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Is lycopene beneficial to health?
Abstract
Since humans cannot synthesise carotenoids de novo, we depend upon the diet exclusively for the source of these micronutrients. Although the necessity for beta-carotene, as the precursor of vitamin A has been recognised for many years, it is lycopene that has attracted substantial interest more recently. Lycopene is the red-coloured carotenoid predominantly found in tomato fruit, but in few other fruits or vegetables. It has claimed that it may alleviate chronic diseases such as cancers and coronary heart disease. This possibility has been studied extensively, by epidemiological studies and biochemical investigations of its properties and its bioavailability from tomato-based diets. This article summarises the current state of knowledge of the properties of lycopene, its possible role in human health and areas for future research.
... Lycopene is one sort of non-provitamin A and liposoluble carotenoid, acting as a vital part of the human diet. As it could not been synthesized by human body, the primary intake of which is from dietary sources such as ripe tomatoes, pink guavas and several other red fruits and vegetables (Bramley, 2000), with at least 85% of the lycopene in the human diet deriving from tomatoes and tomato products (Bramley, 2000). The red carotenoid is a straight-chain unsaturated alkene with the chemical formula C40H56 that can exist in both cis and trans isomers. ...
... Lycopene is one sort of non-provitamin A and liposoluble carotenoid, acting as a vital part of the human diet. As it could not been synthesized by human body, the primary intake of which is from dietary sources such as ripe tomatoes, pink guavas and several other red fruits and vegetables (Bramley, 2000), with at least 85% of the lycopene in the human diet deriving from tomatoes and tomato products (Bramley, 2000). The red carotenoid is a straight-chain unsaturated alkene with the chemical formula C40H56 that can exist in both cis and trans isomers. ...
Common digestive precancerous lesions, including oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs), gastric ulcers and colorectal adenoma, harbor high risk of cancerous transformation. Early intervention of these lesions is significant to prevent carcinogenesis and improve patients’ prognosis. Lycopene, a carotenoid predominantly accumulated in tomatoes, is clinically recommended with its cis structure; as lycopene harbors the most potent antioxidative effects among carotenoids, its chemopreventive effects on the premalignant lesions is noted. Despite several reviews have assessed lycopene’s efficacy for OPMDs, emerging studies have reported varying efficacy for digestive precancerous lesion with no comprehensive summary. Therefore, this review initially evaluates the efficacy and underlying mechanisms of lycopene for management of digestive precancerous lesions. According to the included studies, lycopene may show high promise in the management of digestive precancerous lesions, such as relieving mouth opening and burning sensation of oral submucous fibrosis (OSF), presenting potentially equivalent efficacy on managing oral lichen planus (OLP) as steroids and alleviating gastrointestinal precancers’ symptoms, meanwhile lowering colon cancer risk. Moreover, its mechanisms for managing digestive precancerous lesions are concretely summarized, including anti-oxidative stress effects, anti-inflammatory response and regulation of cell proliferation and apoptosis, especially its modifications on TLR4/TRIF/NF-κB signaling pathway and p53-dependent cell cycle control and apoptosis. More studies are warranted to confirm its long-term efficacy and preventive role against malignant transformation of digestive precancerous lesions as evidence is insufficient.
... More than 85% of the lycopene in the diet is derived from tomatoes and tomato-based products [8]. In addition to fruits and vegetables, lycopene is also found in some food ingredients, as shown in Table 1 [9,10]. While overall tomatoes are a good source of lycopene, research has demonstrated that diferent tomato and other fruit varieties have diferent lycopene content [7]. ...
... Lycopene is found in trans-and cis-isomers, but the cisisomers are better absorbed and have greater bioavailability than trans-lycopene [24, 25]. All-trans, 5-cis, 9-cis, 13-cis, and 15-cis are the most common forms of lycopene isomers, and the 5-cis isomer is the most stable isomer [26,27]. Te molecular structure and physical properties of lycopene are shown in Figure 1 [28] and Table 2, respectively [8,29]. ...
Lycopene is a naturally occurring carotenoid predominantly found in tomatoes and tomato-based products. Like other phytochemicals, it exhibits health beneficial biological activities that can be exploited when it is used as a dietary supplement. In vitro and in vivo, lycopene has been demonstrated to mitigate oxidative stress-induced metabolic dysfunctions and diseases including inflammation, obesity, and diabetes mellitus. Lycopene has been shown to alleviate metabolic diseases that affect the bone, eye, kidney, liver, lungs, heart, and nervous system. This review presents the state of the art regarding lycopene’s health benefits and its potential applications in health system delivery. Furthermore, lycopene’s protective effects against toxins, safety in its use, and possible toxicity are explored.
... Pink pulped guava genotypes contain different pigments. There are three groups of reports on pigment composition of pink pulped guava: (i) pink pulp colour of guava is due to lycopene content with more lycopene than tomato (Bramley, 2000); (ii) pink pulp colour is predominantly due to anthocyanins (Biswas et al., 2022); and (iii) anthocyanins and lycopene both are responsible for pink pulp colour, followed by β-carotene and traces of some other pigments (Gonzalez et al., 2011;Padula & Rodriguez-Amaya, 1986). Nakasone and Paul (1998) analysed nine guava varieties with pink to red colour pulp and lycopene content ranging from 4.78 to 6.90 mg/100 g. ...
... Additionally, lycopene has been found to be more effective than β-carotene in suppressing cell proliferation, as determined by the thymidine incorporation assay (Levy et al., 1995). Lycopene was found to be effective against tumour formation and cancer (Bramley, 2000). However, βcarotene showed no such protective effect. ...
... Lycopene gives the red color to plants, and it is found in several fruits and vegetables, including tomatoes, strawberries, pink grapefruits, and watermelons [32,33]. The concentration levels of lycopene in selected food products are presented in Figure 4. ...
... Lycopene content of fruit, vegetables, and processed tomato products[32,33]. ...
Benign prostatic hyperplasia, urolithiasis, recurrent urinary tract infections, and chronic prostatitis are diseases that are commonly diagnosed worldwide. Carotenoids, including lycopene, are widely available in fruits and vegetables, and it is postulated that they can be used in the prevention and treatment of benign urological conditions. The aim of this review is to familiarize doctors and their patients with the current knowledge on carotenoids and their conversion products in selected urological diseases. Most of the experimental and clinical trials show a moderate effect of lycopene and vitamin A on studied parameters. Lycopene was shown to improve the IPSS score in BPH patients, and alleviate symptoms in those with chronic prostatitis. Intake of Vitamin A was associated with decrease of urinary tract reinfection rates. In studied rat models retinol also decreased urolithiasis formation. Although the results of the cited studies are generally promising, it is evident that more detailed and extensive research must be done in this field of medicine.
... The content of lycopene in fresh tomatoes and tomato products is shown in Table 1. The absorption efficiency of the human body for lycopene was 10-30%, and excessive intake will be excreted from the body (6)(7)(8). The current methods for extracting lycopene mainly include classic organic solvent extraction, pulsed electric field, enzymeassisted extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, ultrasonic-assisted extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, and Water-Induced hydro colloidal complexation (9). ...
Lycopene is a kind of natural carotenoid that could achieve antioxidant, anti-cancer, lipid-lowering and immune-improving effects by up-regulating or down-regulating genes related to antioxidant, anti-cancer, lipid-lowering and immunity. Furthermore, lycopene is natural, pollution-free, and has no toxic side effects. The application of lycopene in animal production has shown that it could improve livestock production performance, slaughter performance, immunity, antioxidant capacity, intestinal health, and meat quality. Therefore, lycopene as a new type of feed additive, has broader application prospects in many antibiotic-forbidden environments. This article serves as a reference for the use of lycopene as a health feed additive in animal production by going over its physical and chemical characteristics, antioxidant, lipid-lowering, anti-cancer, and application in animal production.
... In 2022, annual US tomato production was approximately 11,423,714,520 kg, encompassing both fresh market and processing tomatoes, and providing a total value of about USD 1.7 billion [1]. Tomatoes are widely known for their outstanding antioxidant content, including their often-rich concentration of lycopene [2,3]. In Mississippi, the value of tomato production totals approximately USD 1.5 million. ...
Solanum lycopersicum, the domesticated species of tomato, is produced and consumed globally. It is one of the most economically important vegetable crops worldwide. In the commercial production of tomatoes, tomatoes are extremely sensitive to herbicide drifts from row crops in the vicinity. Injury to tomatoes from auxin herbicides and glyphosate can occur at rates as low as 0.01×. This results in a substantial yield reduction, and at high drift rates, plants may not show signs of recovery. With the new herbicide-resistant crop technologies on the market, which include 2,4-D and dicamba-resistant crops, there is an increase in the usage of these herbicides, causing more serious drift problems. There is a diverse germplasm of tomatoes that includes wild relatives which are tolerant to numerous biotic and abiotic stresses. Herbicide/chemical stress is an abiotic stress, and wild tomato accessions may have a natural tolerance to herbicides and other abiotic stresses. In the current study, diverse tomato genotypes consisting of 110 accessions representing numerous species, Solanum habrochaites, S. cheesmaniae, S. pimpinellifolium, S. chilense, S. lycopersicum, S. pimpinellifolium, S. galapagense, S. chimelewskii, S. corneliomulleri, S. neorickii, and S. lycopersicoides, were used for screening drift rate herbicide tolerance. The herbicides tested included simulated drift rates of 2,4-D, dicamba, glyphosate, quinclorac, aminopyralid, aminocyclopyrachlor, and picloram. The visual injury rating of each accession for each herbicide treatment was taken 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after treatment (DAT) on a scale of 0–100%. Numerous accessions were found to have minimal injury (less than 20%) for each of the herbicides tested; nine accessions were found for both 2,4-D and glyphosate, eleven for dicamba, five for quinclorac, eight for aminocyclopyrachlor and two for both aminopyralid and picloram at 28 DAT. The identification of genotypes with a higher herbicide tolerance will provide valuable genetic resources for the development of elite tomato varieties that can resist herbicide injury and produce competitive yields.
... Lycopene is the pigment principally responsible for the red color in many fruits and vegetables. High lycopene foods include tomato, watermelon, guava, papaya, grapefruit, and red pepper (Fig. 5), with contents ranging from 0.2 to 8.0 mg/100 g of fresh fruit [8,52]. ...
... The lower NEB in carrot juice which was prepared by giving microwave pre-treatment attributed to release of more anti-oxidants during juice extraction because anti-oxidants in juices are responsible to influence the colour as reported earlier by Heinmma et al. (2017) [14,4] . Rayman and Baysal (2011) [28,6] also reported increase in beta carotene contents and anti-oxidant activity of juice due to applications of the electrical methods (electroplasmolysis + microwave). The lower NEB in carrot juice which was given microwave pre-treatment might also be attributed to higher ΔE value of carrot juice based on L, a and b values. ...
Present investigation was caried out to evaluate the nutritional quality of carrot juice during storage. In this investigation a total of 18 treatments were used for juice extraction using different combinations viz. preparation techniques as Factor-1 ["Shredding" (T1) and "Crushing" (T2)]; microwave pre-treatments as Factor-2 [Control (M1), Microwave pretreatment 450 W for 30 seconds (M2) and microwave pretreatment 450 W for 60 seconds (M3)] and preservatives as Factor-3 [sodium benzoate (P1), potassium sorbate (P2) and potassium meta bisulfite (P3)]. The results of the investigation revealed that acceptable quality carrot juice can be obtained from carrots which was prepared by pre-treating the crushed materials with microwave for 60 seconds followed by preservation with 100 ppm potassium sorbate (T2M3P2). The juice obtained from this treatment possess higher yield, β-carotene, and sensory score while lowest reducing sugars and non-enzymatic browning (NEB). The carrot juice which was prepared by pre-treating the crushed materials with microwave for 60 seconds followed by preservation with 100 ppm potassium sorbate (T2M3P2) exhibited minimum changes in nutritional as well as sensory attributes during six months storage when packed in glass bottles.
... Various common foods contain lycopene, which comprises our daily diet. Only tomato and tomato products provide ∼85% of lycopene intake [47,48]. As per the FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization) data, China is the top producer (6,75,38,340 tonnes) of tomato followed by India (2,11,81,000 tonnes), and the United States of America (1,04,75,265) [49]. ...
