99 women who completed the questionnaire, 89% had ever attended rec-time. Most women identified environmental- and health-related facilitators to attending rec-time including enjoying natural light (74%), getting fresh air (83%), a change in environment (62%), and to move around and exercise (72%). Many women indicated environmental-, equipment-, clothing, and motivation-related barriers to attending rec-time. Specifically, women believed there was a lack of equipment (56%) and limited access to proper footwear (49%).
Conclusions
As health and environment are important facilitators and barriers to being physically active among women incarcerated in jail, it is important to identify appropriate environmental and policy interventions to increase the use of rec-time and physical activity. If a correctional facility does not offer rec-time or a similar alternative, one should be established, accessible, and welcoming.
... In addition to the physical benefits of exercise, Csikszentmihalyi (77) proposed the idea of "flow experience, " which means that when the participant concentrates on the activity, it will produce a subjective and temporary experience of multiple feelings such as oblivion, smoothness, and joy (78)(79)(80). Therefore, exercise can reduce depression, anxiety, and anger, and improve mood (81). From the physiological perspective, neurobiological and neuropsychological studies found that Internet addiction leads to neurostructural changes that reduce the activity of the dopaminergic system and limit neurocognitive function, whereas regular exercise can reduce SMA by moderating the central and autonomic nervous systems (29). ...
The popularity of online social media in recent years has not only brought information and social convenience to people's lives, but has also given rise to many problems, among which social media addiction (SMA) has become a concern of many scholars and experts. Past research has shown that regular exercise (REx) can have many health benefits for the body, so numerous scholars and experts believe that this may be one possible strategy for reducing the health effects of online community addiction and Internet use (IU). Therefore, this study adopted a secondary data research approach to explore and predict the effect of age on social media use and personal health, and therefore included age as a control variable to investigate whether the intervention of REx, excluding the effect of age, moderates the effect of SMA on IU and on perceived health (PH). The participants of this study were adults aged 18 years or older in Taiwan, using the 2019 “Survey Research Data Archive,” Vol. 7, No. 5 data. A total of 1,933 questionnaires were retrieved, and after elimination of invalid responses, 1,163 data were analyzed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling, PLS-SEM. The results were as follows: (1) SMA positively affected IU, (2) SMA could negatively affect PH, (3) there was no statistical effect of IU on PH, (4) SMA did not indirectly affect PH through IU, (5) REx had a moderating effect on SMA and IU, and (6) REx did not regulate the effect of SMA on PH. First, from these results, it is clear that the negative health effects of SMA may not be simply due to prolonged IU. Secondly, while it is true that the moderating effect for people with low levels of SMA can reduce IU, for people with high levels of SMA, the moderating effect of REx becomes a catalyst for increased Internet usage behavior. Finally, we draw conclusions based on the results of the study and propose directions and recommendations for follow-up research.
Physical activity occupies an important place in maintaining and improving the health and well-being of individuals and the population, which is why physical activity stands out as an important lifestyle. The restrictive measures introduced due to the coronavirus pandemic have led to a significant drop in the level of physical activity, as well as an increase in anxiety and depression. The aim of this research was to determine whether there is a connection between physical activity, mental health and quality of life of women who have experienced COVID-19. The sample of respondents consisted of women between the ages of 20 and 60 (n=193). The IPAQ questionnaire (longer version) was used to assess physical activity. Selfassessment of mental health was determined by the longer version of the DASS questionnaire. Quality of life was assessed by the World Health Organization-WHOQOL questionnaire. Descriptive statistics parameters were calculated, and canonical correlation analysis was used to examine the relationship between the level of physical activity, mental health and quality of life. Canonical correlation analysis partially confirmed that there is an association between the level of physical activity and mental health parameters. There is no correlation between the level of physical activity and quality of life. In general, it is necessary for future research to include tests and measuring instruments in order to better understand the real effects of physical activity on mental and physical health after COVID-19 infection. For example, the use of an accelerometer in research would be important for an objective assessment of physical activity levels. Also, other factors that can directly or indirectly affect people's quality of life should be taken into account. Longitudinal research is necessary to examine the impact of different levels, forms and intensities of physical activity on mental health and quality of life after COVID-19 infection.
ZET Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, pilates egzersiz metodunu uygulayan kadınların iletişim becerilerinin ve algılanan stres düzeylerinin incelenmesidir. Yöntem: Araştırma grubunu 308 gönüllü kadın katılımcı oluşturmaktadır. Veri toplama aracı olarak katılımcılara kişisel bilgi formu, iletişim becerileri ölçeği ve algılanan stres düzeyi ölçeği uygulanmıştır. İletişim becerileri ölçeği, Korkut ve Bugay (2014) tarafından geçerlik güvenirlik çalışması yapılan, 5'li likert tipinde 25 maddeli, İletişim ilkeleri ve temel beceriler, Kendini İfade Etme, Etkin Dinleme ve Sözel Olmayan İletişim, İletişim Kurmaya İsteklilik olarak adlandırılan 4 alt boyuttan oluşmaktadır. Bu araştırma için ölçeğin geneline ilişkin iç tutarlılık katsayısı .85 bulunurken, İletişim ilkeleri ve temel beceriler .79, Kendini ifade etme .83, Etkin dinleme ve sözel olmayan iletişim .79 ve İletişim kurmaya isteklilik alt boyutu .82 saptanmıştır. Katılımcıların stres düzeylerini ölçmek amacıyla kullanılan algılanan stres düzeyi ölçeği, Kaya ve ark. (2019) tarafından geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması yapılan, 5'li likert tipinde, toplam 10 maddeden oluşmaktadır. Olumlu ifade içeren maddelerden 7 tanesi ters puanlanmaktadır. Bu araştırma da ölçeğin geneline ilişkin iç tutarlılık katsayısı .71 olarak saptanmıştır. Tüm istatistiksel analizler IBM SPSS sürüm 21.0 yazılımı (IBM Corp. Released 2012. Armonk, NY, USA) ile yapılmıştır. Verilerin analizinde kişisel bilgiler için tanımlayıcı istatistik yöntemlerinden frekans ve yüzde kullanılmıştır. Değişkenler arasında karşılaştırma yapmadan önce normallik analizi yapılmıştır. Skewness ve Kurtisos değerleri-2 ile +2 arasında değer aldığı için değişkenlerin normal dağılım gösterdiği varsayılmıştır (George ve Mallery 2010). Buna göre α = 0.05 anlamlılık düzeyinde 2 değişkenli veriler için Independent-Samples T-Testi, 2'den fazla değişkenleriçin ise One-Way ANOVA testi uygulanmıştır. Alt boyutlar arasındaki ilişkiyi ölçmek amacıyla Pearson Korelasyon analizi yapılmıştır. Bulgular: Analiz sonuçlarına göre medeni durum, aylık gelir, egzersiz yapma nedeni ile iletişim becerileri alt boyutları arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı farklılık tespit edilirken, yaş, haftalık egzersiz yapma süresi, toplam egzersiz yılı, öğrenim durumu arasında anlamlı farklılık tespit edilememiştir. Yaş, aylık gelir, egzersiz yapma nedeni ile algılanan stres düzeyi arasında anlamlı farklılık ortaya konmuştur. Ancak medeni durum, haftalık egzersiz yapma süresi, toplam egzersiz yılı, öğrenim durumu arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir farklılık bulunamamıştır. Yapılan pearson korelasyon analizine göre iletişim becerileri kendini ifade etme, iletişim kurmaya isteklilik alt boyutlarında orta düzeyde, etkin dinleme ve sözel olmayan iletişim alt boyutlarında yüksek düzeyde, algılanan stres düzeyinde ise negatif yönlü orta düzeyde ilişki olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Sonuç: Sonuç olarak, pilates egzersiz metodunu uygulayan kadınların iletişim becerileri medeni durum, aylık gelir, egzersiz yapma nedeni, algılanan stres düzeyi ise yaş, aylık gelir, egzersiz yapma nedeni gibi sosyo-demografik değişkenler açısından farklılık göstermektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: İletişim becerileri, Algılanan stres düzeyi, Pilates egzersiz metodu ÇOMÜ SPOR BİLİMLERİ DERGİSİ
The aim of this study is to examine the effect of games played before yoga on social integration and the effect of yoga training on subjective wellness. A total of 34 people with a mean age of 24,885,20 years, who had never practised yoga before, participated in the study. The participants were divided into two groups as game-supported yoga group (n:17) and yoga-only group (n:17). The first group consisted of those who played intra-group acquaintance and mingling games before each beginner-level yoga practice and then practiced yoga (Game+Yoga), while the second group regularly participated in beginner-level yoga practices. Both groups were asked to fill out the Social Integration Scale in Sport (Yılmaz 2006) and Subjective Wellness Scale (Uysal 2014) before and after 8 weeks. Descriptive statistics, Independent T-test, Paired Sample T-test and One Way Anova test were used in the analysis of the data through Spss 24 software. As a result of the findings obtained from the research, it was seen that there was no significant difference between the groups in terms of social integration and subjective wellness in terms of pre and post test values (p>0.05). However, when in-group comparisons were examined, it was determined that there were statistically significant differences between the pre-post test (p<0.05). According to the results of the study, it can be said that game-supported yoga training has no effect on social integration, but 8-week yoga training positively affects the level of social integration and subjective wellness.
