No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the authors.
Insecticidal properties of volatile extracts of orange peels
Abstract
Statistical studies using the randomised complete block design with four replicates showed that volatile extracts of two species of orange peel--Citrus sinensis (sweet orange) and Citrus aurantifolia (lime) had insecticidal activity against mosquito, cockroach and housefly. Insecticidal activity was better after 60 min than at 30 min spraying of rooms. Volatile extracts of C. sinensis showed greater insecticidal potency, while the cockroach was the most susceptible to the orange peels among the three insects studied.
... Volatile constituents and flavonoids of extracts of citrus fruits have been suggested to have properties against fungus and insects (Macias et al., 2005). Statistical studies using the randomized complete block design with four replicates showed that volatile extracts of two species of orange peels, citrus sinensis (sweet orange) and citrus aurantifolia (Lime) had insecticidal activity against mosquito, cockroach and housefly (Ezeonu et al., 2001). ...
... The active ingredient, D-limonene, destroys wax coatings of the insect's respiratory system when applied directly by suffocating insects. The citrus fragrance also acts as a repellent (Ezeonu et al., 2001). The EPA calls D-limonene a broad-based insecticides. ...
... The EPA calls D-limonene a broad-based insecticides. It can be used for aphids, ants, mealy bugs, gnats, silver fish, fleas, mosquito, cockroaches and house flies (Ezeonu et al., 2001). ...
Natural plant products and materials have been used by local people as insecticides to control insects such as mosquito. Among the most notable plants having such insecticidal properties are Azadirachta indica (neem) and Citrus sinensis (sweet orange). The leaves of these plants have been immensely studied and well known for their medicinal value. Whereas, the seeds of Azadirachta indica and peels of Citrus sinensis were mostly known for their insecticidal properties and have been found to be hepatotoxic. Therefore, this study is aimed at investigating the toxicological effects of these plant materials on the liver. The treatment involved exposing three groups of white albino rats (Rattus novergicus) to the smoke of dried and grinded seeds of Azadirachta indica, peels of Citrus sinensis and their combination at different duration of one hour and two hours for each group respectively. The first group (Group A) was not exposed to any of the natural insecticides and was fed normal diet and water, and therefore served as control. After four weeks of the treatment, all the rats were sacrificed and the liver enzymes AST, ALT and ALP were assayed. The serum levels of AST, ALT and ALP for the rats that were treated have been found to significantly increase (at p<0.05) when compared to the control. Therefore, the result of this study revealed that these natural insecticides have significant effect on 325 the serum level of liver enzymes. However, the duration of exposure increases the severity of the effect. This implies that these plant materials could cause liver injury and as such they are toxic to the liver at the duration of exposure studied.
... The sweet orange reproduces asexually, and its trees are widely grown in tropical and subtropical climates. The fruit of the orange tree can be eaten fresh or processed for its juice or fragrant peel [4][5][6] . Essential oils from neem, camphor, lemon, cinnamon, pine, mint and several plants have been shown to possess mosquito larvicidal properties [1,7] . ...
... LC90 value of 4.6 ppm was derived by extrapolation. [4,5] (R)-(+)-Limonene has been reported to be a biodegradable insecticide, non-toxic petroleum-based grease cleaner; used in some medicine and cosmetic products, and of tremendous health benefits [12,13] . β-Myrcene, a noncyclic monoterpene, which accounted for 5.59% of the essential oil of C. sinensis fruit rind is widely used in the perfume industry, but more commonly used as an industrial precursor to various other terpenes including geraniol, menthol, citral and nerol; it synergizes the antibiotic potential of other terpenes and is a potent analgesic [14] . ...
... Citrus sinensis fruit rind essential oil showed great larvicidal activity even at concentrations as low as 2.5 ppm. This is also in agreement with Ezeonu, et al. who reported that sweet orange has promising insecticidal activity against Aedes mosquitoes and cockroaches [5] . It was observed that the essential oil used in this study did not only affect the larval stage but also other developing stages. ...
