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The reversible anti-fertility effect of Piper betle Linn on Swiss albino male mice
Abstract
To study the antifertility effect of an extract (alcoholic) of the leaf-stalk of Piper betle Linn., one set of experiments with two different doses in Swiss male albino mice were evaluated. Initially, 500 mg of the leaf-stalk extractive for 30 days and then 1000 mg for next 30 days/animal/day/kg body weight were administered orally. The extract reduced fertility to 0% within 60 days. Suppression of cauda epididymal sperm count and motility (p <0.05) was observed. Biochemical parameters did not show any marked alterations in testosterone content in serum nor 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17beta-HSD) activity in testes although fructose content in seminal vesicles was reduced as are the weights of reproductive organs. The cholesterol content in testes increased, although not appreciably. After cessation of drug (plant extract) treatment, the altered parameters recovered. Results suggest that the contraceptive effect of the extract of leaf-stalk of Piper betle Linn. is mainly on the maturation process of spermatozoa in epididymides without influencing hystemic hormonal profiles. Withdrawal of the extract restored all altered parameters including organ weights and fertility after 60 days.
... (Chao, Page, & Anderson, 2014) Piper betle is a traditional medicinal plant that has various properties (Biswas et al., 2022). Several studies have been conducted to explore its efficacy as a contraceptive, using various methods and there were some differences in results (Sarkar et al., 2001;Wuwungan, Queljoe, & Wewengkang, 2017). This study aims to examine the effect of 96% ethanol extract of Piper betle leaves in reducing rat spermatogenesis quality, which includes the number, concentration, motility and morphology of male rat sperm. ...
... These results are in line with similar studies regarding the antifertility effect of Piper betle leaf extract (Sarkar et al., 2001). ...
... There are many components that play a role in the production process in the testes, including: Sertoli cells, Leydig, and the hormones FSH, LH, testosterone and estrogen. However, it seems that the mechanism of action of PBEE does not interfere with the hormonal profile of the rats, since it has reversible effect and does not change the testosterone level (Shah & Jhade, 2016;Sarkar et al., 2001). Maybe this, due to the antiproliferative effect of hydroxychavicol (HCH) in PBEE. ...
Background: Currently, there are still very limited male contraceptive options. The ideal male contraceptive is still needed and ideally has the characteristics of having sufficient effectiveness, fully reversible and safe for long-term use. Several studies have been conducted to explore Piper betle as a contraceptive. Objectives: This study aims to examine the effect of 96% ethanol extract of sirih leaf (Piper betle L.) in reducing rat spermatogenesis quality, which includes the number, concentration, motility and morphology of male rat sperm. Material and Methods: This study used a posttest design with 28 white male rats. The rats were divided into four groups, each consisting of 7 rats. Group I was a control group. The test groups were group II, III, IV, and V, and each received an ethanolic extract of Piper betle leaves with various dosages of 200, 400, and 800 mg/kg body weight (BW), respectively, for 30 days. On day 31, all mice were sacrificed and analyzed for sperm count and concentration, sperm motility and sperm morphology. Results: The administration of 96% Piper betle leaves ethanol extract (PBEE) decreased the number and concentration of rats sperm, decreased progressive sperm motility and reduced the proportion of normal morphological rat sperm. PBEE at 800 mg/kg BW dose showed the greatest decreasing effect among all doses (p = 0.01). Conclusions: PBEE has contraceptive ability with a mechanism to reduce sperm count and concentration, sperm motility and sperm morphology.
... In this regard, Sundarraj et al. [17] reported that the fructose levels of the seminal vesicle decreased from Fe2O3-NPs. The decrease in the fructose amount in the seminal vesicle impedes energy in sperm [69] and contributes to seminal vesicle hypofunction that leads to infertility [70]. On the other hand, RSV treatment significantly improved the sperm quality in the low or high Fe2O3-NPs-exposed rats, denoting further improved fertility. ...
... In this regard, Sundarraj et al. [17] reported that the fructose levels of the seminal vesicle decreased from Fe 2 O 3 -NPs. The decrease in the fruc-tose amount in the seminal vesicle impedes energy in sperm [69] and contributes to seminal vesicle hypofunction that leads to infertility [70]. On the other hand, RSV treatment significantly improved the sperm quality in the low or high Fe 2 O 3 -NPs-exposed rats, denoting further improved fertility. ...
The nano-sized iron oxide (Fe2O3-NPs) is one of the most used engineered nanomaterials worldwide. This study investigated the efficacy of natural polyphenol resveratrol (RSV) (20 mg/kg b.wt, orally once daily) to alleviate the impaired sperm quality and testicular injury resulting from Fe2O3-NPs exposure (3.5 or 7 mg/kg b.wt, intraperitoneally once a week) for eight weeks. Spermiograms, sexual hormonal levels, oxidative stress indicators, and lipid peroxidation biomarker were assessed. Moreover, the steroidogenesis-related genes mRNA expressions were evaluated. The results showed that RSV substantially rescued Fe2O3-NPs-mediated sperm defects. Additionally, the Fe2O3-NPs-induced depressing effects on sperm motility and viability were markedly counteracted by RSV. Moreover, RSV significantly restored Fe2O3-NPs-induced depletion of testosterone, follicle-stimulated hormone, luteinizing hormone, and testicular antioxidant enzymes but reduced malondialdehyde content. Furthermore, the Fe2O3-NPs-induced downregulation of steroidogenesis-related genes (3 β-HSD, 17 β-HSD, and Nr5A1) was significantly counteracted in the testicular tissue of RSV-treated rats. These findings concluded that RSV could limit the Fe2O3-NPs-induced reduced sperm quality and testicular injury most likely via their antioxidant activity and steroidogenesis-related gene expression modulation.
... Therefore, because of its high oxygen demand, the brain is the most susceptible organ to oxidative damage (133). The phytochemicals present in the plants (polyphenols, flavonoids, carotenoids, terpenoids, etc) are potent scavenger of free radicals and thus maintains the antioxidant status to combat oxidative stress induced neurological diseases (134,138). Dietary supplementation of polyphenolic compounds and flavonoids like quercetin and catechin reduced oxidative stress improve memory and learning, by protecting vulnerable neurons, enhancing existing neuronal function or by stimulating neuronal regeneration and protected cultured hippocampal neurons against nitricoxide-mediated cell death (136). ...
... Further, sperm motility, sperm density were also reduced significantly, resulting in 80 per cent loss of fertility in experimental animals (137). The weight reduction of the testes and other accessory sex organs might be due to low level of androgens (138,139). The protein content of the reproductive organs was significantly decreased which may be due to a low level of androgens and decreased level of sialic acid in the testis, epididymis, seminal vesicles and ventral prostate also reflects loss of androgens (131). ...
Calendula officinalis Linn. commonly known as marigold has long history of usage by the folklore system. It has a high economic value as herbal medicine and is widely used in cosmetics, perfumes, dyes, pharmaceutical preparations and food products for centuries. The plant has been approved for food use and appears in the food and drug administration (FDA) list of generally recognized as safe (GRAS) substances. The literature available for the comprehensive review study were taken from the different worldwide accepted scientific database, journals, books for botanical description, pharmacological properties and ethno-botanical uses of C. officinalis Linn. Natural products containing calendula either as extract or oil are complex mixtures containing hundreds of biologically active constituents such as carotenoids, flavonoids, saponins, sterols, phenolic acids, lipids, amino acids, carbohydrates, etc. These phytoconstituents have wide applicability in food and cosmetic industries besides their therapeutic applications viz. as antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti-ulcer, anti-proliferative, antiparasitic, hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic and wound healing potential in experimental and clinical trials. Being useful therapeutic agents in their own right, an understanding of these traditional medicines has provided new plant derived drug leads to modern medicine for therapeutic application.
... Sperm characteristics such as sperm motility and morphology as well as sperm cell count are key indices of male fertility, since they are the prime markers in testicular spermatogenesis and epididymal maturation [22]. Reduced sperm motility and viability may be an indication of alterations in spermatogenesis [23]. ...
... In the absence of testosterone or the androgen receptor, spermatogenesis does not proceed Sperm characteristics such as sperm motility and morphology as well as sperm cell count are key indices of male fertility, since they are the prime markers in testicular spermatogenesis and epididymal maturation [22]. Reduced sperm ay be an indication of alterations in spermatogenesis [23]. ...