Lycopene is one of the main carotenoids in our daily diet. Fruit variety, environmental conditions, and maturity stage are the factors affecting the content of lycopene. Various processing techniques and extraction methods may also affect the level of lycopene in different food products, consequently changing the biological role of lycopene. The biological role of lycopene is to defend the tissues of tomatoes (conjugate bonds) and attract predators (red colour). Moreover, storage conditions also impact the lycopene content of fruits, vegetables, and their products. Efficient and novel technological interventions are required for stabilizing lycopene content during postharvest procedures, such as refrigeration, heating, extraction, and transportation. Therefore, the study of different crucial factors concerning the change in lycopene content is required. The present review explores the lycopene content of different food commodities and the effect of postharvest operations and processing techniques on lycopene content. It also highlights the storage impact on the concentration of lycopene which may be useful for future studies.
... On the basis of pulp color, guava varieties are classified into two types, white-pulped and pink-pulped. Whitepulped guavas are considered a good source of vitamin C (Gonzalez-Aguilar et al. 2004), while pink-pulped guavas contain more lycopene, even more than tomatoes (Bramley 2000). Colored guavas offer dual benefits as they have both lycopene and vitamin C. ...
Guava (Psidium guajava L.) is a nutritionally rich fruit exhibiting white, yellow, pink, and purple variants for pulp color. To understand the genetic and molecular basis of pulp color, 35 F1s obtained from colored/white crosses and their parents were characterized for pulp color. Black guava (BG) had a rare peel and pulp color with the least amount of lycopene, similar to white-pulped parental genotypes. BG/white crosses gave rise to only white progenies while pink/white crosses segregated into pink, yellow, and white F1s. This confirmed that the pigment responsible for color in BG is not lycopene and the pink-pulped parents are heterozygous for the gene(s) governing pulp color. Additional 74 F1s-generated confirmed that the white pulp color inheritance is homozygous recessive in guava. Pigment composition analysis of all the colored F1s (18/ 35) and the three colored parents revealed that lycopene was present in all the 21 samples but at a wider range (0.16–22.56 mg/100 g). Zeaxanthin was also present in all the samples except two F1s. On the contrary, lutein was found only in five F1 progenies but not in any of the pink-pulped parents. Overall, the pigment composition analysis of F1s and their respective parents revealed that the pulp color in guava is a polygenic trait. We identified 12 distinct SNPs between pink and white-pulped guava genotypes in the PSY1 gene. These variations can be used to develop molecular markers for marker assisted selection of pulp color in guava breeding.
... One of the most important food crops in the world is the tomato, which is the second-most produced and consumed vegetable globally [1]. Together with its derivatives, tomatoes are one of the main food sources of carotenoids, contributing to the western diet's estimated 80% daily need for lycopene, ascorbic acid, flavonoids, a-tocopherol, and potassium [2,1]. The favorable role of tomato consumption in the prevention of chronic diseases including cancer and cardiovascular disease has been highlighted by several epidemiological studies [3,4]. ...
Egypt is facing a major problem in the field of tomato seed production, as infection with the yellow tomato leaf curl virus (TYLCV) is one of the most important factors in the success of this important production process, which has an impact on national food security, in addition to facing the steady increase in the costs of importing tomato seeds in particular vegetable crop seeds in general. Therefore, the main objective of the current study is to study plant age-related induced resistance (ARIR) against tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) in tomato plants. Several research points were studied, respectively: first, the effect of plant age on resistance to TYLCV virus in tomato plants that is transmitted by whitefly. Second, the detection and identification of tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) in seeds obtained from seedlings of different ages (35 and 90 days old). Third, study the behavior of the whitefly in terms of the number of eggs and larvae, the percentage of the number of infected plants that showed symptoms of infection with the virus, and its relationship to the age of the seedlings. The results of this study proved that the age of the plant is closely related to the ability of the plant to withstand infection with the tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV). The DNA of the tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) was identified from a sample of seeds obtained from plants obtained from 35-day-old seedlings. On the contrary, the DNA of tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) was not detected in the seed sample obtained from plants produced from 90-day-old seedlings that were cultivated and adapted inside the nursery. The results also showed that in both protocols, using or without insecticides did not prevent the white fly from laying eggs and producing larvae on the plants. The increase was also gradual in the numbers of eggs and larvae of the white fly, as this activity peaked in the third week of transferring the seedlings to the open field, then those numbers decreased after the third week. This study also demonstrated the effect of positive seedling age (90 days old) on morphological traits related to vegetative growth, fruit production, and seed yield. Among the important benefits obtained was the ability to obtain seeds free of TYLCV in tomato plants, as well as the ability to remove nursery plants that showed early symptoms of the virus, and thus reduce the economic losses caused by the whitefly through the spread of the virus in the open fields.
... Lycopene is considered as one of the phytochemical, synthesized by plants and microorganisms but not by animals. Human can not produce lycopene, so, they must take it in their food (Bramley, 2000). ...
... These models can be divided into theoretical, semitheoretical, and empirical models (Demiray and Tulek, 2012). Bramley (2000); Southon (2000) and Franceschi et al., (1994) mentioned that Lycopene (a C40 carotenoid polyene) is the primary coloring matter responsible for the deep red color of ripe tomato and its products. In addition to being a source of coloring, lycopene has many health benefits. ...
The drying process of tomato slices were studied using a hot air dryer under five different levels of air temperature ranging from 50 to 70°C, at constant thickness of 5 ±0.2 mm, and a constant drying air flow rate of 0.07 m3/sec. Tomato slices were sprayed before drying with 5% sodium chloride and left for 2 h to facilitate the release of moisture and preserve tomatoes during drying. Both the effective moisture diffusivity and activation energy were calculated. To find the best model for describing the drying curves, eight different thin-layer drying models were tested. The quality of dried tomato slices was assessed by estimating lycopene and ascorbic acid content. The results showed that the drying process of tomato slices took place during the falling rate period at all levels of temperature. Moisture content (MC) of tomato slices reduced from 751.79 %(d.b.) to 10% ±0.6 (d.b.) during a period of time ranging from 170 to 310minutes. The average values of effective moisture diffusivity varied from 9.9801×10-10 to 1.8871×10−9 m2s-1 and the activation energy was found to be 32.94 kJ.mol-1. The statistical analysis of fit tests revealed that Diamante et al. model provided a satisfactory fit for the experimental data, and followed by Page model. Lycopene content in dried tomato slices is higher than that of fresh tomatoes. While ascorbic acid content decreased by increasing air temperature.
... Lycopene is a red carotenoid found in tomato, watermelon, pink grapefruit and other red fruits, and it has been recognized as the most effective antioxidant in the family of carotenoids. Many animal and human studies have shown that lycopene has a protective effect against carcinogens in the liver, brain, colon, breast, cervix and prostate, therefore preventing or delaying certain types of cancer (Bramley, 2000;De Stefant et al., 2000). In addition, lycopene has a preventive effect against coronary heart disease (Manson et al., 1993). ...
Lycopene- a magical carotenoid
... However, coloured guavas are considered more nutritious than yellow green guavas as they contain more pigments such as pro-vitamin A, carotenoid, polyphenols, and retinoid (Joseph and Priya 2011). Especially, pink pulped guavas are a good source of lycopene and contain even more lycopene than tomato (Bramley 2000). Thus, lycopene has shown to be responsible for pink coloured pulp of guava. ...
Guava is known as “Super fruit”; it is the third richest source of Vitamin C. In this study Black guava is characterized morphologically, biochemically and on molecular basis. Result revealed that Black guava had the maximum total anthocyan in content (9.663 mg/100g) compared to white and pink pulped counterparts. Pink pulped Hisar Surkha and Lalit genotypes contained both lycopene and anthocyanin while another pink pulped genotype, Punjab Pink, had only lycopene. Further, all the eight guava genotypes irrespective of their pulp colour had total carotenoids (0.203 mg/100g - 0.730 mg/100g). Based on our results, the Black guava had unique morphological features like leaf colour, shoot colour and fruit pulp colour. The pulp colour of Black guava is due to the presence of anthocyanins. In general, the pulp colour of guava is due to combinations of more than one pigment and the final colour depends on the relative proportion of those pigments and suggests that “pigments in proportions” explains the pulp colour in guava. Anthocyanin pathway study in Black guava revealed that the primers for DFR and CHS gene of anthocyanin pathway amplified in Punjab Pink and not in case of Black guava.
... Its structure, however, is thermolabile and sensitive to oxidative processes [54]. Due to the presence of long chromophorein, the polyene chain yields many red foods [55]. In the presence of other tomato plant constituents, particularly phytofluene, β-carotene and phytoene, its antioxidant activity is synergistically increased [56]. ...
In recent years, evidence has shown the potential therapeutic effects of different natural compounds for the prevention and treatment of radiotherapy-induced mucositis (RIOM). RIOM represents one of the most frequent side effects associated with anti-neoplastic treatments affecting patients’ quality of life and treatment response due to radiation therapy discontinuation. The innate radio-protective ability of natural products obtained from plants is in part due to the numerous antioxidants possessed as a part of their normal secondary metabolic processes. However, oxygen presence is a key point for radiation efficacy on cancer cells. The aim of this review is to describe the most recent evidence on radiation-induced injury and the emerging protective role of natural compounds in preventing and treating this specific damage without compromising treatment efficacy.
... The lower NEB in carrot juice which was prepared by giving microwave pre-treatment attributed to release of more anti-oxidants during juice extraction because anti-oxidants in juices are responsible to influence the colour as reported earlier by Heinmma et al. (2017) [14,4] . Rayman and Baysal (2011) [28,6] also reported increase in beta carotene contents and anti-oxidant activity of juice due to applications of the electrical methods (electroplasmolysis + microwave). The lower NEB in carrot juice which was given microwave pre-treatment might also be attributed to higher ΔE value of carrot juice based on L, a and b values. ...
Present investigation was caried out to evaluate the nutritional quality of carrot juice during storage. In this investigation a total of 18 treatments were used for juice extraction using different combinations viz. preparation techniques as Factor-1 ["Shredding" (T1) and "Crushing" (T2)]; microwave pre-treatments as Factor-2 [Control (M1), Microwave pretreatment 450 W for 30 seconds (M2) and microwave pretreatment 450 W for 60 seconds (M3)] and preservatives as Factor-3 [sodium benzoate (P1), potassium sorbate (P2) and potassium meta bisulfite (P3)]. The results of the investigation revealed that acceptable quality carrot juice can be obtained from carrots which was prepared by pre-treating the crushed materials with microwave for 60 seconds followed by preservation with 100 ppm potassium sorbate (T2M3P2). The juice obtained from this treatment possess higher yield, β-carotene, and sensory score while lowest reducing sugars and non-enzymatic browning (NEB). The carrot juice which was prepared by pre-treating the crushed materials with microwave for 60 seconds followed by preservation with 100 ppm potassium sorbate (T2M3P2) exhibited minimum changes in nutritional as well as sensory attributes during six months storage when packed in glass bottles.
... Carrot digestion possibly includes strengthening of the immune system; depend on opposed Knocks, steeped blood pressure, osteoporosis, cataracts arthritis, heart defects, bronchial asthma, and urinary tract sickness [15][16][17]. Carotenoids moreover operate as a free radical hunter and are more imperative for health [18,19]. D'Odorico et al have exposed that the existence of α and β carotene in blood has a defensive impact opposed atherosclerosis [20]. ...