Malaria, filariasis and other related fever caused by insects constitute major health challenges in the world. Since synthetic insecticides used for the control of the vectors may not be environmentally friendly, essential oil of Citrus sinensis (sweet orange) rind was tested for larvicidal potency. The essential oil was obtained via hydrodistillation method and subjected to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. (R)-(+)-limonene, a monoterpene was obtained as the major constituent of essential oil of Citrus sinensis rind. Mortality of the larvae of culex mosquitoes was observed after 24 hours of exposure to different concentrations of the essential oil. Result obtained showed that the mortality rate of the larvae increased with increase in concentration of the essential oil with LC90 value of 4.6 ppm. The essential oil of Citrus sinensis rind showed potent larvicidal efficacy and can be considered for further investigation.
... Of course, because the units of measurement and the type of extract are different in the fields, it is not possible to make a complete comparison. Ezeonu et al. (2001) investigated the effect of extracts of two types of orange peel Citrus sinensis (sweet orange) and Citrus aurantifolia (lime) on mosquitoes and concluded that these two extracts have very low biological performance, but this fact should be c onsidered that a large amount of these peels are produced by orange juice industries.Extraction of skin oils is a suitable option to recover resources from waste. These facts show enough optimism for investment (Ezeonu et al. 2001). ...
... Ezeonu et al. (2001) investigated the effect of extracts of two types of orange peel Citrus sinensis (sweet orange) and Citrus aurantifolia (lime) on mosquitoes and concluded that these two extracts have very low biological performance, but this fact should be c onsidered that a large amount of these peels are produced by orange juice industries.Extraction of skin oils is a suitable option to recover resources from waste. These facts show enough optimism for investment (Ezeonu et al. 2001). Dua et al. (2008) showed the effect of Valeriana jatamansi root extract on larvicidal and adulticidal activity against different mosquito species. ...
Aim
Herein, we determined anti-amoebic properties of propolis collected from different regions in Iran against Naegleria fowleri and Balamuthia mandrillaris.
Background
Natural products remain a valuable source of compounds that are biologically active. Approximately, one third of well-known therapeutic drugs worldwide are derived from natural products.
Objectives
Considering the use of propolis in folk medicine, here for the first time, we evaluated anti-amoebic properties of propolis against free-living pathogenic amoebae, B. mandrillaris and N. fowleri
Methods
Propolis was collected from different regions of Iran and ethanolic extracts were prepared. Amoebicidal and cysticidal assays were accomplished to determine the effects of propolis against N. fowleri and B. mandrillaris. In vitro cytotoxicity assays were carried out to establish propolis effects on host cell damage. Finally, propolis metabolites were determined using spectrometric methods.
Results
It was observed that propolis exhibited potent antiamoebic effects against trophozoites and cysts of both N. fowleri and B. mandrillaris at µg concentrations. When tested against cysts of both amoebae, only selected propolis exhibited cysticidal properties. The best activity was observed by propolis from the Kermanshah region which depicted more than 95% amoebicidal activity, and more than 60% cysticidal activity against both amoebae, respectively. Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry revealed that each extract is comprised of various components.
Conclusion
For the first time we showed that propolis has amoebicidal activity against both amoebae tested. Investigation into the individual activity of the components of propolis extracts and their mechanism of action against aforementioned parasites might lead to the discovery of novel anti-amoebic compounds.
... Earlier researches have reported that KT and/or degree of potency of an insecticide are/is the product of many dependent variables. The pH of the liquid insecticide, specific stage of insect's life cycle particularly the immature stages (larvae and pupae of mosquitoes, for instance), the prevailing temperature and humidity, the presence and amount of active ingredients in the extracts, etc., are among such factors that have been identified by scholars of entomology (30,11,16). Kill times of a larvicide, according to Woodruff (15), varies with its pH changes even though such variations are sometimes negligible. ...
... Thus, the KT of a citrus volatile oil extract depends to some extent, on the type and amount of active ingredients it contains. Comparatively, this finding have confirmed the results of earlier studies which reported that active ingredients in phytochemical extracts are richly endowed with biological potentials (7,8,1,4,11,17,20). ...
