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Isolation of dermatophytes and other keratinophilic fungi from soils of Mysore(India)
Abstract
In Mysore, India, 88 soil samples were collected from various areas and habitats and screened for the presence of dermatophytes and related keratinophilic fungi.
... In this study, 41.8 % of the soil samples were contaminated with keratinophilic fungi. This frequency is similar to those reported in Italy, Bahrein and Egypt [6,9,17,18], but clearly lower than in India, Iran and Australia, where the contamination rate reached 90 % [5,8,10,19,20]. In Djerba (an island south of Tunisia), a lowest (20.6 %) isolation rate was found [12]. This may be explained by Djerba's arid climate and the nature of its scarcely vegetated surface soils. ...
... These fungi were isolated with a diverse frequency from soils collected in many parts of the world [5,6,28,29]. C. indicum which is the fourth fungal species in our study represents the most abundant keratinophilic fungus in soil surveys conducted in Australia with a 50 % positivity rate and in India with a positivity rate ranging from 12 to 25 %, possibly because it has adapted to the climatic conditions of these areas [5,19,20,29,30]. This species was not isolated in Djerba where, as mentioned above, the climate is completely different [12]. ...
... Microsporum gypseum was the second more frequent keratinophilic fungi species isolated in our study. This geophilic dermatophyte was also reported as the first or second most common dermatophyte in soils in other studies [3,5,9,19,20,28,29,31]. This high frequency of M. gypseum is noteworthy because this species causes dermatophytoses in both humans and animals. ...
Data on the frequency and distribution of keratinophilic fungi in soil of Tunisia are scanty. The present survey aimed to describe the distribution of keratinophilic fungi in soils collected in Tunisia. Keratinophilic fungi were isolated using Vanbreuseghem's hair-baiting technique from 354 soil samples collected in 15 governorates of Tunisia and identified according to their morphology with further DNA and MALDI-TOF analysis when necessary. Keratinophilic fungi were isolated from 46.3 % of the samples from 14 governorates. Chrysosporium keratinophilum was the predominant species (30.5 %) followed by Microsporum gypseum (27.4 %). Other isolated species included C. tropicum (14.0 %), C. indicum (11.0 %), Chaetomium sp. (4.9 %), Arthroderma curreyi, Arthroderma cuniculi (3.7 % each), C. merdarium (3.1 %), Anixiopsis stercoraria, C. parvum, Paecilomyces lilacinus, Auxarthron zuffianum (2.4 % each), Fusarium oxysporum, Aphanoascus verrucosus, Gymnascella dankaliensis (1.2 % each) and 12 other species (0.6 % each). Two to five distinct fungal species were associated with 11.5 % of the positive samples. Keratinophilic fungi were more frequently isolated in rural (54.8 %) than in urban (41.1 %) areas (p = 0.012). The highest (100 %) positive culture rate was noted in soil collected in stables. Keratinophilic fungi are frequent throughout Tunisian territory, particularly in soils with a high organic matter content that should be regarded as humans and animals mycoses reservoir.
... Deshmukh and associates recorded keratinophilic fungi from beaches of Goa (Deshmukh and Agrawal 1983), soils from Mumbai (Deshmukh 1999), salt pans (Deshmukh 2004), meteoritic crater (Deshmukh and Verekar 2006), Usar soil (Deshmukh and Verekar 2011), bird sanctuaries (Deshmukh and Verekar 2011), public parks (Deshmukh and Vereker 2012), Kaziranga National Park (Deshmukh et al. 2017), and Sambhar Lake (Deshmukh et al. 2018). These fungi were also recorded from the states of Kerala (Deshmukh 2002), Himachal Pradesh (Deshmukh and Verekar 2006), Jammu and Kashmir (Deshmukh 2002), Jammu (Deshmukh and Agrawal 2003), Ladakh (Deshmukh et al. 2010), Karnataka (Deshmukh et al. 2000), Uttarakhand (Deshmukh et al. 1985), (Deshmukh 1985), and Chhattisgarh Shukla 2000-2001). They have also recorded these fungi from pigeon (Deshmukh 2004) and emu (Deshmukh et al. 2021). ...
Keratinophilic fungi colonize keratinous substrates and convert them to the constituent components of low molecular weight. These fungi can be distinguished from others in their characteristic that they are adapted to consumption of keratinous proteins as sources of carbon and nitrogen. These tend to utilize proteins, peptides, and amino acids as carbon sources even in the presence of sugars. They also exhibit a great diversity in their mode of nutrition and physiology. This chapter critically reviews not only the distribution of keratinophilic fungi but also their social and environmental implications. Recycling of keratin contributes to nutrients in soils, pollution control, and solid waste management.
... Jain and Sharma 15 reported C. tropicumas the most predominant keratinophilic fungi during their study on animal and bird habitats. Similar results were also found by many investigators (Deshmukh 16 , Deshmukhet al. 17 24 reported Trichophyton mentagrophytes is most common (22%) followed by T. rubrum (16%) and T. equinum (13%) in the region of Gwalior, India. They collected 160 fungal samples and found eight different fungal species, specifically T. mentagrophytes, T. tonsurans, T. equinum, T. rubrum, Microsporumgypseum, M. audouinii , M. nanum and Aspergillusniger were isolated. ...
Soil is the main source for the growth and occurrence of keratinophilic fungi due to its richness in
keratinous substrates. Keratinophilic fungi along with dermatophytes causes human and animal mycoses. In the
present study eighty soil samples were collected from bus stands and railway stations in the vicinity of Jaipur city,
Rajasthan, India and observed the prevalence of keratinophilic fungi. For this purpose, hair baiting technique was used. A total of 98 isolates belonging to seven genera were recovered. Chrysosporiumtropicum (26.53%) was the most prevalent species followed by Chrysosporiumindicum (12.24%), Microsporumgypseum (11.22%) and Trichophytonrubrum(8.16%), T. terrestre (7.14%), A. fumigates (6.12%) and Fusariumoxysporum (4.08%) etc. This study showed that soil of these places may be notable reservoirs of certain kreatinophilic and dermatophytic fungi and these places explored first time in Jaipur city, India.
