ArticleLiterature Review

The impact of sleep deprivation on decision making: A Review

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Abstract

Few sleep deprivation (SD) studies involve realism or high-level decision making, factors relevant to managers, military commanders, and so forth, who are undergoing prolonged work during crises. Instead, research has favored simple tasks sensitive to SD mostly because of their dull monotony. In contrast, complex rule-based, convergent, and logical tasks are unaffected by short-term SD, seemingly because of heightened participant interest and compensatory effort. However, recent findings show that despite this effort, SD still impairs decision making involving the unexpected, innovation, revising plans, competing distraction, and effective communication. Decision-making models developed outside SD provide useful perspectives on these latter effects, as does a neuropsychological explanation of sleep function. SD presents particular difficulties for sleep-deprived decision makers who require these latter skills during emergency situations.

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... Fatigue due to increased time awake has also been shown to impact metacognitive judgments, specifically judgments concerning confidence in decision making (Aidman, Jackson, and Kleitman, 2018;Baranski, 2007). Metacognitive judgements involve higher order cognitive processes that are mediated by regions of the prefrontal cortex (PFC), which tend to be more sensitive to sleep deprivation (Goel et al., 2009;Harrison & Horne, 2000). Since confidence judgements are so consequential in UTD task performance, it is important to evaluate how metacognitive abilities are affected by increased time awake. ...
... In terms of the impact of the ATC inclusion on metacognitive judgments as a function of fatigue we had no clear hypothesis. There is evidence that confidence can inflate with increased fatigue (Bard et al., 1996;Harrison & Horne, 2000), though little is known concerning how ATC cues influences detection confidence judgements. ...
... As shown in a meta-analysis by Lim and Dinges (2010), performance on orienting or executive attention tasks, akin to the simUTD task, remain relatively preserved despite sleep deprivation. However, sleep loss negatively affects a host of higher order attentional and cognitive processes that require supervisory control and task-monitoring, such as working memory (Smith, McEvoy & Gevins, 2005), vigilance (Harrison & Horne, 2000;Killgore, 2010), problem solving (Linde & Bergstrom, 1992), inhibitory control (Drummond, Paulus, & Tapert, 2006), and complex decision making (Harrison, Jones, Waterhouse, 2007;Harrison & Horne, 1999;Killgore, Balkin, & Wesensten, 2006;Linde, Edland, & Bergstrom, 1999), including metacognitive judgements (Bard et al., 1996;Harrison & Horne, 2000). ...
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As automation becomes increasingly integrated into complex military tasks, and its role in supporting human performance under fatigue warrants careful evaluation. A specific military use case in which automated target cuing (ATC) is being integrated is undersea threat detection (UTD). These types of tasks demand sustained vigilance, accurate classification, and reliable metacognitive judgements. Fatigue, especially due to increased time awake, presents a significant challenge to sustaining high performance. This study investigated whether ATC enhances UTD performance under low fatigue conditions and protects against errors when operators are fatigued, as is common during fleet operations. Thirty-six active duty service members completed four sessions of a simulated UTD task, with and without an imperfect ATC system, over a ~24-hour wakeful period. Results showed that ATC did not enhance performance when participants were alert but mitigated the impact of fatigue on detection accuracy. However, fatigue led to decreased metacognitive sensitivity, reflected in greater confidence for false alarms and reduced trust in the ATC system. These findings suggest that while automation can protect basic task performance under fatigue, it does not prevent the degradation of higher-level cognitive processes, such as metacognitive accuracy and trust in automation. This study highlights the importance of understanding how automation interacts with cognitive states, especially under fatigue, to optimize its role in critical military operations.
... Currently, it is still unclear whether or to what extent sleepiness-related decrements in experimental tests of cognitive and psychomotor performance relate to impairments in more complex operational tasks 29 . The higher demand of complex tasks might as well motivate individuals to apply additional effort to compensate for their sleepiness 30 . Strangman et al. 31 for example detected compensatory cerebral responses to sleep deprivation, but no performance impairment in a simulated orbital docking task. ...
... Heightened motivation might have helped participants to compensate for their sleepiness at least partly. High-level complex skills are generally assumed to be less affected by sleep deprivation compared to monotonous, less demanding tasks, because they enhance motivation and effort 30 . The PVT however is a very monotonous task 49 . ...
... Additionally, speed measures seem to be more susceptible to total sleep deprivation than accuracy measures 24,50 . If individuals are given sufficient time to complete a motivating task, the slowing of cognitive functioning due to sleep loss can be compensated to a large degree 30 . Participants in the 3D sensorimotor navigation study by Strangman et al. 31 displayed no performance decrements, but reported the docking to be more effortful under sleep deprivation. ...
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Sleep deprivation and circadian rhythm disruptions are highly prevalent in shift workers, and also among astronauts. Resulting sleepiness can reduce cognitive performance, lead to catastrophic occupational events, and jeopardize space missions. We investigated whether 24 hours of total sleep deprivation would affect performance not only in the Psychomotor Vigilance Task (PVT), but also in a complex operational task, i.e. simulated manual spacecraft docking. Sixty-two healthy participants completed the manual docking simulation 6df and the PVT once after a night of total sleep deprivation and once after eight hours of scheduled sleep in a counterbalanced order. We assessed the impact of sleep deprivation on docking as well as PVT performance and investigated if sustained attention is an essential component of operational performance after sleep loss. The results showed that docking accuracy decreased significantly after sleep deprivation in comparison to the control condition, but only at difficult task levels. PVT performance deteriorated under sleep deprivation. Participants with larger impairments in PVT response speed after sleep deprivation also showed larger impairments in docking accuracy. In conclusion, sleep deprivation led to impaired 6df performance, which was partly explained by impairments in sustained attention. Elevated motivation levels due to the novelty and attractiveness of the task may have helped participants to compensate for the effects of sleepiness at easier task levels. Continued testing of manual docking skills could be a useful tool both to detect sleep loss-related impairments and assess astronauts’ readiness for duty during long-duration missions.
... In contrast, Ramzi et al. found a significant association between large family size and anemia, while Shaka and Wondimagegne indicated otherwise [2,40]. According to data from a National Sleep Foundation survey of adolescents aged 17 to 18, 75% of them slept for less than 8 h per night [41] and the reasons for these sleeping disorders has also been found to be associated with IDA. IDA is known to cause sleep disturbance and restless leg syndrome [42]. ...
... This finding is consistent with a study in China where short sleep in young adults was associated with worse cognitive function [51]. Short sleep duration has been shown to impair several elements of neurocognitive functions [41]. We observed significant association between IDA and cognitive function. ...
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Background Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) remains a global health concern, and has been associated with cognitive decline. However, very few studies have explored the association between IDA and cognitive function among Ghanaians. We assessed the association between IDA and cognitive function among adolescents in the Ashanti region, Ghana. Methods This cross-sectional study involved 250 adolescents from Kumasi, Ghana. Sociodemographic and dietary data were obtained using a well-structured questionnaire. Blood samples were drawn for estimation of ferritin and complete blood count. The Test of Non-verbal Intelligence (TONI-4) was used to assess cognitive function. Binary logistic regression was used to determine the predictors of cognitive function. Results The prevalence of IDA was 30.4%, which was higher among adolescents with poor cognitive performance test scores (CPTS) (71%). Being female [aOR = 0.32, 95% CI (0.10–0.99), p = 0.0480)], father having junior high education [aOR = 0.08, 95% CI (0.02–0.45), p = 0.0040)], being in a category B school [aOR = 0.26, 95% CI (0.09–0.81), p = 0.0200)] and C [aOR = 0.08, 95% CI (0.02–0.40), p = 0.0020)] and non-fruit consumption [aOR = 0.18, 95% CI (0.06–0.52), p = 0.0010)], were significantly associated with lower likelihood of having very good cognitive function. Moreover, ferritin (r = 0.451, p < 0.001) and hemoglobin (r = 0.402, p < 0.001) demonstrated a moderate positive correlation with CPTS. Conclusion The prevalence of IDA is high in our study population and was linked with poor cognitive function. Adolescents with IDA had low cognitive performance test scores. High levels of hemoglobin and ferritin showed a moderate correlation with higher cognitive performance. These findings suggest that adolescents’ cognitive function may be moderately influenced by IDA, highlighting the potential impact of iron status on cognitive outcomes.
... While previous studies have explored the relationship between sleep quality and creative behavior [20][21][22][23], the existing literature remains insufficient in fully elucidating this connection. Notably, there is a lack of research providing a comprehensive theoretical foundation for the link between sleep quality and creative behavior, and the underlying mechanisms of this relationship have not been adequately addressed [24]. Furthermore, the interplay between sleep quality, work engagement, and creative behavior remains largely unexplored, presenting a significant gap in our understanding of the complex dynamics underlying employee creativity. ...
... Prior research has shown that high sleep quality facilitates the replenishment of personal resources, enabling individuals to more effectively meet the cognitive, emotional, and physical demands of their work [31]. For instance, wellrested employees with restored attentional resources are better equipped to concentrate on complex tasks, generate novel ideas, and exhibit cognitive flexibility, all of which are crucial for creative thinking and problemsolving [24]. ...
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Background Sleep quality significantly impacts employees’ attitudes and behaviors. Using ego depletion theory, we examined the influence of sleep quality on work engagement and creative behavior, also investigating gender differences in these effects. Methods A multi-wave survey approach was employed with a six-week interval between waves for data collection. Participants were recruited online across two waves, totaling 322 employees from the United Kingdom and the United States. Results Regression analyses revealed a statistically significant positive relationship between sleep quality and creative behavior, mediated by work engagement. Additionally, gender moderated both the direct and indirect effects of sleep quality. Conclusion The study found a positive relationship between sleep quality and creative behavior, mediated by work engagement, with notable gender differences. Sleep quality had a stronger impact on work engagement for men than women, and a stronger indirect effect on creative behavior through work engagement. These findings add to the existing literature on the influence of sleep quality on creative behavior.
... Shorter sleep naturally follows from increased motivation for awake activities. High motivation and task importance may mitigate the adverse effects of insufficient sleep on neurocognitive performance [112][113][114] . Conversely, monotonous and less meaningful tasks may trigger subtle attentional deficits, primarily reflecting sleepiness, with performance degradation stemming from attention lapses and even microsleeps 102,115 . ...
... Still, monetary incentives have been shown to sustain vigilance performance at baseline levels during up to 36 hours of total sleep deprivation 80 . However, it is essential to acknowledge that inadequate sleep can also negatively affect cognitive function for more complex tasks 12,112 . Examining the influence of motivation and environmental factors therefore represents a more valid ecological approach for understanding sleep's impact on real-world function. ...
Article
Given that sleep deprivation studies consistently show that short sleep causes neurocognitive deficits, the effects of insufficient sleep on brain health and cognition are of great interest and concern. Here we argue that experimentally restricted sleep is not a good model for understanding the normal functions of sleep in naturalistic settings. Cross-disciplinary research suggests that human sleep is remarkably dependent on environmental conditions and social norms, thus escaping universally applicable rules. Sleep need varies over time and differs between individuals, showing a complex relationship with neurocognitive function. This aspect of sleep is rarely addressed in experimental work and is not reflected in expert recommendations about sleep duration. We recommend focusing on the role of individual and environmental factors to improve our understanding of the relationship between human sleep and cognition.