Background: This mixed-methods study aimed to explore the effectiveness of a technology-based physical activity intervention in promoting physical activity and improving mental health, life satisfaction and happiness among adults in Guizhou province, China. Literature review has indicated the potential of technology-based interventions in this area; however, the number of the studies on this area is scanty.
Objectives: The primary objective of this study was to assess the effect of a technology-based physical activity intervention on promoting physical activity and improving mental health, life satisfaction, and happiness among adults. Specifically, the study aimed to compare an experimental group receiving the intervention with a control group that received no intervention. It also aimed at exploring male and female adults’ perceptions of motivations for and barriers to using technology in physical activities.
Methodology: The research employed a mixed-methods design, incorporating both quantitative and qualitative components. The quantitative aspect involved a pretest-posttest randomized controlled trial (RCT), while the qualitative component utilized semi-structured interviews. Participants were randomly selected from a population of adults aged 18 years and older using a stratified random sampling technique. Quantitative data on physical activity levels, happiness, and mental health outcomes were collected through surveys administered at both the onset and the end of a 12-week intervention period. Qualitative data were obtained through semi-structured interviews to gain insights into participants' perceptions of technology-based physical activities.
Findings: The findings revealed that the technology-based physical activity intervention was effective in promoting physical activity and improving mental health, life satisfaction and happiness among the experimental group. The qualitative analysis using thematic analysis provided additional insights into participants' views on technology-based physical activities as facilitators or barriers to physical activity and mental health outcomes.
Conclusions: Based on the findings, this study concludes that the technology-based physical activity intervention had a positive impact on physical activity levels and mental health, life satisfaction, and happiness of the adults.
Implications: The findings of this study have important implications for the development of future physical activity interventions and mental health programs. They provide evidence for the effectiveness of technology-based interventions in promoting physical activity and improving mental health outcomes among adults. Further research is needed to explore the long-term effects, sustainability, and specific mechanisms underlying the impact of these interventions. Understanding these factors will help in developing targeted and effective interventions to promote physical activity and enhance mental well-being in the future.
Background. Coronavirus disease 2019" (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Problem and Aim. investigate the effects of lockdown on the physical activity and psychological well-being of Colombian taekwondo athletes during the COVID-19 outbreak. Methods. A total of 114 athletes (male = 78; female = 36) were surveyed. Athletes responded to an online survey-the International Physical Activity (PA) Questionnaire and the Psychological General Well-Being Index, considering "before" and "during" the pandemic. Results. Lockdown had a negative effect on total PA levels (MET-min/week) (F = 20.16; p < 0.01), with females displaying the greatest decrease (from 5.420 to 3.403; p < 0.05). In the total sample, a greater change in PA behavior between before and during confinement was observed in highly active participants (n = 93 vs n = 63) as total MET-min/week (6.121vs 5.556; p < 0.05). Assessment of psychological well-being revealed significant differences by gender, with females being more affected by lockdown in perceived anxiety (p < 0.05), vitality (p < 0.01), and general health (p<0.01). However, no differences were found at technical level. PA levels during lockdown revealed significant inter-group differences between the moderate and high-activity male groups for anxiety (p<0.01) and vitality (p < 0.05), while the moderate and high-active female groups showed differences in the self-control (p < 0.05) and well-being (p < 0.05) dimensions. Conclusions. while COVID-19-associated restrictions were essential to preserve public health, PA and psychological well-being were compromised, affecting mainly female taekwondo practitioners.
Bu araştırmanın amacı; sedanter bireylerin 8 haftalık fiziksel aktiviteye göre stres, kaygı, depresyon, yaşam memnuniyeti, psikolojik iyi oluş ve pozitif-negatif duygu düzeylerini incelemek ve ön test son test puanlarını karşılaştırmaktır. Araştırma ön test-son test deney ve kontrol gruplu yarı deneysel bir araştırmadır. Araştırma grubu 50 deney grubu, 50 kontrol grubu toplam 100 bireyden oluşmaktadır. Veriler “Depresyon, Anksiyete ve Stres Ölçeği”, “Yaşam Memnuniyeti Ölçeği”, “Psikolojik İyi Oluş Ölçeği” ve “PozitifNegatif Duygu Ölçeği” kullanılarak elde edilmiştir. Elde edilen veriler grup içinde ve gruplar arasında karşılaştırılmıştır. Deney ve kontrol grubunun stres, kaygı, depresyon, yaşam memnuniyeti, psikolojik iyi oluş ve pozitif-negatif duygu düzeylerini ön test ve son test puanları açısından karşılaştırmak için bağımsız örneklem t testinden yararlanılmıştır. Bağımlı değişkenlerin birbiriyle olan ilişkisini incelemek amacıyla pearson korelasyon analizinden faydalanılmıştır. Deney grubundaki bireylerin ön test ve son test puanları bakımından stres, kaygı, depresyon, yaşam memnuniyeti, psikolojik iyi oluş ve pozitif-negatif duygu düzeylerinde anlamlı bir farklılığa rastlanırken, kontrol grubundaki bireylerin ön test ve son test puanlarında herhangi bir farklılığın olmadığı tespit edilmiştir. Araştırmada stres, kaygı, depresyon ve negatif duygu arasında pozitif bir ilişkinin olduğu görülmüştür. Yaşam memnuniyeti, psikolojik iyi oluş ve pozitif duygu arasında da pozitif ilişki olduğu belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca stres, kaygı, depresyon ve negatif duygu ile yaşam memnuniyeti, psikolojik iyi oluş ve pozitif duygu arasında negatif bir ilişkinin olduğu tespit edilmiştir.