Background: Carrots encompass numerous beneficial effects on the human being. Objective: Carrots are worn as groceries and we also intake a sap of carrot which produces superior upshot scheduled the liver and as well stable for vision. Carrots are a font of reserves, vitamins, carbohydrates, proteins, fats, fibers, and vigor which is the mainstream imperative for vigorous and strapping vigor structure. Method: The font of vitamin which is the most imperative element of our venture is beta carotene and carotenoids but our foremost focal point is lying on beta carotene, Qualitative scrutiny of diverse component, and in quantitative scrutiny of moisture content. Carbohydrates and proteins are obligatory for corpse vigor and mane escalation, covering and nails escalation respectively. Beta carotene is an antioxidant that prevents the oxidation of an assortment of compounds hips the corpse. This manuscript presents an appraisal of the widespread scrutiny of diverse gear's hip carrots and the withdrawal of beta carotene. Results: Carrots of two diverse kinds were serene (red and orange) and analyzed qualitatively by physicochemical slant and the outcome showed that the quantity of beta carotene was diverse hip the entire carrots and moisture content be as well diverse (red carrot 90.3% and hip orange carrot 93.7%). Conclusion: Carbohydrates and proteins were present in hip the entire carrots and severance of beta carotene using diverse non-polar solvent (acetone, chloroform, dichloromethane, n-hexane) gave detach results. Article Info. Abstract
... Anthocyanins reduce inflammation, protect against cardiovascular disease (Mazza, 2007;He and Giusti, 2010), prevent cancer and inhibit its growth, and help fight obesity and type 2 diabetes associated with insulin resistance (Anderson et al., 2004;Cooke et al., 2005;Wang and Stoner, 2008). Lycopene and other carotenoids inhibit lipoprotein oxidation, thus reducing the negative effects of cancer and cardiovascular diseases, inflammatory processes, and Parkinson's disease (Gerster, 1997;Bramley, 2000). Demand for anthocyanin-or lycopene-pigmented citrus fruits has been increasing, and new varieties have recently been released (Barry et al., 2020). ...
CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing is a modern biotechnological approach used to improve plant varieties, modifying only one or a few traits of a specific variety. However, this technology cannot be easily used to improve fruit quality traits in citrus, due to the lack of knowledge of key genes, long juvenile stage, and the difficulty regenerating whole plants of specific varieties. Here, we introduce a genome editing approach with the aim of producing citrus plantlets whose fruits contain both lycopene and anthocyanins. Our method employs a dual single guide RNA (sgRNA)-directed genome editing approach to knockout the fruit-specific β-cyclase 2 gene, responsible for the conversion of lycopene to beta-carotene. The gene is targeted by two sgRNAs simultaneously to create a large deletion, as well as to induce point mutations in both sgRNA targets. The EHA105 strain of Agrobacterium tumefaciens was used to transform five different anthocyanin-pigmented sweet oranges, belonging to the Tarocco and Sanguigno varietal groups, and ‘Carrizo’ citrange, a citrus rootstock as a model for citrus transformation. Among 58 plantlets sequenced in the target region, 86% of them were successfully edited. The most frequent mutations were deletions (from -1 to -74 nucleotides) and insertions (+1 nucleotide). Moreover, a novel event was identified in six plantlets, consisting of the inversion of the region between the two sgRNAs. For 20 plantlets in which a single mutation occurred, we excluded chimeric events. Plantlets did not show an altered phenotype in vegetative tissues. To the best of our knowledge, this work represents the first example of the use of a genome editing approach to potentially improve qualitative traits of citrus fruit.
... Lycopene is the first carotenoid to accumulate, after absorption, in human tissues and fluids, such as the prostate and blood serum, respectively. Serum concentrations, however, vary widely between individuals (Bramley, 2000). It has been suggested that the mode of action of lycopene in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases is related to its antioxidant properties, leading to the protection of lipoproteins against oxidation. ...
O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a qualidade nutricional do fruto de caferana, com foco no teor e perfil de carotenoides, devido à sua coloração característica desses compostos. Os frutos foram coletados, identificados botanicamente e avaliados quanto à composição centesimal, teor e perfil de carotenoides e de açúcares e perfil de flavonoides. Os resultados da composição centesimal da polpa de caferana foram: 65g/100g de umidade; 0,72g/100g de cinzas; 0,92g/100g de proteína; 0,78g/100g de extrato etéreo; 2,83g/100g de fibra alimentar; 29,73g/100g de carboidratos e o valor calórico de 129,62 kcal/100g da polpa. Quanto ao teor e perfil de açúcares na polpa, obteve-se 19,41g/100g de frutose e 4,01g/100g de glicose. O fruto apresentou alto teor de carotenoides (40mg/100g em base úmida), dos quais 89% era licopeno (36mg/100g), 2,5mg/100g de β-caroteno e 0,3mg/100g de luteína. Identificou-se a rutina como flavonoide presente na polpa do fruto. O fruto da caferana revelou-se uma excelente fonte de licopeno, com teores superiores aos produtos à base de tomate.
... However, coloured guavas are considered more nutritious than yellow green guavas as they contain more pigments such as pro-vitamin A, carotenoid, polyphenols, and retinoid (Joseph and Priya 2011). Especially, pink pulped guavas are a good source of lycopene and contain even more lycopene than tomato (Bramley 2000). Thus, lycopene has shown to be responsible for pink coloured pulp of guava. ...
Guava is known as "Super fruit"; it is the third richest source of Vitamin C. In this study Black guava is characterized morphologically, biochemically and on molecular basis. Result revealed that Black guava had the maximum total anthocyan in content (9.663 mg/100g) compared to white and pink pulped counterparts. Pink pulped Hisar Surkha and Lalit genotypes contained both lycopene and anthocyanin while another pink pulped genotype, Punjab Pink, had only lycopene. Further, all the eight guava genotypes irrespective of their pulp colour had total carotenoids (0.203 mg/100g-0.730 mg/100g). Based on our results, the Black guava had unique morphological features like leaf colour, shoot colour and fruit pulp colour. The pulp colour of Black guava is due to the presence of anthocyanins. In general, the pulp colour of guava is due to combinations of more than one pigment and the final colour depends on the relative proportion of those pigments and suggests that "pigments in proportions" explains the pulp colour in guava. Anthocyanin pathway study in Black guava revealed that the primers for DFR and CHS gene of anthocyanin pathway amplified in Punjab Pink and not in case of Black guava.
... This compound is increasingly more often treated not only as a dietary supplement but also as a potential medicine. It also affects the hormonal balance and the body's immunity [8]. Lycopene accounts for about 80-90% of the pigments found in tomato fruits, the remainder being β-carotene and other carotenoids. ...
This study aimed at correlating image features with the lycopene content of tomato fruit.
Tomato cultivars with different fruit colors, such as ‘O˙ zarowski’ (yellow), ‘Marvel Striped’ (yellow-orange-pink), ‘Green Zebra’ (green), Sandoline F1 (red), Cupidissimo F1 (red), and Sacher F1 (brown) were selected for the study. The tomato fruits were imaged using a digital camera. The texture parameters were computed from the images converted to color channels R, G, B, L, a, b, X, Y, and Z based on the histogram, autoregressive model, gradient map, co-occurrence matrix, and run-length matrix. Lycopene content was determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Pearson’s correlation coefficients (R), regression equations, and coefficients of determination (R2) were determined. The lycopene content in fruit ranged from 0.31 mg 100 g-1 for ‘Green Zebra’) to 11.83 mg 100 g-1 for Sacher F1. The correlation coefficient (R) between lycopene content and selected image textures reached -0.99 for selected textures from color channels G, b, and Y. The
highest positive correlation (R parameter equal to 0.98) was obtained for texture from color channel Y. Based on the individual color channel providing the highest results, one texture was selected for the determination of regression equations. Coefficients of determination (R2) of 0.99 were obtained for texture from color channel G. The regression equations may be used in practice for nondestructive, objective, and precise estimation of the lycopene content in tomato fruit.
... Ide et al. [33] did not see a reduction in serum CRP following phase 1 therapy, which is in contrast to the present results. This result is due to the fact that periodontal debridement alone is ineffective in prevention of periodontal disease in all [34]. In addition, by different chemical processes, OLE plant was able to inhibit reactive chemical species formation and block lipid peroxidation. ...
Background: Oral and gum infections are mostly linked to poor oral hygiene. Chlorhexidine mouthwash, and teeth brushing, have been commonly recommended. There is many studies on the effectiveness of olive leaf extract (OLE) as herbal mouthwash, there is much guided on its competitive effect with chlorhexidine.Objective: To determine the clinical and inflammatory effects of olive leaf extract (OLE) as mouthwash in the treatment of acute gingivitis and compare its effect with 0.12% chlorhexidine mouthwash (CHX).Patients and Methods: A total of 60 subjects aged 18-35 years with acute gingivitis underwent scaling and polishing with oral hygiene instruction; 20 patients received 3% of (OLE) as mouthwash, 20 patients received of 0.12% of chlorhexidine mouthwash (CHX), and 20 patients received scaling and polishing only (SRP) without any mouthwash. Mouthwash was twice daily for 17 days. At the start of the study, clinical periodontal parameters (PI, GI and BOP) and blood samples were taken and after five weeks of treatment to estimate the levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and total protein (TP). Results: After 5 weeks of periodontal treatment, there was a significant decrease in clinical periodontal parameters (P<0.01) and inflammatory markers (P<0.05) in the OLE and CHX and S&P alone groups. From periodontal treatment, there was no significant difference between the OLE and CHX groups with clinical periodontal parameters and inflammatory markers (P<0.05), although there was a significant difference between the OLE, CHX groups and the S&P alone group in terms of clinical periodontal parameters and inflammatory markers (P<0.05). Conclusion: Olive leaf extract (OLE) has been showed to be comparable to CHX aided in reducing gingivitis by decreasing clinical periodontal parameters and inflammatory chemical markers values such as CRP, ALP, and TP. Keywords: olive leaf extract (OLE, mouthwash, chlorhexidine, gingivitis, CRP, ALP, TP
... Lycopene is a natural carotenoid antioxidant (Bramley, 2000) with potent quench singlet oxygen capacity (Imran et al., 2020). Recent studies showed that lycopene supplementation in the maturation medium improves the development and quality of bovine blastocysts under serum-free conditions (Residiwati et al., 2021;Sidi et al., 2022). ...
Selenium is commonly used as antioxidant in a serum-free culture medium setting. However, lycopene has emerged as a potent antioxidant being twice as efficient as β-carotene and ten times as efficient as α-tocopherol with beneficial effects when supplemented in a serum-free maturation medium. Here we aimed to evaluate the effect of lycopene supplementation into a serum-free culture medium on blastocyst development and quality. After in vitro maturation and fertilization, presumed zygotes were cultured in groups of 25 in 50 μL droplets of synthetic oviductal fluid. Culture medium supplementation was done using four experimental groups: insulin, transferrin, selenium (ITS; control), ITS + DMSO (diluent control), ITS + DMSO-lycopene 0.1 μM (ITSL), and IT + DMSO-lycopene 0.1 μM (ITL). DMSO was used as a diluent for lycopene. Blastocyst development among experimental groups were fitted in mixed-effects models, and blastocyst quality parameters (assessed via differential apoptotic staining) were evaluated in mixed linear regression models. The cleavage (85.3 ± 2.4, 82.6 ± 2.7, 86 ± 2.3, and 86.4 ± 2.3% for control, diluent control, ITSL, and ITL, respectively) and day 8 blastocyst rates (37.4 ± 3.3, 36.9 ± 3.4, 39.7 ± 3.3, 46.2 ± 3.4% for control, diluent control, ITSL, and ITL, respectively) were not different (P > 0.1) among experimental groups. Embryos produced in the ITL group resulted in blastocysts with higher total cell numbers (TCN; 141 ± 19.2), inner cell mass (ICM; 65.3 ±11.6), and trophectoderm cells (TE; 75.2 ± 8.8) compared to the control (129 ± 19.2, 56.3 ± 11.6, 72.7 ± 8.8, for TCN, ICM, and TE; P < 0.01, respectively). Lycopene supplemented groups (ITSL and ITL) resulted in blastocysts with similar TCN, ICM, and TE (P > 0.2). The number of apoptotic cells was not different among experimental groups (P > 0.1). Lycopene supplementation to the culture medium only produced a numerical increase in the blastocyst rate but replacing selenium with lycopene in a serum-free culture medium resulted in blastocysts with more cells.
... At the same time, there has been mounting evidence in both medical and other scientific literature on the functionality of some types of fresh fruit. (Bramley, 2000;Canene-Adams et al., 2005;Franke et al., 2004;Southon, 2000 ...