... The ndings provide empirical evidence of the impact of stress-related physical health problems on work engagement and workplace creativity (6, 13,33), and further identify the two factors that mediate the relationship, somatic symptoms and sleep disturbance. Stress-induced somatic symptoms and sleep disturbance can induce fatigue and emotional instability that reduce the level of work engagement, and a decline in cognitive functions as a result of sleep disturbance may impede the creative use of resources and problem-solving (13,19,34). ...
... Bakker and Demerouti (35) argued that the accessibility of personal resources (i.e., mental and physical health) is crucial for work performance and work engagement. Sleep disturbance affects the restoration of physical energy, the preservation of cognitive functions, and one's emotional stability, which ultimately leads to a reduction in personal resources that enables work engagement (13,34,(36)(37)(38). It is suggested that sleep is important in boosting insight-related problem-solving skills in the workplace in which sleep prepares one's cognitive functions for dealing with complex situations (17). ...
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Background Occupational stress affects the mental and physical health of hospital employees. Yet, few studies depict the role of physical health issues in the relationship between stress and work engagement/workplace creativity in hospital administrators. Hospital administrators play a critical role in ensuring the smooth operation of hospitals, handling emergencies, and delivering healthcare services. The study investigates the mediating role of somatic symptoms and sleep disturbance on the relationship between stress and work engagement/workplace creativity in hospital administrators. Methods A survey examined the stress, somatic symptoms, sleep conditions, work engagement, and workplace creativity of hospital administrative and logistic personnel of Chinese Grade-A tertiary. A total of 481 valid responses were included. Data analyses used significance analysis, correlation analyses, mediation analyses, and chain mediation analyses. Results Stress is related to work engagement and creativity, and this relationship can be mediated by sleep disturbance and somatic symptoms, respectively. Further, there was a chain mediation model of stress → somatic symptoms →sleep disturbance→ work engagement, but not on workplace creativity. Women, the older population, those affiliated with the clinical departments, and those with senior positions experienced greater stress, sleep disturbance, and somatic symptoms. Conclusion The mechanism underlying the impact of stress on work engagement/workplace creativity of hospital administrators can be stress-induced somatic symptoms and sleep disturbance and thus should not be overlooked. Our findings provide a theoretical basis for the development of targeted interventions for the mental and physical health, as well as the occupational welfare, of hospital administrators during both emergencies and daily situations. A combination of psychological support and physiological intervention was encouraged.
... In terms of sleep's impact on individuals' decision-making skills, research has shown that performance on complex cognitive tasks, such as decision-making, are impaired by sleep deprivation [21,22]. This impacts employee productivity as effective decision-making is a crucial part of being productive. ...
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In todays fast-paced business environment, improving productivity is the key focus of organizations in many industries, and sleep is one of the factors which may significantly productivity. This paper aims at exploring the relationship between sleep and productivity, as well as the factors that are considered influential to individuals sleep quality. Factors that are considered influential to sleep quality can generally be categorized into four categories: environmental, physical, psychological, and behavioral. These factors have been proven to have influences on sleep, which in turn would have influences on workplace productivity. With employees who consistently have low-quality sleep are likely to be negatively impacted on multiple aspects, including cognitively, psychologically, and physically. These negative impacts that poor sleep have on individuals are not only damaging to their own health but would also decrease their productivity at the workplace as employees. This paper also discusses the methods that can be used by both employers and employees which could help improve employees sleep quality, as it is crucial to workplace productivity.
... Despite those unknowns, it has been well known that a distortion of sleep dynamics could lead to catastrophic outcomes. For example, sleep deprivation impacts decision making [6], REM disturbance slows down the perceptual skill improvement [7], deprivation of slow wave sleep is associated with Alzheimer's disease [8], insufficient N2 sleep is associated with weaning failure [9], several public disasters are caused by low sleep quality [10,11], etc. Therefore, in addition to the interest stemming from physiological aspects, we have a lot of clinical applications from knowing the sleep dynamics. ...
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We propose a novel algorithm for sleep dynamics visualization and automatic annotation by applying diffusion geometry based sensor fusion algorithm to fuse spectral information from two electroencephalograms (EEG). The diffusion geometry approach helps organize the nonlinear dynamical structure hidden in the EEG signal. The visualization is achieved by the nonlinear dimension reduction capability of the chosen diffusion geometry algorithms. For the automatic annotation purpose, the {support vector machine} is trained to predict the sleep stage. The prediction performance is validated on a publicly available benchmark database, Physionet Sleep-EDF [extended] SC^* {(SC = Sleep Cassette)} and ST^* {(ST = Sleep Telemetry)}, with the leave-one-subject-out cross validation. When we have a single EEG channel (Fpz-Cz), the overall accuracy, macro F1 and Cohen's kappa achieve 82.72%82.72\%,75.91%75.91\% and 76.1%76.1\% respectively in Sleep-EDF SC^* and 78.63%78.63\%, 73.58%73.58\% and 69.48%69.48\% in Sleep-EDF ST^*. This performance is compatible {with} the state-of-the-art results. When we have two EEG channels (Fpz-Cz and Pz-Oz), the overall accuracy, macro F1 and Cohen's kappa achieve 84.44%84.44\%,78.25%78.25\% and 78.36%78.36\% respectively in Sleep-EDF SC^* and 79.05%79.05\%, 74.73%74.73\% and 70.31%70.31\% in Sleep-EDF ST^*. The results suggest the potential of the proposed algorithm in practical applications.
... However, the interaction between physiology and complex behaviors, such as those observed in human interactions, is not only bidirectional, but is also mediated/impacted by innate behaviors such as sleep. Through its impact on normal physiological functioning, including but not limited to, molecular and neuronal processes (e.g., Abel et al., 2013;Gaine et al., 2018;Leproult and Van Cauter, 2010), appropriate/inappropriate sleep behaviors (e.g., proper sleep vs insufficient sleep/sleep deprivation/sleep loss, etc.) can significantly impact basic human functioning in relation to learning, memory, decision-making, concentration/attention, and resilience/tolerance to stress (Chatburn et al., 2013;Chattu et al., 2018;Harrison and Horne, 2000;Hudson et al., 2020;Kechter and Leventhal, 2019;Maquet, 2001;Rasch and Born, 2013;Tempesta et al., 2018;Walker and Stickgold, 2005). Consequently, behaviors are impacted at an individual level (e.g., lead to irritability) with subsequent consequences on human relationships/interactions (e.g., Ben Simon et al., 2022;Chattu et al., 2018;Whiting et al., 2023). ...
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Background Amid the current mental health pandemic, research continues to investigate potential contributors associated with increasing levels of negative mental health. Among such contributors is sleep, which is vital for physiological and psychological functioning with potential downstream behavioral consequences, including in relation to impulsivity and social functioning. Given the significant rates of disordered sleep behaviors reported in the literature, our study sought to investigate the relationship between sleep quality, impulsivity and interpersonal functioning among university students. Methods An anonymous online survey was administered to university students (Ages 18 + ; N = 526; 33% male, 67% female) addressing demographics, sleep quality, impulsivity, and interpersonal functioning. Results Our findings indicate a substantial proportion of students reporting poor sleep quality and impulsivity. Moreover, higher levels of impulsivity and lower interpersonal functioning were associated with poor sleep quality. Mediation analysis revealed a significant mediating role of attentional impulsivity in the relationship between sleep quality and interpersonal functioning. Conclusions Repeated reports of significant levels of impulsivity underlying numerous psychiatric disorders, its prevalence socially, and the fundamental issue that impulsivity reflects (i.e., lack of self-control/self-discipline/self-regulation), suggests a necessity to reorient therapeutic efforts towards the root of the problem. Thus, efforts should seek to maximize preventative behaviors that strengthen the individual (e.g., improving sleep-related behaviors), and contribute to the building of character/virtue, through self-discipline, perseverance and consistency, in order to reduce negative outcomes (e.g., impulsivity, dysfunctional interpersonal functioning).
... Sleep deprivation can also negatively affect a person's emotions and moods. Sleep deprivation and subsequent fatigue are associated with reduced cognition (7), impaired workplace performance (8), higher error rates (9) and ultimately reduced safety (10). Inadequate sleep can lead to significant personal and societal burden, including adverse effects on well-being (11), productivity (12), and safety (13). ...
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Sleep deprivation negatively affects a person's emotions, cognition, and performance and ultimately reduces safety. The main purpose of this systematic review is to study and report the evidence on the effect of sleep deprivation on the performance of pilots. This systematic review was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. International databases including PubMed, Web of Science (WOS) and Scopus were considered for the search of English articles up to April of 2023. Keywords were sleep deprivation, pilot, flight, performance, airline, air force, flight safety, fatigue, pilot performance, flight performance, eye movement, workload, motion, visual, attention, errors, cognition, sleep quality, and circadian rhythm. In this systematic review, 12 studies consisting of 259 subjects remained. Most of the studies have reported the negative effects of sleep deprivation in a different way, and the decrease in performance was expressed as one of the important issues following sleep deprivation. As various studies show, any type of sleep deprivation in pilots can have negative effects on their performance, and this decrease in performance can have irreparable consequences.
... On the other hand, cognitive performance appears to be closely related to sleep disturbance. Studies have reported poorer memory performance and an increase in attention problems when sleep is limited to between three and six hours (Van Dongen et al., 2003), and degraded executive functions, language and communication disorders, and poorer working and episodic memory after 16 hours of sleep deprivation (Durmer & Dinges, 2005;Harrison & Horne, 2000). These effects increase as deprivation increases, with a minimum of 13 hours of sleep required to recover (Leach, 1994). ...
... The concerns of farmers regarding their physical well-being are worth noting because sleep deprivation and exhaustion are significant impacts of HWC, with possible consequences for morbidity (Pilcher and Huffcutt 1996;Harrison and Horne 2000;Orzeł-Gryglewska 2010). The medical literature shows that sleep deprivation results in physiological stress, which has a detrimental effect on the immune system (Meerlo et al. 2008). ...
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This paper examines the impacts of human-wildlife conflict (HWC) in the Kakum Conservation Area (KCA), Ghana. The primary focus is on crop-raiding by elephants. Using ethnographic methodologies, the findings shed light on the broader impacts of HWC in rural communities. These include food insecurity characterized by a notable decline in the quality and quantity of food accessible to individuals and families affected by crop-raiding. The study also underscores the negative impacts on mental and physical wellbeing as residents contend with stress, anxiety and fear due to crop-raiding and encounters with elephants. Furthermore, this research uncovers how coping mechanisms employed by locals in response to these challenges may result in problem drinking. Also, efforts taken to mitigate crop-raiding unintentionally result in health consequences for farmers who face risks of contracting diseases such as malaria and suffer from sleep deprivation due to guarding their fields at night. More importantly, this study provides an in-depth examination of the broader vulnerabilities caused by HWC which are often ignored and underscores the importance of looking beyond the direct impacts in HWC hotspots like KCA.
... Considering that mindfulness includes purposeful attention to events and experiences when they occur. These findings indicate that mental awareness is probably disturbed due to sleep deprivation.56 Mindfulness has been related to the fulfillment of physical needs.considering the close relationship between physical health and mindfulness, another important aspect of psychological functioning that may affect sleep deprivation is the satisfaction of basic psychological needs. ...