... Jain and Sharma 15 reported C. tropicumas the most predominant keratinophilic fungi during their study on animal and bird habitats. Similar results were also found by many investigators (Deshmukh 16 , Deshmukhet al. 17 24 reported Trichophyton mentagrophytes is most common (22%) followed by T. rubrum (16%) and T. equinum (13%) in the region of Gwalior, India. They collected 160 fungal samples and found eight different fungal species, specifically T. mentagrophytes, T. tonsurans, T. equinum, T. rubrum, Microsporumgypseum, M. audouinii , M. nanum and Aspergillusniger were isolated. ...
Soil is the main source for the growth and occurrence of keratinophilic fungi due to its richness in
keratinous substrates. Keratinophilic fungi along with dermatophytes causes human and animal mycoses. In the
present study eighty soil samples were collected from bus stands and railway stations in the vicinity of Jaipur city,
Rajasthan, India and observed the prevalence of keratinophilic fungi. For this purpose, hair baiting technique was
used. A total of 98 isolates belonging to seven genera were recovered. Chrysosporiumtropicum (26.53%) was the
most prevalent species followed by Chrysosporiumindicum (12.24%), Microsporumgypseum (11.22%) and
Trichophytonrubrum(8.16%), T. terrestre (7.14%), A. fumigates (6.12%) and Fusariumoxysporum (4.08%) etc. This study
showed that soil of these places may be notable reservoirs of certain kreatinophilic and dermatophytic fungi and
these places explored first time in Jaipur city, India.
... In India considerable research work has been done on keratinolytic fungi and dermatophytes and many researchers were successful in isolation and culturing of keratinolytic fungi from the soil in several regions viz., Jaipur (Sharma, M and Sharma M. 2010), Mount abu (Garg, 1966), Mussoorie (Deshmukh and Agarwal, 1985), Mumbai (Deshmukh, 1999(Deshmukh, , 2004, chilkalake (Ghosh and Bhatt, 2000) and Mysore (Deshmukh etal, 2000), Damoh (Khanam and Jain, 2002), Kerala (Deshmukh, 2002). Jharkhand (Kumar, 2013) etc. ...
Fungi found in diverse places which depends on environmental conditions and
nutritional availability in the soil. Most of the fungi are saprophytic in nature, some
are symbiotic and some are parasitic cause infections in plants and animals. Feather
samples and soil from the selected poultry sites were collected and cultured using
hair baiting technique. From hair baiting master plate the grown keratinolytic fungi
were sub-cultured on sabouraud’s dextrose agar and incubated at 25-27˚C for 3-4
days. The grown keratinolytic fungi colonies are identified microscopically by
standard keys and monographs. Out of 300 samples were subjected for screening
only 221 samples were found to be positive for presence of keratinolyticfungi,
which were belongs to 12 species of 4 genera viz, Chrysosporium indicum
(13.00%), Chrysosporium tropicum (7.33%), Chrysosporium lobatum (6.33%),
Microsporum gypseum (5.67%), Microsporum nanum (5.33%), Trichophyton
terrestre (5.33%), Crysosporium keratinophillum (5.00%), Trichophyton rubrum
(5.00%), Trichophyton mentagrophytes (4.67%), Microsporum canis
(4.67%),Trichophyton ajelloi (3.00%) and Epidermophyton floccosum (2.67%)
isolated and identified. Study reveals that, Chrysosporium indicum (13.00%) was
the dominant keratin degrading species in all the sampling sites, due to the well
adaptation of the species for Indian climatic conditions and most of all
chrysosporium species were isolated found abundant in all 10 poultry sampling
sites and Among all the 10 sampling sites, Shivamogga city and Bhadravati town
showed highest fungal distribution of 90% due to highest amount of keratin waste
dumping.
... C. serratus was found next to C. indicum. It has been reported from various part of India [15][16][17][18][19]. Chrysosporium tropicum comprised 7.5% in distribution. ...
Forty soil samples were collected from seven sites in the vicinity of Sambhar lake Rajasthan, India and screened for the presence of keratinophilic fungi using hair baiting techniques for isolation. Seventeen isolates were recovered and identified. The cultures were identified by recognition of their macro- and micro- morphological features. Their identification was confirmed by BLAST using ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 rDNA region and sequences have been deposited in NCBI data base. A total of 34 species belonging to 29 genera were isolated. Among the dermatophytes and related keratinophilic fungi Chrysosporium indicum was predominant followed by Ctenomyces serratus, C. tropicum, Keratinophyton durus, Auxarthron conjugatum, Gymnascella dankaliensis, Gymnoascoideus petalosporus and Uncinocarpus reesii. Twenty-six species belonging to 22 genera represented other species. Our study indicates that keratinophilic fungi and species are found in the soils at the vicinity of the Sambhar Lake, and human activities can be the potential source of pathogenic fungi.
... Dey and Kakoti (1955) reported Microsporum gypseum for the first time from the soils of Dibrugarh district of Assam, India. Later on these fungi were isolated from various Indian states which included Delhi (Randhawa and Sandhu 1965), Madhya Pradesh (Kushwaha and Agrawal 1976;Deshmukh and Agrawal 1983a), Bihar (Verma et al. 1982), Jharkhand (Kumar et al. 2012), Uttar Pradesh (Nigam 1987;Deshmukh and Verekar 2011a), Jammu and Kashmir (Kaul and Sumbali 2000a;Deshmukh 2002a), Rajasthan (Jain and Sharma 2011), Karnataka (Deshmukh et al. 2000;Vidyasagar et al. 2005), Orissa (Roy et al. 1972;Ghosh and Bhatt 2000), Goa (Deshmukh and Agrawal 1983b), Maharashtra (Padhye et al. 1966(Padhye et al. , 1967Deshmukh 1999;Deshmukh and Verekar 2014a), Madras (Ramesh and Hilda 1998-99;Deshmukh and Verekar 2011b), Kerala (Deshmukh 2002b), the Andamans (Dixit and Kushwaha 1990), Himachal Pradesh (Deshmukh and Verekar 2006a), Ladakh (Deshmukh et al. 2010;Kotwal and Sumbali 2014), Gujarat (Deshmukh and Verekar 2014b), Assam (Deshmukh et al. 2017) and Chhattisgarh (Deshmukh and Shukala 2000). Some of the dermatophytes and other keratinophilic fungi are responsible for superficial infections in human and animals and are therefore of possible significance in human welfare (Emmons et al. 1977; Monga and Mohapatra 1980;De Hoog and Guarro 1995). ...