Yaşam boyu sürdürülebilen olumlu düşünme becerileri, bireyleri psikolojik ve sosyal yönden olumlu etkileyerek bireylerin stres düzeylerinin azalmasına yardımcı olur. Bu araştırmada, bedensel engelli bireylerin olumlu düşünme becerileri ile algılanan stres düzeyleri bazı değişkenler açısından incelenmiştir. Araştırmada nicel araştırma yöntemlerinden tarama yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Çalışmanın evrenini Ankara ilinde yaşayan bedensel engelli bireyler, örneklem grubunu 186 bedensel engelli birey oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmada veri toplama araçlarından Kişisel Bilgi Formu, “Olumlu Düşünme Becerileri Ölçeği (ODBÖ)” ve “Algılanan Stres Ölçeği’nin (ASÖ)” kullanılmıştır. Veriler, SPSS 23.0 paket programı kullanılarak analize tabi tutulmuştur. Araştırmanın güven aralığı ,05 olarak belirlenirken verilerin normal dağılıma uyduğu tespit edilmiştir. Değişkenlerin analiz edilmesinde parametrik testlerden bağımsız örneklem t-testi kullanılmıştır. Bununla birlikte korelasyon analizi ile basit doğrusal regresyon analizinin kullanılmasıyla analiz kısmı tamamlanmıştır. İstatistiklerden elde edilen bulgularda aktif olarak spor yapan bedensel engelli bireylerin algılanan stres düzeyinin düşük olduğu görülmüştür. Aynı zamanda olumlu düşünme becerilerinin artmasıyla algılanan stres düzeyinin azaldığı elde edilen diğer bulgular arasında yer almaktadır. Sonuç olarak düzenli spor yapmak, bedensel engelli bireylerin algıladıkları stres düzeyini düşüreceğinden olumlu düşünme becerilerinin artacağını söylemek mümkündür.
Bu araştırmanın amacı; sedanter bireylerin 8 haftalık fiziksel aktiviteye göre stres, kaygı, depresyon, yaşam memnuniyeti, psikolojik iyi oluş ve pozitif-negatif duygu düzeylerini incelemek ve ön test son test puanlarını karşılaştırmaktır. Araştırma ön test-son test deney ve kontrol gruplu yarı deneysel bir araştırmadır. Araştırma grubu 50 deney grubu, 50 kontrol grubu toplam 100 bireyden oluşmaktadır. Veriler “Depresyon, Anksiyete ve Stres Ölçeği”, “Yaşam Memnuniyeti Ölçeği”, “Psikolojik İyi Oluş Ölçeği” ve “Pozitif-Negatif Duygu Ölçeği” kullanılarak elde edilmiştir. Elde edilen veriler grup içinde ve gruplar arasında karşılaştırılmıştır. Deney ve kontrol grubunun stres, kaygı, depresyon, yaşam memnuniyeti, psikolojik iyi oluş ve pozitif-negatif duygu düzeylerini ön test ve son test puanları açısından karşılaştırmak için bağımsız örneklem t testinden yararlanılmıştır. Bağımlı değişkenlerin birbiriyle olan ilişkisini incelemek amacıyla pearson korelasyon analizinden faydalanılmıştır. Deney grubundaki bireylerin ön test ve son test puanları bakımından stres, kaygı, depresyon, yaşam memnuniyeti, psikolojik iyi oluş ve pozitif-negatif duygu düzeylerinde anlamlı bir farklılığa rastlanırken (p0.05). Araştırmada stres, kaygı, depresyon ve negatif duygu arasında pozitif bir ilişkinin olduğu görülmüştür. Yaşam memnuniyeti, psikolojik iyi oluş ve pozitif duygu arasında da pozitif ilişki olduğu belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca stres, kaygı, depresyon ve negatif duygu ile yaşam memnuniyeti, psikolojik iyi oluş ve pozitif duygu arasında negatif bir ilişkinin olduğu tespit edilmiştir.
Background and aim: The purpose of this research was to edition of an educational-exercise package for people with intellectual disabilities, with an emphasis on compiling the principles of exercise, the best types of exercises, and the details of the exercise program (FITT-VP) for this people.
Methods: In this research, which was carried out with the financial support of Iran National Science Foundation, the researcher compiled a special exercise training package for these people and implemented this package on 7-18-year-old students with intellectual disabilities and determined the strengths and weaknesses of the exercises and then completed the exercise training package to present to the community. The members of the sample group were 36 students with intellectual disabilities who were studying in an exceptional school in Tehran.
Results: After reviewing the research done, the researchers compiled 12 basic principles of sports training and the best way of sports training in these people, that include cognitive and perceptual-action training, development of muscle function, development of psychosocial skills, development of physical fitness and motor development skills, development of physical activity, specialized sports, aerobic exercises, flexibility exercises, weight loss exercise programs, and balance training.
Conclusion: These guidelines for physical activity and exercise of people with intellectual disabilities are presented and it is suggested that trainers and experts in the field of sports science use these exercises as a comprehensive guide for these people.
Keywords: Intellectual Disabilities Exercise Training Package, Sport Psychomotor Skills
In a society that strives for appearance, fitness is increasingly viewed as a means to reach a certain aesthetic ideal, rather than a way to improve health and physical performance. Every day millions of posts appear on social media promoting a visual representation of apparently fit, healthy and 'perfect' bodies. Combining personal accounts, clinical cases, and scientific research, this book explores how such new trends in society can lead to the development of exercise addiction and body image disorders. It explains how such a concern with physical appearance can act as a precursor or be symptomatic of other conditions, such as eating disorders, mood disorders, and the use of performance and image enhancing drugs. It highlights throughout the importance of raising awareness amongst health professionals, including psychiatrists, psychologists, mental health nurses, social workers and primary care physicians, of this growing challenge to prevent harm and improve treatment.
Health has always been a matter of concern for all. Changes in behaviours related to health and climate variability have been evident in the past few years. Alterations in ambient air, water, food, and shelter due to changing climate are weakening health infrastructure. Though people in all age groups are more focussed on dietary patterns and lifestyle in general and with the increasing attention towards health-related aspects, preservation of health has become the most important concern globally. Various dimensions of health such as physical, social, psychological, and spiritual are now separately considered contributing factors to the overall maintenance of well-being. Personal, social, and environmental factors significantly impact the state of health and wellness in individuals. Additionally, biological factors such as genetics, gut microbiota, and neurotransmitters affect mental health. Dietary patterns, nutrition, physical exercises, emotional factors, personality traits, socio-environmental, and demographic conditions also play a significant role in promoting health-related behaviours and building the immune system. Creating awareness and spreading knowledge regarding the need and importance of various aspects of health and opting for sustainable developmental strategies specifically in the industrial and agricultural sectors are the need of the hour. An overall assessment and analysis of factors contributing to a healthy state can be influential in developing a multidimensional approach which can, in turn, be beneficial to the society at large to overcome challenging situations such as a pandemic and the stressors generated due to changing climate.KeywordsBehaviourClimate changeHealthImmunityWell-being
Background
Although mechanisms are unclear, there is a robust association between exercise and mood improvements. However, beyond ~ 6 months of expected weight loss, weight-management behaviors such as exercise wane as weight gradually regains in most adults. The amount of exercise required to maintain mood improvement is unknown, as is the possible role of theory-based psychosocial changes associated with treatment such as in self-efficacy.Methods
Women who volunteered for a community-based cognitive-behavioral obesity treatment emphasizing exercise and building self-efficacy via self-regulating through lifestyle challenges/barriers, and were of the 86% who reduced their negative mood during its initial 6 months, were allocated into groups who either maintained their negative mood reduction (Sustain group, n = 43) or reverted toward initial levels of negative mood (Revert group, n = 73) during months 6–24. A binary stepwise logistic regression analysis assessed whether exercise amount and/or change in self-efficacy significantly classified Sustain vs. Revert group membership.ResultsChange in exercise amount was not significantly associated with group membership. However, after additional entry of change in exercise self-efficacy, a significant association was found — successfully classifying 70% and 42% of the Revert and Sustain group participants, respectively. When self-efficacy change was entered as the sole independent variable, group membership was classified with 62% accuracy, overall (96% in the Revert group).Conclusions
Consistent with behavioral explanations of the exercise-mood change relationship, it was interpreted that self-efficacy, rather than exercise amount, was an important correlate of mood change beyond month 6. Suggestions for bolstering self-efficacy later in behavioral obesity treatments were provided.
Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are early life psychosocial stressors that are associated with poorer mental health and increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in a dose-dependent manner. We examined the feasibility of an 8-week combined aerobic and resistance exercise training program to improve systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), serum endothelin-1 (ET-1), resilience, hope agency, and hope pathways in young women with ACEs. Forty-two healthy women (21±3 y) with ≥4 (ACE+; n=28) or 0 ACEs (ACE-; n=14) completed this study. Women with ACEs were randomly assigned to an exercise (ACE+EXT; n=14) or non-exercise control (ACE+CON;n=14) group, whereas all ACE- participants were assigned to a non-exercise control (n=14). Hope agency and DBP did not change in any group (p³0.43), but hope pathways improved only in ACE+EXT (mean±SE change; +1.6±0.74 au; p=0.032). ET-1 decreased in ACE+EXT only (-0.31±0.15 pg/ml, p=0.043). Although the interactions for resilience and SBP did not reach significance (p=0.05----0.06), forced post-hoc analyses indicated that resilience improved (+4.9±1.9 au, p = 0.012) and SBP tended to improve (-4.0±2.0 mmHg; p=0.053) in ACE+EXT only. There were significant associations between changes in hope pathways and SBP (ρ=-0.43, p=0.023) and ET-1 (ρ=-0.53, p=0.005), and between changes in SBP and ET-1 (ρ=0.49; p=0.012) in the ACE+ group. In summary, structured exercise training reduces serum ET-1 levels, improves positive psychological coping, and may improve SBP in young women with ACEs. The relationships among the changes in hope pathways, SBP, and ET-1 suggest a cardiovascular psychophysiological relationship in young women with ACEs.
Stress is the root cause of all diseases; it makes the human body release stress-related hormones (i.e. cortisol and epinephrine) and slows down or ceases lots of essential body functions, including digestion, metabolism and cellular uptake of glucose, nutrients and oxygen, which may lead to acidosis. Furthermore, it incapacitates the immune system and delays the healing processes of the body. Persistent stress is related to lots of harmful psychological and physiological outcomes that constitute a considerable concern for the public’s health. If the stress is not managed with time, it can lead to an increased risk of emotional disturbances, metabolic disorders, cardiovascular diseases, depression, anxiety, suicidal thoughts and low self-esteem. Meditation and mindful breathing have been stated to reduce the body’s stress response and are accountable for preventing the detrimental effects. This chapter will discuss the detrimental effects of stress on the human body, how stress affects the hormonal secretions, what meditation is and what its types are, what the effects of meditation are on inflammatory markers and EEG of the brain, how deep breathing and meditation help in reducing blood pressure and how meditation stimulates the immune system and the capability of the body to heal.
Introduction: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationships between functional performance, physical activity level, and depression level with postural control in older adults.
Methods: Data were collected from 48 community-dwelling subjects aged ≥65 years. As measurement parameters, Sway mobile balance application for postural control, Sit – Stand Test for lower extremity muscle strength, SenseWear armband for physical activity level, Mini Mental Test for mental status and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) for depression level were used.
Results: Sway score was positively correlated with total energy
expenditure (TEE) (r=0.28, p=0.04) and number of steps (r=0.30, p=0.03) and negatively correlated with BDI (r=-0.33, p=0.03). The BDI score was negatively correlated with all physical activity parameters. While lower extremity strength, which indicates functional performance, showed moderate-good correlation with physical activity parameters, it showed moderate negative correlation with BDI (r=-0.63, p<0.001). Body mass index value positively correlated with TEE (r=0.34, p=0.01)
Conclusions: The results of this study showed a significant correlation between postural control, physical activity, and depression level. A sufficient level of physical activity is important for the maintenance and improvement of depression level and postural control system. The relationship between physical activity, depression level and postural control should not be ignored in healthy aging.
Background:
Dental caries is one of the most common dental diseases that affect all population and is associated with the avoidance of care. Research has reported that sense of coherence (SOC) is related to many aspects of health including oral health. SOC determines the quality of health and might have a direct association with the development of subjective assessments of oral health.
Objectives:
To find the association between SOC, Oral Health-Related Quality of Life (OHRQoL) and caries status among nursing college students in southern state of India.
Design:
Cross-sectional design using questionnaire and assessment of caries status.
Participants:
Nursing students from south India.
Methods:
Convenience sampling method was followed and students who were present on the day of the study and consented to participate were included in the study. The total study sample consisted of 494 nursing students. SOC and OHRQoL were measured by a self-administered questionnaire; caries status was assessed using Decayed, Missing and Filled Tooth (DMFT) index.
Results:
Association between SOC and Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP) and caries status and OHIP was found to be statistically significant. Correlation between dental caries and OHIP was found to be statistically significant, with R-value -0.251 shows that OHIP is negatively correlated with caries status.
Conclusion:
SOC as a psychosocial resource is capable of facilitating the motivation for positive oral health behaviours. These resources along with socio-economic and demographic factors can create an environment that is partially responsible for the individuals' cognitive and physical functions that can express themselves as the individuals' well-being and positive health behaviours.
Objectives
Native Hawaiians (NH) report higher rates of interpersonal trauma in childhood or adolescence (ITCA) as well as higher rates of chronic physical illness and psychopathology. Given that physical activity (PA) has positive impacts on physical and mental health, it may also serve as a protective factor in the development of poor health outcomes in adulthood following ITCA. The present study investigated what factors contribute to wellbeing and transdiagnostic posttraumatic sequelae for individuals with exposure to ITCA using a dataset from a longitudinal study cohort (n = 989) of ethnically diverse older individuals (mean age = 60) in Hawaiʻi.
Methods
Five univariate general linear models were used to explore the unique effects of: PA; ITCA level; NH status; interactions with ITCA level; and interactions with NH status on the dependent variables: posttraumatic sequelae (i.e., dissociation, avoidance, interpersonal difficulty) and aspects of wellbeing (i.e., satisfaction with life [SWL], self-rated health).
Results
PA was a significant predictor of SWL, self-rated health, and dissociation, while exposure to ITCA predicted SWL. NH group status interacted with PA to uniquely predict dissociation. Exposure to ITCA differentially predicted SWL.