Purpose: Adapting the distribution of fresh fruit to meet consumers' specifications and requirements for quality, safety and sustainability while controlling costs is a complex challenge. Fruit Distribution Management (FDM) is characterized by long-distance transportation, continuous decline in fruit quality in various form combined with significant supply, demand, and price uncertainties, and relatively thin margins. For these reasons, Fruit Distribution Management needs modern decision-making tools to be effective. The main objective of this research is to propose a method for optimizing the logistics needed to export fresh fruit which takes into account the specific challenges of this kind of product.Design/methodology/approach: The methodology is divided into 3 phases.First, the input factors that constitute the logistics costs and determine the loss of quality due to mechanical injuries (MI) and natural decay (ND), as well as the CO2 emissions of each activity are developed. This phase is based on an extended analysis of the literature and the use of real data. Second, we have developed a multi-objective optimization model that integrates both the distribution and inventory planning of fresh fruit (DIP model). This model takes into account the logistics cost, the total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, as well as the quality loss due to MI and ND based on two models of kinetic shelf life: zero order (DIP). - ZO) and exponential decay (DIP-ED). The DIP model objective is to optimize the planning for the distribution and storage for fresh fruit. It is based on a bi objective function: maximizing the total net profit (NP) and the percentage of the remaining fruit quality (% QR). Finally, to address this issue, we have applied a Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II). A numerical study allows us to analyze the solution spaces of the two kinetic shelf life models (DIP-ZO and DIP-ED) according to the variation of supply, demand, and the market price. This study also includes CO2 emissions analysis. The results based on the NSGA-II are then compared with the results of another genetic algorithm based on an adjusted weight-sum approach (AWS-GA) to evaluate the performance of the algorithm.Findings: the results we obtained indicate the efficiency of the NSGA-II algorithm to solve the problem of fresh fruit distribution. Both optimal Pareto front curves of DIP-ZO and DIP-ED show a strong positive relationship between %RQ and NP. They also indicate a negative correlation between % RQ and CO2 emission: reduction of % RQ in both cases is correlated with an increase in CO2. The decision variables can be used to decide on the best schedule for transporting and storing fruit in order to optimize the net profit and remaining quality.Practical implications: The proposed model (DIP-model) allows a significant improvement in the benefits related to the export of fresh fruit while minimizing the loss of quality and the environmental impact. It is a decision support tool that allows exporters to better plan the transport and storage of exported fresh fruits.Originality/value: The distribution and inventory planning model developed in this thesis provides solutions that integrate the kinetics of degradation of fresh fruit. While the other operational research models found in the literature only focus on Natural Decay based on a zero order reaction, our model introduces mechanical injuries, natural decay (zero order and Exponential) and consumer evaluation in the optimization process. This is an innovative approach because former models do not reflect reality, in particular for the international trade in fresh fruit which requires long distance transport.
... Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit is a source of many key nutrients, such as carotenoids (lycopene and β-carotene), vitamins, carbohydrates, and phenolic compounds, which benefit human health (Bramley, 2000). Anthocyanins are another group of health-promoting compounds that act by reducing reactive oxygen species, inhibiting cancer cell proliferation, and exhibiting anti-inflammatory activity (Butelli et al., 2008;Mazzucato et al., 2013;Li et al., 2014;Liso et al., 2018). ...
Unlike modern tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) cultivars, cv. LA1996 harbors the dominant Aft allele, which is associated with anthocyanin synthesis in the tomato fruit peel. However, the control of Aft anthocyanin biosynthesis remains unclear. Here, we used ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS)-induced and CRISPR/Cas9-mediated mutation of LA1996 to show, respectively, that two class IIIf basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors (TFs), SlJAF13 and SlAN1, are involved in the control of anthocyanin synthesis. These TFs are key components of the MYB-bHLH-WD40 (MBW) complex, which positively regulates anthocyanin synthesis. Molecular and genetic analyses showed that SlJAF13 functions as an upstream activation factor of SlAN1 by binding directly to the G-Box motif of its promoter region. On the other hand, SlJAZ2, a JA signaling repressor, interferes with formation of the MBW complex to suppress anthocyanin synthesis by directly binding these two bHLH components. Unexpectedly, the transcript level of SlJAZ2 was in turn repressed in an SlJAF13-dependent manner. Mechanistically, SlJAF13 interacts with SlMYC2 and inhibiting SlMYC2 activation of SlJAZ2 transcription, thus constituting a negative feedback loop governing anthocyanin accumulation. Taken together, our findings support a sophisticated regulatory network, in which SlJAF13 acts as an upstream dual-function regulator that fine tunes anthocyanin biosynthesis in tomato.
... Cherry silverberry fruit is a valuable source of lycopene, which appears to be the most potent antioxidant among common carotenoids, known for its anticarcinogenic effects [14][15][16][17][18][19]. Studies involving cell lines, animals, and human subjects have shown that dietary lycopene can decrease the risk and growth of prostate cancer, ovarian cancer, cervical cancer, breast cancer, esophageal cancer, liver cancer, gallbladder cancer, brain tumors, and cardiovascular disease [109][110][111][112][113][114][115][116][117], as well as tumors of the upper respiratory tract [118]. ...
The cherry silverberry (Elaeagnus multiflora Thunb.) is a lesser-known plant species with high nutritional and therapeutic potential. Cherry silverberry contains numerous biologically active compounds. The cherry silverberry is a shrub growing up to 3 m. Its drupe-like fruit is ellipsoidal, up to 1 cm long, and set on stems. It is red in color, juicy, and sour, and its taste resembles that of red currants. According to the literature, cherry silverberry fruit contains carbohydrates, organic acids, and amino acids, as well as vitamin C, in addition to biominerals, polyphenols, flavonoids, carotenoids, chlorophylls, and tocopherols, which contribute to its high nutritional value. New biotypes of cherry silverberry cultivated in Poland can be used for the production of functional foods and direct consumption. In China, the cherry silverberry, known as goumi, has been used as a medicinal plant and a natural remedy for cough, diarrhea, itch, foul sores, and, even, cancer. This review article summarizes the scant research findings on the nutritional and therapeutic benefits of cherry silverberry.
... Including not having properties to nourish and protect the skin only. Other scientific evidence suggests that Lycopene may help relieve high blood pressure and lower blood lipid levels that cause many chronic diseases [1]. Tomato is characterized by the accumulation of carotenoids. ...
... The mixture left at room temperature for 5 min until the two phases were completely separated. The absorbance of lycopene in the upper layer at 472 nm (λ max ) was measured by spectrophotometry (Bramley, 2000). The pure hexane was used as the reference absorption. ...
In this work, tri-layered nanofibers including zein (30% w/v) in top/bottom layers and the optimal volume ratio of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA, 10% w/v)/basil seed gum (BSG, 1% w/v) with lycopene in the middle layer was used to enhance the bioaccessibility of lycopene. Viscosity, electrical conductivity, and surface tension of BSG/PVA solutions in different volume ratios were measured. According to SEM images, it was found that the solution with BSG to PVA ratio of 70:30 ratio was the best nanofiber for trapping lycopene. The encapsulation efficiency of lycopene in tri-layered nanofibers was in the range of 81.7–92.26%. According to the DSC diagram, lycopene was successfully encapsulated in tri-layered nanofibers. DSC diagrams confirmed the improvement of lycopene thermal resistance in tri-layered nanofibers. The FTIR analysis showed no chemical interaction between the tri-layered nanofiber components. The bioaccessibility of lycopene in the small intestine using tri-layered nanofiber was 16.18%. The release behavior of lycopene was studied by Kopcha, Higuchi, Korsmeyer-Peppas, and Peppas-Sahlin models, which showed that the diffusion and erosion mechanisms were involved in the release of lycopene from tri-layered nanofibers in simulated gastrointestinal media.
... It is one of the most promising bioactive compounds because of its potential to inhibit invasion of free radicals at the membrane surface, which triggers the primary defense mechanism of the human body against several chronic diseases [1][2][3][4][5]. It is also considered to be a potent anticarcinogen and an antioxidant [6,7]. Lycopene plays a significant role in mitigating oxidative stress as it lessens the inducible nitric oxide synthase activation [8]. ...
A quick, simple, and reliable isocratic ultra-performance supercritical fluid chromatography-photodiode array detector (UPSFC-DAD) method was developed and validated to determine lycopene in different horticultural products. The effects of stationary phase, co-solvent, pressure, temperature, flow rate, and mobile phase additive on the separation of lycopene were evaluated. The developed method involved BEH-2EP—2.1 × 150 mm, 5 µm as the stationary phase, and CO2/ MeOH 85:15 (v/v) with formic acid as the additive at 0.10% as the mobile phase. The column temperature was maintained at 45 °C, ABPR at 1800 psi, and the mobile phase’s flow rate was maintained at 1 mL/min. Under the optimized conditions, lycopene was successfully separated within 0.722 ± 0.001 min. The standard curve assayed over a range of 10 to 100 µg/mL resulted in a correlation coefficient of 0.998. The mean recoveries between 97.38% and 102.67% at different spiking levels with RSD < 2.5% were achieved. The intra and inter-day precision expressed as relative standard deviations (RSD) were found to range from 1.27% to 3.28% and from 1.57% to 4.18%, respectively. Robustness in terms of retention time (tR) and RSD were found to be 0.93 ± 0.23 min and less <2.80%, respectively. The limits of detection and quantification were 0.14 µg/mL and 0.37 µg/mL, respectively. This method was successfully applied to determine lycopene extracted from papaya, grapefruit, and bitter melon.
The present study aimed to investigate the effect of solution of ethanol extractions of different microalgae species: Spirulina sp., Dunaliella sp. and Chlorella sp. on the accumulation of biologically active compounds in tomato fruits. Ethanol solution as well as treatment with drinking water were used as a control. Tomato cultivar ‘Belle’ F1 (Enza Zaden) was grown in 25 L pots, in peat substrate (pHKCl 5.5, producer Laflora LTd), polycarbonate greenhouse. Chemical composition – total carotenoids, lycopene and β-carotene content, total phenolics and anthocyanins, organic acids, vitamin C as well as dry matter, pH and soluble solids content – was determined in tomato fruits at the stage of full ripen. The influence of tested extracts on biologically active compounds on quality parameters of tomatoes was different, but no negative effect was observed. As only pH values as well as total phenol content and total soluble solids had statistically significant differences, results can be described with genetical stability of the cultivar.
Watermelon suffers substantial post-harvest losses owing to strict quality standards, resulting in 20–30% of the crop being left unharvested. This study investigated the potential of valorizing dried watermelon pomace (DWP), a byproduct of watermelon juice extraction, focusing on its lycopene content—a potent antioxidant. This study assessed lycopene stability in DWP from four watermelon cultivars (Perla Nera®, Gavina®, Crimson Sweet, and Asahi Miyako) under different storage conditions (vial-sealed and vacuum-sealed). The lycopene content in freshly prepared DWP samples ranged from 0.734 to 1.572 mg/g db. The results indicated that vacuum-sealed samples exhibited significantly slower lycopene degradation than vial-sealed samples, highlighting the impact of air exposure on lycopene stability. After 90 days of storage, lycopene content in vacuum-sealed samples ranged from 0.214 to 1.234 mg/g db, while that in vial-sealed samples ranged from 0.013 to 0.731 mg/g db. Furthermore, this study assessed the effect of pretreatments with ascorbic acid (pretreatment A) and a mixture of ascorbic and citric acids (pretreatment B) on lycopene stability. Pretreatment B showed superior effectiveness, yielding higher lycopene levels than pretreatment A (p < 0.05). The stabilizing effects of ascorbic acid and citric acid were attributed to their antioxidant properties and their roles as pH regulators and chelators.
Talinum triangulare (Jacq.) Willd. is a traditional leafy vegetable used by tribal communities for ethnomedicinal and ethnoculinary preparations. This article reviews the current knowledge of its multiple uses, including pharmacological activities and nutritional composition. The literature survey shows that it has been traditionally useful in the treatment of several diseases, such as anaemia, diabetes, measles, and ulcers and the preparation of various traditional foods. Analysis of the literature on its phytochemicals shows its richness in bioactive compounds. Further, research also shows that this plant has antidiabetic, antiobesity, antitumor, antiulcer, hepatoprotective, and neuroprotective activities besides anti‐inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Nutrient analysis of the plant reveals the presence of Ca, Zn, Fe, vitamins C and E, dietary fibre and protein in considerable quantities. The results of the pharmacological studies on the antidiabetic, antiulcer and anti‐anaemic activities provide support in favour of its ethnomedicinal uses. The presence of bioactive compounds and pharmacological activities show the usefulness of this plant as a functional food.