Cypermethrin, a type II pyrethroid, widely used for pest management causes environmental pollution and health hazards. Previous studies have shown that cypermethrin has teratogenic effect on rat foeti born to exposed dam or buck with no information on its effect on their reproductive parameters when assessed at maturity. The present study was therefore carried out to evaluate the reproductive effect of perinatal beta cypermethrin (β-cyp) exposure on male F1 generation albino rat. Fifteen pregnant animals (Day 0 = day of mating, average bodyweight = 190 g) were randomly divided into 3 groups. Group I (Control) received 0.5ml olive oil, Group II(15 mg/kg β-cyp) and Group III (30 mg/kg β-cyp) by oral gavage from gestational day (GD) 1-post natal day (PND) 20. On PND 21, the pups were weaned and bred to 12 weeks of age (maturity). At maturity, 5 males were randomly taken from each group. The animals were anaesthetized, testes were collected for histopathological study and caudal epididymides used for determination of sperm characteristics. Blood was collected for hormonal assay (testosterone) using Enzyme Immunoassay. 2 Histopathological study of the testes was conducted. β-cyp had a dose-dependent non-significant decrease (p>0.05) on mean testicular and body weights, testosterone level and sperm count relative to the control. β-cyp had no significant effect (p>0.05) on sperm cell characteristics. No abnormality was observed in the testicular sections of exposed F1 generation rats. It is therefore concluded that reproductive effect of perinatal β-cyp exposure of male F1 generation rats assessed at maturity is not significant. However, the dose-dependent decrease in the male reproductive parameters recorded in this study suggests that β-cyp, can impair spermatogenesis in male offspring exposed during the perinatal period.
... Clinical studies have demonstrated pain-relieving effects comparable to conventional analgesics in certain conditions. The presence of eugenol contributes significantly to these pain-management properties [45,46]. ...
Betel leaf (Piper betle L.), a perennial vine belonging to the Piperaceae family, holds significant cultural and medicinal value across South and Southeast Asia. The leaves contain essential vitamins including A, C, and B-complex vitamins, along with minerals such as calcium, iron, and potassium. Phytochemical investigations have revealed the presence of bioactive compounds including alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenes, and phenolic compounds, particularly eugenol, hydroxychavicol, and chavibetol. These compounds contribute to the leaf's diverse pharmacological properties, including antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activities. Traditional medicine systems have utilized betel leaf for various therapeutic purposes, such as digestive disorders, respiratory ailments, and oral health maintenance. Modern scientific studies have validated many of these traditional applications through in vitro and in vivo experiments. However, excessive consumption, particularly when combined with areca nut, has been associated with adverse effects including oral irritation and potential cancer risks. The nutritional profile and therapeutic potential of betel leaf warrant further investigation for its applications in modern healthcare, while considering safety aspects and standardization of preparations
... Many studies which have been conducted successfully on various plants identifi ed and purifi ed compounds that have antifertility effect, but most of them were toxic to human (2). Pharmacological data from previous reports showed that some compounds in plants were capable of interfering with the production of androgen hormones, modify the spermatogenesis process, abortifacients as well as the spermicidal activity (1). ...
... These decreases are suggestive of alternation in sperm maturation and sperm production. 6 The present result is in agreement with studies related to various other plants extract. [7][8][9] The sperm count is considered as one of the important parameters to assess the effect of any agents on spermatogenesis. ...
Evaluation of herbs has been in progress worldwide for several decades to identify effective and safe substances for fertility regulation. This approach proved to be a good alternative to synthetic drugs. The present study was carried out to find out the antifertility activity of ethanolic extract of Citrus limonum seeds. The extract was administered orally for 30 days. The extract showed a significant reduction in sperm count. (p<0.001) at a dose level of 500mg/kg b.wt. Therefore it is suggested that lemon seeds can be a good alternative for regulating sperm parameters.
... With varying dosages of the Piper betle leaf stalk extract, male mice were used in a large-scale investigation to create an oral male contraceptive medication. All of the mice's metabolically active tissue showed minimal damage as a result, and intriguingly, the contraceptive effectiveness highlighted reversible fertility after treatment withdrawal 43 . ...
INTRODUCTON There are many different types of traditional medicinal herbs that Indonesians have been using for years. In traditional medicine, the betel plant-also referred to as piper betle-is utilised. The native plant of Indonesia, betel, creeps up or rests on other tree trunks. A common herb in Malay daily life and several family rituals is betel, a medicinal plant. In the province of the Riau archipelago in Indonesia, betel is a widely grown plant. The custom of utilising betel to cure a variety of ailments and consume it at welcoming ceremonies is highly valued by the people of the Riau Islands. But betel plants are widely distributed in Indonesia, whether ABSTRACT A member of the Piperaceae family of plants, betel (Piper betle) has long been used as a mouth freshener, wound healer, stimulant and preventive against cataracts and bleeding. Ayurvedic doctors frequently employ betel leaf extract as an aphrodisiac, laxative, adjuvant, and flavouring. In addition to avoiding fever, ulcers, nosebleeds, and eye infections, it enhances taste and appetite. Saponins, flavonoids, polyphenols, triterpenoids, essential oils (carvacrol, eugenol, chavicol, chavibetol and estragole), sesquiterpenes, sugar and starch are among the chemicals found in betel. According to studies, piper betle possesses bioactivity as an antiproliferative, hepatoprotective, analgesic, antibacterial, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory chemical. It was found that the wonderful plant betel leaf (Piper betle), which is employed in many fields, has many uses and advantages. India's betel leaf growing industry is broad. Because of its antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant and antiseptic qualities, betel leaves are used medicinally. Apart from its well-known medical applications, betel leaf has numerous other uses in both ancient and contemporary science.
... Studies have demonstrated that plant extracts can be used as rodenticides (Teshome et al., 2010;Robinson and Sisco, 2019). Although scholars have worked on the chemosterilization of rodents, most have shown effective results for only one sex (Sarkar et al., 2000;Tran and Hinds, 2013). Thus, one significant advantage of paper mulberry is that it inhibits the growth of reproductive organs in both male and female voles. ...
Introduction
The Yangtze vole (Microtus fortis) is a small herbivorous rodent that usually causes damage to crops and forests in China. Various measures were used to control their population including chemical rodenticides. However, rodenticides may cause secondary damage to the environment and the ecosystem. Therefore, the development of new rodent sterilants is urgent. Considering that some compounds of paper mulberry leaves have been verified that can inhibit the biosynthesis of sexual hormone, we aimed to explore the antifertility effect of paper mulberry leaves on M. fortis.
Methods
In this study, voles were divided into three groups including a male group, a female group, and a breeding group, and paper mulberry leaves were added into basal fodder of voles maintained in laboratory, of which the proportion of leaf weight was 50%. In each group, voles were fed with mixed fodder as treatment (BP) and voles were fed with basal fodder as contrast (CK).
Results and discussion
After feeding for more than 1 month, the results indicated that paper mulberry leaves attracted voles to feed, but inhibited their growth and reproduction. Since the second week, food intakes of BP have been significantly higher than CK (p< 0.05). However, weights of voles in male and female groups were 72.283 ± 7.394 g and 49.717 ± 2.278 g in the fifth week, and both were significantly reduced compared with their original weight (p< 0.05). Meanwhile, testicular volumes of male voles fed with BP were significantly smaller than CK (former: 318.000 ± 44.654 mm³, latter: 459.339 ± 108.755 mm³); the testosterone level, sperm number, and vitality of BP were obviously weaker than CK. Female uteruses and oophoron of BP grew slower, and the organ coefficients of uterus and oophoron fed BP were both significantly lower than CK (p< 0.05). The first reproduction of BP couple voles spent 45 days, while CK spent only 21 days. These results suggest that paper mulberry leaves could be the potential resource to produce sterilants to control rodent populations by delaying their sexual growth and reproduction. If it was practical, the apparent advantages of paper mulberry are that it is an abundant resource and the inhibitory effect could be effective in both male and female individuals. Our conclusion also supports the transformation of rodent management from lethal management to fertility control, which would be more ecologically friendly to agriculture and the ecosystem.
... Many studies have indicated that betel has a potential for treatment of Leishmania donovani-induced parasitic disease (Misra et al., 2009). It has also been indicated with a profile of anti-fertility (Sarkar et al., 2000). Other medicinal uses include its importance as an anti-malarial (Tamura et al., 2020), anti-gout (Vikrama Chakravarthi et al., 2022), anti-oxidant (Vikrama Chakravarthi et al., 2022), anti-platelet, and anti-inflammation remedy (Saeed et al., 1993). ...
Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) includes over ten thousand herbal medicines, some of which were introduced from outside countries and territories. The Silk Road enabled the exchange of merchandise such as teas, silks, carpets, and medicines between the East and West of the Eurasia continent. During this time, the ‘Compendium of Materia Medica’ (CMM) was composed by a traditional medicine practitioner, Shizhen Li (1,518–1,593) of the Ming Dynasty. This epoch-making masterpiece collected knowledge of traditional medical materials and treatments in China from the 16th century and before in utmost detail, including the origin where a material was obtained. Of 1892 medical materials from the CMM, 46 came from Persia (now Iran). In this study, the basic information of these 46 materials, including the time of introduction, the medicinal value in TCM theory, together with the current status of these medicines in China and Iran, are summarized. It is found that 20 herbs and four stones out of the 46 materials are registered as medicinal materials in the latest China Pharmacopoeia. Now most of these herbs and stones are distributed in China or replacements are available but saffron, ferula, myrrh, and olibanum are still highly dependent on imports. This study may contribute to the further development, exchange, and internationalization of traditional medicine of various backgrounds in the world, given the barriers of transportation and language are largely eased in nowadays.