Conclusions
Findings support prior evidence that processes in posttraumatic experience are significantly associated with poor health-promoting behaviors (e.g., PA). Additionally, for NHs, PA may reduce dissociation, or levels of dissociation already present in the NH group may play a role in disengagement from PA. Future research should consider whether PA holds benefits across trauma types (e.g., historical trauma), or if culturally based PA is differentially more protective.
This study examines the health benefits of participating in recreational activities by public servants in Southwest Nigeria. The research design was the descriptive research of the survey type. The population consisted of all public servants selected from three states out of the six states in the Southwest Nigeria, using multistage sampling procedure. The face and content validity of the instrument used was ensured by experts in Human kinetics and health education, tests, measurements and evaluation. The reliability of the instrument was ascertained by using test re-test method, which yielded 0.81 reliability coefficient. The data collected were analyzed descriptively using frequency counts and percentages and inferentially using t-test analysis. The hypothesis formulated was tested at 0.05 level of significance. The findings showed that there was no significant influence of gender on public servants perception of health benefits of participants in recreational activities.. Recommendations were made on the need for public servants to participate in recreational activities for health and longevity. Introduction:
Purpose
Exercise during chemotherapy has beneficial long-term effects on women with breast cancer, but short-term beneficial changes have been less investigated. Though short-term changes may be important as a encouraging factor, this study aimed to investigate immediate changes in self-reported energy, stress, nausea and pain following a single exercise session during chemotherapy.
Methods
Forty-six women who were exercising while undergoing adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer were included between October 2016 and April 2018. Self-reported energy and stress were assessed before, immediately after and three hours after exercise sessions by the Stress-Energy Questionnaire. On the same questionnaire nausea and pain were assessed by a Visual Analog Scale. The measurements were completed at four time points during cycles 2 and 5 of the 6-cycle chemotherapy course.
Results
Energy level increased immediately after a single exercise session for three out of four periods during the chemotherapy course (p < 0.01), with a larger increase when energy was lower before the session (p < 0.01). Three hours after the exercise session, the energy was about the same level as before the exercise session. Stress decreased immediately after the session during cycle two (p < 0.01) but not cycle five. There were no changes in nausea or pain.
Conclusions
Patients undergoing chemotherapy should be informed not only about the long-term advantages of exercise, but also immediate benefits in terms of increased energy. The energy increase both while exercise in the beginning and toward the end of the chemotherapy course, this short-term advantageous consequence may strengthen patients’ motivation to exercise. Clinicians should also inform patients that exercise does not seem to worsen nausea and pain.
Allergies and allergic diseases are the most important health problems of modern and urban life. Allergy is defined as the immunological sensitivity of the individual (human-animal) who is repeatedly exposed to a particular antigen (allergen). In the formation and course of allergic diseases, whether or not they are infected with helminths shows great differences in the course and results of immunological responses. Hygiene hypothesis is the most accepted hypothesis. According to the this, changes made in the cornerstones of society such as living conditions, habits and small family structures, which are altered from nature, reduce the likelihood of encountering helminths and at the same time decreasing the incidence of helminth infections. However, this decrease adversely affects the immune system and causes “immunological deficiency”. According to this, TH2 cell mechanisms and secretion of T-reg cells are different in allergic reactions of organisms that have previously had helminth infection. Given that helminth infections are the strongest natural stimulant for TH2 responses, a strong TH2 response appears to significantly reduce the effects of an allergic attack. In this article, the role of helminths in allergic reactions is discussed under various headlines.
To test the idea that the preponderance of female depressives is due to a masculine tendency to avoid negative social consequences by reporting fewer depressive symptoms, the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) was administered to 106 male and 104 female undergraduates under conditions of public and private disclosure. It was hypothesized that males would score lower on the BDI than females in the public disclosure condition but not males in the private disclosure condition. Results of both studies fail to support the experimental hypothesis. However, ANOVA revealed a significant interaction between sex of S and sex of examiner. Results are discussed in terms of a willingness to admit more symptoms to a same-sex person due to fear of rejection by the opposite sex and in terms of gender-specific patterns of self-disclosure in first-encounter heterosexual situations. Results also suggest that BDI scores of college students can be interpreted without regard to type of administration. (18 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved).
Lifetime rates are presented for 15 DSM-III psychiatric diagnoses evaluated in three large household samples on the basis of lay interviewers' use of the Diagnostic Interview Schedule. The most common diagnoses were alcohol abuse and dependence, phobia, major depressive episode, and drug abuse and dependence. Disorders that most clearly predominated in men were antisocial personality and alcohol abuse and dependence. Disorders that most clearly predominated in women were depressive episodes and phobias. The age group with highest rates for most disorders was found to be young adults (aged 25 to 44 years). Correlates with race, education, and urbanization are presented.
Reviews theory and research that have attempted to relate fitness training to improvements on psychological variables among normals as well as selected clinical populations. Theoretical speculations in this area are critiqued, and research designs are evaluated as either experimental or quasi-experimental and therefore interpretable, or preexperimental and therefore largely uninterpretable. The research suggests that physical fitness training leads to improved mood, self-concept, and work behavior; the evidence is less clear as to its effects on cognitive functioning, although it does appear to bolster cognitive performance during and after physical stress. Except for self-concept, personality traits are not affected by improvements in physical fitness. Mentally retarded children demonstrate psychological improvement following physical fitness training, but no conclusion can be reached regarding the effects of physical fitness training with other clinical syndromes. (2½ p ref)
This study presents estimates of lifetime and 12-month prevalence of 14 DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders from the National Comorbidity Survey, the first survey to administer a structured psychiatric interview to a national probability sample in the United States.
The DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders among persons aged 15 to 54 years in the noninstitutionalized civilian population of the United States were assessed with data collected by lay interviewers using a revised version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview.
Nearly 50% of respondents reported at least one lifetime disorder, and close to 30% reported at least one 12-month disorder. The most common disorders were major depressive episode, alcohol dependence, social phobia, and simple phobia. More than half of all lifetime disorders occurred in the 14% of the population who had a history of three or more comorbid disorders. These highly comorbid people also included the vast majority of people with severe disorders. Less than 40% of those with a lifetime disorder had ever received professional treatment, and less than 20% of those with a recent disorder had been in treatment during the past 12 months. Consistent with previous risk factor research, it was found that women had elevated rates of affective disorders and anxiety disorders, that men had elevated rates of substance use disorders and antisocial personality disorder, and that most disorders declined with age and with higher socioeconomic status.
The prevalence of psychiatric disorders is greater than previously thought to be the case. Furthermore, this morbidity is more highly concentrated than previously recognized in roughly one sixth of the population who have a history of three or more comorbid disorders. This suggests that the causes and consequences of high comorbidity should be the focus of research attention. The majority of people with psychiatric disorders fail to obtain professional treatment. Even among people with a lifetime history of three or more comorbid disorders, the proportion who ever obtain specialty sector mental health treatment is less than 50%. These results argue for the importance of more outreach and more research on barriers to professional help-seeking.