This chapter discusses the occurrence of keratinophilic fungi in different habitats wherein the population of these fungi is expected to occur: air, soil from various environments like gardens, caves, cold and saline habitat. The ability to degrade the keratinic material and mechanism of action is discussed. Importance of these fungi in petroleum hydrocarbon degradation is discussed. Various metabolites with antibacterial, antifungal, antitumor and related compounds produced by this group of fungi are documented. Examples of synthesis of silver nanoparticles are also included. The need for an extensive survey of keratinophilic fungi from unexplored substrates and habitats and biochemical potentialities is highlighted. It is concluded that fungi other than dermatophytes can be opportunistic pathogens. The need for a culture collection of this group of fungi is also highlighted.
... [8,9] Apart from common factors like temperature, humidity, rainfall, environmental light, climate, chemical composition and pH; other factors like human and/or animal presence in the vicinity are also of importance in amount and diversity of flora growing there. [10][11][12][13][14] In Garhwal region of Uttarakhand alpine conditions predominate with mild summers, humid monsoon and cold winters but the city of Srinagar being a valley has warm summers and humid monsoons. The major part of population is engaged in agriculture, livestock rearing and manual labour and is in close contact with soil and animals. ...
... Apart from temperature, humidity, rainfall, environmental light, climate, chemical composition and pH; other factors like human and/or animal presence in the vicinity are also of importance in amount and diversity of fungal flora growing there. [4][5][6][7][8] In Garhwal region of Uttarakhand alpine conditions predominate with mild summers, humid monsoon and cold winters but the city of Srinagar being a valley has warm summers and humid monsoons. The major part of population is engaged in agriculture, livestock rearing and manual labour and is in close contact with soil and animals. ...
... In India considerable research work has been done on keratinolytic fungi and dermatophytes and many researchers were successful in isolation and culturing of keratinolytic fungi from the soil in several regions viz., Jaipur (Sharma, M and Sharma M. 2010), Mount abu (Garg, 1966), Mussoorie (Deshmukh and Agarwal, 1985), Mumbai (Deshmukh, 1999(Deshmukh, , 2004, chilkalake (Ghosh and Bhatt, 2000) and Mysore (Deshmukh etal, 2000), Damoh (Khanam and Jain, 2002), Kerala (Deshmukh, 2002). Jharkhand (Kumar, 2013) etc. ...
... La preponderancia de las especies de Chrysosporium es similar a la hallada en otros estudios de este tipo, ya que estas especies son cosmopolitas y se adaptan muy bien al clima caluroso 3,15 . En el presente se acepta su posible potencial patógeno 3,44 . ...
Background:
The soil is a natural reservoir of keratinophilic fungi, which are a small but important group of filamentous fungi, some of which typically develop on keratinized tissues of living animals. There are numerous species of saprophytic fungi with recognized keratinophilic abilities, and several studies have been undertaken in order to link their presence to possible human disease.
Aims:
To know the biota of geophilic fungi in general and of keratinophilic fungi particularly in soils from two public parks.
Methods:
Soil samples from two public parks of Corrientes city, Argentina, were studied during two seasons, using the hook technique and serial dilutions for fungal isolation.
Results:
Using the hook technique, 170 isolates were classified into 17 genera and 21 species, among which it is worth mentioning the presence of Microsporum canis. Shannon index for keratinophilic fungi in autumn was 2.27, and 1.92 in spring. By means of the serial dilutions technique, 278 fungi isolated were identified into 33 genera and 71 species. Shannon index in autumn was 3.9, and 3.5 in spring.
Conclusions:
The soils studied have particularly favorable conditions for the survival of pathogens and opportunistic geophilic fungi for humans and animals.
... Furthermore, it remains unclear whether the hyphae are cadaveric or soil-borne. The fungal hyphae may or may not belong to the postputrefaction (Sagara, 1995) or keratinophilic fungi, which can reside in the soil or on the skin (Pugh and Evans, 1970;Papini et al., 1998;Deshmukh et al., 2000;Kaul and Sumbali, 2000;Deshmukh and Agrawal, 2003). Unfortunately, microbial biomass estimates ( Figure 6.5) do not provide evidence to resolve this matter. ...
... La metodología empleada (sólo 2 muestreos en el año) y las condiciones del sector, podrían explicar la baja presencia de algunos taxa queratinolíticos, sin embargo, la diversidad de géneros fue relativamente alta en este grupo a pesar de la competencia por el escaso substrato queratínico, lo que indica la capacidad de sobrevivencia, adaptación y dispersión de los Onygenales y taxa relacionados en estos habitat adversos. Destaca Ch. indicum por su distribución cosmopolita en muchos tipos de suelo y localizaciones geográficas incluyendo Argentina (13,14,15,16). ...
Palabras claves: Microhongos geofílicos, suelos semiáridos, Argentina. RESUMEN Por las técnicas del anzuelo queratínico y de dilución, se estudiaron tierras de las planicies semiáridas del noroeste de la provincia de San Luis (Argentina), en invierno y verano. Con la técnica del anzuelo queratínico se aislaron 12 géneros y 15 especies fúngicas, mientras en las procesadas por dilución en PDA, 15 géneros y 29 especies. La mayoría de las detectadas con la primera técnica pertenecieron a los Onygenales (65,4%), siendo Chrysosporium indicum el de más alta frecuencia, mientras que en las diluciones, la mayoría correspondió a hongos mitospóricos (>75%), dominando los integrantes del género Aspergillus (35,8% ABSTRACT Soils from northwestern semiarid plains in the province of San Luis (Argentina) were examined by means of keratinic bait and dilution techniques both in winter and summer. The first technique yielded 12 genera and 15 fungal species whereas those processed in PDA dilution resulted in 15 genera and 29 species. Most fungi detected with the former technique belonged to Onyge-nales (65.4%), being Chrysosporium indicum the most frequently occurring, while in dilutions mitosporic fungi (<75%) showed the highest occurrence, those of the genus Aspergillus having dominance (35.8%). The richness of species was fairly higher with both techniques and even though general diversity was low, the ability of certain genera and species to adapt and survive under adverse edaphic environments could be clearly seen.