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Background and Aims Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) are a chronic and disabling disease that has a significant impact on quality of life due to weakening of physical health, financial problems and social stigma. This study aims to validate the Health‐related quality of life (HRQOL) model in people with human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV) in Iran. Methods Four hundred and fifty‐two people with HIV from Imam Khomeini Hospital between the age of 18 and 65 years (men: 308, women: 144) participated in the research. anonymously completed a battery of questionnaires, namely the Persian basic psychological need satisfaction and frustration scale, SF‐36, PSQI and mindful attention awareness scale. The method of the present study was the structural equation model. Results Current findings indicated there is a significant positive between mindfulness and need satisfaction, physical and mental health and, significant negative between mindfulness and quality and quantity of sleep. Mindfulness and need satisfaction are significant positive predictors of quality of life in people with HIV. Quality and quantity of sleep are significant negative predictors of quality of life in people with HIV. There is a positive significance between need satisfaction and physical and mental health but there is a negative significance between need satisfaction and quality and quantity. there is a negative significant between the quality and quantity of sleep with physical and mental health. Mindfulness facilitates the satisfaction of more psychological needs and improves the quality of sleep. The quality of sleep is a negative significant predictor for physical and mental health but the quantity of sleep is a negative significant predictor for physical health. Conclusion The HRQOL model can explain 18% of physical health and 16% of mental health in people with HIV in Iran. The elements of this model can be useful in evaluating and treating people with HIV in the Iranian Population. They also can use the models to plan for better services.
... This sense of isolation can be further exacerbated by the negative impact of sleep deprivation on academic performance, which in turn can diminish social standing and strain peer relationships [19]. Moreover, the detrimental effects of sleep deprivation extend to self-regulatory processes, particularly impairing the functionality of the prefrontal cortex, a brain region integral to self-control [20,21]. The compromised self-control can manifest in increased impulsivity, difficulty in planning, and challenges in executing complex tasks, further complicating adolescents' emotion regulation. ...
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Objective Previous studies have revealed associations between sleep quality and mental health, yet the comprehensive role of sleep quality, daytime dysfunction, social exclusion, and self-control in difficulties with emotion regulation remains unclear. This study aimed to elucidate how sleep quality affects emotion regulation difficulties among middle school students through pathways involving daytime dysfunction, social exclusion, and self-control, thereby providing a more comprehensive theoretical basis for mental health interventions. Methods Utilizing the pittsburgh sleep quality index, the adolescent social exclusion scale, the brief self-control scale, and emotion regulation scale-short form, we assessed 1067 students randomly selected from four middle schools from October to November 2023. After the removal of extreme values (those exceeding 3 standard deviations), 806 students were retained for data analysis. Results Our findings indicate that poor sleep quality significantly contributes to increased daytime dysfunction(β = 0.86, SE = 0.07, p < .001), which in turn affects social exclusion(β = 0.60, SE = 0.16, p < 0 0.001), self-control abilities(β = 1.27, SE = 0.16, p < .001) and emotion regulation difficulties(β = 1.56, SE = 0.30, p < .001). Social exclusion mediates the relationship between sleep quality and emotion regulation difficulties(Estimate = 0.11, SE = 0.04, 95% CI [0.04, 0.20] ). Conclusion The aim of this study is to provide new insights into the development of effective intervention measures to improve sleep and mental health in adolescents.
... Athletes, soldiers, and rescue personnel must often perform intense and prolonged physically demanding activities while maintaining cognitive focus and situational awareness. Under these conditions, they are required to make rapid decisions while processing information from multiple sources using different sensory modalities (Brisswalter et al. 2002;Harrison and Horne 2000). These efforts can cause significant stress, leading to physical and cognitive fatigue and, in turn, to poor performance. ...
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Soldiers, athletes, and rescue personnel must often maintain cognitive focus while performing intense, prolonged, and physically demanding activities. The simultaneous activation of cognitive and physical functions can disrupt their performance reciprocally. In the current study, we developed and demonstrated the feasibility of a virtual reality (VR)-based experimental protocol that enables rigorous exploration of the effects of prolonged physical and cognitive efforts. A battery of established neurocognitive tests was used to compare novel cognitive tasks to simulated loaded marches. We simulated a 10-km loaded march in our virtual reality environment, with or without integrated cognitive tasks (VR-COG). During three experimental visits, participants were evaluated pre- and post-activity, including the Color Trail Test (CTT), the Synthetic Work Environment (SYNWIN) battery for assessing multitasking, and physical tests (i.e., time to exhaustion). Results show that Strong or moderate correlations (r ≥ 0.58, p ≤ 0.05) were found between VR-COG scores and scores on the cognitive tests. Both the SYNWIN and CTT showed no condition effects but significant time effects, indicating better performance in the post-activity assessment than in the pre-activity assessment. This novel protocol can contribute to our understanding of physical-cognitive interactions, since virtual environments are ideal for studying high performance professional activity in realistic but controlled settings.
... Globally, sleep deprivation is a substantial cause of motor vehicle crashes and occupational accidents and injuries (1,2), and the detrimental impact to human performance is widespread. For instance, sleep deprivation reduces the capacity to sustain attention and respond in a timely manner (3), ignore irrelevant stimuli to avoid distractors (4, 5), and execute higher-order cognitions, including aspects of memory (6,7) and decision-making (8,9) and increases the likelihood of unintentional sleep episodes (e.g., microsleep) (10,11). Failure in any of these alertness and cognitive capabilities has severe consequences in safety-critical environments, such as transportation, health care, and high-consequence surveillance including air traffic control and automated operations. ...
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Sleep deprivation enhances risk for serious injury and fatality on the roads and in workplaces. To facilitate future management of these risks through advanced detection, we developed and validated a metabolomic biomarker of sleep deprivation in healthy, young participants, across three experiments. Bi-hourly plasma samples from 2 × 40-hour extended wake protocols (for train/test models) and 1 × 40-hour protocol with an 8-hour overnight sleep interval were analyzed by untargeted liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. Using a knowledge-based machine learning approach, five consistently important variables were used to build predictive models. Sleep deprivation (24 to 38 hours awake) was predicted accurately in classification models [versus well-rested (0 to 16 hours)] (accuracy = 94.7%/AUC 99.2%, 79.3%/AUC 89.1%) and to a lesser extent in regression ( R ² = 86.1 and 47.8%) models for within- and between-participant models, respectively. Metabolites were identified for replicability/future deployment. This approach for detecting acute sleep deprivation offers potential to reduce accidents through “fitness for duty” or “post-accident analysis” assessments.
... Previous research identifies the effects that insufficient sleep can also have on numerous aspects of human performance to include lapses in attention and vigilance (34), decision making (35), risk taking (36), and athletic performance (37). The results of this study indicate that suboptimal sleep conditions exist on underway US Navy ships. ...
Article
Study Objectives: The study explores how sleep, sleep-related practices and behaviors, in addition to various demographic and occupational characteristics, are related to overall mood of U.S. Navy sailors when they are underway. Methods: Longitudinal assessment of U.S. Navy sailors performing their underway duties (N = 873, 79.2% males, median age 25 years). Participants completed standardized questionnaires, wore wrist-worn actigraphs, and completed daily activity logs. Results: Sailors who reported worse Profile of Mood States (POMS) Total Mood Disturbance (TMD) scores had shorter sleep duration, worse sleep quality, and more episodes of split sleep. The group with worse mood also reported more symptoms of excessive daytime sleepiness as well as more symptoms of insomnia. In addition to sleep results, sailors with worse mood also tended to be younger, more likely to use nicotine and tobacco products, and less likely to have an exercise routine when compared to sailors with better POMS scores. Finally, the group with worse POMS scores included more enlisted personnel, tended to work more hours per day, and were more likely to stand watch-especially on rotating watch schedules. Conclusions: The results found significant associations between the sleep practices and mood of sailors aboard US Navy ships. Numerous other demographic and occupational factors were also strongly associated with mood. This paper is part of the Sleep and Circadian Rhythms: Management of Fatigue in Occupational Settings Collection.
... The frontal brain areas that are still developing during the college years include areas where critical judgments and decisions are made, and where impulsive behaviors and emotions are controlled (Young et al., 2019, Etkin andWager, 2007;Etkin et al., 2011). Even fully developed frontal lobes are challenged by sleep disturbance and are the most sensitive brain areas to sleep deprivation, impacting functions like emotional lability (Toschi et al., 2021), anger (Saghir et al., 2018), aligning actions with values (Goel et al., 2009), and decision-making (Harrison and Horne, 2000). The lower the quality of deep sleep, the more anxious people feel (Simon et al., 2020) and the less overall sleep obtained, the more people report feeling depressed and lonely (Goldstein et al., 2013(Goldstein et al., , 2018Simon and Walker, 2018). ...
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Collegiate athletes must satisfy the academic obligations common to all undergraduates, but they have the additional structural and social stressors of extensive practice time, competition schedules, and frequent travel away from their home campus. Clearly such stressors can have negative impacts on both their academic and athletic performances as well as on their health. These concerns are made more acute by recent proposals and decisions to reorganize major collegiate athletic conferences. These rearrangements will require more multi-day travel that interferes with the academic work and personal schedules of athletes. Of particular concern is additional east-west travel that results in circadian rhythm disruptions commonly called jet lag that contribute to the loss of amount as well as quality of sleep. Circadian misalignment and sleep deprivation and/or sleep disturbances have profound effects on physical and mental health and performance. We, as concerned scientists and physicians with relevant expertise, developed this white paper to raise awareness of these challenges to the wellbeing of our student-athletes and their co-travelers. We also offer practical steps to mitigate the negative consequences of collegiate travel schedules. We discuss the importance of bedtime protocols, the availability of early afternoon naps, and adherence to scheduled lighting exposure protocols before, during, and after travel, with support from wearables and apps. We call upon departments of athletics to engage with sleep and circadian experts to advise and help design tailored implementation of these mitigating practices that could contribute to the current and long-term health and wellbeing of their students and their staff members.
... When task-irrelevant stimuli were congruent with target stimuli, responses were generally faster and more accurate than when they were incongruent (Eriksen, 1974;Larson et al., 2014;Pires et al., 2014). Despite previous systematic reviews and studies suggesting that sleep deprivation can systematically affect goal-driven processing and stimulus-driven processing (Pilcher et al., 2007;Harrison & Horne, 2000;Chee, 2015), the direct behavioral and biological evidence is still limited. ...
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A complex environment requires us to maintain good conflict processing ability at all times, but how sleep deprivation affects conflict processing remains unclear. Here, we sought to use EEG techniques to explore how sleep deprivation affects the interference of stimulus-driven processing in goal-driven processing in individuals. Subjects were randomly assigned to a sleep deprivation group and control group. Behaviorally, there were significant between-group differences in accuracy but not in response time. At the EEG level, the main effect of P3b, Ni latency, and LSP mean amplitude was significant. Furthermore, at the time–frequency level, the interaction between the group and the conflict effect in the lower alpha band in the conflict detection stage, the alpha band and the beta band in the conflict suppression stage, and the alpha band in the conflict resolution stage was significant. These results suggest that sleep deprivation affects the effectiveness of the flanker task without affecting efficiency, mainly because sleep deprivation highlights the subject’s stimulus-driven processing, thereby weakening the subject’s conflict resolution ability. Our findings may provide insights into neural functional changes in the impact of sleep deprivation on conflict processing.
... 11 In university students, poor sleep quality obstructs higher cognitive functions, impairs psychomotor vigilance, impedes emotional stability, and is associated with overall lower life satisfaction. 12,13 University students are not always aware of the impact sleep restriction has on their ability to maximize cognitive performance. 14 Pilcher and Walters 15 found sleep-deprived university students performed considerably worse on a controlled study task compared to non-deprived students, yet the deprived study group reported significantly higher levels of estimated performance on the study task relative to the control group. ...
... The Top 15 most cited articles show a variety of topics related to criminal interrogations and investigative interviews (see Table 6). In the most cited article (n = 741), Harrison and Horne (2000) present a review of the impact of sleep deprivation on decision making, a topic relevant to police investigations, but also relevant to issues outside criminal interrogations and investigative interviews, which may have increased citation count. In the second most cited (n = 385), Saul M. Kassin and Gisli H. Gudjonsson, two authors from the Top 15 (see Table 5), and their colleagues present a review of the risk factors for Frontiers in Psychology 09 frontiersin.org ...
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This paper presents the results of a bibliometric study providing a comprehensive overview of the social science research conducted on criminal interrogations and investigative interviews since the 1900s. The objectives are to help researchers to further understand the research field, to better communicate research findings to practitioners, to help practitioners understand the breadth of scientific knowledge on criminal interrogations and investigative interviews, and to foster dialog between researchers and practitioners. To begin, after a brief description of Web of Science, we describe how we developed our database on criminal interrogations and investigative interviews. Then, we report the yearly evolution of articles, the journals where they were published, the research areas covered by this research field, as well as the authors, the institutions and the countries that published the most on a variety of topics related to criminal interrogations and investigative interviews. Finally, we present the most used keywords and the most cited articles, and examine the research on questionable tactics and techniques in the research field of criminal interrogations and investigative interviews. This paper ends with a critical look at the results, for the benefit of researchers and practitioners interested in criminal interrogations and investigative interviews.
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Lack of sleep is a prevalent issue in contemporary society, often leading to considerable stress that negatively affects physical, emotional, and cognitive health. Traditional treatments, like drug therapies, are effective but often come with side effects, risks of dependency, and limited long-term benefits. Consequently, alternative and complementary methods are becoming more popular as viable, holistic solutions for alleviating stress resulting from sleep deprivation. These techniques encompass mindfulness-based practices, herbal remedies, dietary changes, physical exercise, and mind-body therapies. This paper examines the evidence backing these alternative methods and their mechanisms in reducing stress while improving sleep quality and overall wellness. Moreover, cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) addresses the cognitive misconceptions tied to sleep deprivation, reducing stress while encouraging healthier sleep patterns. Complementary technologies, including biofeedback and wearable sleep monitors, further assist in managing stress by supplying real-time information to enhance interventions.
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Purpose It is presumed by many that acute sleep loss results in degraded in-game esports (competitive, organized video game play) performance. However, this has not been experimentally investigated to date. The objective of the current experiment was to elucidate whether ~29hrs of total sleep deprivation impacts in-game performance for the popular esport Rocket League. Patients and Methods Twenty skill-matched pairs (N = 40 total) were recruited. Within each pair, one participant was assigned to an intervention group (TSD), while the other was assigned to a control group (CON). Two test sessions occurred; one while both participants were rested (baseline), and the other while the CON participant was rested but the TSD participant was sleep deprived (experimental). Results Following total sleep deprivation, TSD participants reported higher Karolinska Sleepiness Scale-measured subjective sleepiness and lower subjective alertness and motivation, as well as worsened PVT response speed and ~5 times greater PVT lapse incidence, and worsened response speed on a two-choice categorization task. However, overall in-game Rocket League performance did not worsen due to total sleep deprivation. Exploratory analyses of performance indicators suggest a potential shift toward a simpler and safer strategy following sleep deprivation. Conclusion Following a bout of ~29hrs total sleep deprivation, overall in-game Rocket League performance remained unaffected. This presents as a promising finding given the high potential for acute pre-competition sleep disturbance in esports, though habitual sleep remains a concern for esport athletes.
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Background Medical students are frequently affected by poor sleep quality. Since poor sleep quality has negative physiological and psychological consequences such as on executive function, there is an opportunity to improve sleep quality and executive functions using non-pharmacological intervention such as cognitive behavioural therapy. Objective The aim of this study therefore is to determine if improving sleep quality could improve executive functions in medical students with poor sleep quality by comparing cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) with sleep hygiene education (SHE) in a randomized controlled trial (RCT). Methods A parallel group, RCT with a target sample of 120 medical students recruited from government-based medical universities in Malaysia. Eligible participants will be randomized to internet group CBT-I or internet group SHE in a 1:1 ratio. Assessments will be performed at baseline, post-intervention, 1 month, 3-months, and 6-months. The primary outcome is between-group differences in sleep quality and executive function post-baseline. The secondary outcomes include pre-sleep worry, attitude about sleep, sleep hygiene and sleep parameters. Results This study received approval from the Research Ethics Committee in Universiti Putra Malaysia (JKEUPM-2023-1446) and Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (JEP-2024-669). The clinical trial was also registered in Australian New Zealand Clinical Trial Registry (ACTRN1264000243516). As of June 2024, the recruitment process is ongoing and a total of 48 and 49 students have been enrolled from the universities into the CBT-I and ISHE groups, respectively. All the participants provided signed and informed consent to participate in the study. Data collection has been completed for the baseline (pre-treatment assessment), and follow-up assessments for T1 and T2 for all the participants in both groups, while T3 and T4 assessments will be completed by July 2025. Data analysis will be performed by August 2025 and the research will be completed by December 2025. Conclusions This study is the first attempt to design a CBT intervention to ameliorate poor sleep quality and its related negative effects among medical students. This research is also the first large-scale exploring the relationship between health status and CBT-mediated sleep improvement among medical students. Trial Registration Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12624000243516; https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=387030 International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) PRR1-10.2196/59288
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Objective Although previous research has indicated that human errors represent the primary cause of incidents in nuclear power safety, few studies have investigated the potential impact of psychological factors on the performance of operators. This study makes a pioneering contribution to the field by integrating the effect of personal states and personality traits on work evaluation. Method A total of 101 commissioning workers in nuclear power plants were recruited and monitored for ten consecutive workdays. The research collected their personality traits and personal states which were indexed by cognitive tasks before daily work. The participants rated their work performance after work as the dependent variable. Results The results of the LASSO regression analysis indicated that the perceptual speed, visual selective attention, and executive control before work were significantly correlated with the self-rated work performance. Furthermore, the interaction between personal states and personality traits exhibited moderating effects, with the effect of mindfulness being the most prominent. Conclusion The present study enhanced understanding of how personality traits may moderate the effect of pre-work personal states on daily work performance. It also provided practical insights for the selection and support of commissioning workers, with a particular focus on the role of appropriate personality traits and robust personal states.
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Background Supporting the sleep health of surrogate decision-makers of patients in the intensive care unit is a research priority. However, few studies have approached sleep health as a multidimensional construct, instead focusing on 1 or 2 dimensions in isolation. Objective To holistically examine the sleep health (satisfaction, timing, efficiency, duration) of surrogate decision-makers of critically ill patients. Methods This secondary analysis involved surrogate decision-makers of incapacitated intensive care unit patients at a tertiary medical center in northeastern Ohio (n = 19). Sleep-health data were captured by means of a subjective scale (satisfaction) and objectively (timing, efficiency, duration) by means of a wrist-worn accelerometer (Actiwatch Spectrum Plus; Philips Respironics). Upon enrollment, participants completed the satisfaction scale and wore the Actiwatch Spectrum Plus for 3 consecutive days. Descriptive statistics of the study variables were evaluated. Results A minority (15%) of the sample reported poor sleep satisfaction. Sleep timing variables were comparable to those found in other adult studies. Participants averaged approximately 6 hours of sleep per day with an average sleep efficiency of 83.7%. Conclusions Despite adequate satisfaction scores, intensive care unit surrogate decision-makers’ sleep duration is inadequate and sleep efficiency is suboptimal. Sleep-health interventions may be needed in this at-risk population. Future research should consider the impact of surrogate decision-maker sleep health on their capacity to serve in the surrogate decision-maker role.
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Under total sleep deprivation, both inhibitory and motor control are impaired. However, how circadian rhythm sleep loss caused by irregular sleep pattern affects motor inhibition and execution in continuous actions remains unknown. This study utilized a pointing task to investigate the question over 30 days. During regular trials, participants were instructed to tap on a specified location, while in countermanding trials, they were required to countermand their current action. Additionally, there was a control group performed the same task following a normal 24-h rhythm. The results indicated that the decrease in accuracy and the increase in movement time in countermanding trials were more prominent in the shift work group. In contrast, there was no significant difference in reaction time between the two groups. Notably, the shift work group outperformed the control group in terms of movement time in regular trials and radial displacement in countermanding trials. Overall, these results show that circadian rhythm sleep loss predominantly affects inhibitory control, rather than motor control, underscoring the nuanced impacts of sleep disruption on differential aspects of cognitive and motor functions.
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Objectives This study aims to investigate predictors of insomnia and their prevalence among medical students from different levels, as well as the impact of insomnia on academic performance. Methods This multicenter cross-sectional study was conducted on medical students of different levels at 37 medical colleges in Saudi Arabia from March 2020 to June 2020. An online survey was used for data collection. The survey included questions on the demographics of students and two scales: the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences Program was used to analyze the data, and demographics were represented using descriptive statistics. Associations were tested using either the Chi-square test, Pearson correlation, or Spearman’s correlation based on the types of variables. P <0.05 was considered significant. Results The study included 2413 medical students; the mean ± standard deviation of the ISI and PSQI was 11.6 ± 6.2 and 8.4 ± 3.7, respectively. The ISI results showed that only 27% had no clinical insomnia, while 39% had subthreshold insomnia. The ISI was negatively and significantly associated with exercise ( r = −0.49, P = 0.016), meals ( r = −0.088, P = 0.0001), and drinking water ( r = −0.057, P = 0.005). The negative predictors of poor sleep quality included study year ( B = −0.106, P < 0.05) and water intake ( B = −0.568, P < 0.01). Conclusion A few proportions of medical students complained of moderate insomnia, and a lower proportion suffered severe insomnia. Lower academic performance was associated with insomnia and poor sleep quality. Various predictors of insomnia were identified; however, these predictors can be modified.
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Testimonial evidence in the form of verbal accounts by victims, witnesses, and suspects plays a critical role in investigations and judicial proceedings, often serving as the only evidence during a trial. The psychological nature of testimonies causes this form of evidence to be inherently limited, motivating psycho-legal scholars to identify both risk factors and solutions necessary to improve its reliability. To this end, the current perspective argues that sleep-related fatigue is a formative factor that influences the fidelity of statements and confessions provided during legal interactions. Specifically, it considers the prevalence of sleep disruption among subjects interacting with the criminal justice system, its likely impact on memory of victims and witnesses, and the role of sleep deprivation in confessions. In view of legal doctrines relevant to both evidentiary and constitutional considerations, this analysis is meant to motivate future work at the intersection of sleep-related fatigue and legal processes.
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Background: Sleep disorders are common among patients admitted to intensive care units (ICUs). This study aimed to assess the perceptions of sleep quality, anxiety, depression, and stress reported by ICU patients and the relationships between these perceptions and patient variables.Methods: This cross-sectional study used consecutive non-probabilistic sampling to select participants. All patients admitted for more than 72 hours of ICU hospitalization at a Portuguese hospital between March and June 2020 were asked to complete the “Richard Campbell Sleep Questionnaire” and “Anxiety, depression, and Stress Assessment Questionnaire.” The resulting data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson’s correlation coefficient, Student t-tests for independent samples, and analysis of variance. The significance level for rejecting the null hypothesis was set to α ≤0.05.Results: A total of 52 patients admitted to the ICU for at least 72 hours was recruited. The mean age of the participants was 60 years (standard deviation, 14.6); 32 (61.5%) of the participants were male. Approximately 19% had psychiatric disorders. The prevalence of self-reported poor sleep was higher in women (t[50]=2,147, P=0.037) and in participants with psychiatric problems, although this difference was not statistically significant (t[50]=–0.777, P=0.441). Those who reported having sleep disorders before hospitalization had a worse perception of their sleep. Conclusions: Sleep quality perception was worse in female ICU patients, those with psychiatric disorders, and those with sleep alterations before hospitalization. Implementing early interventions and designing nonpharmacological techniques to improve sleep quality of ICU patients is essential.
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Purpose of Review The goal of this paper was to highlight the degree to which sleep, behavioral health, and leader involvement were interrelated using data from militaries in five English-speaking countries: Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the UK, and the United States. Recent Findings Many service members reported sleeping fewer than the recommended 7 h/night: 34.9%, 67.2%, and 77.2% of respondents from New Zealand, Canada, and the United States, respectively. Countries reporting shorter sleep duration also reported fewer insomnia-related difficulties, likely reflecting higher sleep pressure from chronic sleep loss. Across all countries, sleep problems were positively correlated with behavioral health symptoms. Importantly, leader promotion of healthy sleep was positively correlated with more sleep and negatively correlated with sleep problems and behavioral health symptoms. Summary Insufficient sleep in the military is ubiquitous, with serious implications for the behavioral health and functioning of service members. Leaders should attend to these risks and examine ways to promote healthy sleep in service members.
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The glymphatic system is centred around brain cerebrospinal fluid flow and is enhanced during sleep, and the synaptic homeostasis hypothesis proposes that sleep acts on brain microstructure by selective synaptic downscaling. While so far primarily studied in animals, we here examine in humans if brain diffusivity and microstructure is related to time of day, sleep quality and cognitive performance. We use diffusion weighted images from 916 young healthy individuals, aged between 22 and 37 years, collected as part of the Human Connectome Project to assess diffusion tensor image analysis along the perivascular space index, white matter fractional anisotropy, intra‐neurite volume fraction and extra‐neurite mean diffusivity. Next, we examine if these measures are associated with circadian time of acquisition, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (high scores correspond to low sleep quality) and age‐adjusted cognitive function total composite score. Consistent with expectations, we find that diffusion tensor image analysis along the perivascular space index and orbitofrontal grey matter extra‐neurite mean diffusivity are negatively and white matter fractional anisotropy positively correlated with circadian time. Further, we find that grey matter intra‐neurite volume fraction correlates positively with Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, and that this correlation is driven by sleep duration. Finally, we find positive correlations between grey matter intra‐neurite volume fraction and cognitive function total composite score, as well as negative interaction effects between cognitive function total composite score and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index on grey matter intra‐neurite volume fraction. Our findings propose that perivascular flow is under circadian control and that sleep downregulates the intra‐neurite volume in healthy adults with positive impact on cognitive function.
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Background Cognitive function, including moral decision-making abilities, can be impaired by sleep loss. Blue-enriched light interventions have been shown to ameliorate cognitive impairment during night work. This study investigated whether the quality of moral decision-making during simulated night work differed for night work in blue-enriched white light, compared to warm white light. Methods Using a counterbalanced crossover design, three consecutive night shifts were performed in blue-enriched white light (7000 K) and warm white light (2500 K) provided by ceiling-mounted LED luminaires (photopic illuminance: ∼200 lx). At 03:30 h on the second shift (i.e. twice) and at daytime (rested), the Defining Issues Test-2, assessing the activation of cognitive schemas depicting different levels of cognitive moral development, was administered. Data from 30 (10 males, average age 23.3 ± 2.9 years) participants were analysed using linear mixed-effects models. Results Activation of the post-conventional schema (P-score), that is, the most mature moral level, was significantly lower for night work in warm white light (EMM; estimated marginal mean = 44.3, 95% CI = 38.9–49.6; pholm=.007), but not blue-enriched white light (EMM = 47.5, 95% CI = 42.2–52.8), compared to daytime (EMM = 51.2, 95% CI = 45.9–56.5). Also, the P-score was reduced for night work overall (EMM = 45.9, 95% CI = 41.1–50.8; p=.008), that is, irrespective of light condition, compared to daytime. Neither activation of the maintaining norms schema (MN-score), that is, moderately developed moral level, nor activation of the personal interest schema (i.e. the lowest moral level) differed significantly between light conditions. The MN-score was however increased for night work overall (EMM = 26.8, 95% CI = 23.1–30.5; p=.033) compared to daytime (EMM = 23.1, 95% CI = 18.9–27.2). Conclusion The results indicate that moral decisions during simulated night work in warm white light, but not blue-enriched white light, become less mature and principle-oriented, and more rule-based compared to daytime, hence blue-enriched white light may function as a moderator. Further studies are needed, and the findings should be tentatively considered. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov (ID: NCT03203538) Registered: 26/06/2017; https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03203538
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Background: Amid the current mental health pandemic, research continues to investigate potential contributors associated with increasing levels of negative mental health. Among such contributors is sleep, which is vital for physiological and psychological functioning with potential downstream behavioral consequences, including in relation to impulsivity and social functioning. Given the significant rates of poor sleep quality reported in the literature, our study sought to investigate the relationship between sleep quality, impulsivity and interpersonal functioning among university students. Methods: An anonymous online survey was administered to university students (Ages 18+; N=526; 33% male, 67% female) addressing demographics, sleep quality, impulsivity, and interpersonal functioning. Results: Our findings indicate a substantial proportion of students reporting poor sleep quality and impulsivity. Moreover, higher levels of impulsivity and lower interpersonal functioning were associated with poor sleep quality. Mediation analysis revealed a significant mediating role of attentional impulsivity in the relationship between sleep quality and interpersonal functioning. Conclusions: Repeated reports of significant levels of impulsivity underlying numerous psychiatric disorders, its prevalence socially, and the fundamental issue that impulsivity reflects (i.e., lack of self-control/self-discipline), suggests a necessity to reorient therapeutic efforts towards the root of the problem. Thus, efforts should seek to maximize preventative behaviors that build character/virtue and strengthen the individual (e.g., improving sleep quality and minimizing impulsivity), including through self-discipline and perseverance, in order to reduce negative outcomes (e.g., dysfunctional interpersonal functioning).
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Background Amid the current mental health pandemic, research continues to investigate potential contributors associated with increasing levels of negative mental health. Among such contributors is sleep, which is vital for physiological and psychological functioning with potential downstream behavioral consequences, including in relation to impulsivity and social functioning. Given the significant rates of poor sleep quality reported in the literature, our study sought to investigate the relationship between sleep quality, impulsivity and interpersonal functioning among university students. Methods An anonymous online survey was administered to university students (Ages 18+; N = 526; 33% male, 67% female) addressing demographics, sleep quality, impulsivity, and interpersonal functioning. Results Our findings indicate a substantial proportion of students reporting poor sleep quality and impulsivity. Moreover, higher levels of impulsivity and lower interpersonal functioning were associated with poor sleep quality. Mediation analysis revealed a significant mediating role of attentional impulsivity in the relationship between sleep quality and interpersonal functioning. Conclusions Repeated reports of significant levels of impulsivity underlying numerous psychiatric disorders, its prevalence socially, and the fundamental issue that impulsivity reflects (i.e., lack of self-control/self-discipline), suggests a necessity to reorient therapeutic efforts towards the root of the problem. Thus, efforts should seek to maximize preventative behaviors that build character/virtue and strengthen the individual (e.g., improving sleep quality and minimizing impulsivity), including through self-discipline and perseverance, in order to reduce negative outcomes (e.g., dysfunctional interpersonal functioning).
Article
Study Objectives The study explores how sleep, sleep-related practices and behaviors, in addition to various demographic and occupational characteristics, are related to overall mood of U.S. Navy sailors when they are underway. Methods Longitudinal assessment of U.S. Navy sailors performing their underway duties (N = 873, 79.2% males, median age 25 years). Participants completed standardized questionnaires, wore wrist-worn actigraphs, and completed daily activity logs. Results Sailors who reported worse Profile of Mood States (POMS) Total Mood Disturbance (TMD) scores had shorter sleep duration, worse sleep quality, and more episodes of split sleep. The group with worse mood also reported more symptoms of excessive daytime sleepiness as well as more symptoms of insomnia. In addition to sleep results, sailors with worse mood also tended to be younger, more likely to use nicotine and tobacco products, and less likely to have an exercise routine when compared to sailors with better POMS scores. Finally, the group with worse POMS scores included more enlisted personnel, tended to work more hours per day, and were more likely to stand watch – especially on rotating watch schedules. Conclusions The results found significant associations between the sleep practices and mood of sailors aboard US Navy ships. Numerous other demographic and occupational factors were also strongly associated with mood.
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Introduction Deprivation of sleep (DS) has been associated with changes in mood and cognitive function, rapidly but transiently improving the severity of depression symptoms. However, it remains unclear whether there are differences in performance between DS responders and non-responders. The relationship between DS, mood, cognitive, and psychomotor function is also poorly understood. Methods Participants (n = 77) underwent a baseline assessment of sleep under the control of polysomnography (PSG). Later they were subjected to DS with actigraphy monitoring. Evaluation of mood as well as completing a battery of tests assessing cognitive functions and eye-hand coordination was conducted four times, pre/post PSG and DS. Participants were further divided into respondents (RE, n = 48) and non-respondents (NR, n = 29) depending on alleviation of depression symptoms severity following DS. Results All participants exhibited increased response speed to visual triggers after DS compared to baseline (p = 0.024). Psychomotor vigilance test (PVT) results remained intact in the RE, whereas it was increased in the NR (p = 0.008). Exposure time in the eye-hand coordination test improved in both groups, but total error duration was reduced only in RE individuals (p < 0.001, p = 0.009 for RE and NR, respectively). All subjects were more proficient at trail-making test (p ≤ 0.001 for Part 1 and 2 in all, NR, RE). Stroop test also improved regardless of mood changes after DS (p = 0.007, p = 0.008 for Part 1 and 2, respectively); cognitive interference remained at a similar level within groups (p = 0.059, p = 0.057 for NR and RE, respectively). A positive correlation was observed between the difference in PSG morning/DS morning depression severity and vigilance (R = 0.37, p = 0.001, R = 0.33, p = 0.005, for error duration eye-hand coordination test and PVT total average score, respectively). Conclusion RE tend to maintain or improve cognitive function after DS, oppositely to NR. Vigilance in particular might be tightly associated with changes in depression symptoms after DS. Future studies should examine the biological basis behind the response to sleep loss.
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Mobile devices provide new opportunities to draw conclusions about cognitive performance in everyday situations. To gain insights into cognitive performance patterns in healthy adult populations, we adapted three established cognitive tests for smartphone use: the Digit Symbol Substitution Task (DSST), Sustained Attention to Response Task (SART), and Psychomotor Vigilance Task (PVT). To increase their feasibility for ambulatory assessment, we identified the minimum measurement durations that provide reliable and valid state measures of cognitive performance. Over 2 weeks, 46 participants performed each test once per day at random times, along with self-reports (e.g., on concentration, mood, and mental demands). The validity and reliability of change are promising for the 30-second PVT and 90-second DSST and SART. The DSST and SART provide fruitful outcomes for ambulatory field studies linked to mood, stress, and mental demands. We provide digital versions of the adapted DSST and SART online for free.
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Purpose Night shift workers are at risk of making poor food choices: e.g. sleep deprivation may lead to higher food intake with innate preferred tastes, such as sweet, savoury and fatty foods. Therefore, better insight in dietary taste patterns of night shift workers may improve the understanding of their food choices. Methods This observational study assessed dietary taste patterns of 120 female night shift working nurses and compared them to 307 women of a reference population. Dietary intake, assessed with 24-h dietary recalls, was combined with a taste intensity database, including taste profiles of 557 foods. The contribution to the daily intake of 6 taste clusters was assessed: fat, neutral, sweet/fat, sweet/sour, salt/umami/fat and bitter. Results During night shifts, nurses consumed a significantly higher energy percentage (en%) of ‘neutral’ (5.9 en%), ‘sweet/sour’ (8.1 en%) and ‘sweet/fat’ (6.5 en%) tasting foods and a lower en% of ‘fat’ (− 17.1 en%) and ‘bitter’ (− 2.1 en%) tasting foods than outside the night shift. They consumed a larger en% from foods with a ‘sweet/sour’ (1.9 en%) taste and a lower en% from foods with a ‘bitter’ (− 2.1 en%) taste than the reference population, irrespective of age, BMI and smoking status. A higher en% and gram% of ‘fat’ tasting foods and a higher gram% ‘fat/salt/umami’ tasting foods were associated with lower diet quality. Conclusion Our results only partly support our hypothesis that nurses would select foods with more innate taste preferences. In addition, fat and savoury tasting foods were negatively associated with their diet quality.
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As sleep problems can impair quality of work, an online questionnaire was used to examine relationships between sleepiness and decision making while obtaining unobtrusive indices of performance. Participants (N = 344) completed the Insomnia Severity Index, Epworth Sleepiness Scale, and the Melbourne Decision Making Questionnaire in a Qualtrics survey while reporting mobile phone use. Qualtrics recorded the time and the number of clicks required to complete each page of the survey. Multiple regression indicated that insomnia was associated with daytime sleepiness and Hypervigilance, and mobile phone use before bed. Participants with moderate sleepiness required a greater number of clicks to complete the questionnaire. Greater sleepiness was associated with longer times to complete these self-assessment tasks. Clinically significant sleepiness produces changes in performance that can be detected from online responsivity. As sleepy individuals can be appreciably and quantitatively slower in performing subjective self-assessment tasks, this argues for objective measures of sleepiness and automated interventions and the design of systems that allow better quality sleep.Practitioner summary: Work can require processing of electronic messages, but 24/7 accessibility increases workload, causes fatigue and potentially creates security risks. Although most studies use people's self-reports, this study monitors time and clicks required to complete self-assessment rating scales. Sleepiness affected online responsivity, decreasing online accuracy and increasing response times and hypervigilance.
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Objectives To investigate the association of reported legal performance enhancing substance (PES) use and consideration of banned PES use among sport-specialised and non-sport-specialised young athletes. Methods and design Cross-sectional study of 1049 young athletes enrolled in an injury prevention programme from 2013 to 2020. We used logistic regression modelling to determine the independent association between sports specialisation. We reported (1) legal PES use and (2) consideration of banned PES use after adjusting for the effects of gender, age, having a relative as a coach, unrestricted internet access, use of a weight training regimen, and weeknight hours of sleep. Results The final cohort consisted of 946 athletes with a mean age of 14. 56% were female, and 80% were sport-specialised athletes. 14% reported legal PES use, and 3% reported consideration of banned PES use. No difference was found between sport-specialised athletes who reported legal PES use (OR=1.4; 95% CI 0.81 to 2.43; p=0.23) or consideration of banned PES use (OR=3.2; 95% CI 0.78 to 14.92; p=0.1) compared with non-sport-specialised athletes. Reported legal PES use was more common among athletes who were male, older, used weight training, and slept less. Reported consideration of banned PES use was more common among male and older athletes. Conclusions PES use is not independently associated with sport specialisation in young athletes. Athlete sex, age, training, and sleep patterns are important factors for young athletes to consider in PES use.
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Alcohol and caffeine are two of the most commonly used substances for altering human consciousness. While their adverse effects on sleep have been separately examined in the laboratory and epidemiological levels, how they impact real-world night-to-night sleep, in isolation or together, remains unclear. This is especially true in occupations wherein the use of alcohol and caffeine is high (e.g., financial services sector). Using a six-week micro-longitudinal study, here we examined the real-world impact of alcohol, caffeine, and their combined consumption in a cohort of financial traders. We demonstrate that alcohol consumption significantly degrades the subjective quality of sleep (p < 0.001). Caffeine consumption led to a different phenotype of sleep impairment, resulting in a detrimental reduction in sleep quantity (p = 0.019), rather than a marked alteration in sleep quality. Contrary to our hypothesis, when consumed in combination, evening alcohol consumption interacted with ongoing caffeine consumption such that alcohol partially mitigated the impairments in sleep quantity associated with caffeine (p = 0.032). This finding suggests the sedating effects of alcohol and the psychoactive stimulant effects of caffeine obscure each other’s impact on sleep quantity and sleep quality, respectively–potentially explaining their interdependent use in this cohort (i.e., “self-medication” of evening sedation with alcohol to combat the prior daytime ingestion of caffeine and vice versa). More generally, these results contribute to a unique understanding of the singular and combinatory impacts of two of the most commonly used substances for augmenting human consciousness under free-living, real-world conditions, the performance-impairing (and thus economic-cost) consequences of which may be important to the business sector and the society.
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Although daylight saving time (DST) is thought to provide economic benefits, extant research documents various adverse effects of DST adjustments. However, prior research provides little conclusive evidence about the effects of DST adjustments on capital market participants. We examine the effects of “spring forward” DST advances, which disrupt the human sleep cycle and economic activities, on investors’ processing of earnings news. We find a delayed price response to earnings news released during the first week following a DST advance. We also find that this effect is stronger among firms with investors who are more likely to be trading on earnings news and among firms with less sophisticated investors. Our findings contribute to research on the unintended consequences of DST adjustments and to the growing literature on intra-investor variation in disclosure processing costs. Our study may be of interest to legislators currently debating proposed legislation that would eliminate DST phasing. Data Availability: Data are available from the sources cited in the text. JEL Classifications: D83; G14; M41; M48.
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Behavior change can be challenging to facilitate and achieve. Behavior change frameworks largely focus on social cognitive determinants, omitting affective determinants or including them in a superficial way. However, evidence points to the role of affect in decision-making and behavior, particularly when the behavior at focus for change is affectively pleasant or when the behavior to be facilitated is affectively unpleasant. This paper identifies challenges and opportunities to further affective science by using behavior change as a context and, relatedly, to further the science of behavior change by leveraging theoretical and methodological innovations in affective science.
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Sleep deprivation induces amyloid beta peptide and phosphorylated tau deposits in the brain and cerebrospinal fluid together with altered serotonin metabolism. Thus, it is likely that sleep deprivation is one of the predisposing factors in precipitating Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain pathology. Our previous studies indicate significant brain pathology following sleep deprivation or AD. Keeping these views in consideration in this review, nanodelivery of monoclonal antibodies to amyloid beta peptide (AβP), phosphorylated tau (p-tau), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in sleep deprivation-induced AD is discussed based on our own investigations. Our results suggest that nanowired delivery of monoclonal antibodies to AβP with p-tau and TNF-α induces superior neuroprotection in AD caused by sleep deprivation, not reported earlier.
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Decision theory distinguishes between risky prospects, where the probabilities associated with the possible outcomes are assumed to be known, and uncertain prospects, where these probabilities are not assumed to be known. Studies of choice between risky prospects have suggested a nonlinear transformation of the probability scale that overweights low probabilities and underweights moderate and high probabilities. The present article extends this notion from risk to uncertainty by invoking the principle of bounded subadditivity: An event has greater impact when it turns impossibility into possibility, or possibility into certainty, than when it merely makes a possibility more or less likely. A series of studies provides support for this principle in decision under both risk and uncertainty and shows that people are less sensitive to uncertainty than to risk. Finally, the article discusses the relationship between probability judgments and decision weights and distinguishes relative sensitivity from ambiguity aversion. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
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The initial problem in studying sleep loss is the difficulty of finding any performance, either psychological or physiological, which is consistently impaired. The results are drawn from two studies of sleep loss, one in 1956 and the other in 1957. There are some differences between these two in the sample of subjects and in the design. In both studies, however, the experimental setting and general procedure reflect our aim of providing a non coercive, nonrestrictive atmosphere with a minimum of heavy physical work. With 49 subjects, deprived of sleep for 72-98 hr., performance deteriorated on a variety of tasks, an unusual result in studies of sleep loss. Deficit took the form of lapses (brief periods of no response accompanied by extreme drowsiness and a decline in EEG alpha amplitude). Four features of lapses were noted, (a) They occur in other conditions such as fatigue and hypoxia and appear to characterize impairment in general. (b) They increase in both frequency and duration as sleep loss progresses, (c) They are strongly affected by stimulus monotony, (d) Their specific effect on performance varies with the properties of the task. In subject-paced tasks, for example, speed is the critical measure; in experimenter-paced tasks, errors are critical. To identify the sensitive aspect of performance becomes the crucial problem. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
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"Twenty Ss were tested for their ability to receive and send complex instructions in a simulated communication situation following 55 and 70 hr. without sleep. The ability to receive showed a significant decrement, but the ability to send did not. The time required to send instructions and the number of errors corrected spontaneously increased significantly. In the case of sending, high-intelligence Ss showed greater decrement than low-intelligence Ss." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
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Using the Gudjonsson Suggestibility Scale, individuals who had not slept for 43 hours showed significantly greater yield to leading questions about a story than did controls. When questioned again following negative feedback, they tended to change their answers more than controls. Individuals who had not slept for 21 hours showed a trend for greater suggestibility. Sleep-deprived individuals scored lower on the Profile of Mood States Energetic, Clearheaded, and Confident scales than did controls. Sleep-deprived individuals thus have reduced cognitive ability or motivation to discriminate and detect discrepancies between original and misleading information. Therefore, it is recommended that police interrogation not occur if the interviewee has been deprived of sleep. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
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An experiment was conducted to test the effect of doubling the amount of work required of Ss after loss of sleep. Ss were required to detect defined sequences of 3 digits ("signals") within an apparently random series. Digits were presented continuously for 30 min. either at 1 per sec. (slow) or 2 per sec. (fast). The slow condition contained 20 signals; the fast condition 40. Slow and fast groups were tested on 3 successive days of a 60-hr. vigil and 2 similar groups under control conditions. The results showed that loss of sleep affects performance under fast less than under slow. These and other results suggested that stimulation reduces the effect of sleepiness on performance. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
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How is risk-taking affected by prior gains and losses? While normative theory implores decision makers to only consider incremental outcomes, real decision makers are influenced by prior outcomes. We first consider how prior outcomes are combined with the potential payoffs offered by current choices. We propose an editing rule to describe how decision makers frame such problems. We also present data from real money experiments supporting a "house money effect" (increased risk seeking in the presence of a prior gain) and "break-even effects" (in the presence of prior losses, outcomes which offer a chance to break even are especially attractive).