... The extract suppressed sperm mobility and cauda epididymal sperm count, reduced fructose content in the seminal vesicles and weights of reproductive organs, and also increased cholesterol in the testes. The altered parameters were found to recover after discontinuation of the extract, suggesting P. betle as a contraceptive agent without altering hormonal balance.158 The antifertility efficacy of betel petiole extract was studied in female albino Wistar rats. ...
Piper betle L. (synonym: Piper betel Blanco), or betel vine, an economically and medicinally important cash crop, belongs to the family Piperaceae, often known as the green gold. The plant can be found all over the world and is cultivated primarily in South
East Asian countries for its beautiful glossy heart-shaped leaves, which are chewed
or consumed as betel quid and widely used in Chinese and Indian folk medicine, as
carminative, stimulant, astringent, against parasitic worms, conjunctivitis, rheumatism, wound, etc., and is also used for religious purposes. Hydroxychavicol is the most important bioactive compound among the wide range of phytoconstituents found in essential oil and extracts. The pharmacological attributes of P. betle are antiproliferation, anticancer, neuropharmacological, analgesic, antioxidant, antiulcerogenic, hepatoprotective, antifertility, antibacterial, antifungal and many more. Immense attention has been paid to nanoformulations and their applications. The application of P. betle did not show cytotoxicity in preclinical experiments, suggesting that it could serve as a promising therapeutic candidate for different diseases. The present review comprehensively summarizes the botanical description, geographical distribution, economic value and cultivation, ethnobotanical uses, preclinical pharmacological properties with insights of toxicological, clinical efficacy, and safety of P. betle. The findings suggest that P. betle represents an orally active and safe natural agent that exhibits great therapeutic potential for managing various human medical conditions. However, further research is needed to elucidate its underlying molecular mechanisms of action, clinical aspects, structure–activity relationships, bioavailability and synergistic interactions with other drugs.
... The extract suppressed sperm mobility and cauda epididymal sperm count, reduced fructose content in the seminal vesicles and weights of reproductive organs, and also increased cholesterol in the testes. The altered parameters were found to recover after discontinuation of the extract, suggesting P. betle as a contraceptive agent without altering hormonal balance.158 The antifertility efficacy of betel petiole extract was studied in female albino Wistar rats. ...
Piper betleL. (synonym: Piper betel Blanco), or betel vine, an economically and medicinally important cash crop, belongs to the family Piperaceae, often known as the green gold. The plant can be found all over the world and is cultivatedprimarily in South East Asian countries for its beautiful glossy heart-shaped leaves, which are chewed or consumed as betelquidand widely used in Chinese and Indian folk medicine, as carminative, stimulant,astringent, against parasitic worms, conjunctivitis, rheumatism,
... The antifertility effect of ethanol extract of Piper betle has also been evaluated in rats after oral administration and it was found to cause absolute sterility. Withdrawal of this extract lead to restoration of all altered parameters [64]. Hence, making it a good candidate for contraception. ...
... It is one of the well known medicinal plants used in the treatment of various ailments. Several medicinal values of Piper betle are well documented such as anticarcinogenic (Padma et al.,1989), as contraceptive (Sarkar, 2000), antioxidant action (Choudhary and Kale 2002, Lei et al., 2003), larvicidal (Wardhana et al., 2007). Piper betle is among the plants that have been used for the control of caries and periodontal diseases and bad breath (Ponglux et al., 1987). ...
... It is one of the well known medicinal plants used in the treatment of various ailments. Several medicinal values of Piper betle are well documented such as anticarcinogenic (Padma et al.,1989), as contraceptive (Sarkar, 2000), antioxidant action (Choudhary and Kale 2002, Lei et al., 2003), larvicidal (Wardhana et al., 2007). Piper betle is among the plants that have been used for the control of caries and periodontal diseases and bad breath (Ponglux et al., 1987). ...
ABSTRACT
The increasing prevalence of antibiotic resistance is an alarming situation. There is a need to search for
new antimicrobials. Microbes extraordinarily acquire mechanisms to combat the synthetic antimicrobials.
Fortunately, the ancient system of Indian herbal medicine; Ayurveda has illustrated a wide range of herbal
medicines for different pathophysiological disorders. Piper betle is a plant, it’s leaves are consumed in
India as Pan or betel quid. This plant has various medicinal properties. It is used as a mouth freshener as
well as to improve bad breath. We have demonstrated the bacteriostatic activity of Piper betle on E.coli
and B.subtilis. In the present investigations attempts are made to study antimicrobial activity of fresh leaf
juice of Piper betle against two normal inhabitants of human oral cavity 1) Streptococcus mutans a
causative agent of dental caries and 2) a fungus Candida albicans a causative agent of oral thrush. The
study was carried out by disc diffusion method, agar well diffusion method and determining the
Minimum Inhibitory concentration. For S. mutans, there was 13.29 ± 1.5mm zone of inhibition by disc
diffusion method and 7.8 ± 0.8 mm by agar well diffusion method. After 24 hours of incubation the zone
of inhibition was disappeared by growth of bacteria, indicating the bacteriostatic activity of fresh leaf
juice of betel leaf against S. mutans. There was no zone of inhibition in Candida albicans suggesting no
any effect.
Key Words: Piper betle, antimicrobial activity, Streptococcus mutans, Candida albicans
... An orally effective male contraceptive agent was developed with many doses of the leaf stalk extracts of P. betle for use in male mice. The antifertility results showed absence of toxicity in all metabolically active tissues of mice and the contraceptive efficiency was underscored revocable fertility after removal of treatment (Adhikary et al., 1989;Sarkar et al., 2000). ...
... If the feedback mechanism is disrupted, the levels of FSH and LH in the blood circulation can decrease, as a result the process of spermatogenesis is stopped and the number of spermatozoa produced decreases in the seminiferous tubules. [13][14][15][16][17] Severe decrease in epididymis weight was expected having relation to development disruption and disfunction of the epididymis. The epididymis consists of three regions, namely caput, corpus and cauda epididymis. ...
Background. Population growth needs to be controlled so as not to cause new and serious problems. Pregnancy and birth control is a solution to control this sizable population growth. Contraception is a way to prevent pregnancy, by inhibiting the process of ovulation, fertilization and implantation. Nevertheless, most of contraceptive regiments were aimed to woman. Male contraception nowadays is very rare. Papaya seed is one of the male contraceptive candidates which has the potential to be developed as male contraception. Previous studies have shown the potential of papaya seed extract could reduce the weight of reproductive organs of male white rats, where it was believed that there was a decrease in spermatogenesis activity.
Methods. This research was an in-vivo experimental research post-test only with control group. The study used 32 male and healthy rats (Rattus norvegicus) Wistar strain with 8-10 weeks of age. Rats were grouped into 1 control group and 4 treatment groups that were randomly selected. The four treatment groups were group 1: control administered 1% 2ml CMC orally one time per day every morning, group 2: were given N-hexane papaya seed fraction, group 3: were given ethyl acetate papaya seed fraction and group 4: were given ethanol-water papaya seed fraction. The three fractions were given to rats orally at a dose of 100 mg / KgBB / day for 24 days. After that, rat's testes and epidydimis were evacuated to observe reproductive organs and sperm quality.
Results. Anatomically, Group 2 and 3 were statistically significant in reducing testicular's and epidydimis' weight compared to the control group, but the n-hexane group was more effective in reducing testicular weight than other treatment groups. Furthermore, groups 2, 3 and 4 were statistically significant in reducing sperm quality (motility, viability, amount of sperm cells and normal sperm cell morphology) compared to the control group, but the n-hexane group was more effective in reducing sperm quality than other treatment groups.
Conclusion. Papaya seed n-hexane fraction has potential as a male contraceptive by reducing spermatogenesis activity and decreasing sperm quality in white rats.
Keyword : papaya seed, male contraception, rat's sperm
... Essential oil from leaves of this plant has been used for the treatment of respiratory catarrhs and as antiseptic and the fruit is employed with honey as a remedy for cough [6]. Antioxidant, anti-bacterial and anti-fungal [7], antiinflammatory, anti-diabetic and radio protective [8] activities and contraceptive effects [9] of P. betle have been reported in various studies. Nigrum of family piperaceae has biological activities such as CNS stimulant, analgesic, antipyretic and antifeedent activities [10]. ...
Objectives: The present study was undertaken to determine the anti-depressant and anti-anxiety effects of hydroethanolic extract of Piper betle leaves commonly known as "paan". Materials and Methods: Hydroethanolic extract of Piper betle leaves in the doses of 100,200 and 400 mg were administered orally for successive 14 days to young Swiss albino mice of either sex. The antidepressant activity was evaluated by forced swim test and tail suspension test. On the other hand anti-anxiety activity was evaluated by light/dark exploration test and elevated plus maze test. Imipramine 15 mg/kg was used as standard in anti-depressant models and diazepam 2 mg/kg was used as standard in anti-anxiety models. Results: Hydroethanolic extract of Piper betle leaves of doses 200 and 400 mg/kg showed significant activity as compared with control in reducing the immobility time in forced swim test and tail suspension test. On the other hand, gradual increasing dose of extract of Piper betle leaves also showed significant activity in improving anxiety of mice as compared with control in light/dark exploration and elevated plus maze test. Conclusion: Hydroethanolic extract of Piper betle leaves showed anti-depressant activity probably acts through the mechanism of blocking the uptake of dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin through their respective transporters. On the other hand, anti-anxiety activity acts probably through GABA but the role is not established.