Nanotechnology is the state-of-the-art technology providing new horizons of ideas and scope to unlimited possibilities in almost all genres of day-to-day life ranging from diagnostic, therapeutic, agricultural, chemical to microelectronics, sensors, etc. In this connection, one of the main concerns regarding the metal-oxide nanoparticles is their synthesis, application in a safe mood to protect the overall toxic impact on the food web. To resolve this concern, a greener and cleaner method of producing the nanoparticles is being looked upon as a favorable alternative more commonly referred to as green chemistry or green synthesis. The metal-oxide nanoparticles synthesized from biological sources have demonstrated fulfilling properties and shown antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, drug delivery, catalytic activity, etc., response. In this chapter, the role of fruits and their wastes in the green synthesis of metal-oxide nanoparticles is discussed. This could efficiently reduce the cost and is safer for the environment thus allowing us to implore more on their benefits without impending much harm to the environment.KeywordsNanotechnologyFlavonoidsAnti-microbialPolyphenolsDrug deliveryBiosensor
Commercially valuable bioactive compounds find a vast range of applications in the medical, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, agriculture and food industry. Nanotechnology is a promising and rapidly emerging field of science. Due to their vast range of applications in the medical, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, agriculture and food industry, bioactive compounds (e.g., flavonoids, phenolic acids, alkaloids, and carotenoids) are commercially valuable goods. Controlled elicitation is one of the promising techniques for enhancing the production of bioactive chemicals in plants. Nanoparticles (NPs) are novel elicitors of bioactive chemicals in plants and could impact the plant's secondary metabolism. The biological production of nanoparticles is becoming more widely recognized as a rapid, environmentally benign, and easy to scale up method. Metallic nanoparticles synthesized from microorganisms and plant extracts are stable and monodispersed when synthesis parameters including pH, temperature, incubation time, and mixing ratio are well controlled. The goal of this chapter is to outline fruit extract NPs synthesis and their various applications.KeywordsGreen synthesisNanoparticlesPlant extractionPhytochemicalsBioactive compounds
Gastrointestinal cancer is one of the most prevalent causes of cancer-related deaths in the world. Recent research demonstrates that phytochemicals are critical in preventing and managing gastrointestinal cancer. The increased intake of phytochemicals could reduce the risk of cancer by inhibiting cancer cell proliferation, inducing apoptosis and autophagy, and suppressing angiogenesis as well as cancer cell metastasis. These mechanisms are also known to counter Helicobacter pylori infection and modulate gut microbiota. There is preliminary data suggesting that daily supplementation with high doses of certain vitamins combined with conventional therapeutic agents may enhance their growth inhibitory effects on tumor cells and protect normal tissues against some of their toxic effects. This book attempts to fill gaps on the role of phytonutrients in the treatment of cancer in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). It discusses the action of individual vitamins on cellular and molecular parameters and describes how vitamins inhibit protein kinase C activity, increase the production of certain growth factors, and modulate the expression of a number of oncogenes. The book is divided into 2 parts. The first part summarizes the pathophysiology of GIT cancers and introduces readers to anticancer phytonutrients. A chapter on the status of FDA approved nutraceuticals rounds up this section. The second part of the book provides a systematic review on the different plant derived chemicals that can be used to treat GIT cancer. Each chapter in this section focuses on a specific type of phytochemical agent and its molecular mechanisms relevant to the disease. This book will give the reader a holistic view of gastrointestinal cancer treatment and the value of natural compounds in developing functional food and drugs for preventive medicine.
The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of Lycopene and L-Carnitine, individually or in combination, on various physiological and molecular factors related to intestinal health and absorption ability in Roosters, such as intestinal morphology, serum biochemical parameters, genes involved in Lycopene uptake, nutritional transport genes, and tight junction genes. The findings of the study revealed that the combination of L-Carnitine and Lycopene supplementation had been found to increase the serum concentration levels of TP and ALB. Interestingly, the relative mRNA expression of genes responsible for Lycopene uptakes, such as SR-BI and BCO2, was higher in the LC group compared to other groups. Additionally, the expression of specific nutritional transport genes in the duodenum was significantly affected by both CAR and LC supplementation groups. The tight junction gene OCLN showed a significant increase in expression in the combination group compared to using either Lycopene or L-Carnitine alone. This study concludes that using Lycopene and L-carnitine in combination in poultry feed can potentially improve intestinal morphology and serum biochemical parameters, increase Lycopene bioavailability, improve nutrients uptake, and enhance the integrity of duodenal tight junctions in Roosters.
Lycopene is one of potential antioxidants which has anti-aging effect. Tomato products, especially tomato paste contains a lot of lycopenes. During storage, the autooxidation of lycopene causes the instability of lycopene itself. Lycopene can be degradated and it will lead to fragmentation of the lycopene molecule. The addition of oil can prevent the autooxidation process in lycopene by blocking this action. The aim of this research is to determine the effect of Extra Virgin Olive Oil (EVOO) addition on physicochemical stability of tomato paste. In this research, tomato paste was made by steaming method and the preparation resulted in two types, tomato paste with EVOO addition and tomato paste without EVOO addition. The physicochemical stability was examined in real-time test and thermal cycling test methods. The evaluation of characteristics included organoleptic, spreadibility, pH, and tomato paste content as lycopene levels. The real-time measurements (25-28oC) showed that the addition of EVOO could maintain the tomato paste characteristic (organoleptic, spreadibility, pH, and tomato paste content). The reaction rate (k) showed that the stability of lycopene content in tomato paste either with or without EVOO addition followed the first order reaction. As a result, it was found that tomato paste without EVOO addition had lower stability compared to tomato paste with EVOO addition. Temperature changes in the thermal cycling test method did not affect the organoleptic, pH, and lycopene content stability of tomato paste.
Nutraceuticals have been widely studied for their potential to improve health outcomes and prevent various diseases. Although having shown several health benefits and functions, most nutraceuticals are poorly water-soluble, unstable in the gastrointestinal environment, and have low oral bioavailability. Recent advances in the food industry have incorporated nanosystems to overcome the drawbacks associated with nutraceuticals. Nanosystems are gaining more and more attention in enhancing the health benefits of nutraceuticals. Due to the reduction in particle size, nanosystems have shown significant potential to improve the aqueous solubility, gastrointestinal stability, and oral bioavailability of nutraceuticals. This chapter focuses on the drawbacks associated with nutraceuticals and presents different nanosystems (lipid, polymeric, or inorganic) that have been used to improve their biopharmaceutical and health properties.
Tomato is known to contain nutritional components with several types of health-promoting actions. Lycopene which is an antioxidant present in tomatoes has been identified as being responsible for the beneficial effect of tomatoes. With the aim of increasing the antioxidants contents of tomato, two dark fruited single recessive mutants were crossed to produce double mutant with higher antioxidants contents. The high pigment (hp) mutant of tomato characterized by dark green fruits, when it is immature and deep red mature fruit which is a monogenic mutant of tomato, was crossed with atroviolacea (atv) monogenic non-allelic mutant which had the same phenotype. Although it was easy to distinguish the hpatv segregating double mutant in the f2 generation, the conformation of the hpatv double mutant was made genetically. The double mutant showed darker phenotype in stem, leaves,and much darker fruits due to higher pigments content. The double mutant qualitatively showed higher pigments content which is of great nutritional value the detailed estimation of the quantitative differences in pigments of the wild type, singlemutants and constructed mutant is recommended.
Tomato is one of the most consumed fruits in the world and stands out for its culinary versatility. The consumers’ search for a better quality of life implies in a greater demand for higher nutritional and sensory quality vegetables. In this sense, tomato breeding programs can help in the development of new cultivars that meet the demands of producers, consumers, and chefs. In this study, six Roma tomato cultivars (Coniati, Grazzianni, Paipai, Pizzadoro, Trinidade, and Vero), grown in an organic system, were evaluated for its agronomic, physicobiochemical, and sensory traits. In the sensory characterization, the fruits were evaluated by 104 consumers and 35 chefs, regarding size, shape, color, aroma, flavor, texture, global acceptance, and the purchase intention. In the agronomic and biochemical characterization, fruits from the cultivar Trinidade had the highest agronomic yield and vitamin C content, while fruits from Paipai presented superior values for pericarp thickness, firmness, soluble solids content, ratio between soluble solids content and acidity, phenolic and flavonoids compounds, and lycopene. Fruits of the Trinidade cultivar were preferred by chefs and consumers. Thus, in a breeding program for Roma tomatoes, Trinidade and Paipai are interesting as parents to develop new cultivars that meet the demands of producers, consumers and cook professionals, with an emphasis on sustainable production systems.
Watermelon and Carrot juices were prepared and stored for one month, and the effects of storage time on the Physico-chemical characteristics of both juices were monitored. The physicochemical characteristics of the juices determined were pH for watermelon juice which ranged between 5.2-3.8, titratable acidity 0.18-0.65, specific gravity 1.022-1.003, electrical conductivity 3.38-3.41µS/cm, vitamin C 40.07-20.56 mg/100ml, reducing and total sugar 5.18-6.15% and 7.66-8.44%, respectively and UV-Vis spectrum absorption peak at 218 nm and 338 nm corresponding to the presence of lycopene and vitamin C respectively. For carrot juice, pH ranged between 6.2-3.9, titratable acidity 0.13-0.86, specific gravity 1.016-1.010, electrical conductivity 5.19-5.60 µS/cm, vitamin C 31.40-15.72 mg/100ml, reducing sugar and total sugar 4.78-5.31% and 7.11-7.35%, respectively and UV-Vis spectrum absorption peak at wavelengths 218nm and 305nm corresponding to the presence of lycopene and β-carotene respectively. From the results of this study, it can be concluded that some of these parameters could be used as indicators of quality loss or spoilage of the juices during storage.
The Ailsa Craig variety of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) has been transformed with carotenoid genes from higher plants and bacteria. Progeny have been analysed for their carotenoid levels, carotenogenic enzyme activities and levels of gene expression. Ultrastructural studies have revealed changes in plastid structure. A similar approach has also been adopted with the high pigment (hp) mutant variety, which has elevated levels of carotenoids compared with the parental cultivar.
To investigate possible risk factors and mechanisms behind the four times higher and diverging mortality from coronary heart disease in Lithuanian compared with Swedish middle aged men.
Concomitant cross sectional comparison of randomly selected 50 year old men without serious acute or chronic disease. Methods and equipment were identical or highly standardised between the centres.
Linköping (Sweden) and Vilnius (Lithuania).
101 and 109 men aged 50 in Linköping and Vilnius respectively.
Anthropometric data, blood pressure, smoking, plasma lipid and lipoprotein concentrations, susceptibility of low density lipoprotein to oxidation, and plasma concentrations of fat soluble antioxidant vitamins.
Systolic blood pressure was higher (141 v 133 mm Hg, P < 0.01), smoking habits were similar, and plasma total cholesterol (5.10 v 5.49 mmol/l, P < 0.01) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (3.30 v 3.68 mmol/l, P < 0.01) lower in men from Vilnius compared with those from Linköping. Triglyceride, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, and Lp(a) lipoprotein concentrations did not differ between the two groups. The resistance of low density lipoprotein to oxidation was lower in the men from Vilnius; lag phase was 67.6 v 79.5 minutes (P < 0.001). Also lower in the men from Vilnius were mean plasma concentrations of lipid soluble antioxidant vitamins (beta carotene 377 v 510 nmol/l, P < 0.01; lycopene 327 v 615 nmol/l, P < 0.001; and lipid adjusted gamma tocopherol 0.25 v 0.46 mumol/mmol, P < 0.001. alpha Tocopherol concentration did not differ). Regression analysis showed that the lag phase was still significantly shorter by 10 minutes in men from Vilnius when the influence of other known factors was taken into account.
The high mortality from coronary heart disease in Lithuania is not caused by traditional risk factors alone. Mechanisms related to antioxidant state may be important.
Publisher Summary Carotenoids serve two major functions in photosynthesis: as accessory pigments for light harvesting and in the prevention of photooxidative damage. Carotenoids also serve structural functions in the photosynthetic pigment- protein complexes of the reaction centers and the light-harvesting antennae, where they are bound to specific chlorophyll/carotenoid-binding proteins. They provide yellow, orange, or red coloring to many flowers, fruits, mushrooms, and animals. Carotenoid biosynthesis genes in plants, algae, and cyanobacteria are generally not conserved with those of bacteria and, therefore, the latter could not serve as molecular probes for cloning the plant-type genes. In addition, the genes in eukaryotes are dispersed throughout the genome. In cyanobacteria, only two genes, for phytoene desaturase and phytoene synthase, are in the same operon, while all other genes are dispersed. All carotenoids are related biosynthetically and share a common early pathway with other isoprenoids. These reactions, in which mevalonate is an important intermediate, yield the monomer building block for all products in the isoprenoid pathway, the C 5 molecule isopentyl diphosphate.