... They play a significant role in the natural degradation of keratinized residues (Sharma and Rajak, 2003;Fillipello et al., 1994;Fillipello, 2000), have many properties in common with dermatophytes and some can probably cause human and animal infections (Connole, 1990;Alishatayeh et al., 1989;Filipello et al., 1996;Spiewak and Szostak, 2000;Spiewak, 1998;Restrepo and Deuribe, 1976;Cano et al., 1991). In recent years, the distribution of keratinophilic fungi and related dermatophytes in School 25 9 5 9 23 92 2 College 25 10 3 8 21 84 4 Total 50 19 8 17 44 88 6 Indian soils were given by many workers (Randhawa and Sandhu, 1965;Garg, 1966;Roy et al., 1972;Deshmukh and Agrawal, 1983;Deshmukh, 1999;Deshmukh and Agrawal, 2000). However, there was no evidence of any study on mycoflora from playgrounds with particular interest on school and college ground soil. ...
A total of 50 soil samples collected from school and college playgrounds soil of Jaipur, India were examined for the prevalence of keratinophilic fungi and related dermatophytes. Two keratinous fragments, human hair and nails were used for the growth of fungi by hair-baiting technique. A total number of 25 species belonging to 16 genera were recovered, 8 of which were common to both the school and college playgrounds soil. Dermatophytes and closely related species were represented by 25 species; of which the following were the most commonly found species in soil: Chrysosporium tropicum (26%), Chrysosporium indicum (22%), Trichophyton mentagrophytes (16%), Microsporum gypseum (14%), etc. Some of the isolates of these related and dermatophytes like Trichophyton verrucosum, Trichophyton tonsurans, Cladosporium sp., Paecilomyces sp., Aspergillus nidulans, Aspergillus versicolar, Alternaria sp., Fusarium moniliforme, etc, were first isolated from playgrounds soil of Jaipur. The selection of certain keratinolytic isolates could become useful in managing polluted soil of playgrounds by students and people. To our knowledge, This appears to be the first report concerning the isolation of T. tonsurans, A. versicolar, Cladosporium sp., Trichophyton verrucosum, Alternaria sp., Paecilomyces sp., F. moniliforme and A. nidulans as keratinolytic fungi from soil samples of Jaipur (India).
... Gymnoascoideus petalosporus was previously recorded from Chilka Lake soil [35], soils from Vedanthangal Water Bird Sanctuary [20], and soils of Orissa [33]. Auxarthron conjugatum is reported from Indian soils by Deshmukh and Verekar [20], Jain and Agrawal [36], and Deshmukh and Agrawal [37]. Anamorphic state of Uncinocarpus queenslandicus i.e Chrysosporium queenslandicum was reported from Indian soil [18,24,26,38,39]. ...
One hundred and fifty samples were collected from eleven districts of Vidarbha region of Maharashtra state and screened for the presence of keratinophilic fungi using hair baiting technique for isolation. Seventy-one isolates were recovered and identified. The cultures were identified using macro- and micromorphological features. Their identification was also confirmed by the BLAST search of sequences of the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 rDNA region against the NCBI/Genbank data and compared with deposited sequences for identification purpose. Thirteen species of eight genera were isolated, namely, Auxarthron conjugatum (2.00%),
Chrysosporium indicum (14.00%), Chrysosporium evolceanui (2.66%), Chrysosporium tropicum (4.66%), Chrysosporium zonatum (1.33%), Chrysosporium state of Ctenomyces serratus (3.33%), Gymnascella dankaliensis (1.33%), Gymnascella hyalinospora (0.66%), Gymnoascoideus petalosporus (0.66%), Microsporum gypseum complex (9.33%), Trichophyton mentagrophytes (2.00%), T. terrestre (3.33%), and Uncinocarpus queenslandicus (2.00%). This study indicates that the soils of Vidarbha region of Maharashtra may be significant reservoirs of certain keratinophilic fungi.
... The composition of keratinolytic fungal communities in the soil differed from that observed for a highly populated and walked area and displayed district seasonal variations. Several investigation have been done in various part of India during last 2 decade and showed that a rich variety of keratinophilic fungal flora exists in the soils of studied area (8,10,(19)(20)(21)(22)(23). However, there was no evidence of any study on university or higher education centers. ...
Soil is well known to support the transient or ongoing existence of keratinophilic fungi and potential source of infection for human and animals
Samples were collected from 67 sites of university campus like PG study centers, playgrounds, gardens, hostels, administrative blocks, library, bank, canteen and road side for the estimation of keratinophilic fungi using the hair baiting technique.
Totally, 192 isolates belonging to 14 genera and 21 species were reported. Soil pH range varies from 6.5 to 9.0 pH. Most of the fungi isolated from neutral to slightly alkaline soil. Chrysosporium tropicum (20.83%) was the most predominant fungi reported from all sites. Trichophyton mentagrophytes (15.10%) was the second most commonly reported fungi. Chrysosporium indicum (11.45%), T. simii (9.37%), C.evolceanui (8.83%) T. terrestre (4.68%) and Cephaliophora irregularies (4.68%) were frequently reported. Microsporum audouinii, Paceliomyces sp., Cladosporium sp. and Sporothrix schenckii were isolated for the first time from Jaipur.
Road sides were found most suitable for the occurrence of all most all keratinophilic fungi. Higher incidence of keratinophilic fungi was found in hostel sides followed by road sides, PG study centers and play grounds.
... Some of these fungi also produce mycotoxins. For example, aflatoxin-like compounds have been reported as being produced by dermatophytes (Deshmukh and Agrawal 2003). Therefore, all workers in the field of activated sludge process, wastewater treatment, and farm operation should be careful to avoid mycotic infections, and precautions must be adapted to control the spread of pathogenic fungi in the environment. ...
The objective of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of fungi in aerobic and anoxic activated sludge from membrane bioreactors. Thirty-six samples from each aerobic and anoxic activated sludge were taken from two membrane bioreactors treating domestic wastewater. Over a period of 9 months, four samples from each plant were taken per month. The samples were prepared for count and identification of fungi. Sixty species belonging to 30 genera were collected from activated sludge samples under aerobic and anoxic conditions. In terms of fungal identification, under aerobic conditions Geotrichum candidum was found at 94.4% followed by Penicillium species at 80.6%, yeasts at 75.0%, and Trichoderma species at 50.0%; under anoxic conditions G. candidum at 86.1%, yeasts at 66.6%, and Penicillium species at 61.1% were the most prevalent. The results indicate that activated sludge is a habitat for growth and sporulation of different groups of fungi, both saprophytic and pathogenic.