... The fresh betel leaves possess antimicrobial, act against ringworm, antifungal, so it act as antiseptic and antihelminthic effects. 28 The leaf has a significant antimicrobial activity against broad spectrum micro-organisms 29 against both Gram positive and negative bacteria, which is also reflected from our results. Betel leaf extract was seen to be effective against all the six oral isolates. ...
... Betel leaf is a second most popular daily consummation item in Asia, which contribute the best oral hygiene to oral cavity [19]. The fresh betel leaves possess antimicrobial, act against ringworm, antifungal, so it act as antiseptic and antihelminthic effects [20]. The leaves have wound healing property [21]. ...
... Our results of reduction of weight of sexual organs, sperm motility and count in ampicillin treated group may be attributed to, the decreased fructose and protein level that affect glycoproteins secreted by the epididymis and coated on the sperm to stimulate motility (Gupta et al., 2013). The reduced protein content may be another reason for the reduction in the weight of reproductive organs, because the growth rate of organ is proportional to its protein content (Sarkar et al., 2000). Also, the results of this study are in agreement with Aral et al.(2008) who suggest that administration of enrofloxacin subcutaneously to male mice at a fixed dose of 150 mg/Kg once daily for 15 days, would lead to disruption of spermatogenesis in the testes causing deterioration of motility and content of sperms as well as morphological abnormalities. ...
... The dominant lethal assay is an important method for testing mutagenic substances (Shively et al., 1984). In this context, the presence of implantation sites that develop properly in females mated with males exposed to xenobiots is used as a criterion for success in insemination and fertility (Sarkar et al., 2000). The dominant lethal assay was calculated using the formula described by Haseman, Soares (1976). ...
Alcohol is the most commonly consumed substance in the world. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of alcoholic beverages on male reproduction and possible alterations in their offspring. The mice were divided into 4 groups: beer, wine, cachaça (a type of sugarcane rum), with ethanol concentrations of 1.9 g/kg, and control group treated with PBS. The treatment period was 35 days. The animals which received cachaça, demonstrated significant weight loss in the testes and epididymis. The alcoholic beverages promoted significant testosterone level and fertilization index diminution, and morphological alterations in the spermatozoa. The beer group presented decreased implantation sites and a high frequency of dominant lethal. The number of reabsorptions in the wine group was increased. The fermented beverages presented higher potential to induce visceral malformations, while the cachaça caused fetal skeletal malformations. The cachaça treated group presented a negative impact on semen quality and fertilization potential. The treatment with different alcoholic beverages, during spermatogenesis, demonstrated contrasting degrees of induction of toxic effects, interfering in a general aspect in male reproductive performance, fetal viability during intrauterine life, and birth defects. From the data, it is possible to infer that the distillated beverage caused more harmful effects to reproduction in this study.
... It is well established that motile spermatozoa in sufficient concentration and free from abnormalities are highly correlated with fertility (Aitken et al., 1984) as sluggishly motile or immotile sperms are less likely to penetrate the cervical mucus and fertilize the ova (Abu and Uchendu, 2010). According to Sarkar et al., (2000), reduced sperm motility and viability may be an indication of alterations in spermatogenesis. This finding is in line with the studies by Nwaehujor et al. (2014) and Reuben et al. (2014) in male Albino rats treated with methanolic extract of Carica papaya root and seed respectively. ...
Abstract:
Costus lucanuscianus, a medicinal plant locally called ‘monkey sugar cane’ in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria, is used in folk medicine for the treatment of diarrhoea, dysmenorrhea, headache and rheumatism. The paucity of information onreproductive effect of Costus lucanuscianus in male animals prompted this study using methanolic stem extract of this plant. Twenty male rats were divided into four groups. Group A (Control) received 0.5ml/kg of 20% Tween 80 (vehicle), Group B (100 mg/kg of extract), Group C (200 mg/kg of extract), Group D (300 mg/kg of extract) by oral gavage daily for 21 days. Thereafter, Animals were anaesthetized and testes collected, homogenized and used for determination of sperm characteristics. Blood was collected for hormonal assay (testosterone) using Enzyme Immunoassay. Histopathological study of the testes and epididymides were conducted. Costus lucanuscianus stem extract (CLSE) had no
significant effect (p>0.05) on the testicular and epididymal weights as well as the testosterone level relative to the control. CLSE decreased sperm count, sperm viability, sperm motility and normal sperm morphology in a dose dependent manner. However, CLSE at the dose of 300mg/kg only showed a level of significance (p<0.05) relative to the control. No abnormality was observed in the testicular and epididymal sections of rats in all the treated groups.The findings suggest that C.lucanuscianus possesses anti-fertility properties evidenced by the reduced sperm count and increased sperm cell
defects.
Keywords: Costus lucanusianus, antifertility, male, testes, epididymis
... Betel leaf is a second most popular daily consummation item in Asia, which contribute the best oral hygiene to oral cavity [9]. The fresh betel leaves possess antimicrobial, act against ringworm, antifungal, so it act as antiseptic and antihelminthic effects [10]. The leaves have wound healing property [11]. ...
... Oral administration of AEAM in male mice caused a decrease in the GSI which could be attributed to the loss of germ cells (D'Souza, Narayana, 2001).The decrease in the GSI might be due to very low level of steroidal hormone (androgen), which was not enough to retain the weight of gonads (Anitha et al., 2013). The decreasing weight of the reproductive organs in the AEAM-treated male mice clearly indicates the extract caused functional and structural changes in the testes (Banerji, Adhikary, Chatterjee, 2000). ...
Aegle marmelos (L.) (Rutaceae) commonly known as bael is an important medicinal fruit tree. The present study focused on the effects of aqueous extract of Aegle marmelos (AEAM) on the testis and sperm characteristics induced by cyclophosphamide (CPA) in mice. Thirty six adult Parke’s strain mice were divided into six groups: group I given only distilled water (control); group II administered with AEAM alone once in a week for five weeks; group III administered with CPA (200 mg/kg b.w., intraperitoneally) once in a week for five weeks and group IV-VI CPA along with AEAM (400, 500 and 600 mg/kg b.w., orally). CPA was found to reduce gonadosomatic index (GSI), sperm counts, motility, viability, antioxidant activities and induced histopathological changes of testis. In the group administered AEAM with CPA an exacerbation of sperm count, motility and viability of the cauda epididymis, GSI, antioxidant activities and architecture of testis was observed. The results suggest that the administration of AEAM may aggravate CPA-induced reproductive toxicity. It may be helpful in preparation of natural male contraceptives.
... Fructose serves as source of energy for sperm, reduction in the fructose might be due to decreased secretory activity of seminal vesicle [59][60] . Sperm density and motility directly correlates with fertility chances and therefore decreased sperm density [50][51][52][53][54] and motility of spermatozoa might reduced fertility of rats followed extract treatment [61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69][70] . A large number of metaphasic cells in the germ epithelium of treated animals might be caused by cell cycle blockage or [46,71] arrest at the spermatid level in the form of degenerative changes in the germinal cells together with few fragmented sperms in the lumen and acquired a thick, irregular basement membrane [72][73][74] . ...
ABSTRACT- Background: Plant Cassia tora has been used in traditional and modern medicines for different pharmacological activities. Objectives: The present investigation has been taken to observe and evaluate effects of Cassia tora on the reproduction functions of male rats in search a safe, orally effective and reversible fertility regulating agent. Materials and Methods: Fifty percent ethanolic extract of Cassia tora was prepared and administered orally in male Wistar rats at the doses of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg.b.wt./rat/day dose levels respectively for a period of 60 days and some of the treated rats were kept 30 days for recovery of fertility to assessed reversibility effects. Hematological indices, serum clinical investigations were also performed to assess toxic effects if any caused in rats by treatment. Proteins, cholesterol, glycogen, ascorbic acid, sialic acid and fructose level were analyzed in rats. Serum FSH, LH and Testosterone levels were measure. Rats were castrated to evaluate effects on reproductive functions of hormones and mode of action of the Cassia tora treatment. For histopathological observations tissues were fixed in Bouin’s fluid, dehydrated, sectioned and stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin. Results: Treatment of Cassia tora significantly reduced the weights of testes and accessory sex organs. Sperm density and motility were declined high significantly. Levels of Testosterone and FSH hormone were significantly decreased in rats. The protein, sialic acid, fructose, ascorbic acid and glycogen contents of reproductive accessory sex organs were decreased significantly. Germinal epithelium of testes degenerated and number of spermatocytes, spermatids and spermatozoa in lumen of seminiferous tubules reduced. Conclusions: The decreased testes and accessory sex organs weights, sperm motility, density and testosterone level in rats might be due to androgen suppression effects of Cassia tora treatment cause inhibition of spermatogenesis resulted reduction of fertility in treated male rats. Key-words- Cassia tora, Contraception, Fertility, Sperm motility, Sperm density, Male rat
... Piper betle Linn. Piperaceae Petiole Reduced sperm motility [143,144] 70 ...