A multicenter case-control study was conducted to evaluate the relations between antioxidant status assessed by biomarkers and acute myocardial infarction. Incidence cases and frequency matched controls were recruited from 10 European countries to maximize the variance in exposure within the study. Adipose tissue needle aspiration biopsies were taken shortly after the infarction and analyzed for levels of carotenoids and tocopherols. An examination of colinearity including all covariates and the three carotenoids, α-carotene, β-carotene, and lycopene, showed that the variables were sufficiently independent to model simultaneously. When examined singularly, each of the carotenoids appeared to be protective. Upon simultaneous analyses of the carotenoids, however, using conditional logistic regression models that controlled for age, body mass index, socioeconomic status, smoking, hypertension, and maternal and paternal history of disease, lycopene remained independently protective, with an odds ratio of 0.52 for the contrast of the 10th and 90th percentiles (95% confidence interval 0.33–0.82, p = 0.005). The associations for α- and β-carotene were largely eliminated. We conclude that lycopene, or some substance highly correlated which is in a common food source, may contribute to the protective effect of vegetable consumption on myocardial infarction risk.
Concentrations of preformed vitamin A and five individual carotenoids (alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, cryptoxanthin, lutein and lycopene) were determined in liver, kidney and lung tissue from 20 autopsies of subjects ranging in age from 4 mo to 86 y. Total carotenoid concentrations in liver tissue were always greater than in kidney or lung tissue within the same patient. Total carotenoid concentration in adult subjects was 2.5-77.1 nmol/g tissue (mean 21.0 nmol/g tissue) in liver tissue (n = 14), 0.2-12.7 nmol/g tissue (mean 3.1 nmol/g tissue) in kidney tissue (n = 13) and 0.1-8.4 nmol/g tissue (mean 1.9 nmol/g tissue) in lung tissue (n = 13). Carotenoid content in tissue samples from two infants was low, ranging from 0 to 1.0 nmol/g tissue. beta-Carotene and lycopene were almost always the predominant carotenoids found in liver, kidney and lung tissue. beta-Carotene was positively correlated (P less than 0.05) with alpha-carotene, lycopene and total carotenoids in all of the tissues examined. In addition, beta-carotene and total carotenoids from liver tissue were positively correlated with the same carotenoids in both kidney and lung tissue within each patient. Total vitamin A (free plus esterified) concentration was 8.7-1102.2 nmol/g tissue in liver (n = 17), 3.5-343.9 nmol/g tissue in kidney (n = 14) and 0.7-404.6 nmol/g tissue in lung (n = 14). Vitamin A concentrations were significantly correlated with both beta-carotene and total provitamin A carotenoid concentrations in liver tissue, but not in kidney or lung tissue.
This placebo-controlled study examined in healthy women the effects of ingestion of a single large dose of beta-carotene (120 mg) on the concentrations of beta-carotene and lycopene in plasma and skin, and the effects of UV light exposure on the concentrations of beta-carotene and lycopene in the skin. Ingestion of beta-carotene increased plasma beta-carotene concentration by 127%, from 0.26 +/- 0.06 (mean +/- SEM) to 0.59 +/- 0.07 mumol/L after 1 d, and the level remained elevated at 0.54 +/- 0.11 mumol/L after 5 d. beta-Carotene in skin, analyzed after 6 d, increased by 23%, from 1.41 +/- 0.74 to 1.74 +/- 0.72 nmol/g. beta-Carotene ingestion had no effect on the lycopene concentrations of plasma (0.37 +/- 0.11 mumol/L) or skin (1.60 +/- 0.62 nmol/g). A single exposure of a small area of one volar forearm to a dose of solar-simulated light (three times the individually determined minimal erythema dose) resulted in 31 to 46% reductions in skin lycopene concentration compared with an adjacent non-exposed area. The same UV dose did not result in significant changes in skin beta-carotene concentration. We conclude that a single 120-mg dose of beta-carotene increases plasma and skin beta-carotene concentrations and has no effect on plasma and skin lycopene concentrations. The amounts of lycopene in plasma and skin are comparable to or even greater than those of beta-carotene. When skin is subjected to UV light stress, more skin lycopene is destroyed compared with beta-carotene, suggesting a role of lycopene in mitigating oxidative damage in tissues.
An evaluation of the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study has detected a lower prostate cancer risk associated with the greater consumption of tomatoes and related food products. Tomatoes are the primary dietary source of lycopene, a non-provitamin A carotenoid with potent antioxidant activity. Our goal was to define the concentrations of lycopene, other carotenoids, and retinol in paired benign and malignant prostate tissue from 25 men, ages 53 to 74, undergoing prostatectomy for localized prostate cancer. The concentrations of specific carotenoids in the benign and malignant prostate tissue from the same subject are highly correlated. Lycopene and all-trans beta-carotene are the predominant carotenoids observed, with means +/- SE of 0.80 +/- 0.08 nmol/g and 0.54 +/- 0.09, respectively. Lycopene concentrations range from 0 to 2.58 nmol/g, and all-trans beta-carotene concentrations range from 0.09 to 1.70 nmol/g. The 9-cis beta-carotene isomer, alpha-carotene, lutein, alpha-cryptoxanthin, zeaxanthin, and beta-cryptoxanthin are consistently detectable in prostate tissue. No significant correlations between the concentration of lycopene and the concentrations of any other carotenoid are observed. In contrast, strong correlations between prostate beta-carotene and alpha-carotene are noted (correlation coefficient, 0.88; P < 0.0001), as are correlations between several other carotenoid pairs, which reflects their similar dietary origins. Mean vitamin A concentration in the prostate is 1.52 nmol/g, with a range of 0.71 to 3.30 nmol/g. We further evaluated tomato-based food products, serum, and prostate tissue for the presence of geometric lycopene isomers using high-performance liquid chromatography with a polymeric C30 reversed phase column. All-trans lycopene accounts for 79 to 91% and cis lycopene isomers for 9 to 21% of total lycopene in tomatoes, tomato paste, and tomato soup. Lycopene concentrations in the serum of men range between 0.60 and 1.9 nmol/ml, with 27 to 42% all-trans lycopene and 58 to 73% cis-isomers distributed among 12 to 13 peaks, depending upon their chromatographic resolution. In striking contrast with foods, all-trans lycopene accounts for only 12 to 21% and cis isomers for 79 to 88% of total lycopene in benign or malignant prostate tissues. cis Isomers of lycopene within the prostate are distributed among 14 to 18 peaks. We conclude that a diverse array of carotenoids are found in the human prostate with significant intra-individual variation. The presence of lycopene in the prostate at concentrations that are biologically active in laboratory studies supports the hypothesis that lycopene may have direct effects within the prostate and contribute to the reduced prostate cancer risk associated with the reduced prostate cancer risk associated with the consumption of tomato-based foods. The future identification and characterization of geometric lycopene isomers may lead to the development of novel agents for chemoprevention studies.
Lycopene is the predominant carotenoid in tomatoes and tomato-based foods and is also a predominant carotenoid in human serum and tissues. Intake of lycopene-rich foods was recently associated with decreased risk for several chronic diseases. The observation that serum and tissue lycopene is more than 50% cis-lycopene, whereas tomatoes and tomato-based foods contain mainly all-trans-lycopene, has led to the hypothesis that cis-isomers of lycopene are more bioavailable. We tested this hypothesis both in vitro (study 1) and in vivo (study 2). In study 1, bile acid micelles containing crystalline lycopene were prepared. The crystalline lycopene used for these analyses was 54.4% cis-lycopene. The optically clear micelle preparation contained 75.9% cis-lycopene in repeated analyses. In study 2, mesenteric lymph duct cannulated ferrets were used to study the in vivo absorption of lycopene from LycoredTM (an ethyl acetate extract of tomatoes containing 5% lycopene by weight; of which 91% was all-trans lycopene). Before being anesthetized, male ferrets (n = 7) were dosed orally with 40 mg lycopene per kg body weight in soybean oil. Lymph secretions were collected, on ice, for 2 h. The residual stomach and small intestinal contents, mucosa lining, lymph secretion and serum were analyzed by HPLC. Whereas the dose, stomach and intestinal contents contained 6.2-17.5% cis-lycopene, the mesenteric lymph secretions contained significantly more, 77.4%, cis-lycopene (P < 0.01). These studies demonstrate that in ferrets, cis-isomers of lycopene are more bioavailable than trans-lycopene probably because cis-isomers are more soluble in bile acid micelles and may be preferentially incorporated into chylomicrons.
Lycopene is the pigment principally responsible for the characteristic deep-red color of ripe tomato fruits and tomato products. It has attracted attention due to its biological and physicochemical properties, especially related to its effects as a natural antioxidant. Although it has no provitamin A activity, lycopene does exhibit a physical quenching rate constant with singlet oxygen almost twice as high as that of β-carotene. This makes its presence in the diet of considerable interest. Increasing clinical evidence supports the role of lycopene as a micronutri-ent with important health benefits, because it appears to provide protection against a broad range of epithelial cancers. Tomatoes and related tomato products are the major source of lycopene compounds, and are also considered an important source of carotenoids in the human diet. Undesirable degradation of lycopene not only affects the sensory quality of the final products, but also the health benefit of tomato-based foods for the human body. Lycopene in fresh tomato fruits occurs essentially in the all-trans configuration. The main causes of tomato lycopene degradation during processing are isomerization and oxidation. Isomerization converts all-trans isomers to cis-isomers due to additional energy input and results in an unstable, energy-rich station. Determination of the degree of lycopene isomerization during processing would provide a measure of the potential health benefits of tomato-based foods. Thermal processing (bleaching, retorting, and freezing processes) generally cause some loss of lycopene in tomato-based foods. Heat induces isomerization of the all-trans to cis forms. The cis-isomers increase with temperature and processing time. In general, dehydrated and powdered tomatoes have poor lycopene stability unless carefully processed and promptly placed in a hermetically sealed and inert atmosphere for storage. A significant increase in the cis-isomers with a simultaneous decrease in the all-trans isomers can be observed in the dehydrated tomato samples using the different dehydration methods. Frozen foods and heat-sterilized foods exhibit excellent lycopene stability throughout their normal temperature storage shelf life.
Lycopene bioavailability (absorption) can be influenced by many factors. The bioavailability of cis-isomers in food is higher than that of all-trans isomers. Lycopene bioavailability in processed tomato products is higher than in unprocessed fresh tomatoes. The composition and structure of the food also have an impact on the bioavailability of lycopene and may affect the release of lycopene from the tomato tissue matrix. Food processing may improve lycopene bioavailability by breaking down cell walls, which weakens the bonding forces between lycopene and tissue matrix, thus making lycopene more accessible and enhancing the cis-isomerization. More information on lycopene bioavailability, however, is needed. The pharmacokinetic properties of lycopene remain particularly poorly understood. Further research on the bioavalability, pharmacology, biochemistry, and physiology must be done to reveal the mechanism of lycopene in human diet, and the in vivo metabolism of lycopene.
Consumer demand for healthy food products provides an opportunity to develop lycopene-rich food as new functional foods, as well as food-grade and pharmaceutical-grade lycopene as new nutraceutical products. An industrial scale, environmentally friendly lycopene extraction and purification procedure with minimal loss of bioactivities is highly desirable for the foods, feed, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. High-quality lycopene products that meet food safety regulations will offer potential benefits to the food industry.
Tomato-based food products such as tomato paste, tomato sauce, and tomato-based soups are rich in carotenoid compounds and are frequently consumed in the United States. Foods such as these, which. are high in carotenoid content, are of interest because of the demonstrated association between consumption of fruits and vegetables and reduced risk of lung and other epithelial cancers in humans. Limited analytical data on the carotenoid content of tomato-based products are available in food tables and data bases; however, they are usually reported only in terms of vitamin A activity. In this study name-brand and store-brand tomato-based food products purchased in three major U.S. cities were extracted and carotenoids were individually identified and quantified by reversed-phase HPLC according to methodology developed in our laboratory. The carotenoids that were detected and quantified included lycopene, lycopene-5,6-diol, lutein, alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and zeta-carotenes, neurosporene, phytoene, and phytofluene. As expected, lycopene was the most abundant carotenoid, ranging in concentration from 0.3 mg/100 g in vegetable beef soup to 55 mg/100 g in tomato paste. The concentration of beta-carotene ranged from 0.23 mg/100 g in tomato soup to 1.51 mg/100 g in vegetable beef soup. Lutein was found at very low concentrations (less than 0.2 mg/100 g) in all products analyzed except tomato paste, which contained 0.34 g/100 g.