Fiercer competition between athletes and a wider knowledge of optimal training regimens dramatically influence current training methods. A single training bout per day was previously considered sufficient, whereas today athletes regularly train twice a day or more. Consequently, the number of athletes who are overtraining and have insufficient rest is increasing. Positive overtraining can be regarded as a natural process when the end result is adaptation and improved performance: the supercompensation principle--which includes the breakdown process (training) followed by the recovery process (rest)--is well known in sports. However, negative overtraining, causing maladaptation and other negative consequences such as staleness, can occur. Physiological, psychological, biochemical and immunological symptoms must be considered, both independently and together, to fully understand the 'staleness' syndrome. However, psychological testing may reveal early-warning signs more readily than the various physiological or immunological markers. The time frame of training and recovery is also important since the consequences of negative overtraining comprise an overtraining-response continuum from short to long term effects. An athlete failing to recover within 72 hours has presumably negatively overtrained and is in an overreached state. For an elite athlete to refrain from training for > 72 hours is extremely undesirable, highlighting the importance of a carefully monitored recovery process. There are many methods used to measure the training process but few with which to match the recovery process against it. One such framework for this is referred to as the total quality recovery (TQR) process. By using a TQR scale, structured around the scale developed for ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), the recovery process can be monitored and matched against the breakdown (training) process (TQR versus RPE). The TQR scale emphasises both the athlete's perception of recovery and the importance of active measures to improve the recovery process. Furthermore, directing attention to psychophysiological cues serves the same purpose as in RPE, i.e. increasing self-awareness. This article reviews and conceptualises the whole overtraining process. In doing so, it (i) aims to differentiate between the types of stress affecting an athlete's performance: (ii) identifies factors influencing an athlete's ability to adapt to physical training: (iii) structures the recovery process. The TQR method to facilitate monitoring of the recovery process is then suggested and a conceptual model that incorporates all of the important parameters for performance gain (adaptation) and loss (maladaptation).
This review examines the effects of exercise and physical activity on the psychological well-being of older adults. Unlike most of the literature in this area, this review focuses primarily on those psychosocial outcomes that are generally positive in nature. As well as considering the overall effects of physical activity, the roles of program length, subject sex, age, physical fitness, and measurement are considered. Overall, the results of the 38 studies reviewed are overwhelmingly positive, with the majority reporting positive associations between physical activity and psychological well-being. This relationship appears to be moderated by the length of the exercise programs; longer programs consistently report more positive results. There is little evidence that exercise has differential psychological effects on men and women or on individuals of differing ages. Whereas training protocols seem to result in significant changes in physical fitness and well-being, such improvements appear to be unrelated. The review concludes with a brief discussion of possible mechanisms underlying the physical activity/psychological health relationship, and several directions are recommended for future research.
• Lifetime rates are presented for 15 DSM-III psychiatric diagnoses evaluated in three large household samples on the basis of lay interviewers' use of the Diagnostic Interview Schedule. The most common diagnoses were alcohol abuse and dependence, phobia, major depressive episode, and drug abuse and dependence. Disorders that most clearly predominated in men were antisocial personality and alcohol abuse and dependence. Disorders that most clearly predominated in women were depressive episodes and phobias. The age group with highest rates for most disorders was found to be young adults (aged 25 to 44 years). Correlates with race, education, and urbanization are presented.
Examines the effects of physical activity on depression and anxiety, discussing the scientific strength of studies on physical activity, depression, and anxiety against the standards of science accepted in epidemiology with a focus on the independence, consistency, dose-response gradient, and biological plausibility of the evidence. (Author/SM)
The major purposes of the text are to provide prospective fitness and exercise professionals with essential theoretical information and to offer suggestions of practical value in leadership roles in exercise, wellness, health promotion, corporate fitness, cardiac rehabilitation, commercial fitness, and other related areas. The text is intended for upper-level undergraduate and beginning-level graduate courses, as well as for practitioners who seek additional knowledge to help them function more effectively.
Part I addresses research-based and theoretical topics. However, we have attempted to infuse suggestions for practical application throughout this section. Part II has an applied focus and discusses the skills and techniques for effective exercise leadership. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
This study examined the separate and combined effects of verbal (cognitive) therapy and aerobic exercise for the treatment of individuals experiencing difficulties coping with dysphoric moods. Sixty-one volunteers who scored between 9 and 30 on the Beck Depression Inventory were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: running only, cognitive therapy only, or combined running and therapy. Cognitive therapy was provided in 10 weekly individual sessions, while supervised running was conducted in small groups three times a week for 10 weeks. All three treatment conditions produced significant but not differential improvement over time on measures assessing a variety of mood states. Posthoc analyses demonstrated that all treatments were equally effective for individuals who initially would have been considered to be mildly depressed (BDI < 20)="" and="" those="" who="" would="" have="" been="" considered="" moderately="" depressed="" (bdi=""> 20). Four-month follow-up data indicated that the improvement had been maintained. The correlation between improvement on depression scores and an index of improved physiological functioning was not significant. Thus, the mechanism through which exercise influences mood was not clarified. These results suggest that supervised involvement in aerobic exercise may be a viable and cost-efficient alternative treatment to traditional individual verbal therapy for some individuals experiencing difficulty with dysphoric moods.
This paper empirically examines the relationship between position in the social structure, beliefs about control over health and three different types of health-related behaviour. The data are drawn from two large scale community surveys (N = 4224) carried out in southern England. The results show that the relationship between the Multi-dimensional Health Locus of Control (MHLC) and exercise, cigarette smoking and use of alcohol was never more than modest even within different social and economic contexts. Doubts are cast upon the value of the MHLC for explaining variations in health-related behaviour and more fruitful areas for research are suggested.
Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine the physical activity participation patterns of college students when defined by their Health Locus of Control orientation. One thousand thirty-three college-aged students completed the Wellness Activity Profile, a questionnaire that yielded data on Health Locus of Control and self-reported frequency of participation in physical activities. Discriminant analyses indicated that the combination of physical activities associated with internally and externally oriented students were different for both males and females. Participation in high caloric expenditure activities was more frequent among internal subjects (Male: bicycling, volleyball, other individual sports, and snorkel/scuba diving; Female: basketball, weight training, tennis, fast walking/jogging/running, and judo/karate), while low caloric expenditure activities were associated with an external orientation (Male: baseball/softball, sailing, fishing, golf, and other recreational sports; Female: track and field jumping and fishing).
Research has shown that physical activity leads to greater psychological well-being for many young and middle-aged individuals. This paper reviews studies to determine whether there is also evidence for an association between physical activity and psychological well-being across the life span, or in the elderly. Several methodological problems related to exercise, ageing, and psychological well-being are explored. Although an association between exercise and mental well-being in the elderly is noted, there is little experimental evidence to support a conclusion that physical activity is causally related to enhanced psychological well-being in the elderly. Methodological problems, a paucity of well-controlled studies, and equivocal findings regarding the topic make it premature to conclude that physical activity leads to enhanced mental health in elderly persons.
The cardiovascular fitness, blood pressure, resting pulse, lung capacity and body fat of 246 subjects were measured and each subject completed activity, mental health and mood questionnaires. The results of this study support the hypothesis that participation in physical activity, rather than cardiovascular fitness, is the factor associated with better mental health and mood. Higher levels of physical activity were associated with better mood scores unless the individuals were unfit. This research has implications for how physical activity is prescribed; the emphasis needs to be on performing physical activity rather than improving fitness and should not be beyond the physical capabilities of the individual.