Although contraceptives containing estrogen and progesterone are effective and popular used for family planning, but due to serious adverse effects produced by synthetic steroidal contraceptives such as toxicity to gonads, Infertility on temporary or permanent basis, testicular germ cell cancer, breast/ Prostate cancer, brain developmental problems, endometriosis and early puberty etc, the risks associated to the drugs have triggered the need to develop newer molecules from medicinal plants. Hence, there is a need for searching suitable product from medicinal plants that could be effectively used in the place of pills for antifertility activity. The nature has been a source of medicinal agents for thousands of years and an impressive number of modern drugs have been isolated from natural sources. Plants are used as anti-implantation, abortifacient and as contraceptive are well known to the ancient physicians of India. Various medicinal plant extracts have been tested for their antifertility activity both in male and female animal models activity and the active agents. This review presents updated information gathered on medicinal plants used for anti-fertility activity in both male and females. The aim of this review is to highlight the work on anti-fertility of W WO OR RL LD D J JO OU UR RN NA AL L O OF F P PH HA AR RM MA AC CY Y A AN ND D P PH HA AR RM MA AC CE EU UT TI IC CA AL L S SC CI IE EN NC CE ES S S SJ JI IF F I Im mp pa ac ct t F Fa ac ct to or r 2 2. .7 78 86 6 V Vo ol lu um me e 4 4, , I Is ss su ue e 0 03 3, , 2 24 43 3-2 27 72 2.. R Re ev vi ie ew w A Ar rt ti ic cl le e I IS SS SN N 2278 – 4357 www.wjpps.com Vol 4, Issue 03, 2015. 244 Azamthulla et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences plant origin. For women who can't use modern forms of contraception due to adverse effect or other reasons, therefore herbs can offer alternatives and reducing fertility would be better than other contraceptives. This article may help investigators to identify medicinal plants responsible for anti-fertility activity.
... The suspension formulation will be transferred to a centrifuge tube and subjected to vortexing for 2minutes to obtain homogenous suspension [41]. Preliminary phyto chemical screening was carried out to assess the presence of phyto constituents in the extract [40]. ...
Different extracts of piper betle were taken for anthelmintic activity against Indian earthworm Pheretima Posthuma Two concentrations (20 and 40 mg/ml) of various extracts were tested and results were expressed in terms of time for paralysis and time for death of worms. Albendazole (20 mg/ml) was used as reference standard and carboxymethyl cellulose (0.5%) as a control group. Paralysis time can be determined by vigorous shaking when no movement was observed. When whitish substances were secreted from the body that one was termed as death time. Dose dependent activity was observed in the plant extracts but pet. Ether extract exhibited more activity as compared to others.
... From previous study, the administration of B-success herbal supplement was found to cause a significant decrease in epididymal semen number (ESN) and this decrease must have brought about a highly significant loss in accessory sex organ weights, which are known to be mostly related to the number of spermatids and spermatozoa in the tissue. The decreasing weight of the reproductive organs in the extract-treated male rats clearly indicated that the extract caused structural and functional alteration in the testes, epididymis, seminal vesicle, ventral prostate and vas deferens (Sarkar et al., 2000). Reduction in the weight of accessory sex organs might be due to low level of androgen, which was not enough to maintain the weight of gonads and accessories ( Singh and Singh, 2009). ...
This work investigated the effect of B-success herbal supplement on the accessory sex organs of male albino rats. Twenty weights matched male albino rats were divided into four groups of five rats and were given
0.00, 315,630,945 mg/kg of the herbal product orally for 90 days. Animals had access to deionized water and were fed ad libitum with rat chow for 90 days. The feed and fluid consumption of the animals were measured
on daily basis while the body weight was measured weekly. Animals were anaesthetized after 90 days, bled sacrificed, epididymis, seminal vesicle and prostate were excised and weighed, protein, DNA. The epididymal
tissues were also used for the determination of acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase. The result shows that there was significant (P. 0.05) decrease in both absolute and relative weights of seminal vesicle, prostate
and epididymis in all the treated animals when compared with the control. The epididymal acid and alkaline phosphatase contents and semen count decreased significantly (p. 0.05) in all the treated animals when compared with the control. The DNA and protein contents of seminal vesicle (SV), prostate (P) and epididymis (E) of albino rats treated with the B-success herbal supplement decreased significantly (p. 0.05) in all the treated animals when compared with the control. B-success herbal supplement may have toxic effect on the accessory sex organs of male albino rats.
Keywords: B–success herbal supplement, seminal vesicle (SV), prostate (P) and epididymis (E), male albino rats.
... The root extract of Pentadiplandra brazzeana has shown androgenic activity in male rats (Kamtchouing, et al., 2002). Chronic administration of the extract of the stalk of Piper betle showed antispermatogenic activity in male rats (Adhikary et al., 1989; Chatterjee et al., 1994; Sarkar et al., 2000). Aqueous extract of Piper guineense has shown significant effect on testis (Mbongue et al., 2005). ...
Contraception: An Herbal Medicine Approach of Citrus medica Seeds for Fertility Regulation, this research book focused on the evaluation of contraceptive activities of C. medica seeds on albino rats. Out of the tested three crude extracts, petroleum ether extract found more potential on fertility regulation, judged by phytochemical analysis, acute and chronic toxicity studies, antiimplantation, abortifacient, antiovulatory, estrogenic, progestogenic activities. Results were analysed by gravimetric, histological, histometrical, biochemical, antioxidant assays, hormonal profile by RIA and withdrawal studies with applying statistical analysis Student’s ‘t’ Test and also its TLC fractions were tested and found potential at the dose level of 50 and 100mg/kg/b.w. of fraction II in significantly. Spectroscopic analysis like UV, GCMS, IR and H1 NMR were resulted isolated compound is fatty acid mixture of fraction II, structure not elucidated and characterized due to the nature of fatty acid moiety. Hence, the fraction II is rich in fatty acid and shown contraceptive effects without obtrusive side effects in rats. Therefore, this fraction-II can be subjected for further study to harvest it, as a commercial contraceptive agent in near future.
... Results suggest betel vine oil withmodified formulation has a potential as Aedes aegypti mosquito repellent. 21 ...
Many of the health benefits bonded with Piper betel (locally known as Paan) belongs to the Piperaceae or pepper family. It has been an important herb distributed throughout of world. Betle leaves are the most valued part of the plant, in the past were routinely used as a chewing agent to restrict offensive breath and they contain tannins, chavicol, phenyl, propane, sesquiterpene, cyneole, alkaloid, sugar and some essential oil and found various medicinal value, digestive, appetizer, aromatic, expectorant, stimulant, antibacterial, euphoria-inducing, antiprotozoan, carminative, anti-fungal and aphrodisiac etc. The leaves are also supposed to harden the gum, conserve the teeth and to prevent indigestion, bronchitis, constipation, congestion. This review for the first time provides information on therapeutically effects and also addresses the various mechanisms which might be involved.
... Essential oil from leaves of this plant has been used for the treatment of respiratory catarrhs and as antiseptic and the fruit is employed with honey as a remedy for cough [6]. Antioxidant, anti-bacterial and anti-fungal [7], antiinflammatory, anti-diabetic and radio protective [8] activities and contraceptive effects [9] of P. betle have been reported in various studies. Nigrum of family piperaceae has biological activities such as CNS stimulant, analgesic, antipyretic and antifeedent activities [10]. ...
Objectives: The present study was undertaken to determine the anti-depressant and anti-anxiety effects of hydroethanolic extract of Piper betle leaves commonly known as “paan”.
Materials and Methods: Hydroethanolic extract of Piper betle leaves in the doses of 100,200 and 400 mg were administered orally for successive 14 days to young Swiss albino mice of either sex. The antidepressant activity was evaluated by forced swim test and tail suspension test. On the other hand anti-anxiety activity was evaluated by light/dark exploration test and elevated plus maze test. Imipramine 15 mg/kg was used as standard in anti-depressant models and diazepam 2 mg/kg was used as standard in anti-anxiety models.
Results: Hydroethanolic extract of Piper betle leaves of doses 200 and 400 mg/kg showed significant activity as compared with control in reducing the immobility time in forced swim test and tail suspension test. On the other hand, gradual increasing dose of extract of Piper betle leaves also showed significant activity in improving anxiety of mice as compared with control in light/dark exploration and elevated plus maze test.
Conclusion: Hydroethanolic extract of Piper betle leaves showed anti-depressant activity probably acts through the mechanism of blocking the uptake of dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin through their respective transporters. On the other hand, anti-anxiety activity acts probably through GABA but the role is not established.