Hydrodynamically generated concentration gradients, obtained by injecting a plug of sample in a straight cylindrical tube, are manipulated by changing flow rate and tube length. The ratio of axial velocity to radial velocity experienced by the analyte due to the combined effect of diffusion and convection in the flow through tube dictates the shape of the concentration profile. The radial concentration gradient is sensitively measured by a refractive index gradient (RIG) detector. The data are converted into an asymmetry ratio which is correlated to the diffusion coefficient of the analyte and hence to the molecular weight. The effect of flow rate and tube length were extensively studied, ultimately, to determine the molecular weight of poly(ethylene glycols) (PEGs) ranging in molecular weight from 200 to 8000 g mol-1. The range of molecular weight that could be determined with a given set of experimental conditions was determined with a relative uncertainty In molecular weight of 4% for one trial. The sensitivity of the RIG signal depended upon the relative position of the narrow, collimated probe beam with respect to the center of a flow cell. Hence, the dynamic range of molecular weight sensing of PEGs can be selected by changing the position of the probe beam, flow rate, or tube length. Measurement of the axial concentration profile as a function of radial position was demonstrated using the RIG detector.
Background: The bioavailability of carotenoids has been investigated in animal studies as well as in human studies, so far mostly for β-carotene. Only few results exist for lycopene. In recent studies, lycopene was significantly better available from processed tomatoes compared to raw tomatoes, when using daily intakes between 16.5 mg and 75 mg lycopene.
Aim of the study In a comparative study the availability of a low oral lycopene dosage of 5 mg/d from different food matrices versus soft gel capsules containing tomato oleoresin was assessed. In addition to the plasma carotenoid content, the effect of lycopene ingestion on other plasma carotenoids, the lipid status parameters, and the antioxidant activitys was estimated.
Methods Twenty-two female adults (20 – 27 y) were randomized in three groups and were advized to minimize their carotenoid intake for two weeks. After this initial period, two groups received a portion of tomatoes or tomato juice adjusted to a lycopene dose of 5 mg/d, the third group ingested the same dose comprized in soft gel capsules containing tomato oleoresin.
During the test period of 6 weeks, the participants continued reducing the intake of carotenoids from food. Fasting blood samples were withdrawn prior to the study, before supplementation started, and then weekly while supplemented.
Seven-day dietary records were prepared before the study started and after one week of supplementation. Carotenoids were analyzed by reversed phase HPLC with diode array detection. Dietary records were evaluated using the computer software EBIS 2.1. The plasma total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and triglycerides were determined enzymatically. In addition, the antioxidant activity of plasma was estimated by using the TEAC and the TRAP assays.
Results The basal levels of lycopene in plasma were comparable for all groups (0.2 – 0.3 μmol/l) and decreased significantly during the two weeks of depletion to approximately 50 % of the basal values. Other plasma carotenoids such as β-carotene and β-cryptoxanthin decreased significantly, too, whereas lutein and zeaxanthin remained unchanged. After supplementation with tomato oleoresin capsules or tomato juice, the plasma lycopene increased significantly, while it remained unchanged during intake of tomatoes.
Normal dietary habits were practized of all volunteers before and during the study except vitamin C whose intake was significantly lower during the study period, because the probands were recommended to reduce the intake of fruits and vegetables. Lycopene supplementation did not affect the lipid status parameters of the three groups. After ingestion of lycopene the antioxidant activity of the plasma was not altered. Mean TEAC values were estimated to 0.33 ± 0.05 mmol/l and TRAP values to 1.0 ± 0.1 mmol/l and showed no significant differences in all groups during the whole study period.
Conclusions The bioavailability of lycopene varied significantly depending on the administered matrix. Lycopene from tomato oleoresin capsules and tomato juice (processed tomatoes) was better absorbed from the intestine than lycopene from raw tomatoes.
The daily intake of 5 mg lycopene, an intake comparable to the usual daily carotenoid intake, did not affect cholesterol and triglycerides in plasma or its antioxidant capacity.
This study further examines the factors which affect the chromatographic response of carotenoids and contribute to analytical variation and inaccuracies in their quantitative determination. A method for the analysis of carotenoids in vegetables and fruits is described and data are presented for the carotenoid content of vegetables and fruits commonly consumed in the UK. The addition of a solvent modifier (triethylamine) to the mobile phase was shown to improve the recovery of carotenoids from the column from around 60% to over 90%. The linearity and reproducibility of the chromatographic response was investigated and the robustness and reproducibility of the method was measured using a reference vegetable material developed in the laboratory. Short and longer term reproducibility showed an average CV of around 8% for all carotenoids. Analysis showed that good sources (>1000 μg/100 g) of lutein were broccoli, butterhead lettuce, parsley, peas, peppers, spinach and watercress; of lycopene: tomatoes and tomato products; and of β-carotene: broccoli, carrots, greens, butterhead lettuce, mixed vegetables, parsley, spinach and watercress. There was little or no loss of carotenoids on cooking, green vegetables showed an average increase in lutein levels of 24% and in β-carotene levels of 38%. This study and previous studies in our laboratory have demonstrated that a number of factors affect the validity of the ‘peak response’ and are likely to contribute to within and between laboratory variation. It is suggested that the development and use of standard reference materials would significantly improve the quality of data.
Since cis or trans isomers of carotenoids may have different biological reactivities, the isomeric composition of lycopene and β-carotene was measured in serum and seven human tissues. In addition to all-trans lycopene, at least three cis-isomers (9-, 13-, and 15-cis) were present, accounting for more than 50% of total lycopene. 13-and 15-cis-β-carotene, however, were present at only 5% of the all-trans isomer. In addition, 9-cis-β-carotene was present in tissue samples but not in serum. There were interindividual differences in carotenoid levels of the different tissue types, but liver, adrenal gland, and testes always contained significantly higher amounts of the carotenoids than kidney, ovary, and fat; carotenoids in brain stem tissue were below the detection limit. β-Carotene was the major carotenoid in liver, adrenal gland, kidney, ovary, and fat, whereas lycopene was the predominant carotenoid in testes.
Lycopene is a naturally present carotenoid in tomatoes. Among the carotenoids, lycopene is a major component found in the serum. High levels of lycopene have also been found in the testes, adrenal glands, prostate. Several recent studies including cell culture, animal and epidemiological investigations have indicated the effect of dietary lycopene in reducing the risk of chronic diseases such as cancer and coronary heart disease. Although, the antioxidant properties of lycopene are thought to be primarily responsible for its beneficial properties, evidence is accumulating to suggest other mechanisms such as intercellular gap junction communication, hormonal and immune system modulation and metabolic pathways may also be involved. This review summarizes the background information about lycopene and presents the most current knowledge with respect to its role in human health.
Eighteen carotenoids as well as vitamin A and two forms of vitamin E (gamma- and alpha-tocopherol) have been separated from extracts of human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on reversed-phase and sillca-based nitrile-bonded columns. In the order of chromatographic elution on a C18 reversed-phase column, the carotenoids were identified as (3R,3'R,6'R)-beta, epsilon-carotene-3,3'-diol [(3R,3'R,6'R)-lutein], (3R,3'R)-beta, beta-carotene-3,3'-diol [(3R,3'R)-zeaxanthin], 5,6-dihydroxy-5,6-dihydro-psi,psi-carotene, 3-hydroxy-2',3'-didehydro-beta,epsilon-caroten-3-ol, 3-hydroxy-beta-carotene,psi,psi-carotene, 7,8-dihydro-psi,psi-carotene, beta,psi-carotene, 7,8,7',8'-tetrahydro-psi,psi-carotene, beta,epsilon-carotene, beta,beta-carotene, 7,8,11,12,7',8'-hexahydro-psi,psi-carotene, and 7,8,11,12,7',8'-11',12'-octahydro-psi,psi-carotene. The polar carotenoids, which eluted in the vicinity of lutein and were unresolved on the C18 column, have been separated on a nitrile-bonded column employing isocratic HPLC conditions. In the order of elution, the carotenoids were epsilon,epsilon-carotene-3,3'-dione, 3'-hydroxy-epsilon,epsilon-caroten-3-one, 5,6-dihydroxy-5,6-dihydro-psi,psi-carotene, 3-hydroxy-beta,epsilon-caroten-3'-one, (all-E,3R,3'R,6'R)-lutein, (all-E,3R,3'R)-zeaxanthin, and (all-E,3R,3'S,6'R)-beta,epsilon-carotene-3,3'-diol (3'-epilutein) followed by several geometrical isomers of lutein and zeaxanthin.
Since cis or trans isomers of carotenoids may have different biological reactivities, the isomeric composition of lycopene and beta-carotene was measured in serum and seven human tissues. In addition to all-trans lycopene, at least three cis-isomers (9-, 13-, and 15-cis) were present, accounting for more than 50% of total lycopene. 13- and 15-cis-beta-carotene, however, were present at only 5% of the all-trans isomer. In addition, 9-cis-beta-carotene was present in tissue samples but not in serum. There were interindividual differences in carotenoid levels of the different tissue types, but liver, adrenal gland, and testes always contained significantly higher amounts of the carotenoids than kidney, ovary, and fat; carotenoids in brain stem tissue were below the detection limit. beta-Carotene was the major carotenoid in liver, adrenal gland, kidney, ovary, and fat, whereas lycopene was the predominant carotenoid in testes.
We have previously demonstrated that diverse carotenoids inhibit chemically induced neoplastic transformation in 10T1/2 cells. To address their mechanism of action, the effects of six diverse carotenoids, with or without provitamin A activity, on gap junctional communication and lipid peroxidation have been investigated. beta-Carotene, canthaxanthin, lutein, lycopene and alpha-carotene increased gap junctional intercellular communication in a dose-dependent manner in the above order of potency, whereas m-bixin was inactive at concentrations up to 10(-5) M. alpha-Tocopherol, a potent chain-breaking antioxidant, caused a marginal enhancement of junctional communication. The enhancement of junctional communication by diverse carotenoids showed a strong statistical correlation with their previously determined ability to inhibit methylcholanthrene-induced neoplastic transformation (r = -0.75). All carotenoids tested inhibited lipid peroxidation, but with differing potencies. alpha-Tocopherol was the most active inhibitor followed by m-bixin. The capacity of carotenoids or alpha-tocopherol to inhibit lipid peroxidation was neither consistent with their ability to inhibit neoplastic transformation (r = 0.30) nor to increase junctional communication (r = 0.12). Since junctional communication appears to play an important role in cell growth control and carcinogenesis, we propose that in this system carotenoid-enhanced intercellular communication provides a mechanistic basis for the cancer chemopreventive action of carotenoids. These data also imply that carotenoids function in a manner analogous to retinoids in the 10T1/2 assay system. Interestingly this activity appears independent of their provitamin A status.
To examine the association between serum nutrients and the development of bladder cancer we measured selenium, alpha-tocopherol, lycopene, beta-carotene, retinol, and retinol-binding protein in serum collected from 25,802 persons in Washington County, MD, in 1974. Serum samples were kept frozen at -70 degrees C. In the subsequent 12-year period, 35 cases of bladder cancer developed among participants. Comparisons of serum levels in 1974 among cases and two matched controls for each case showed that selenium was significantly lower among cases than controls (P = 0.03), lycopene was lower among cases at a borderline level of significance (P = 0.07), and alpha-tocopherol was nonsignificantly lower (P = 0.13). For selenium there was a nearly linear increase in risk with decreasing serum levels (P = 0.03). When examined by tertiles, the odds ratio associated with the lowest tertile of selenium compared to the highest tertile was 2.06. Serum levels of retinol, retinol-binding protein, and beta-carotene were similar among cases and controls. These results support a role for selenium in the prevention of bladder cancer.
Several human studies have observed a direct association between retinol (vitamin A) intake and risk of prostate cancer; other studies have found either an inverse association or no association of intake of beta-carotene (the major provitamin A) with risk of prostate cancer. Data regarding carotenoids other than beta-carotene in relation to prostate cancer risk are sparse.