According to research, hostility is a reliable predictor of coronary heart disease. Cook-Medley-defined hostility in particular has been seen as a significant precursor of coronary disease. It is important to specify the kind of hostility measured by the Cook-Medley scale. The present study examined the construct validity of the Cook-Medley scale for a sample of 219 university students in Finland, a country with a high incidence of coronary heart disease. The results supported the interpretation of the Cook-Medley scale primarily as a measure of cynicism and distrust. On the basis of our previous research, a subscale of the Cook-Medley scale was formed. This 9-item scale, a measure of Cynical Distrust, correlated positively with cynicism and negatively with trust. Moreover, the over-all pattern of correlations between the new 9-item factor, cynical distrust, and other variables assessing hostility, anger, and trust, was similar to the one obtained for our previous sample of students. It is suggested that this new 9-item scale is a shorter and more specific alternative to the longer Cook-Medley scale as a measure of cynical distrust.
Exercise habits, cardiovascular fitness, and selected psychological characteristics were assessed in a sample of over 200 men and women at entrance to medical school. Fitness was measured with a step test, and other variables were measured with standardized questionnaires. Anger ('anger-in') showed the strongest negative correlation with both exercise and fitness. Anger suppression, Type A behavior, and daily stress showed significant negative correlations with both exercise and fitness variables, although the strengths of these associations were uniformly weak. Associations of exercise/fitness with depression and total anger inventory were nonsignificant. Few gender differences were found. Both exercise and fitness showed similar patterns of association with psychological variables. Both exercise and fitness were associated with a style of anger expression that has been found to be related to cardiovascular risk in other studies.
Vigorous exercise is associated with a sensation of well-being, and this subjective state has been objectively quantified with psychometric, cardiovascular, and neurophysiological data. Reductions in state anxiety have been demonstrated to follow acute physical activity, and this response persists for 2-5 h. Chronic physical activity has been associated with reductions in anxiety and depression, as well as increases in self-esteem. This research has been limited to designs of a correlational nature, and the issue of causality vs mere association has not been resolved or addressed. Three hypotheses based upon distraction, monoamine metabolism, and endorphin release are discussed in this paper. Investigators have traditionally attempted to illustrate the mechanism involved in improved mood following exercise by testing one of these or related hypotheses, but it is likely that advances will not be made in this area until these hypotheses are examined in a multiple or synergistic manner. It is concluded that each of the hypotheses reviewed remains tenable.
The effects of aerobic fitness on resistance to psychosocial stressors are reviewed. To unravel the inconsistent results in studies examining the relationship between aerobic fitness and psychosocial stress response, a meta-analysis was conducted. The results of 34 studies having 92 effect size estimates from 1,449 subjects were statistically combined to compare psychosocial stressor tasks and arousal measures. The average effect size estimate of 0.48 was significantly different from zero (P less than 0.01), indicating that aerobically fit subjects had a reduced psychosocial stress response compared to either control group or baseline values. The test for the homogeneity assumption showed that it could not be rejected, and thus none of the proposed moderating variables altered the aerobic fitness-psychosocial reactivity relationship. Various underlying mechanisms which may contribute to this response are discussed, and future research directions are presented.
This study explored variables which predict effects of an aerobic exercise program on mood. Adult members of an eight-week conditioning program improved significantly in mood, in comparison with non-exercising controls, immediately after and three months after the program. Mood improvement was predicted by initial mood, with improvement limited to the most mood-disturbed subjects. It was not, however, predicted by improvement on cardiovascular or other physical indices, by other psychological or demographic ratings, or by beliefs and expectations about physical fitness or about mood state.
This study examined prospectively (1971-1983) the relationship between anger-coping types, blood pressure, and all-cause mortality in a sample of men and women aged 30-69 (n = 696) of the Tecumseh Community Health Study. Subjects who indicated that they were likely to suppress their anger in response to two hypothetical anger-provoking situations had 1.7 times the mortality risk of those who expressed their anger (95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.03-3.05). Subjects who suppressed their anger when unjustifiably confronted by their spouse had twice the mortality risk of those who expressed their anger (95% CI = 1.13-3.38). For high vs. low suppressed anger towards a policeman, the mortality risk was 1.24 (95% CI = 0.72-2.14). These relationships were invariant across age, sex, and education groups, even when medical risk factors were adjusted for, i.e., smoking, relative weight, blood pressure, coronary heart disease status, forced expiratory volume at one second (FEV1), and chronic bronchitis. However, suppressed anger measures significantly interacted with elevated blood pressure to predict the highest mortality risk. These results suggest that persons with high mortality risk can be identified in part by how they cope with anger, and by the joint effect of anger-coping type (a behavioral trait) and elevated blood pressure (a biologic trait).
The occurrence of anxiety symptoms during exercise was evaluated in 66 patients with DSM-III defined anxiety disorders and 37 normal subjects. The incidence of subjective anxiety was approximately 20% in both groups; however, exercise-sensitive patients (ie, exercise acutely increased their anxiety levels) reported greater severity than normals. Thirty-one percent (11) of the 36 patients with panic attacks were exercise-sensitive but only 7% (2) of the other 30 patients were sensitive. For sensitive individuals, the severity of subjective anxiety was a direct function of exercise intensity. Exercise-sensitive patients had higher SCL-90R anxiety factor scores than nonsensitive patients.
To test the idea that the preponderance of women depressives is due to a masculine tendency to avoid negative social consequences by reporting fewer depressive symptoms, two studies were conducted in which the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) was administered to both sexes under conditions of public and private disclosure. It was hypothesized that men would score lower on the BDI than women in the public disclosure condition but not in the private disclosure condition. Despite procedural differences in the two experiments, the results of both studies failed to support the experimental hypothesis. However, in each case, analysis of variance revealed a significant interaction between sex of subject and sex of examiner (p less than .05). These results are discussed in terms of a willingness to admit more symptoms to a same-sex person due to fear of rejection by the opposite sex and in terms of gender-specific patterns of self-disclosure in first-encounter heterosexual situations. Results of both studies also suggest BDI scores of college students can be interpreted without regard to type of administration.
This study presents the initial findings of an attempt to reduce the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) in a group of health, middle-aged adults by participation in a ten-week, supervised exercise program. Forty-six subjects were classified as Type A or Type B based on their scores on the Jenkins Activity Survey (JAS). Measures of physiologic (blood pressure, serum lipids, body weight, plasminogen activator release, and treadmill performance) and psychologic (scores on the JAS) variables were obtained before and after the exercise program. Subjects were able to successfully reduce the physiologic cardiovascular risk factors. Moreover, Type A subjects lowered their scores on the JAS Type A scale after training, while the scores of the Type B subjected remained unchanged. It is concluded that a supervised program of regular exercise can successfully modify the physiological and psychological variables associated with increased risk for CHD in a nonclinical sample of healthy adults.
A health-specific locus-of-control (HLC) questionnaire was constructed to measure beliefs about Self-Control Over Health, Provider Control Over Health, Chance Health Outcomes and General Health Threat. A factor analysis of items confirmed these dimensions, and corresponding scales were shown to be reliable. A factor analysis of HLC scales and other measures was used to evaluate construct validity. Persons believing in provider control over health outcomes tended to have strong favorable attitudes toward the quality of medical care. Chance Health Outcomes was associated with more general chance and controllability measures. General Health Threat seemed to tap susceptibility to disease and beliefs that doctors are unable to diagnose those diseases. People who believe in Self-Control Over Health tended to reject the role of chance and health threat in determining health outcomes and to believe in the efficacy of doctors, although they view them as inaccessible. Results are compared with those of previous studies, and some applications of the questionnaire are discussed.