... A single isolate of A. conjugatum was isolated and reported from the soils of Mount Abu 21 and from soils of Jammu. 22 Keratinophilic fungi play a vital role in the break down and mineralisation of keratin into simpler substances. Their ability to grow on keratin makes them pathogenic to human and livestock. ...
Fifty-three soil samples were collected from various sites in the vicinity of Vedanthangal Water Bird Sanctuary and screened for the presence of keratinophilic fungi using the hair baiting techniques for isolation. Twenty-eight isolates were recovered and identified by recognition of their macro- and micromorphological features. Seven species related to five genera were recorded viz. Auxarthron conjugatum (1.89%), Chrysosporium fluviale (3.77%), Chrysosporium indicum (20.75%), Chrysosporium tropicum (7.55%), Chrysosporium state of Ctenomyces serratus (5.66%), Gymnoascus petalosporus (1.89%) and Microsporum gypseum complex (11.32%). The study shows that migratory birds harbour a variety of keratinophiles and may be a potential source of transfer of these fungi from one location to another.
... This species is frequently isolated in earth samples in the entire world. 10,11,22,26,35 The high prevalence of tinea pedis in schoolchildren should be considered by pediatricians for including this pathology in the differential diagnosis of dermatitis. ...
Objective:
To evaluate the prevalence of tinea capitis, tinea pedis, and tinea unguium in children from several schools of Barcelona city.
Methods:
During the period of 2003-2004, a prospective cross-sectional study was carried out in 1,305 children (9% immigrant population) between the ages 3 and 15 in 17 schools in Barcelona. A systematic examination of the feet, (including nails and scalp), was performed to identify lesions compatible with tinea. Cultures of scalp and feet samples were done and analysis of environmental samples was performed for dermatophyte isolation.
Results:
Dermatophytes were isolated in 2.9% of the samples with a prevalence of 2.5% in feet, 0.23% in scalp, and 0.15% in nails of the feet. The predominant etiologic agents in feet were Trichophyton mentagrophytes in 45.7% of the cases and Trichophyton rubrum in 31.4%. In the nails, T. rubrum and Trichophyton tonsurans were isolated, while T. mentagrophytes (2 cases) and Trichophyton violaceum (1 case) were identified in scalp samples. Forty-five per cent of dermatophytes were isolated from healthy feet, the majority of cases in children 13- 15-years-old (p < 0.05). Microsporum gypseum was the only agent identified in the environmental samples, and was also found in one of the cases of tinea pedis.
Conclusion:
The results of this study demonstrate a low prevalence of tinea capitis and tinea unguium in school children of Barcelona. On the contrary, high prevalence of dermatophytes in feet was found. It highlights the high prevalence of healthy carriers of dermatophytes in feet.
... These fungi can also survive in the soil as resting spores Table 2 Hydrogen Ion concentration (pH) and fungi isolated from soil samples of pH range 3-10. 5 1 2 13 36 33 69 32 14 7 3 7 Positive soil samples 1 1 12 31 31 67 30 13 5 3 6 Species 9 Dermatophytes ...
Epidemiological investigation of keratinophilic fungi in soil has been carried out in different parts of the world. However, our knowledge of the present occurrence and distribution of keratinophilic fungi in Tunisian soils remains unknown. This study was carried out to evaluate the epidemiological characteristics of keratinophilic fungi in the soils collected in Djerba (South of Tunisia).
One hundred and forty one soil samples were collected from various sites in Djerba and screened for the presence of keratinophilic fungi and related dermatophytes using hair-baiting technique. Fungi were identified using macro- and micro-morphological features.
Among them, 29 (20.6%) soil samples were positive. Seven species were isolated in the following order of dominance: Chrysosporium keratinophilum (48.3%), Microsporum gypseum (41.4%), C. tropicum (10.4%), C. parvum (3.45%), C. anamorph of Anixiopsis stercoraris (3.45%), C. anamorph of Arthroderma cuniculi (3.45%) and Chaetomium sp. (3.45%). The association of M. gypseum and C. keratinophilum was detected in 13.8% of positive soils. Sixty-nine percent of fungi were found in organic matter rich soil. Our results revealed a higher prevalence of keratinophilic fungi in the regions far from the sea (33.3%) than in those near the sea (11.1%) with a statistically significant difference (P=0.001). All keratinophilic fungi were isolated from soils with pH ranging from 6.2 to 7.6.
Our study showed that keratinophilic fungi were present in the various soils of Djerba. They may represent a risk to human health.
138 soil samples were collected from various loca-tions in Ladakh, a cold desert in the Hima-layan region, India and the samples were screened for the presence of keratinophilic fungi using the hair baiting techniques. 58 isolates were recovered and identified. The cultures were identified based on their macro-and mi-cro-morphological features. A total of six genera and fourteen species were isolated namely Amauroascus kuehnii (0.72%), Aphanoascus keratinophilus (4.34%), Aphanoascus terreus (2.17%), Auxarthron alboluteum (0.72%), Aux-arthron conjugatum (0.72%), Chrysosporium ar-ticulatum (0.72%), Chrysosporium mephiticum (0.72%), Chrysosporium minutisporosum (2.17%), Chrysosporium siglerae (0.72%), Chrysosporium sp. (1.44%), Chrysosporium tropicum (15.94 %), Chrysosporium submersum (3.62%), Chryso-sporium state of Ctenomyces serratus (6.52%) and Geomyces pannorum (1.45%). The present study shows that keratinophilic fungi exist in the cold desert of Ladakh.