The kill times of the minimum lethal concentrations (MLCs) of extracts from peels, pulp and seeds of five species of citrus fruits tested against mosquito larvae were evaluated. To obtain the phytochemicals from these citrus fruit parts Soxchlet extraction using Diethyl Ether as solvent was carried out at a temperature range between 60 o C and 80 o C for 6hours. Five concentration grades of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% were prepared, and 100ml of each was poured into a transparent plastic container holding 20 live active mosquito larvae in 500ml of clean water. A control was set up with the same concentrations of Altosid liquid larvicide. The time each concentration was added was noted; the interval between the time of application of extract to the container of water holding the larvae and the time all the 20 larvae in any of the concentrations died were recorded. The peel extracts of C. sinensis, C. limonum, C. aurantifolia, and pulp extract of C. reticulata showed minimum lethal concentrations (MLCs) of 5% each, with respective kill times (KTs) of 2, 3, 2 and 1 minute, compared with control in which MLC was 10% and KT of 4 minutes. The extracts were more effective than the control. Besides, Pearson correlation test to ascertain relationship between KT and quantitative composition of active ingredients in the phytochemical extracts proved significant (P < 0.01).
... Four 200 ml cups containing 100 ml of the crude extract in solution with sub lethal concentrations and controls were placed inside a one -cubed cage. Twenty (20) blood-fed female Aedes aegyti mosquitoes were exposed to the extract in solution. The mosquitoes were fed for at least three days before the commencement of the test. ...
... In addition to the duration, the concentrations used for the larvicidal was on the high side (1000 -4000 ppm). The use of crude extract, in some cases, requires large amount to produce expected mortality [16,8] 19,20] which is more or less an isolate. ...
Aim: In a view to determining the capacity of Clerodendrum polycephalum to control mosquitoes, the methanol extract of the leaf was investigated for insecticidal activities using three species of mosquitoes, Aedes aegypti, Anopheles gambiae and Culex quinquefasciatus. Methodology: The leaves of C. polycephalum were collected, dried and extracted with methanol. Mosquito larvae were exposed to different concentrations for 24/48h. and sublethal concentrations (L25, 50, 75) of the extract to determine larvicidal activity and monitor growth and development respectively. Twenty (20) blood-fed female Aedes aegyti mosquitoes were allowed to lay eggs on treated filter papers for antioviposition bioassay. The crude extract was separated into N-hexane, Dichloromethane, ethyl-acetate, ethanol fractions using Vacuum Liquid Chromatography to determine the active fraction. Results: Results showed that larval mortalities were in the order C. quiquefasciatus>A. gambiae>A. aegypti with effective concentration ranging from 250 – 8000 ppm. Mortalities at 48hr were significantly different (p<0.05) from mortalities at 24h. Of the four fractions obtained, ethanol fraction gave the highest larval mortality of 100% at 2000 ppm. Larval duration for all the three species of mosquitoes exposed to the crude extract varied between 2.25±0.5 and 3.25±0.5 days. As Antioviposition Index increased from 46.4 - 89.9, percent hatching of mosquito eggs deceased from 87.25 – 67.5% with increasing concentration. Conclusion: The extract of C. polycephalum was found to contain insecticidal compounds which are soluble in polar solvent. The plant could be exploited in mosquito control programme.
... G Agricultural Industry: Aromatic compounds from fruit waste can be used as natural insecticides or pesticides to protect crops from pests and diseases. For instance, the essential oil extracted from orange peels contains compounds such as D-limonene, which has insecticidal properties and can be used as a natural insecticide in agricultural applications (Ezeonu et al., 2001). G Environmental Industry: Aromatic compounds extracted from fruit waste can improve the odor and quality of wastewater, thus reducing the environmental impact of industrial and municipal wastewater. ...
... The essential oils act as nerve agents disrupting insects' respiratory systems [6]. They can also be used as 12:118 fumigants [7], repellents [8], antifeedants [9] toxins [10], and to interfere with insect growth, development, metamorphosis, and reproduction [11]. Cinnamon is a tropical tree related to the Lauraceae family; it is a tropical tree growing Sri Lanka, East and Middle Asia [12]. ...
Background
Control of mosquitoes is considered an essential public health priority. This study was designed to estimate the larvicidal activity of two formulations of Cinnamomum zeylanicum EO for controlling Culex pipiens larvae.