... Jequirity/ crab's eye/rosary pea (Abrus precatorius) [46], Chinese apple or jujube (Ziziphus mauritiana) [47], gudhichi/heart leaf moonseed (Tinospora cordifolia) [48], big string nettle (Urtica dioica Linn.) [49], cloves (Syzygium aromaticum) [50], betel-leaf (Piper betle) [51] work against male sterility. ...
This review article was conducted to identify the effective ethnomedicinal plants on different diseases in the traditional culture of different regions across Bangladesh. Plants are very crucial to the human being not only for the uses in health-care, but plants are also used for various other purposes such as sources of new pharmaceuticals. Ethnomedicinal plants have been used since a long time for human health care and most widely used for medication system in developing and least developing countries. People of different communities in Bangladesh use medicinal plants and rely on ethnomedicine because of cost-effectiveness, acceptability, biomedical benefits and less or no side-effects. It is very likely that these phytochemicals will find their way into the arsenal of antimicrobial drugs prescribed by physicians. People in Bangladesh are becoming concerned with the over-prescription and misuse of allopathic antibiotics and antimicrobial resistance is increasing simultaneously in this regard. Ethnomedicine can be used as alternatives to traditional antibiotics, hence, can overcome the problems of antibiotics.
... A study to develop an orally effective male contraceptive agent was extensively carried out in male mice with various doses of the leaf stalks extract of Piper betle. The result show no toxicity in all metabolically active tissue of mice and interestingly, the contraceptive efficacy emphasized reversible fertility after withdrawl of treatment [51] . ...
The Betle (Piper betle Linn.) is the leaf of a vine belonging to the Piperaceae family. The most likely place of origin of betle vine is Malaysia but it is also cultivated in India, Srilanka, Bangladesh, Burma and Nepal. The betle plant is an evergreen and perennial creeper, with glossy heart-shaped leaves and white catkin. Phytochemical studies show that Piper betle contains a wide variety of biologically active compounds whose concentration depends on the variety of the plant, season and climate. It is valued as a stimulant and also for its medicinal properties. Piper betle contains diosgenin, eugenol, allylpyrocatechol, methyl eugenol, chavibetol, hydroxychavicol, triterpenes and β-sitosterol. Pharmacological Profile has shown antiplatelet, anti-inflammatory effects as well as immunomodulatory, gastroprotective and antidiabetic activity. In India, Burma, Nepal, Srilanka and other parts of South Asia, the leaves of Piper betle are chewed together in a wrapped package along with the areca nut (which, by association is often called the betle nut) and mineral slaked lime (Calcium hydroxide). The areca nut contains the alkaloid arecoline, which promotes salivation and itself acts as a stimulant. In this review emphasis is lead upon research related to Therapeutic properties, Phytochemistry, and Pharmacological profile of Piper betle Linn.
... It has been also reported to have antioxidant, antifertility, radioprotective and antimicrobial effect (Evans et al. 1984 ). Reversible antifertility effect of Piper betle in Swiss albino mice has been shown b y Sarkar et al. ( 2000 ). Both aqueous and ethanolic extracts of leaves have been reported to possess antidiabetic activity in experimentally induced hyperglycaemia (Arambewela et al. 2005 ), while Bhattacharya et al. ( 2005 ) have reported radioprotective effect in ethanolic extract of leaf. ...
Abstract
Unani medicine is one of the oldest systems of traditional medicines practised in different parts of the world especially in Indian subcontinent and Arab countries. It is serving the mankind from centuries by alleviating ailments through drugs derived from natural resources. Although drugs from plant, animal and mineral sources are used in this system, but the drugs of plant origin are employed more commonly. Along with other drugs, a number of climbers have also been included in its repository. These climbers are used in a number of pathological conditions since many centuries, and the practitioners of this traditional medicine have reported very good therapeutic results as some of the drugs have been found to ameliorate many chronic and life-threatening diseases. Many of the climbers described to be medicinally useful in Unani literature have been validated scientifically by the researchers and reported to possess interesting pharmacological effects such as antidiabetic, antiulcer, anti-HIV, antitumour, anti-arthritic, nootropic etc. Present paper gives a brief account of 22 climbers of medicinal importance that are frequently used in traditional medicine (especially Unani medicine) to manage various acute and chronic diseases.
Keywords
Climbers Medicinal plants Pharmacology Therapeutic uses Unani medicine
... In the present study a significant reduction in fructose content of seminal vesicle was observed in treated mice. Depletion of fructose content hampers the glycolytic metabolism of spermatozoa resulting in abnormal sperm functions, which ultimately leads to complete male sterility [18]. It is well known that the function of seminal vesicles is under androgen control and a direct association exists between serum testosterone, seminal fructose and spermatozoa motility/fertility [19] . ...
Objective: To assess the adverse effect of Deltamethrin (DM) (technical grade) on reproductive organs and fertility indices of male Swiss albino mice, Mus musculus.
Methods: Forty male mice were divided into four experimental groups: control, vehicle control (peanut oil), high dose DM treated and low dose DM treated group. An oral dose of 3 mg/kg b.wt (low dose) and 6 mg/kg b.wt (high dose) of Deltamethrin was administered for a period of 45 days to male Swiss albino mice.
Results: DM caused a significant reduction in body and organ weights, sperm count, sperm motility percent, sperm viability, serum testosterone level, sialic acid content of cauda epididymis and fructose level of seminal vesicle. DM-treated groups also showed a significant decline in testicular 3β and 17β Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase (HSD) activities. Histological examinations revealed significant alterations in the testes of dosed groups.
Conclusion: Deltamethrin is a toxic pyrethroid pesticide that produced significant reproductive toxicity in treated male mice as revealed by the severely affected parameters and the altered gravimetric indices.
... Since the function of fructose is to induce the glycolytic metabolism of spermatozoa, it can be suggested that the decrease in fructose content due to cyfluthrin treatment hampers the glycolytic metabolism of spermatozoa. This in turn may lead to abnormal sperm function which ultimately may cause complete male sterility (Sarkar et al., 2000). ...
Widespread use of insecticides for many years leads to contamination in food chain and environment. Cyfluthrin, a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide is used widely against chewing and sucking insects. Toxic effects of cyfluthrin were evaluated on testes of male Swiss albino mice. The test animals were divided into two groups-Control and Experimental. Three doses of cyfluthrin: 2.65 mg/kg b.wt. (low dose),
5.3 mg/kg b.wt. (medium dose) and 10.6 mg/kg b.wt. (high dose), were administered to the animals of Experimental group. They were given the pesticide dissolved in distilled water once orally and were autopsied on Day 2, 7 and 30 after pesticide administration. Quantitative aspects viz. body weight, testes weight and
organ/somatic Index were assessed. Histopathological examination of testes was performed and biochemical parameters viz. Glycogen, Fructose, Cholesterol and Sialic acid were evaluated. The medium and high dose significantly decreased the body weight and organ/somatic index. The germinal epithelium showed shrinkage, vacuolization occurred in the interstitial spaces, seminiferous tubules were
displaced and lumen diameter decreased. A highly significant decrease in Glycogen, Fructose, Cholesterol and Sialic acid occurred. It may therefore be inferred that cyfluthrin exerts hazardous effects on the testes of Swiss albino mice.
Effect of ethanolic extract of Citrullus colocynthis (CCT) was investigated on testes function ,testosterone ,LH and FSH hormone in albino mature male rats. Twenty four (24) rats weighting (220-280) g were grouped in to 4 groupsby (6) animals / day group and treated as follows for (42) days. first group considered control received 2 ml distilled water orally. While the experimental group second group(T1)were received 25 mg/kg B.W. ethanolic extract of CCT,and third group(T2) received50mg/kgB.W.,while fourth group(T3)received 75mg/kg B.W.The result the animals treated with 75 mg of ethanolic extract of CCT affected the testes by decrease of weight and decrease in hormone testosterone ,LH and FSH .also showed histological change completetly absent of spermatogenic cells in certain seminiferous tubules which replacement by large multiple vacuoles and lining by only by Sertoli cells , and marked thickness of interstitial tissueThe results showed the presence of a significant decrease (P <0.05) in the proportion of the testicular weight to body weight when compared with the control group. while testes histological study showed (T2, T3) thickness Tunica albuginea ,congested blood vessels with thickness of basement membrane of seminiferous s tubules and vaculation of their spermatogenic cells layer without presences sperms in their lumen. In conclusion the result of this study documented that CCT induced harmful effect on testes functio(50,75 mg/kg B.W.)at 4,6 week of treatment.