Dermatophytes are a highly specialized group of fungi that, through long evolutionary processes, became adapted to invade, colonize and nourish themselves on the keratinized tissues of animals. Various investigators have shown that these disease producing moulds possess enzymatic systems that enable them to digest keratins (139, 140), a highly specilized class of proteins elaborated by epithelial cells. These cells form the horny layer of the epidermis and the epidermal appendages. The growth of dermatophytes on feathers, hair, nails, and skin elecits responses in their hosts that manifest themselves in a variety of diseases. These infections are generally referred to as tineas or ringworm-names that reflect the ignorance that prevailed in the past about the true etiology of these diseases. Although dermatophytes undoubtedly existed in prehistoric times and have plagued lower animals and mart for millions of years, the infections were long endured before their true nature was realized. The first recorded reference to a dermatophyte infection is attributed to Aulus Cornelius Celsus, the Roman encyclopedist, who in his 'De Re Medicina' written around 30 A.D., described a suppurative infection of the scalp that came to be known as the kerion of Celsus (118). In his era and down through the Middle Ages the various dermatophytoses were described as tineas. The term tinea was first used for the clothes moth and in fact, the generic name of the various species of keratin destroying moths is Tinea (50). Since the holes made by moths in woolen garments are circular and dermatophyte lesions are ringtike on smooth skin, our Anglo Saxon ancestors coined the word 'ringworm' for these infections at least as far back as the 16th century. This term described the form of the lesion and relates it to the Roman tinea. Not until the 19th century was the mycotic etiology of these skin infections discovered. In 1837 Robert Remak, a Polish physician on the medical faculty of Berlin University, noted hyphae in the crusts of the disease known as favus (14, 77). This was an epochal discovery since for the first time a microorganism was incriminated as being the cause of a human disease. In 1841 Remak's discovery was independently confirmed
Soil samples collected from glacier banks of Gulmarg, Khilanmarg, Sonamarg and Tangmarg of Kashmir valley, were examined for the prevalence of keratinophilic fungi and related dermatophytes. From the 72 positive samples (67.3 %), a total of seven genera with eleven species were isolated viz. Chrysosporium keratinophilum (3.7 %), Chrysosporium tropicum (5.6 %), Chrysosporium state of Ctenomyces serratus (11.2 %), Geomyces pannorum (2.8 %), Malbranchea sp. (0.9 %), Microsporum gypseum complex (20.6 %), Microsporum nanum (1.9 %), Microsporum van-breuseghemii (0.9 %), Trichophyton ajelloi (15 %), Trichophyton terrestre (2.8 %) and Uncinocarpus reesii (1.9 %).
One hundred and fourteen soil samples collected from various areas of Israel were screened for the presence of keratinophilic fungi. Five species were isolated from the 59 positive samples, viz: C. keratinophilum--22 strains, C. evolceanui--18, C. serratus Eidam--10, M. gypseum--T. terrestre--4. Most of the geophilic organisms were recovered from garden soil, road-side and sandy-soil specimens. The importance of these findings is briefly discussed.
Soil samples from rice-fields, collected at monthly intervals, were analysed by baiting technique for the incidence of keratinophilic fungi. Nine species, among a total of 102 species isolated by various methods, were keratinophilic species (8.8%). These were recorded from 38 out of 45 samples collected. The distribution pattern of the different keratinophilic fungi and their significance are discussed.
Soil collected from 54 areas in and around Bogota, Colombia were examined for the presence of keratinophilic fungi by theVanbreuseghem's hair baiting technique. The organisms isolated and frequency are indicated:Trichophyton terrestre, 33;T. ajelloi, 32;Chrysosporium keratinophilum, 30;Microsporon gypseum, 14; andM. fulvum, 1. The perfect stage,Nannizzia gypsea, 1; andArthroderma quadrifidum, 2; were observed growing on hair in three plates.
The following organisms apparently have been reported for the first time from soil samples in Colombia:M. fulvum, T. ajelloi, T. terrestre, C. keratinophilum, N. gypsea, andA. quadrifidum.
In order to determine which species of geophilic dermatophytes were present in Western Australian soils 299 samples were investigated. These samples were collected from a range of locations, 208 from towns throughout the state and 91 samples from the Perth Metropolitan area.
Most samples were collected from areas frequented by people and animals, such as home gardens, parks and animal yards.
Of the total 299 soils, 271 (90.6 %) yielded keratinophilic fungi. A total of 181 dermatophytes were isolated, and there were 205 isolations of other keratinophilic fungi.
Microsporum gypseum (30.7 %) was the most prevalent dermatophyte recovered from soil followed byMicrosporum cookei (21.7 %) and thenTrichophyton ajelloi (8.0 %). No other dermatophytes were recovered.Chrysosporium indicum was the most common of all the keratinophilic fungi and was isolated from 50.1 % of the samples. Mixed growth was obtained from 33.5 % of the soil samples.
A total of 112 soil samples collected from various areas of Jammu, India, were screened for the prevalence of keratinophilic fungi and related dermatophytes. From 65 positive samples (58.1%), a total of six genera with 13 species were isolated.
Zusammenfassung In der Region Jammu, Indien, wurden 112 Bodenproben gesammelt und auf den Gehalt an keratinophilen Pilzen und verwandten Dermatophyten untersucht. Aus 65 positiven Proben (58.1%) wurden insgesamt sechs Gattungen mit 13 Arten isoliert.
Diversity of keratinophilic mycoflora in the soil of Agra was under observation for 1 year (July 2001-June 2002) and isolation of keratinophilic fungi was followed by the hair-baiting method. The frequency of occurrence of keratinophilic fungi in 284 soil samples collected from various hospitals, cattle yards, poultry farms, crop fields and playgrounds was determined, 204 samples (72%) having been found to be positive. A total of 33 species classified into 11 genera (Acremonium, Aspergillus, Chrysosporium, Emmonsia, Geomyces, Keratinophyton, Microsporum, Myceliophthora, Penicillium, Sporotrichum, Trichophyton) were encountered from the soil samples. Sporotrichum spp. were found to be the most dominant species followed by Trichophyton simii. The parameter of keratinophilic fungi found in the samples studied ranged from 62 to 80% where playgrounds yielded the maximum number of species (80%) while the least dominating soil was hospital soil (62%). Among all the baits used maximum fungi occurred on human hairs (82%) followed by chicken feather (74%), wool (61%) and the least on horns (45%). The spectrum of keratinophilic fungi isolated from different sites differed considerably according to the frequency of use by humans.