Results
The prepared formulations were a nanoemulsion of cinnamon (CNE), cinnamon (CN) alone and ordinary cinnamon essential oil mixed with sesame oil (CSO). The cinnamon + sesame oil (CSO) was added as one part cinnamon to 3 parts SO. Different concentrations were prepared and applied following the WHO larvicidal bioassay protocol. Our findings revealed that the LC 50 of the CNE form ranged from 85.3 µg/mL to 28.30 µg/mL. The LC 50 of SO alone was 1265 µg/mL but when mixed with CNE to form the CSO mixture, this decreased to 159.00 µg/mL. In terms of residual effect, the ordinary form of cinnamon had a residual effect in water for 72 h at a dose of 1000 µg/ml, but this extended to 120 h at the same dose when the CNE form was used. However CSO did not have a residual effect, however.
Conclusion
The nanoemulsion form significantly improved the efficacy and residual effect of cinnamon against Culex pipiens larvae. Additionally, mixing cinnamon with sesame oil had a synergistic effect. This may assist control strategies against the house mosquito, Culex pipiens .
... The essential oils act as nerve agents disrupting insects' respiratory systems [6]. They can also be used as 12:118 fumigants [7], repellents [8], antifeedants [9] toxins [10], and to interfere with insect growth, development, metamorphosis, and reproduction [11]. Cinnamon is a tropical tree related to the Lauraceae family; it is a tropical tree growing Sri Lanka, East and Middle Asia [12]. ...
... The oil content in the plant will also play significant role in selecting a material for phytocoil production. Groundnut (40-55%), neem powder (48.4% -this study), coconut [19][20][21][22][23]. The 11.4% moisture content of the material, indicates the wettability of the seed samples which was used for the experiment. ...
In this study, neem oil was extracted from neem seeds kernel and its
characterization was done by proximate analysis to determine the
physico-chemical properties of the oil extracted. From the experiment,
the moisture content, oil content, saponification (SAP) value, color and
nature at room temperature of the grinded neem seed are 11.4%, 48.4%,
171 mg KOH, golden yellow and liquid, respectively. The formulated
insecticide phyto coil from both oil and neem leaves can be used as
substitute to synthetic insecticides. Examining the repelling ability of the
phytocoil confirms its ability to deter mosquitoes for up to 4 hrs in a
small toilet room. Packaging as well as the improvement of the
methodology of its mass production is suggested to enhance its looks
and shape it to acceptable standard.
... The hornet's ability to prey the bees is favored by a number of features (morphological and physiological) and behavioral adaptations; this wasp is, in fact, well equipped for the hunting of bees: it has a larger body size compared to their prey, and a heavy chitinous armor to resist bee attacks and their strong mandibles and venomous sting make them a deadly nemesis for bees of different species [31,32]. Bioactive organic compounds that produced through the plants can act as repellent materials, oviposition, food deterrents, growth restrains, and toxins [33,34]. So that the Mediterranean cypress Cupressus sempervirens L., 1753 (Pinales: Cupressaceae) was chosen in the current investigation due to the ease of obtaining it; in addition to, it was applied in the control of other insects. ...
A significant amount of apiaries is destroyed in most areas of Iraq by attacking of the hornet Vespa orientalis Linnaeus, 1771, as well as the deterioration of European honey bees’ Apis mellifera Linnaeus, 1758 productivity recently because the environmental changes and pollutions; this effect was evident in the economy and plant production, because the bees as the most popular species of pollinator of crops globally. There is no effective and environmentally safe method yet; Therefore, this study suggested to use essential oils of Mediterranean cypress Cupressus sempervirens L., 1753 (Pinales: Cupressaceae), and testing as a repellant substance. In the current investigations, we used three concentrations: 25000, 50000 and 100000 ppm to test efficacy the essential oil as a repellant with cow spleen as attractive bait for this wasp, in addition to, the extract was tested it within the apiary beehives to prevent wasps attacking and catching the worker bees. The result showed that the concentrations of 50000 and 100000 ppm were high repellant material, without finding any significant difference in statistical analysis; although it’s found between these concentrations and other treatments including the control. Therefore, we recommend using the concentration 50000 ppm in the apiaries to give it amazing results and a clear repellant of wasps, as they avoid getting close to the beehives openings at a distance of 45 cm. In addition, this essential oil did not effect on the activity of bees during the field observations.
... Plant derived extract are biologically active that are safe, biodegradable and have no adverse effect on the environment and non-target organisms (Kweka et al. 2016). Bioactive organic compounds produced by plants can act as repellents, oviposition or food deterrents, growth inhibitors, and toxins (Ezeonu et al. 2001;Carlini and Grossi 2002). Reports indicate that essential oils and extract of local plants have promising larvicidal, adulticidal and repellent activity against malaria vectors (Karunamoorthi et al. 2009;Karunamoorthi and Ilango 2010). ...