The hypothesis that health promotive diets associated with higher levels of habitual physical activity confound the relationship between regular physical activity and health has not been well explored in epidemiologic studies. We evaluated self-reported physical activity, Willett Food Frequency dietary data, sociodemographic and physiologic factors cross-sectionally for 2,004 household survey participants in two southeastern New England communities. We compared the dietary habits of sedentary participants (n = 964) to those of moderately active (n = 600) and very active (n = 440) participants after adjusting for age, gender, education, smoking status, year of survey, and total calories. Our results showed that moderately active and very active participants consumed more fiber, less total fat, and less saturated fat than sedentary participants (P < .01). They also consumed more vitamins (A, C, D, E), beta carotene, and calcium, (P < .01), and ate more fruits and vegetables (P < .001) than sedentary participants. We found these relationships in both New England communities studied. This association between regular physical activity and diet suggests that the relationship of habitual physical activity and chronic disease may be confounded by diet.
The prevalence of depression, measured as high rates of depressive symptoms (Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale), was studied in a 55-year-old Finnish population consisting of all persons born in 1935 and living in the city of Oulu on 1 October 1990, who were alive at the beginning of the study (n = 1008). Of these, 345 men (76%) and 435 women (79%) participated in the examinations. The prevalence of depression was 6.8% in men and 12.1% in women. The group of depressed women consisted of persons who were divorced or widowed, less educated and without work. Among the men, depression was not associated with withdrawal, but with a sedentary lifestyle and the occurrence of two life events during the previous 5 years. Differences in the social roles of the sexes may explain these results.
This investigation examined the dimensionality of personal health practices among 1,171 men and 1,854 women included in a national probability sample of adults 20 to 64 years of age living in the coterminous United States. Data on a wide range of personal health behaviors were collected in the 1979 National Survey of Personal Health Practices and Consequences. I used gender-specific factor analyses to uncover the underlying domains of 10 different types of health behavior. I identified four subsets of personal health practices: (1) passive-risk behavior (i.e., low levels of leisure-time physical activity, poor dental care, poor nutritional habits, infrequent seat belt use, and poor use of preventive medical services); (2) active-risk behavior (i.e., cigarette smoking, alcohol use, and coffee consumption); (3) sleeping behavior; and (4) behavior related to maintaining desirable weight. Internal consistency analyses assessed the stability of the two primary subsets of behavior for different gender, age, and education groups. Women were relatively stable in their tendencies toward both passive-risk and active-risk behavior, regardless of age or education. Older men had more consistent involvement in passive-risk behavior but less consistent active-risk behavior. With higher education, men were more consistent in both passive-risk and active-risk behavior, reflecting more positive health practices.
We estimate in dollar terms the economic burden of depression in the United States on an annual basis.
Using a human capital approach, we develop prevalence-based estimates of three major cost-of-illness categories: (1) direct costs of medical, psychiatric, and pharmacologic care; (2) mortality costs arising from depression-related suicides; and (3) morbidity costs associated with depression in the workplace. With respect to the latter category, we extend traditional cost-of-illness research to include not only the costs arising from excess absenteeism of depressed workers, but also the reductions in their productive capacity while at work during episodes of the illness.
We estimate that the annual costs of depression in the United States total approximately $43.7 billion. Of this total, $12.4 billion-28%-is attributable to direct costs, $7.5 billion-17%-comprises mortality costs, and $23.8 billion-55%-is derived from the two morbidity cost categories.
Depression imposes significant annual costs on society. Because there are many important categories of cost that have yet to be estimated, the true burden of this illness may be even greater than is implied by our estimate. Future research on the total costs of depression may include attention to the comorbidity costs of this illness with a variety of other diseases, reductions in the quality of life experienced by sufferers, and added out-of-pocket costs resulting from the effects of this illness, including those related to household services. Finally, it may be useful to estimate the additional costs associated with expanding the definition of depression to include individuals who suffer from only some of the symptoms of this illness.
This paper addresses the current literature related to investigations of the link between exercise treatments and depression, anxiety and other mood states. Results from these investigations are supportive of the anti-depressant, anti-anxiety and mood enhancing effects of exercise programs. There were considered to be, however, a number of potential methodological problems in many of the research studies; the nature of these were considered. Finally, some possible directions for future research are outlined.
Previous work of the author presents a salutogenic theoretical model designed to explain maintenance or improvement of location on a health ease/dis-ease continuum. The model's core construct, the Sense of Coherence (SOC), was consciously formulated in terms which are thought to be applicable crossculturally. The SOC scale which operationalizes the construct is a 29-item semantic differential questionnaire, its design guided by Guttman's facet theory. A 13-item version of the scale has also been used. The purpose of the present paper is to present the extant evidence from studies conducted in 20 countries for the feasibility, reliability and validity of the scale, as well as normative data. In 26 studies using SOC-29 the Cronbach alpha measure of internal consistency has ranged from 0.82 to 0.95. The alphas of 16 studies using SOC-13 range from 0.74 to 0.91. The relatively few test-retest correlations show considerable stability, e.g. 0.54 over a 2-year period among retirees. The systematic procedure used in scale construction and examination of the final product by many colleagues points to a high level of content, face and consensual validity. The few data sets available point to a high level of construct validity. Criterion validity is examined by presenting correlational data between the SOC and measures in four domains: a global orientation to oneself and one's environment (19 r's); stressors (11 r's); health, illness and wellbeing (32 r's); attitudes and behavior (5 r's). The great majority of correlations are statistically significant. All available published normative data on SOC-29 and SOC-13 are presented, data which bear upon validity using the known groups technique.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The test-retest reliability of self-rated health is analysed and compared with the reliability of health questions phrased more as well as less precisely. Differences in reliability between men and women and between age groups are also assessed. The study is based on 204 and 409 re-interviews from the 1991 Swedish Level of Living Survey and the 1989 Survey of Living Conditions respectively. The results show that the reliability of self-rated health is as good as or even better than that of most of the more specific questions. Only an indicator of high blood pressure showed significantly higher reliability. The reliability of self-rated health is good in all subgroups studied, and is even excellent among older men. It is concluded that the good overall reliability of self-rated health found in this study is in line with previous results concerning the validity of people's assessments of their general health as well as results concerning the basis upon which they make these judgements.
The age-related decline in physical working capacity, cognitive performance, and psychological well-being can presumably be modified by regular physical exercise. The present study comprises 20 men and 20 women with a mean age of 66 years. Half of the participants were randomly assigned to an exercise group, the remaining half to a control group. The members of the exercise group exercised individually through regular walking (three times a week) during a period of three months. The control group performed instead a series of mental tasks with the same regularity. Results showed significant differences in favor of the exercise group on complex tasks at the post-test, whereas only minor differences were found on simple tasks. Mood improvements were uniform, regardless of exercise involvement. The latter can be taken to indicate that exercise is not the most important factor, instead social context and regular contacts with other people may be equally important for elderly individuals.
We examined how education and gender moderate the association of obesity with cynical hostility and depression.
Body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), years of education, cynical hostility (CynDis), depression (Beck Depression Inventory) were examined in a cross-sectional study of 1,547 men and 1,814 women, aged 25-64.
Education moderates the positive association between cynical distrust and obesity among women in a such way that cynical distrust was not related to BMI or WHR among highly educated women. Depression had a positive association with WHR after age and education among both genders and among women with BMI. Bivariate associations between psychological factors and obesity measures were similar among men and women.
The results suggest the importance of examining socioeconomic status (SES) together with psychological factors related to obesity.
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