Soils of 10 poultry farms from Namakkal and 12 feather dumping sites from Chennai were studied for the presence of keratinophilic fungi. A total of 34 species belonging to 19 genera and one non-sporulating fungus were recovered. Sixteen species of fungi and one non-sporulating fungi were common to both sites, eight species were specific to Namakkal and nine species were specific to Chennai. Dermatophytes and closely related fungi were represented by six species belonging to five genera. Fungal species commonly found in the soil samples included Chrysosporium keratinophilum (73%), Trichophyton mentagrophytes (68.2%), Microsporum gypseum (64%), Myceliopthora vellerea (32%), Chrysosporium state of Arthroderma tuberculatum (27.3%) and Geomyces pannorum (23%). Non-dermatophyte fungi were represented by 28 species belonging to 14 genera and one non-sporulating fungus.
One hundred samples of muddy soil were collected from seven areas in the vicinity of Cairo and screened for the presence of keratinophilic fungi by using hair baiting isolation technique. Forty isolates of keratinophilic fungi were recovered and identified by recognition of their cultures, macro- and micromorphological features. Their physiological and molecular characteristics were studied by determination of their ubiquinone (Coenzyme Q) composition and DNA sequences of (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2) and 18S rRNA region sequences. The Keratinophilic isolates were identified as Chrysosporium carmichaelii, C. queenslandicum, C. zonatum, C. indicum, Aphanoascus mephitalis, and Uncinocarpus reesii. Chrysosporium zonatum was the most prevalent species and represented 42.5% of the total number of isolates. Each of C. carmichaelii and C. queenslandicum were equal in their prevalence and represented 15%. C. indicum comes next constituting 12.5%; followed by Uncinocarpus reesii which represented 10%. The least prevalent species in our study was Aphanoascus mephitalis, which was represented only 5% of the total keratinophilic isolates.
One hundred and fifty-eight soil samples were collected from various areas of four districts of Kerala and screened for prevalence of keratinophilic fungi and related dermatophytes. From the positive samples (60.75%), a total of eight genera with 15 species were isolated viz., Arthroderma simii (0.63%), Chrysosporium indicum (20.25%), C. keratinophilum (6.96%). C. lobatum (1.26%), C. pannicola (1.26%), C. tropicum (5.06%), Chrysosporium state of Arthroderma cuniculi (1.26%), Chrysosporium state of Ctenomyces serratus (2.53%), Gymnascella hyalinospora (1.26%), Malbranchea aurantiaca (0.63%) M. fulva (1.26%), Microsporum gypseum complex (12.65%), Pseudogymnoascus roseus (1.26%), Trichophyton mentragrophytes (1.26%), and T. terrestre (3.16%).
Results of primary survey of dermatophytes and other keratinophilic fungi from soils of rural areas of 10 districts of Madhya Pradesh are reported. A total of 240 samples were examined of which 142 (59.16%) yielded dermatophytes and other keratinophilic fungi. Thirteen species of five genera were isolated: Chrysosporium crassitunicatum (1.25%), C. evolceanui (0.41%), C. indicum (39.17%), C. lucknowense (0.82%), C. tropicum (1.25%), Chrysosporium sp. I (0.41%), Chrysosporium sp. II (0.41%), Chrysosporium sp. III (0.41%), Keratinomyces ajelloi (1.25%), Malbranchea aurantiaca (2.08%), Microsporum gypseum complex (10.8%), Trichophyton mentagrophytes (0.41%) and T. rubrum (0.41%).
Zusammenfassung: Es werden die Ergebnisse eines ersten Überblickes von Dermatophyten und anderen keratinophilen Pilzen aus Bodenproben ländlicher Gebiete aus zehn Distrikten von Madhya Pradesh mitgeteilt Insgesamt wurden 240 Bodenproben untersucht, von denen 142 (59,16%) Dermatophyten und andere keratinophile Pilze enthielten. 13 Arten aus 5 verschiedenen Gattungen wurden gezüchtet, und zwar Chrysosporium crassitunicatum (1,25%), C. evolceanui (0,41%), C. indicum (39,17%), C. lucknowense (0,82%), C. tropicum (1,25%), Chrysosporium sp. I (0,41%), Chrysosporium sp. II (0,41%), Chrysosporium sp. III (0,41%), Keratinomyces ajelloi (1,25%), Malbranchea aurantiaca (2,08%), Microsporum gypseum complex (10,8%), Trichophyton mentagrophytes (0,41%) und T. rubrum (0,41%).
Keratinophilic fungi were isolated from feathers of most common Indian birds, viz. domestic chicken (Gallus domesticus), domestic pigeon (Columba livia), house sparrow (Passer domesticus), house crow (Corvus splendens), duck (Anas sp.), rose-ringed parakeet (Psittacula krameri). Out of 87 birds, 58 yielded 4 keratinophilic fungal genera representing 13 fungal species and one sterile mycelium. The isolated fungi were cultured on Sabouraud's dextrose agar at 28 +/- 2 degrees C. Chrysosporium species were isolated on most of the birds. Chrysosporium lucknowense and Chrysosporium tropicum were the most common fungal species associated with these Indian birds. Maximum occurrence of fungi (47%) was recorded on domestic chickens and the least number of keratinophilic fungi was isolated from the domestic pigeon and duck. The average number of fungi per bird was found to be the 0.44.
Seventy eight soil samples collected from various areas of Mussoorie were screened for the prevalence of keratinophilic fungi and related dermatophytes. From the positive samples (41), a total of eight species of five genera were isolated viz., Chrysosporium keratinophilum (14.1%), C. tropicum (6.41%), chrysosporium sp. I (1.28%), Chrysosporium sp. II (1.28%), Chrysosporium state of Ctenomyces serratus (10.25 %), Keratinomyces ajelloi (5.13%), Microsporum gypseum complex (11.53%) and Trichophyton terrestre (2.55%).
Zusammenfassung: 78 Bodenproben aus verschiedenen Regionen von Mussoorie wurden auf das Vorkommen von keratinophilen Pilzen und verwandten Dermatophyten untersucht. Von den positiven Proben (41) konnten insgesamt 8 Arten aus 5 Gattungen isoliert werden, nämlich Chrysosporium keratinophilum (14,1%), C. tropicum (6,41%), Chrysosporium sp. I (1,28%), chrysosporium sp. II (1,28%), Chrysosporium als Ctenomyces serratus (10,25%), Keratinomyces ajelloi (5,13%), Microsporum-gypseum-Komplex (11,53%) und Trichophyton terrestre (2,55%).