The unsystematic use of synthetic insecticides causes the inception of resistant populations in Anopheles stephensi. Crude protein extract of Datura stramonium leaves and purified protein have strong larvicidal effects against third instar larvae of An. stephensi. The crude protein extract has LC50 and LC90 values of 0.516 mg/ml, and 2.07 mg/ml after 48 h of exposure. The protein was purified by anion exchanger DEAE Cellulose by ion-exchange chromatography. The active fractions showing highest mortality were further purified by native page and HPLC. Single band of the lyophilized active fraction was detected by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The purified single protein has an LC50 of 0.027 mg/ml and an LC90 value of 0.06 mg/ml after 24 h of exposure. The purified protein was eluted out from the gel and digested with trypsin. The protein was identified by LC-MS/ESI-MS and peptide match with the help of Mascot Search Engine. The single protein band of 10 kDa was purified by SDS-PAGE. The peptide homology match with the ribosomal protein S19 of Chaetosphaeridium globosum. This is the first report to identify the novel protein RPS 19 from D. stramonium leaves that exhibited mosquitocides potential. The purified protein RPS 19 suggests that this may be used as a natural insecticide and bioactive agent to control the mosquito population.
... Eos compounds and their derivatives are considered to be alternative means of controlling many harmful insects and rapid degradation in the environment has increased specificity that favours beneficial insects Essential oils have been shown to be relatively nontoxic to fish, birds and mammals and easily biodegrade in the environment (Kumar et al., 2012b) Essential oils have been used in sensitive areas, such as homes, schools, restaurants, and hospitals (Batish et al., 2008;Palacios et al., 2009b). Data on the insecticidal activity of EOs from Citrus sinensis and C. aurantifolia peel showed 70% fumigant effectiveness in killing house flies in a room after 60 min of spraying (Ezeonu et al., 2001). Eos from plants reported to have insecticidal effects against adult houseflies include Minthostachys verticillata, Hedeoma multiflora, Citrus sinensis, Citrus aurantium, Eucalyptus cinerea and Artemisia annua with LC 50 values of 0.5, 1.3, 3.9, 4.8, 5.5 and 6.5 mg/fly at 30 minutes, respectively (Palacios et al., 2009 a, b). ...
... Abdelaal et al. [46] revealed that EO and nanoemulsion of Basilicum ocimum exhibited potential toxic activities against both laboratory and field strains of cowpea aphid, A. craccivora. Our techniques were used by Ezeonu et al. [90], Mansour et al. [91], and Akram et al. [92] to corroborate the mosquitorepelling and toxic effects of peel extracts of sweet orange (C. sinensis), lime (C. ...
Aphids are serious pests of a wide range of agricultural crops, including pomegranates and grapevines. In addition, due to the negative environmental impacts of chemical insecticides, these pests are developing important resistance against aphicides. Therefore, one alternative method to control aphids is the use of essential oils (EO). The present study aimed to evaluate the insecticidal activity of Citrus aurantium and C. reticulata peel EO at different concentrations and with different exposure periods to pomegranate and grapevine aphids, Aphis punicae and A. illinoisensis via the topical application method under laboratory conditions. The results reveal that C. aurantium L. EO had greater toxicity against pomegranate and grapevine aphids, with LC50 of 0.37 and 0.82 μL/mL, respectively, at 48 h after application. The highest repellence effect was estimated for C. aurantium EO, at 2.5 μL/cm², on A. punicae, with a value of 100% after an exposure time of 3 h, in contrast to the 88% repellence estimated for A. illinoisensis. The GC-MS investigation of both essential oils identified limonene, 3-carene, pinene, and p-cymene as active substances that could be attributed to the effects observed. Overall, our results offer a potential tool to control the two aphid species and could help in the development of integrated insect management in pomegranate and grapevine fields.
... It possesses. Antiseptic property in some cases but the commonly reported property of essential oil is used as an excellent flavouring ingredient in the food industry [50,51]. ...