Keywords Cola acuminata Reproductive health Sperm count Sperm motility Testis Background and Aims: Cola acuminata pod extract (CAPE) is used in Nigerian traditional medicine to treat low sperm count in males. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the effects of CAPE on the reproductive system of male albino rats. Materials and Methods: Preliminary acute toxicity testing, phytochemical screening, proximate analysis, and determination of vitamin E concentration were performed on the extract. Three groups (I, II, and III) of 12 rats were used in the study. Each group comprised three batches (A, B, and C) of 4 rats each for different periods (4, 6, and 8 weeks, respectively). Results: Acute toxicity testing showed that CAPE had an oral lethal dose of 50% (LD50) of >5 g/kg body weight (b.wt) in rats. Vitamin E concentration was 0.511 mg/l. The caudal epididymal sperm count increased marginally from 4 to 6 weeks for rats treated with 800 mg/kg b.wt., but reduced significantly at 8 weeks for both CAPE treatment groups (II and III) (p<0.05) compared with the control group (I). Significant reduction (p<0.05) of sperm motility and serum testosterone levels at 8 weeks were observed. The histology of the reproductive organs revealed evident histo-architectural changes. Conclusions: These results suggest that the aqueous pod extract of Cola acuminata causes marked alterations in reproductive organs and shows antispermatogenic and antiandrogenic effects when administered orally over 8 weeks in mature male rats leading to contradicting its use as a traditional remedy for low sperm count in males.
Keywords Cola acuminata Reproductive health Sperm count Sperm motility Testis Background and Aims: Cola acuminata pod extract (CAPE) is used in Nigerian traditional medicine to treat low sperm count in males. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the effects of CAPE on the reproductive system of male albino rats. Materials and Methods: Preliminary acute toxicity testing, phytochemical screening, proximate analysis, and determination of vitamin E concentration were performed on the extract. Three groups (I, II, and III) of 12 rats were used in the study. Each group comprised three batches (A, B, and C) of 4 rats each for different periods (4, 6, and 8 weeks, respectively). Results: Acute toxicity testing showed that CAPE had an oral lethal dose of 50% (LD50) of >5 g/kg body weight (b.wt) in rats. Vitamin E concentration was 0.511 mg/l. The caudal epididymal sperm count increased marginally from 4 to 6 weeks for rats treated with 800 mg/kg b.wt., but reduced significantly at 8 weeks for both CAPE treatment groups (II and III) (p<0.05) compared with the control group (I). Significant reduction (p<0.05) of sperm motility and serum testosterone levels at 8 weeks were observed. The histology of the reproductive organs revealed evident histo-architectural changes. Conclusions: These results suggest that the aqueous pod extract of Cola acuminata causes marked alterations in reproductive organs and shows antispermatogenic and antiandrogenic effects when administered orally over 8 weeks in mature male rats leading to contradicting its use as a traditional remedy for low sperm count in males.
The Piper betelplant is an evergreen and perennial creeper which is used in several traditional medicines to cure various diseases. The liquid extract of the plant has been used traditionally in curing inflammationand infection of the respiratory tract, cough, dyspnoea, indigestion,diphtheria, hysteria as well as general and sexual debility. The Indian traditional system ofmedicine has identified the Piper betelleaves with digestive and pancreatic lipasestimulant activities. In the present study, 14-day subacute toxicity assays were carried out.The crude extract did not produce toxic symptoms in mice in dose up to 2000mg/kg. This was also contirmed by hematological and histopathology examination.Piper betelshowed hypotensive, cardiac, and respiratory depressant effectssmooth and skeletal muscles relaxant actions, antimicrobial, fungicidal,and nematocidal activity.Piper betel leaves extract contains large number of bioactive molecule like polyphenol, alkaloids, steroids, saponin, and tannin.Alkaloid is the main constituent which is present in the extract has been detected by the Rf. values which were found from the TLC chromatography (HPTLC) has been performed.HPTLC also has been performed.
To assess clinical features, risk factors and etiology of stroke in individual’s age group of 15-45 years.
Stroke is the most common life-threatening neurological disease which causes disability and
morbidity. All young patients in the age group of 15-45 years admitted to Kasturba hospital, Manipal
with ischaemic strokes (based on CT or MRI Brain scan) from October 2018 to June 2020 were
recruited in this prospective study after obtaining prior informed consent. Each patient was examined
in detail and evaluated according to common proforma. Of 332 total ischaemic stroke patients
admitted during the study period, 74 had stroke in young with smoking (40.5%), hypertension (33.8%),
diabetes (17.6%) and existing heart disease (14.8%) were found to be the most common risk factors
involved. Aetiology of young stroke patients in the present study could be identified in 46 (62.1%) of
patients and no cause was found in 28 (37.8%). As majority constitutes modifiable risk factors, there
is significant scope for primary and secondary prevention of ischaemic stroke in the young and a
sincere attempt should be made to identify the risk factors and etiology in such cases.
Keywords: Cerebrovascular accident; CVA; stroke; young stroke
This book covers key areas of Medicine and Medical Research. The contributions by the authors include randomized controlled trials, laryngo-pharyngeal reflux, oedema of the arytenoid region, MDVP, standard text, electroglottography, cerebrovascular accident, young stroke, autism, hyperfocus, cingulate gyrus, amygdale, neuropsychology, neurophysiology, sickle Cell Anaemia, Pulmonary Hypertension, Tricuspid regurgitant jet Velocity, antibiotic stewardship, antibiotic therapy, antimicrobial resistance, biomarkers, procalcitonin, sepsis, mucopolysaccharidosis, retina, glycosaminoglycans, neurodevelopment, e-learning, modalities, medical Research, tall poppy syndrome, medical misinformation, robotic surgery, thoracic surgery, thoracic robotic surgery, thoracoscopy, congenital malformations, minirobots, male contraception, hormonal approach, pneumomediastinum, postpartum, hamman, delivery, mediastinum, congenital heart disease, children, physical exercise, social inclusion, physiotherapy, comorbid conditions, Coronavirus infectious disease 2019, Hemoglobin A1c, abnormal uterine bleeding, Menorrhagia, Polymenorrhoea, Reproductive age group women. This book contains various materials suitable for students, researchers and academicians in the field of Medicine and Medical Research.
Metal oxide nanoparticles attract huge attention nowadays. In the current study, zirconium nanoparticles were prepared and impregnated on cotton gauze fabrics by the reduction of zirconium oxychloride. The synthesized zirconium nanoparticles (ZrNPs) were analyzed using UV–Vis absorption, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results revealed that the ZrNPs were spherical in shape and crystalline in nature and ranged in size from 10 to 80 nm. Cotton gauze fabrics containing ZrNPs were studied for antimicrobial properties. ZrNPs were uniformly distributed and a high deposition density was observed on the surface of the cotton. Cotton fabrics loaded with the synthesized ZrNPs showed remarkable antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Therefore, the current work may aid to further investigate the zirconium nanoparticles synthesized using Piper betel for their potential applications in wound dressings.
Commonly used synthetic or prescribed hormonal drugs are known to interfere with the endocrine system and may have adverse reproductive, neurological, developmental, and metabolic effects in the body. These may also produce adverse effects such as polycystic ovarian disorder, endometriosis, early puberty, infertility or toxicity to gonads, testicular germ cell cancer, breast or prostate cancer, brain developmental problems, and even birth defects. Globally, the emergence of renewed interest in natural products for reproductive health is on the rise, which offers opportunities for new contraceptive developments. The search for alternate, safer contraceptive products or agents of natural origin is of scientific interest. Ayurvedic classical texts offer knowledge and information about the reproductive function and therapeutics including those for enhancement and limiting male and female fertility. Review of ancient, medieval, and recent—including texts on erotica that provide information on approaches and large numbers of formulations and drugs of plant, mineral or animal origin—claimed to have sterilizing, contraceptive, abortifacient, and related properties is presented. Few among these are known to be toxic and few are not so common. However, most of the formulations, ingredients, or modes of administration have remained unattended to, due to issues related to consumer compliance and limitations of standardization and lack of appropriate validation modalities. Several of these ingredients have been studied for their phytoconstituents and for the variety of pharmacological activities. Efforts to standardize several classical dosage forms and attempts to adapt to modern technologies have been made. List of formulations, ingredients, and their properties linked with known constituents, pharmacological, biological, and toxicity studies have been provided in a series of tables. The possible effectiveness and safety of selected formulations and ingredients have been examined. Suggestions based on new drug delivery systems integrated with advances in biotechnology, to provide prospects for new therapeutics for contraception, have been considered. Ayurveda is built on a holistic paradigm of biological entity rather than limited gonadal functions. Graphic presentation of a few carefully chosen possibilities has been depicted. New approaches to standardization and ethnopharmacological validation of natural contraceptive therapeutics may offer novel mechanisms and modalities and therapeutic opportunities to satisfy unmet needs of contraception.
Keywords Cola acuminata Reproductive health Sperm count Sperm motility Testis Background and Aims: Cola acuminata pod extract (CAPE) is used in Nigerian traditional medicine to treat low sperm count in males. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the effects of CAPE on the reproductive system of male albino rats. Materials and Methods: Preliminary acute toxicity testing, phytochemical screening, proximate analysis, and determination of vitamin E concentration were performed on the extract. Three groups (I, II, and III) of 12 rats were used in the study. Each group comprised three batches (A, B, and C) of 4 rats each for different periods (4, 6, and 8 weeks, respectively). Results: Acute toxicity testing showed that CAPE had an oral lethal dose of 50% (LD50) of >5 g/kg body weight (b.wt) in rats. Vitamin E concentration was 0.511 mg/l. The caudal epididymal sperm count increased marginally from 4 to 6 weeks for rats treated with 800 mg/kg b.wt., but reduced significantly at 8 weeks for both CAPE treatment groups (II and III) (p<0.05) compared with the control group (I). Significant reduction (p<0.05) of sperm motility and serum testosterone levels at 8 weeks were observed. The histology of the reproductive organs revealed evident histo-architectural changes. Conclusions: These results suggest that the aqueous pod extract of Cola acuminata causes marked alterations in reproductive organs and shows antispermatogenic and antiandrogenic effects when administered orally over 8 weeks in mature male rats leading to contradicting its use as a traditional remedy for low sperm count in males.