The first comprehensive survey of soil-inhabiting dermatophytes and related keratinophilic fungi of India is reported. Of the 485 soil samples examined by hair baiting 45·9% yielded keratinophilic fungi. Among the species isolated were Keratinophyton terreum (32·3%), Microsporum gypseum (11·7%) and one of its cleistocarpic states, Nannizzia incurvata, Ctenomyces serratus (2·4%), Trichophyton evolceanui (2·0%), Keratinomyces ajelloi (1·2%), Chrysosporium tropicum (0·6%) and Microsporum cookei (0·2%). Mixed growth was noted in 14% of the soil samples. In general keratinophilic fungi were met with in a great variety of soil sources. However, soils from shady and moist sites rich in organic or keratin matter or both appeared to be more suitable than others. Saline soils, barren roadside soils, dry river sand and beach sand proved to be poor sources of keratinophilic fungi.
On présente la première revue des dermatophytes et champignons kératinophiles apparentés, vivant dans le sol aux Indes. De 485 échantillons de sols étudiés avec la technique du piège de kératine, 45,9% se sont montrés contenir des champignons kératinophiles. Parmi les espèces isolées, on a rencontré Keratinophyton terraum (32,3%), Microsporum gypseum (11,7%), et une avec la forme parfaite Nannizzia incurvata, Ctenomyces serratus (2,4%), Trichophyton evolceanui (2,0%), Keratinomyces ajelloi (1,2%), Chrysosporium tropicum (0,6%) et Microsporum cookei (0,2%). Des cultures mixtes ont été obtenues pour 14% des échantillons. De façon générale, les champignons kératinophiles ont été rencontrés dans le sol de stations très variées mais les sites ombreux et humides, riches en matières organiques et en kératine sont plus favorables que les autres. Des sols salés, les sols de bords de routes, les sables de rivières asséchées ou de plages ne fournissent que peu de champignons kératinophiles.
The distribution of keratinophilic fungi in Indian soils was studied. They were isolated from 180 (64%) out of 281 soil samples examined. The most dominant species was the conidial state of Keratinophyton terreum, which was isolated from 97 (34·5%) samples. Microsporum gypseum was isolated from 32 (11·3%) samples. Arthroderma quadrifidum, A. unicinatum, Chrysosporium keratinophilum and M. canis were isolated for the first time from Indian soils. The distribution of keratinophilic species in the plains of India is compared with that in the hills. Chrysosporium indicum and C. evolceanui are proposed as new combinations for Trichophyton indicum and T. evolceanui respectively.
On étudie la distribution des champignons kératinophiles dans des échantillons de sols indiens. De tels champignons ont été isolés de 180 (64%) échantillons sur les 281 examinés. L'espèce qui domine est la forme conidienne de Keratinophyton terreum isolée de 97 (34,5%) des échantillons; Microsporum gypseum a été isolé de 32 prélèvements (11,3%). Arthroderma quadrifida, A. uncinatum, Chrysosporium keratinophilum et M. canis ont été isolés pour la première fois de sols indiens. La distribution des espèces kératinophiles dans les plaines de l'Inde est comparée avec celle notée dans les sites montagneux. On propose Chrysosporium indicum et C. evolceanui comme nouvelle combinaison de Trichophyton indicum et T. evolceanui respectivement.
Results of a preliminary survey of keratinophilic fungi in soils collected from five districts of Orissa, India, are reported. A total of 80 soil samples were examined, of which 51 samples (63.7%) were positive for keratinophilic fungi. Twelve species of fungi classified in seven genera were isolated: Aphanoascus reticulisporus (2.4%), Aph. terreus (1.2%), Chrysosporium state of Arthroderma tuberculatum (4.8%), Chrysosporium indicum (31.3%), Chrys. tropicum (18.0%), Chrys. evolceanui (1.2%), Gymnoascoideus petalosporus (9.6%), Microsporum gypseum (20.4%), Nannizzia spp. (3.6%), Pseudoarachniotus flavoluteus (3.6%), Pseudoarachniotus sp. (1.2%) and a new genus of gymnoascaceae (2.4%). Our isolation of Aph. reticulisporus is the first recorded in India.
Thirty Gve soil samples were processed for the isolation of keratinophilic fungi by “ToKaVa” hairbaiting technique. Chrysosporium indicum, Chrysosporium sp., Trichophyton terrestre and Keratinomyces ajelloi were isolated in the percentages of 8.57, 5.71, 5.71 and 2.85 respectively.
Zusammenfassung: 35 Bodenproben wurden auf keratinophile Pilze mit einer Haarködertechnik untersucht. Die folgenden Pilze wurden gefunden (in Klammern der prozentuale Anted in den Proben): Chrysosporium indicum (8,57), Chrysosporium sp. (5,71), Trichophyton terrestre (5,71) und Keratinomyces ajelloi (2,85).
A new species of Chrysosporium gourii Jain, Deshmukh and soils of Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh
- P C Jain
- S K Deshmukh
- S C Agrawal
Jain, P. C., Deshmukh, S. K. and Agrawal, S. C. (1993) A new species of Chrysosporium gourii Jain, Deshmukh and soils of Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh, India. Geobios New Reporter 2, 10–13.
Technique biologique pour 1∞ 11 Keratinophilic fungi from some substrates in Central India
- R Vanbreuseghem
- K V Singh
- S C Agrawal
Vanbreuseghem, R. (1952) Technique biologique pour 1∞ 11 Singh, K. V. and Agrawal, S. C. (1983) Keratinophilic fungi from some substrates in Central India. Geobios isolement des dermatophytes du sol. Ann. Soc. Belge. Mé. Trop. 32, 173–178.
Some keratinophilic fungi and related dermatophytes from soils.
- Kushwaha R. K. S.
Occurrence of keratinophilic fungi with special reference to Chrysosporium species in India.
- Nigam N.
Prevalence of keratinophilic fungi in soils of Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh, India.
- Jain P. C.
Keratinophilic fungi from the soil of Mount Abu (India).
- Jain P. C.
Keratinophilic fungi from some substrates in Central India.
- Singh K. V.