It is a common perspective that medicinal plants have played and continue to perform an undeniably major role in the lives of people worldwide. Essential oils are the key constituents of medicinal herbs and their biological activities have been discovered since ancient times and are enormously utilised in multiple industries. The essential oils possess important biological properties like antibacterial, antioxidant, antiviral, insecticidal, etc. Because of these unique features they are more acceptable and are utilised in various fields throughout the world. In the cosmetics industry they play an important role in the development of perfumes while in the food industry they have been used as food preservatives. Essential oil components are interestingly utilised for pharmaceutical applications. The most investigated properties are antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, wound-healing, anxiolytic activities etc. The current thrust area is evaluation for aromatherapy and anti-cancer, as it is noted that essential oils reported in plants may prevent, inhibit, or even reverse formation of cancerous cells. The aim of this chapter is to provide a concise and comprehensive overview on the therapeutic and pharmaceutical potential of essential oils in the current scenario.
... Orange oil is an essential oil extracted from the peel of the orange fruit. The essential oils extracted from the orange plant have shown insecticidal properties against mosquitoes and other insects (Ezeonu et al. 2001, Norris et al. 2015, Badawy et al. 2018. Orange oil varies in chemical composition depending on the fruit and method of extract action. ...
A solvent orange oil has been used to mix with permethrin and PBO as a commercial adulticide product called Aqualure® 20-20 for control of adult mosquitoes. The orange oil at 2.7% and 3.5% sprayed by three backpack sprayers, Hudson battery operated sprayer modified with a Solo nozzle, hand pump sprayer Solo-425, and Birchmeire battery operated sprayer, against caged adult female Aedes aegypti Linn. and Culex quinquefasciatus Say resulted in 89%–100% mortality of Ae. aegypti and 100% mortality of Cx. quinquefasciatus. The three different backpack sprayers did not show any significant differences in the percent mortality. Our test results demonstrate that orange oil alone at a high dose (3.5 %) showed effective insecticidal characteristics against both species of adult mosquitoes.
... Orange oil is an essential oil extracted from the peel of the orange fruit. The essential oils extracted from the orange plant have shown insecticidal properties against mosquitoes and other insects (Ezeonu et al. 2001, Norris et al. 2015, Badawy et al. 2018. Orange oil varies in chemical composition depending on the fruit and method of extract action. ...
Journal of the Florida Mosquito Control Association, Vol. 68, 2021 published one forum, 10 research articles, and 4 operation and scientific notes. This volume does not include the FMCA annual meeting abstracts due to COVID-19 pandemic and the FMCA only held annual business meeting in middle of November without scientific paper submission in 2020.
... Ezeonu et al. [36] reported the insecticidal properties of the volatile peel extracts of Citrus sinensis and Citrus aurantifolia against mosquito, cockroach and housefly and recorded higher insecticidal potency of the peel extract of Citrus sinensis with maximum fumigant effect (85% at 60 min) against cockroach. ...
Citrus essential oils (CEOs) and their constituent compounds are being reported to have multifarious activities. In this chapter an attempt is made to discuss the insecticidal activities, as well as CEO profile of different vegetative part of Citrus species and biocidal potentiality of their constituent compounds against diverse insect pests. It is observed that in most of the CEO constituent profile, limonene is the major constituent compound. Other important constituents present in different percentages in different CEOs are β-citronellal, linalool, pinene, β-caryophyllene, β-myrcene, terpinene, citral etc. These plant EO constituents are reported to have insecticidal effects against diverse insect species. Taking the four peel EOs of Citrus limon, Citrus paradisi, Citrus medica, Citrus maxima commonly grown in North Eastern part of India, study on their insecticidal effects against Dolichoderus affinis (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) was made and result is presented showing higher fumigant toxicity of C. medica and C. limon oil against the ant sp. With the increasing awareness for using safe insecticidal products among consumers, the citrus EOs with their attracting terpene compounds having good insecticidal potency bear all attributes to be used as commercial green pesticides in coming days both in indoor and outdoor management of insect pests.
... Some authors have observed that treatment of T. vulgaris and Z. officinale EOs on C. albiceps produces larval-pupal or pupal-adult intermediates with crumpled wings. The effect of EO from LG and TT are more [21]. The difference in efficacy between contact toxicity and fumigation assays may be due to the different percentage contributions of chemical components in two phases of oils. ...
The management of house fly, