... GSH is essential for immunomodulation of both innate and adaptive immune system functions, including T-lymphocyte proliferation, polymorphonuclear neutrophil phagocytosis, and dendritic cell functions, and is also important for fine-tuning the innate immune response to infection and for the first step of adaptive immunity involving antigen-presenting cell (macrophages, dendritic cells)related antigen presentation (Morris et al., 2013;Diotallevi et al., 2017). GSH works to modulate the behavior of many immune cells, augmenting both, innate immunity (and trained innate immunity or innate immune memory; Netea et al., 2020;Chumakov et al., 2021;Ferreira et al., 2021;Gong et al., 2021;Brueggeman et al., 2022), severely affected by SARS-CoV-2 viral infection (Polonikov, 2020;Rodrigues et al., 2020;Forcados et al., 2021;Kozlov et al., 2021;Bellanti et al., 2022;Paludan and Mogensen, 2022), and adaptive immunity (Dröge et al., 1991;Dröge and Breitkreutz, 2000;Dröge, 2002c;Ghezzi, 2011;Morris et al., 2013;Fraternale et al., 2017), as well as conferring protection against oxidative stress caused by microbial, parasitic and viral infections such as SARS-CoV-2 that causes COVID-19 disease (Morris et al., 2013;Diotallevi et al., 2017;Derouiche, 2020;Polonikov, 2020;Silvagno et al., 2020;Suhail et al., 2020;Forcados et al., 2021;Pérez de la Lastra et al., 2021;Bellanti et al., 2022;Kumar P. et al., 2022). Persistent and uncontrolled oxidative stress and exacerbating NLRP3 (NOD-, LRR-, and pyrin domain-containing protein 3) inflammasome activation during severe COVID-19 disease (Lage et al., 2022), induce production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1β and IL-18, that can be explained because of sharply decreased macrophage GSH intracellular levels associated with increased GSH efflux (Zhang T. et al., 2021). ...