This study aimed to develop sex-specific AFLP markers for dioecious Piper betle (Betelvine). A combination of ulk segregant analysis (BSA) and non-radioactive labelling led to simple, rapid and reliable PCR-based screening of sex-specific markers. A total of nine primer combinations were screened using BSA for male and female cultivars. Seven out of nine primer combinations produced bands specific to either of the sex. These seven primer combinations when used for screening DNA sample from individual male and female cultivars yielded two primer combinations which produced male sex-specific markers. Primer combinations EcoRI-CTA/MseI-CTA and EcoRI-CGT/MseI-CGT produced unique fragments of ~ 147 bp and ~ 326 bp, respectively, in bulk DNA as well as in DNA sample from individual male and female cultivars. These unique fragments were present in all the tested males and absent from all the tested female cultivars.
Elevated serum interleukins (IL-6, IL-1β) over baseline concentration help in blastocyst adhesion to the uterine endometrium in the early phase of pregnancy. A nano PLA (Piperolactam A)-HPBCD (2-hydroxy-propyl-β-cyclodextrin) inclusion complex was developed as an interleukin down-regulator that exhibited 100% anti-implantation activity in rodents at a dose as low as 2.5-5.0 mg/kg. On metabolomics study, among major glyco-lipo-protein metabolites, only serum low-density lipoprotein (LDL) or very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) levels revealed alteration by the formulation. Administration of PLA-HPBCD did not cause changes in serum estrogen and progesterone levels. However, IL-6 and IL-1β failed to increase post PLA-HPBCD administration; hence, it is assumed to be the mode of the drug's abortifacient action. In addition, absence of signs of either acute or chronic toxicity suggests the formulation was considerably non-toxic. Therefore, the nano-PLA conjugate promises as a non-steroidal contraceptive lead apart from ormeloxifene, the only non-steroidal anti-fertility agent currently available globally.
Ethnopharmacological relevance:
More than 15,000 angiosperm species are dioecious, i.e., having distinct male and female individual plants. The allocation of resources between male and female plants is different, and also variation in secondary metabolites and sex-biased herbivory is reported among dioecious plants. However, little is known about the ethnobotany of dioecious species and whether preferences exist for a specific gender, e.g., in food, medicine or timber.
Aim of the study:
The aim of this study was: 1) to study whether Indian folk healers have preference for plant genders, and to document their knowledge and use of dioecious species; 2) to understand the concept of plant gender in Indian systems of medicine and folk medicine, and whether Ayurvedic literature includes any references to gender preference.
Materials and methods:
Lists of dioecious plants used in Indian systems of medicine and folk medicine were compiled. Ethnobotanical data was collected on perceptions and awareness of dioecious plants, and preferences of use of specific genders of dioecious species using semi-structured interviews with folk healers in Tamil Nadu, India. In addition, twenty Ayurvedic doctors were interviewed to gain insight into the concept of plant gender in Ayurveda.
Results:
Indian systems of medicine contain 5-7% dioecious species, and this estimate is congruent the number of dioecious species in flowering plants in general. Informants recognized the phenomenon of dioecy in 31 out of 40 species, and reported gender preferences for 13 species with respect to uses as timber, food and medicine. Among informants different plant traits such as plant size, fruit size, and visibility of fruits determines the perception of a plant being a male or female. Ayurvedic classical literature provides no straightforward evidence on gender preferences in preparation of medicines or treatment illness, however it contains details about reproductive morphology and sexual differentiation of plants.
Conclusions:
A knowledge gap exists in ethnobotanical and ethnopharmacological literature on traditional knowledge of dioecious plants. From this explorative study it is evident that people have traditional knowledge on plant gender and preferential usages towards one gender. Based on this, we propose that researchers conducting ethnobotanical and ethnopharmacological studies should consider documenting traditional knowledge on sexual systems of plants, and test the existence of gender specific usages in their conceptual framework and hypothesis testing. Incorporating such concepts could provide new dimensions of scientific knowledge with potential implications to conservation biology, chemical ecology, ethnoecology and drug discovery.
With increased industrial utilization of iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe2O3-NPs), concerns on adverse reproductive health effects following exposure have been immensely raised. In the present study, the effects of Fe2O3-NPs exposure in the seminal vesicle and prostate gland were studied in mice. Mice were exposed to two different doses (25 and 50 mg/kg) of Fe2O3-NPs along with the control and analyzed the expressions of heat shock proteins (HSP60, HSP70 and HSP90) and organ specific markers (Caltrin, PSP94, and SSLP1). Fe2O3-NPs decreased food consumption, water intake, and organo-somatic index in mice with elevated iron levels in serum, urine, fecal matter, seminal vesicle and prostate gland. FTIR spectra revealed alterations in the functional groups of biomolecules on Fe2O3-NPs treatment. These changes are accompanied by increased lactate dehydrogenase levels with decreased total protein and fructose levels. The investigation of oxidative stress biomarkers demonstrated a significant increase in reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide, lipid peroxidation, protein carbonyl content and glutathione peroxidase with a concomitant decrement in the glutathione and ascorbic acid in the male accessory organs which confirmed the induction of oxidative stress. An increase in NADPH-oxidase-4 with a decrease in glutathione-S-transferase was observed in the seminal vesicle and prostate gland of the treated groups. An alteration in HSP60, HSP70, HSP90, Caltrin, PSP94, and SSLP1 expression was also observed. Moreover, accumulation of Fe2O3-NPs brought pathological changes in the seminal vesicle and prostate gland of treated mice. These findings provide evidence that Fe2O3-NPs could be an environmental risk factor for reproductive disease.
A simple, general procedure is described for the determination of the dissociation constant (KD) of antigen-antibody equilibria in solution. First the monoclonal antibody is incubated in solution with the antigen until the equilibrium is reached; then the proportion of antibody which remains unsaturated at equilibrium is measured by a classical indirect ELISA. The experimental values of KD found by this ELISA procedure for 2 monoclonal antibodies are shown to be very close to those obtained by conventional methods (immunoprecipitation of the radiolabeled antigen, or fluorescence transfer). Moreover, it is shown that, provided the measurements are made under conditions where the total antigen concentration is in large excess over the total antibody concentration, the dissociation constant of antibody-antigen complexes can be determined even with crude preparations of monoclonal antibody.The sensitivity of the ELISA used permits the detection of very small concentrations of antibody and the determination of KD values as small as 10−9 M. This method also offers the great advantage of dealing with unmodified molecules since no labeling of either the antigen or the antibody is required.
A mixture of two partially triterpenoid saponins (Tg), isolated from Acacia auriculiformis was tested for sperm immobilizing activity by using in vitro system. The lowest concentration (ED) required for an obvious immobilization of human sperm by using a modified Sander-Cramer test was found to be 0.35 mg/ml in physiological saline. The ability of the compound as a sperm immobilizing agent was compared with that of Triton X-100 and found to be more potent. Cervical mucus penetration test was also performed and the ED successfully prevented sperm entry in human cervical mucus. Supra-vital staining with eosin-nigrosin indicated death of the treated sperm. Electron microscopic study of Tg-treated sperm showed plasma membrane disintegration and dissolution of acrosomal cap which is presumably the cause for the spermicidal effect of the saponins. No permanent lesion was observed after application of 1.25 mg/ml Tg solution in physiological saline to the eye of rabbits for ten consecutive days.
A new modification of the procedure of Roe for determination of fructose concentrations in tissues is described. The modification shows no reaction with glucose or glucose phosphates. Tissues are homogenized in dilute perchloric acid, filtered, and reacted with alcoholic resorcinol and 30% HCl for 1 hr at 80°C. As little as 0.33 μg/ml of fructose may be reliably determined. Fructose phosphates react in this test but to a lesser extent than pure fructose.
Studies on pre-clinical toxicity were undertaken to determine the haematological and biochemical changes after administration of alcoholic extract of leaf-stalk of P. betle in rats and mice. Acute and chronic toxicity experiments were performed on mice and rats according to WHO protocol. Different doses of plant extractive were administered for toxicity studies on short and long term basis. Haematological, biochemical profiles and enzymatic studies (transaminases and phosphatases) indicated that the drug (plant extractive) was devoid of toxicity.
Betle roots as antifertility agent
- R L Khosa
- R H Singh
Khosa RL, Singh RH. Betle roots as antifertility agent. J Res Ind Med 1972;7:65–7.