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This paper presents the findings of a study on how experienced naval officers make decisions in a complex, time-pressured command and control setting, the Combat Information Center of AEGIS cruisers. The decision processes invoked by the officers were consistent with the recognition-primed decision model. The majority of decisions concerned situation awareness and diagnosis in which the decision makers used feature-matching and story generation strategies to build situation awareness. Furthermore, awareness of the situation enabled the officers to recognize appropriate actions from published procedures or past experience. A recognitional strategy was used to identify 95% of the actions taken; decision makers compared multiple options in only 4% of the cases. These findings are discussed in terms of their implications for framing command-and-control problems, for emphasizing situation awareness, for a descriptive model of decision making, and for designing decision supports.
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Decision theory distinguishes between risky prospects, where the probabilities associated with the possible outcomes are assumed to be known, and uncertain prospects, where these probabilities are not assumed to be known. Studies of choice between risky prospects have suggested a nonlinear transformation of the probability scale that overweights low probabilities and underweights moderate and high probabilities. The present article extends this notion from risk to uncertainty by invoking the principle of bounded subadditivity: An event has greater impact when it turns impossibility into possibility, or possibility into certainty, than when it merely makes a possibility more or less likely. A series of studies provides support for this principle in decision under both risk and uncertainty and shows that people are less sensitive to uncertainty than to risk. Finally, the article discusses the relationship between probability judgments and decision weights and distinguishes relative sensitivity from ambiguity aversion. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
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We have used PET in conjunction with psychological activations to identify cortical areas involved in the intrinsic activation of word representations. In four normal subjects intrinsic generation of a word (verbal fluency) was associated with an increase in left dorsolateral prefrontal cortical activity (BA 46) and a bilateral decrease in activity in auditory and superior temporal cortices. Conversely, when subjects made lexical decisions about words that were heard, there was an increase in superior temporal activity with no change in area 46. We suggest that the superior temporal regions are the site of stored word representations and that inhibitory modulation of these areas by the left prefrontal cortex is the basis of intrinsic word generation.
Chapter
The effects of sleep deprivation on performance of anesthesiologists was studied using a simulation of surgical patient monitoring functions and the analytic procedures of signal detection theory. The multi-channel simulation was first tested on 36 undergraduate volunteers. The resulting receiver-operating characteristics were highly asymmetric. Observer sensitivity varied significantly as a function of the processing parameter, observation time. In a second experiment, the simulation was used to assess monitoring efficiency of anesthesiologists under rested conditions and after mild sleep deprivation. The monitoring performance of four of six anesthesiologists tested was degraded by sleep deprivation. No differences in monitoring efficiency for short periods under alerted conditions were observed. However, systematic deficits in complex cognitive processing were present. The role of simulation in studying factors affecting performance in highly specialized, professional occupational groups is discussed.
Chapter
In this article I discuss a hypothesis, known as the somatic marker hypothesis, which I believe is relevant to the understanding of processes of human reasoning and decision making. The ventromedial sector of the prefrontal cortices is critical to the operations postulated here, but the hypothesis does not necessarily apply to prefrontal cortex as a whole and should not be seen as an attempt to unify frontal lobe functions under a single mechanism. The key idea in the hypothesis is that 'marker' signals influence the processes of response to stimuli, at multiple levels of operation, some of which occur overtly (consciously, 'in mind') and some of which occur covertly (non-consciously, in a non-minded manner). The marker signals arise in bioregulatory processes, including those which express themselves in emotions and feelings, but are not necessarily confined to those alone. This is the reason why the markers are termed somatic: they relate to body-state structure and regulation even when they do not arise in the body proper but rather in the brain's representation of the body. Examples of the covert action of 'marker' signals are the undeliberated inhibition of a response learned previously; the introduction of a bias in the selection of an aversive or appetitive mode of behaviour, or in the otherwise deliberate evaluation of varied option-outcome scenarios. Examples of overt action include the conscious 'qualifying' of certain option-outcome scenarios as dangerous or advantageous. The hypothesis rejects attempts to limit human reasoning and decision making to mechanisms relying, in an exclusive and unrelated manner, on either conditioning alone or cognition alone.
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Operative performance and cardiac response (heart rate and electrocardiograms) were evaluated in surgical personnel during 33 operations. These were recorded on videotapes for subsequent analysis. Fatigue and operative difficulty were associated with tachycardia in susceptible personnel. Operative performance was impaired during the former with probable impaired learning. Likewise when performance difficulties arose during surgery, the instructor joining the “scrubbed team” provided a more meaningful learning environment than did his sideline advice. This approach appears to offer a method for studying the relationship between stress, surgical performance and the learning of surgical skills.
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In framing studies, logically equivalent choice situations are differently described and the resulting preferences are studied. A meta-analysis of framing effects is presented for risky choice problems which are framed either as gains or as losses. This evaluates the finding that highlighting the positive aspects of formally identical problems does lead to risk aversion and that highlighting their equivalent negative aspects does lead to risk seeking. Based on a data pool of 136 empirical papers that reported framing experiments with nearly 30,000 participants, we calculated 230 effect sizes. Results show that the overall framing effect between conditions is of small to moderate size and that profound differences exist between research designs. Potentially relevant characteristics were coded for each study. The most important characteristics were whether framing is manipulated by changing reference points or by manipulating outcome salience, and response mode (choice vs. rating/judgment). Further important characteristics were whether options differ qualitatively or quantitatively in risk, whether there is one or multiple risky events, whether framing is manipulated by gain/loss or by task-responsive wording, whether dependent variables are measured between- or within- subjects, and problem domains. Sample (students vs. target populations) and unit of analysis (individual vs. group) was not influential. It is concluded that framing is a reliable phenomenon, but that outcome salience manipulations, which constitute a considerable amount of work, have to be distinguished from reference point manipulations and that procedural features of experimental settings have a considerable effect on effect sizes in framing experiments.
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Two studies conducted simultaneously investigated the influence of positive affect on risk taking. Results of the study, which employed an actual measure of subjects' willingness to bet something of value, supported the prediction of an interaction between level of risk and positive affect: subjects who had reason to be feeling elated bet more than control subjects on a low-risk bet, but wagered less than controls on a high-risk bet. At the same time, in contrast, a study involving hypothetical risk-taking showed that in general subjects were more willing to take the chance as probability of success went up; but that elated subjects were more daring than controls on a “long shot.” Differences in hypothetical vs real risk taking were noted, and the complexity (the interaction) of the influence of positive feelings on real risk taking was emphasized. The results were related to other research suggesting an influence of feeling states on cognitive processes and decision making.
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To address critical task, group, and organizational variables not adequately evaluated by individual laboratory paradigms, the Field Artillery Fire Direction Center (FDC) was chosen for laboratory simulation and multi- disciplinary study. Volunteer FDC teams were tested in simulated, sustained combat operations. Role players interacted with FDC teams from Scripts describing mission demands matched across time. Biomedical measures were also collected. Four 82nd Airborne Division teams performed high workload operations without shifts. Teams 1 and 4 experienced a single 86 h challenge; the teams voluntarily terminated after 48 h (7 AM) and 45 h (4 AM) , respectively. Teams 2 and 3 experienced two 38 h challenges separated by 34 h rest; a member of Team 3 withdrew after 6 h in the second challenge. All teams maintained accuracy for unplanned missions, with some increased latencies. Accuracy for on-call missions requiring preplanning suffered in Teams 1 and 4; after 36 h, much preplanning was never completed, even for priority targets. The second challenge of Teams 2 and 3 showed some deterioration of preplanning from 24-36 h. Team 2 showed decreased 27-PHCS excretions, increased heart rates, and increased oxygen consumptions in a submaximal work test suggesting metabolic shifts.... Artillery teams, Biomedical measures, Simulated sustained combat, Operations, Sleep loss, Training.
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Behavioral decision research: A constructive processing perspective
Book
"This is the classic work upon which modern-day game theory is based. What began more than sixty years ago as a modest proposal that a mathematician and an economist write a short paper together blossomed, in 1944, when Princeton University Press published Theory of Games and Economic Behavior. In it, John von Neumann and Oskar Morgenstern conceived a groundbreaking mathematical theory of economic and social organization, based on a theory of games of strategy. Not only would this revolutionize economics, but the entirely new field of scientific inquiry it yielded--game theory--has since been widely used to analyze a host of real-world phenomena from arms races to optimal policy choices of presidential candidates, from vaccination policy to major league baseball salary negotiations. And it is today established throughout both the social sciences and a wide range of other sciences. This sixtieth anniversary edition includes not only the original text but also an introduction by Harold Kuhn, an afterword by Ariel Rubinstein, and reviews and articles on the book that appeared at the time of its original publication in the New York Times, tthe American Economic Review, and a variety of other publications. Together, these writings provide readers a matchless opportunity to more fully appreciate a work whose influence will yet resound for generations to come.
Article
The effects of sloop deprivation upon performance vary widely with the nature of the work being carried out. In the present study impairment was almost complete towards the end of 20 min repetitive serial responding and 30 min inspection work (vigilance). On the other hand, tactical decision taking of a complex, but absorbing and realistic nature was completely unaffected by the same degree of stress oven towards the end of one hour's continuous work. What are the features of a task which determine whether its performance will be impaired by loss of sleep or not? Two are suggested. A task will be vulnerable to sleep deprivation (1) as it is complex, and (2) as it is lacking in interest, incentive and reward. Of the two factors, that of incentive may be the more influential, such that a highly complex task may be little affected by sleep deprivation if it is complex in an interesting or rewarding way.
Article
The effects on cognitive processing of 1 and 5 cumulative nights of partial sleep deprivation (PSD) and 1 and 2 nights of subsequent recovery oversleep was studied using an anagrams test and the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. Seven paid undergraduate volunteers (5 male; 2 female) aged 18–23 who had normative 6.5–8.0 hr sleep patterns participated. They followed an 8-day schedule of morning and afternoon testing sessions consisting of 2 days in each of the experimental conditions: prebase-line, PSD, recovery sleep, and postbaseline. Sleep duration was calculated relative to individual habitual by subtracting 40% per night (PSD) and adding 40% and 20%, respectively (recovery sleep). On the anagrams test, results showed exaggerated time of day differences during both sleep manipulation conditions. Card-sorting performance was characterized by lesser efficiency of cognitive strategies (> non-perseverative errors) during recovery sleep and tendency towards perseveration with sleep loss. Results were discussed with particular reference to hypothesized neural substrates and clinical implications.
Article
Until recently the most striking changes observed during experimental studies of sleep deprivation have been subjective ones. Performance variables have not been consistently sensitive to sleep loss. More than 60 years after the first laboratory study, in 1896,10 a recent review concluded that “subjective attitude (appearance, mood, and behavior) is the only factor severely affected by sleep reduction.”5 Studies by the Walter Reed group3,11,14 and by Wilkinson13 and others indicate, however, that certain aspects of performance can be identified which are sensitive to sleep loss. In particular, tasks which require sustained attention show marked decrement as sleep loss increases. The most frequent changes reported in earlier studies were increased restlessness, apathy, irritability, inability to concentrate, visual illusions, and hallucinations. At least two investigators6,12 reported extreme confusion and delusions of persecution. Recently, Bliss and his colleagues1 conducted
Article
Discusses 3 papers by the author (see also PA, Vol 59:11595 and 11605) that attempt to provide a theoretical framework within which the performance effects of sleep deprivation (SD) can be interpreted. Primarily, the possibilities and limitation of interpretations in terms of de-arousal are evaluated. An interactional view of the relation between SD and arousal is proposed, implying that the effect of SD is to potentiate the de-arousing effect of situational variables. The habituation of the orienting response is suggested as one possible mediator of this effect. The reported attentional effects of SD are shown to be interpretable within this framework. The effects of motivational factors on the SD effects and the SD effect on motivation are discussed, leading to the conclusion that habituation cannot be the only mediator of the de-arousing influence of the situation and that an analysis in operant terms must be added. Furthermore, the motivational effects of SD demonstrate the limitations of the present arousal analysis of the effects. Implications for SD research are discussed. References are given with Part III of this review. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Article
Suggestibility (yield) scores on the first Gudjonsson Suggestibility Scale were found to correlate significantly with field dependence, as measured by the Finding Embedded Figures Test. Sleep-deprived subjects, while scoring worse on story memory, reaction time, POMS vigour–energetic and POMS confusion than controls, did not show any increase in yielding to suggestive questions. Upon answering the questions again after negative feedback, however, sleep-deprived subjects shifted their responses to questions significantly more than did controls. The results are interpreted in terms of sleep loss increasing the variability of performance.