We concluded a prospective cohort study to examine the relationship between the intake of various carotenoids, retinol, fruits, and vegetables and the risk of prostate cancer.
Using responses to a validated, semiquantitative food-frequency questionnaire mailed to participants in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study in 1986, we assessed dietary intake for a 1-year period for a cohort of 47,894 eligible subjects initially free of diagnosed cancer. Follow-up questionnaires were sent to the entire cohort in 1988, 1990, and 1992. We calculated the relative risk (RR) for each of the upper categories of intake of a specific food or nutrient by dividing the incidence rate of prostate cancer among men in each of these categories by the rate among men in the lowest intake level. All P values resulted from two-sided tests.
Between 1986 and 1992, 812 new cases of prostate cancer, including 773 non-stage A1 cases, were documented. Intakes of the carotenoids beta-carotene, alpha-carotene, lutein, and beta-cryptoxanthin were not associated with risk of non-stage A1 prostate cancer; only lycopene intake was related to lower risk (age- and energy-adjusted RR = 0.79; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.64-0.99 for high versus low quintile of intake; P for trend = .04). Of 46 vegetables and fruits or related products, four were significantly associated with lower prostate cancer risk; of the four--tomato sauce (P for trend = .001), tomatoes (P for trend = .03), and pizza (P for trend = .05), but not strawberries--were primary sources of lycopene. Combined intake of tomatoes, tomato sauce, tomato juice, and pizza (which accounted for 82% of lycopene intake) was inversely associated with risk of prostate cancer (multivariate RR = 0.65; 95% CI = 0.44-0.95, for consumption frequency greater than 10 versus less than 1.5 servings per week; P for trend = .01) and advanced (stages C and D) prostate cancers (multivariate RR = 0.47; 95% CI = 0.22-1.00; P for trend = .03). No consistent association was observed for dietary retinol and risk of prostate cancer.
These findings suggest that intake of lycopene or other compounds in tomatoes may reduce prostate cancer risk, but other measured carotenoids are unrelated to risk.
Our findings support recommendations to increase vegetable and fruit consumption to reduce cancer incidence but suggest that tomato-based foods may be especially beneficial regarding prostate cancer risk.
In view of the persisting uncertainty concerning possible mechanisms by which high vegetable and fruit intake decreases cancer risk, foods with divergent values for potentially important micronutrients are a priority for investigation. Tomatoes are low in beta-carotene, but high in lycopene, an active antioxidative agent. In order to assess the effect of tomatoes on risk of cancers of the digestive tract, data were analyzed from an integrated series of case-control studies conducted between 1985 and 1991 in northern Italy, where tomato intake is high but, also, heterogeneous. The overall dataset included the following histologically confirmed cancer cases: oral cavity and pharynx, 314; esophagus, 85; stomach, 723; colon, 955; and rectum, 629; and a total of 2,879 controls admitted to hospital for acute non-neoplastic or non-digestive conditions, unrelated to long-term dietary modifications. Multivariate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for subsequent quartiles of intake of raw tomatoes were derived, after allowance for age, sex, study center, education, smoking and drinking level, and tertile of total caloric intake. There was a consistent pattern of protection for all sites (OR in the upper quartile ranging between 0.4 and 0.7), most notably for gastrointestinal neoplasms. All trends in risk were highly significant. The beneficial effect of raw tomatoes in this population may be partly due to the fact that they constitute perhaps the most specific feature of the Mediterranean diet. However, if it is true that tomatoes protect against digestive-tract cancers, this is of interest from both a scientific and a public health viewpoint.
The antioxidant properties of β-carotene, in addition to its proposed immunomodulatory effects, have often been cited as the factors underlying its role in preventing disease initiation and propagation, yet the strongest evidence for diet and cancer prevention is based on fruit and vegetable intake and not β-carotene or other dietary carotenoids, per se. In the light of the outcome of the ATBC trial, the Physicians Health Study and the premature termination of the CARET study, this review addresses the issue of the antioxidant properties of the carotenoids and poses the questions: do dietary carotenes and xanthophylls have a clear role in disease prevention and are their antioxidant properties relevant to this role? What. do we know about their mechanisms of action in vitro as free radical scavengers?
To evaluate relationships of serum carotenoids, alpha-tocopherol, selenium, and retinol with breast cancer prospectively, we conducted a case-control study nested in a cohort from the Breast Cancer Serum Bank in Columbia, Missouri (United States). Women free of cancer donated blood to this bank in 1977-87. During up to 9.5 years of follow-up (median = 2.7 years), 105 cases of histologically confirmed breast cancer were diagnosed. For each case, two women alive and free of cancer at the age of the case's diagnosis and matched on age and date of blood collection were selected as controls. A nonsignificant gradient of decreasing risk of breast cancer with increasing serum beta-cryptoxanthin was apparent for all women. Serum lycopene also was associated inversely with risk, and among women who donated blood at least two years before diagnosis, a significant gradient of decreasing breast cancer risk with increasing lycopene concentration was evident. A marginally significant gradient of decreasing risk with increasing serum lutein/zeaxanthin also was apparent among these women. We did not observe any evidence for protective effects of alpha- and beta-carotene, alpha-tocopherol, retinol, or selenium for breast cancer. Results of this study suggest that the carotenoids beta-cryptoxanthin, lycopene, and lutein/zeaxanthin may protect against breast cancer.
The bioavailability of carotenoids has been investigated in animal studies as well as in human studies, so far mostly for beta-carotene. Only few results exist for lycopene. In recent studies, lycopene was significantly better available from processed tomatoes compared to raw tomatoes, when using daily intakes between 16.5 mg and 75 mg lycopene.
In a comparative study the availability of a low oral lycopene dosage of 5 mg/d from different food matrices versus soft gel capsules containing tomato oleoresin was assessed. In addition to the plasma carotenoid content, the effect of lycopene ingestion on other plasma carotenoids, the lipid status parameters, and the antioxidant activity was estimated.
Twenty-two female adults (20-27 y) were randomized in three groups and were advised to minimize their carotenoid intake for two weeks. After this initial period, two groups received a portion of tomatoes or tomato juice adjusted to a lycopene dose of 5 mg/d, the third group ingested the same dose comprised in soft gel capsules containing tomato oleoresin. During the test period of 6 weeks, the participants continued reducing the intake of carotenoids from food. Fasting blood samples were withdrawn prior to the study, before supplementation started, and then weekly while supplemented. Seven-day dietary records were prepared before the study started and after one week of supplementation. Carotenoids were analyzed by reversed phase HPLC with diode array detection. Dietary records were evaluated using the computer software EBIS 2.1. The plasma total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and triglycerides were determined enzymatically. In addition, the antioxidant activity of plasma was estimated by using the TEAC and the TRAP assays.
The basal levels of lycopene in plasma were comparable for all groups (0.2-0.3 mumol/l) and decreased significantly during the two weeks of depletion to approximately 50% of the basal values. Other plasma carotenoids such as beta-carotene and beta-cryptoxanthin decreased significantly, too, whereas lutein and zeaxanthin remained unchanged. After supplementation with tomato oleoresin capsules or tomato juice, the plasma lycopene increased significantly, while it remained unchanged during intake of tomatoes. Normal dietary habits were practised of all volunteers before and during the study except vitamin C whose intake was significantly lower during the study period, because the probands were recommended to reduce the intake of fruits and vegetables. Lycopene supplementation did not affect the lipid status parameters of the three groups. After ingestion of lycopene the antioxidant activity of the plasma was not altered. Mean TEAC values were estimated to 0.33 +/- 0.05 mmol/l and TRAP values to 1.0 +/- 0.1 mmol/l and showed no significant differences in all groups during the whole study period.
The bioavailability of lycopene varied significantly depending on the administered matrix. Lycopene from tomato oleoresin capsules and tomato juice (processed tomatoes) was better absorbed from the intestine than lycopene from raw tomatoes. The daily intake of 5 mg lycopene, an intake comparable to the usual daily carotenoid intake, did not affect cholesterol and triglycerides in plasma or its antioxidant capacity.
Among the many carotenoids present in nature, lycopene has been of special interest and has received attention in recent times due to its suggestive association in reducing risk for cancer at many sites including breast, prostate and pancreas. Several studies have attempted to determine the bioactive levels of this carotenoid in human tissues and the influence of plant food and cancer on carotenoid levels. Experimental studies have also implicated the protective role of lycopene during carcinogenesis. These observations should justify further exploration and evaluation of the biological function of lycopene alone or in combination with other chemical compounds present in tomato fruit for their use in cancer prevention.
Diets of individuals were supplemented with tomatoes, either cooked or as tomato pureé in order to compare uptake of lycopene from intact and homogenized fruit tissue matrices. Following a diet containing cooked tomatoes over three consecutive 7-day periods, little change in the carotenoid levels in plasma lipoproteins occurred. In contrast, a diet supplemented with concentrated tomato pureé, over a 2 week period, caused a significant (p < 0.05) increase in lycopene levels in plasma, showing that the lycopene within intact cells is less bioavailable than that from processed tissue. The isomeric composition of plasma lycopene was significantly different to that of the ingested pureé. A number of cis-isomers (predominantly 5-cis, 13-cis and 9-cis-) were detected in plasma, that are not present in the lycopene from pureé. The significance of the increase in lycopene following dietary supplementation with respect to bioavailability and the causes of isomerization are discussed.
Lycopene is the pigment principally responsible for the characteristic deep-red color of ripe tomato fruits and tomato products. It has attracted attention due to its biological and physicochemical properties, especially related to its effects as a natural antioxidant. Although it has no provitamin A activity, lycopene does exhibit a physical quenching rate constant with singlet oxygen almost twice as high as that of beta-carotene. This makes its presence in the diet of considerable interest. Increasing clinical evidence supports the role of lycopene as a micronutrient with important health benefits, because it appears to provide protection against a broad range of epithelial cancers. Tomatoes and related tomato products are the major source of lycopene compounds, and are also considered an important source of carotenoids in the human diet. Undesirable degradation of lycopene not only affects the sensory quality of the final products, but also the health benefit of tomato-based foods for the human body. Lycopene in fresh tomato fruits occurs essentially in the all-trans configuration. The main causes of tomato lycopene degradation during processing are isomerization and oxidation. Isomerization converts all-trans isomers to cis-isomers due to additional energy input and results in an unstable, energy-rich station. Determination of the degree of lycopene isomerization during processing would provide a measure of the potential health benefits of tomato-based foods. Thermal processing (bleaching, retorting, and freezing processes) generally cause some loss of lycopene in tomato-based foods. Heat induces isomerization of the all-trans to cis forms. The cis-isomers increase with temperature and processing time. In general, dehydrated and powdered tomatoes have poor lycopene stability unless carefully processed and promptly placed in a hermetically sealed and inert atmosphere for storage. A significant increase in the cis-isomers with a simultaneous decrease in the all-trans isomers can be observed in the dehydrated tomato samples using the different dehydration methods. Frozen foods and heat-sterilized foods exhibit excellent lycopene stability throughout their normal temperature storage shelf life. Lycopene bioavailability (absorption) can be influenced by many factors. The bioavailability of cis-isomers in food is higher than that of all-trans isomers. Lycopene bioavailability in processed tomato products is higher than in unprocessed fresh tomatoes. The composition and structure of the food also have an impact on the bioavailability of lycopene and may affect the release of lycopene from the tomato tissue matrix. Food processing may improve lycopene bioavailability by breaking down cell walls, which weakens the bonding forces between lycopene and tissue matrix, thus making lycopene more accessible and enhancing the cis-isomerization. More information on lycopene bioavailability, however, is needed. The pharmacokinetic properties of lycopene remain particularly poorly understood. Further research on the bioavalability, pharmacology, biochemistry, and physiology must be done to reveal the mechanism of lycopene in human diet, and the in vivo metabolism of lycopene. Consumer demand for healthy food products provides an opportunity to develop lycopene-rich food as new functional foods, as well as food-grade and pharmaceutical-grade lycopene as new nutraceutical products. An industrial scale, environmentally friendly lycopene extraction and purification procedure with minimal loss of bioactivities is highly desirable for the foods, feed, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. High-quality lycopene products that meet food safety regulations will offer potential benefits to the food industry.
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