Article
The brain topography of power spectra along the antero-posterior (A-P) axis was studied in the all-night human sleep EEG. Spectra (0.25–25.0 Hz) were computed for an anterior (A; F3-C3), a middle (M; C3-P3) and a posterior (P; P3-O1) bipolar derivation, and the spectral gradients between two adjacent derivations were expressed by power ratios (A/M and M/P). At NREM-REM sleep transitions a power shift from A to M was present over almost the entire frequency range, while the direction of shifts between M and P differed between frequency bands. Within NREM sleep, frequency specific power gradients were present: In the low delta band power in both A (0.25 Hz bin) and P (0.25–1.0 Hz bins) was higher than in M. In the 4–9 Hz range the relation was A>M>P, and in the 15–25 Hz range power was largest in M. Power in the spindle frequency range was highest at 11.75 Hz in M, and at 13.5–13.75 Hz in A. Topographical differences were seen also in the temporal changes of power across and within NREM sleep episodes. Whereas NREM sleep power in the 2-Hz bin was higher in A than in M in the first episode, this difference vanished in the course of the night. This result points to a specific involvement of frontal parts of the cortex in sleep homeostasis. The regional differences in sleep EEG spectra indicate that sleep is not only a global phenomenon but also a local brain process with a different regional involvement of neuronal populations.
Article
Subjective, persistence/attention, precision, and cognitively demanding measures were obtained across two nights' sleep deprivation to compare the performance of 50–59 and 18–22 yr old men. The younger subjects had the larger subjective decrements while the older subjects had the larger decrements on the persistence tasks. The results were mixed on the precision and cognitively demanding tasks.
Article
Men 18–22 and 40–49 yrs old were repeatedly given a battery of monitoring, persistence, and cognitive tasks over an extended period of sleep deprivation. The older subjects, who generally exhibited superior performance, were also more affected by the acute deprivation of sleep.
Article
Most cognitive tests administered during sleep loss are well rehearsed to remove practice effects. This can introduce tedium and a loss of novelty, which may be the key to the test's subsequent sensitivity to sleep loss, and why it may need only a few minutes administration before sleep loss effects are apparent. There is little evidence to show that any of these tests are actually affected by sleep loss if given de novo, without practice, but using a non-sleep deprived control group. Although the sleep deprivation literature advocates that short, novel and stimulating tests would not be expected to be sensitive to sleep loss, recent sleep loss findings using neuropsychological tests focussing on the prefrontal cortex, indicate that such tests may challenge this maxim. Twenty healthy young adults were randomly assigned to two groups: nil sleep deprivation (control), and 36h continuous sleep deprivation (SD). Two, novel, interesting and short (6 min) language tests, known (by brain imaging) to have predominantly a PFC focus, were given, once, towards the end of SD: (i) the Haylings test – which measures the capacity to inhibit strong associations in favour of novel responses, and (ii) a variant of the word fluency test – innovation in a verb-to-noun association. Subjects were exhorted to do their best. Compared with control subjects both tasks were significantly impaired by SD. As a check on the effects on the Haylings test, a repeat study was undertaken with 30 more subjects randomly divided as before. The outcome was similar. Linguistically, sleep loss appears to interfere with novel responses and the ability to suppress routine answers.
Article
In four sleep loss experiments we aimed, first, to compare performance during long-term sleep reduction with performance during short-term total sleep deprivation, and second, to measure the effects of both methods of sleep loss on ability to ignore distracting irrelevant stimuli, using a finding embedded figures test (FEFT). Logical reasoning, auditory vigilance and finding embedded figures tasks were shown to be significantly sensitive to one night's sleep deprivation. However, in one sleep reduction study subjects reduced to a mean of 5.2 hours sleep per night for 4 weeks showed no performance deficits on logical reasoning. In a second sleep reduction study subjects reduced to a mean of 4.3 hours sleep per night for 4 nights, and subjects reduced to a mean of 5.3 hours sleep per night for 18 nights, showed no performance deficits on logical reasoning or auditory vigilance, despite their reports of severe increases in subjective sleepiness and reduced concentration. Both these sleep reduction groups, though, did show decrements on the FEFT, which we interpret in terms of dearousal increasing distractibility, which the sleep-reduced subjects could not overcome with effort, as they did with the other tests.
Article
Because of low cognitive demands and infrequent performance assessment, previous sleep-loss studies may have provided conservative estimates of the cognitive deficits that can occur during sustained, intensive, military operations. The research described here addresses the limitations of earlier studies by requiring and measuring performance on a continuous basis in a computerized laboratory environment. During a 54-h period of wakefulness, subjects were required to continuously monitor and act upon information being transmitted over a communication network while their performance on cognitive tests, which were embedded in and distributed around the message traffic, was continuously evaluated. The results show that this cognitively demanding environment produces greater mood and performance decrements as a function of sleep loss than previous, less-demanding studies. The methodology is described in detail, and the implications of the experimental findings are discussed.
Article
Research was conducted to determine if alterations in the acoustical characteristics of voice occur over periods of sustained operations. Twelve male United States Air Force B-IB bomber aircrewmen participated in the study. The participants served in crews of four and performed three 36-hour experimental periods (missions) in a high-fidelity simulator. The missions were interspersed with 36-hour rest breaks. Data were lost from two members of the third team due to a communication malfunction. Speech, cognitive and subjective fatigue data were collected approximately every three hours for 11 trials per mission. Fundamental frequency and word duration were both found to vary significantly over trials (fundamental frequency F(10,90) = 2.63, p = 0.0076, word duration F(10,90) = 2.5, p = 0.0106). Speech duration results also showed a significant main effect of mission (F(2,18) = 6.91, p = 0.0082). The speech data follow the same trend as the data from the cognitive tests and subjective measures. A strong diurnal pattern is reflected in nearly all of the dependent measures. Overall, the results support the proposition that voice may be a valid indicator of a speaker's fatigue state.
Article
The study of patients with excisions from the frontal lobes has revealed specific cognitive deficits that appear against a background of normal functioning on a variety of perceptual and memory tasks, as well as on conventional intelligence tests. These deficits include a reduced output on fluency tasks, faulty regulation of behaviour of external cues, and impaired organization and monitoring of material to be remembered, and of the subject's own responses. Differential effects related to the side of the lesion are less consistently observed after frontal-than after temporal-lobe excisions. Such effects, when they do occur, may depend as much on the demands of the task as on the nature of the test material.
Article
In recent years a paradigm shift in decision-making research has occurred. Modern decision researchers are more interested in studying decision making as it occurs in the so-called real world under naturalistic conditions. As such, the naturalistic decision-making (NDM) movement has seen growing support in recent years. Our contention is that in order for a new paradigm of NDM to flourish, it is essential to define carefully and completely the nature of decisions that are of interest to investigate. Once this is done, it is then possible to determine the psychological processes and strategies that decision makers use to cope with this subset of naturalistic decisions and to establish acceptable methods of study. Given this need, the purpose of this article is to examine the concept of NDM as it has been treated in past work and to refine and expand this conceptualization.
Article
In July 1988, Occidental Petroleum (Caledonia) Ltd.'s North Sea oil platform, Piper Alpha, exploded with the loss of 167 lives. Although rare, such industrial disasters demonstrate that the task facing managers at high-hazard sites in an emergency is complex and characterized by time pressure, uncertainty, and danger. In this paper we examine the decision making required in a crisis by the offshore installation manager (OIM) and his or her emergency response team on an offshore oil installation. The paper summarizes the findings of a study in which we examined the selection and training of OIMs for crisis management and interviewed OIMs who had dealt with a real offshore emergency. The characteristics of the decision making that the on-scene commander requires in an offshore crisis are discussed in terms of recent developments in theories of naturalistic decision making, with particular reference to recognition-primed decision making.
Article
Tactical decision making in the air combat environment requires the rapid processing of large amounts of data in a complex and unpredictable environment. To investigate decision making in this domain, we conducted a study in which 10 experienced fighter pilots provided tactical decisions and performed a target replacement task on a tactical situation display showing a wide variety of tactical situations based on the de Groot memory paradigm. Results were analyzed to determine features related to pilot attention distribution in processing tactical situation displays and their correspondence to tactical decision making. Evidence is provided for the effect of target quantity, target location, and overall target density distribution on decision making and attention. In addition, substantial variation in decision making was found between participants. Systematic biases in attention were also discovered which have implications for decision making in combat situations. Evidence of chunking in processing the displays was also explored. Results indicate that although pilots appeared to chunk targets in a manner similar to experts studied in other fields, the criterion used for determining chunking in these studies may not be valid.
Article
This paper describes a resource designed for the general study of spontaneous speech under the stress of sleep deprivation. It is a corpus of 216 unscripted task-oriented dialogues produced by normal adults in the course of a major sleep deprivation study. The study itself examined continuous task performance through baseline, sleepless and recovery periods by groups treated with placebo or one of two drugs (Modafinil, d-amphetamine) reputed to counter the effects of sleep deprivation. The dialogues were all produced while carrying out the route communication task used in the HCRC Map Task Corpus. Pairs of talkers collaborated to reproduce on one partner's schematic map a route preprinted on the other's. Controlled differences between the maps and use of labelled imaginary locations limit genre, vocabulary and effects of real-world knowledge, The designs for the construction of maps and the allocation of subjects to maps make the corpus a controlled elicitation experiment. Each talker participated in 12 dialogues over the course of the study, Preliminary examinations of dialogue length and task performance measures indicate effects of drug treatment, sleep deprivation and number of conversational partners, The corpus is available to researchers interested in all levels of speech and dialogue analysis, in both normal and stressed conditions.
Article
We studied situation awareness as the first part of a decision in a naturalistic setting involving a complex cognitive task. Three measures of situation awareness were used. Further we examined differences in decision making by expert and novice performers, including their use of rules and possible conflicts in using rules. Twenty-eight electronic warfare technicians from U.S. Navy ships were classified as novices, intermediates, or experts according to their performance on a scenario exercise. Results indicated that expertise included proficiency in the following skills: visually and verbally recalling radar emitters that appear on the screen, the ability to make correct decisions based on better situation awareness, and the ability to understand the conditions for applying rules in a consistent manner.
Article
DESCRIBES A SIMPLE REASONING TEST INVOLVING THE UNDERSTANDING OF SENTENCES OF VARIOUS LEVELS OF SYNTACTIC COMPLEXITY. IT IS SHORT, EASILY ADMINISTERED, AND RELIABLE. PERFORMANCE CORRELATES WITH INTELLIGENCE (.59) AND HAS PROVED TO BE SENSITIVE TO A NUMBER OF STRESSES. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2003 APA, all rights reserved)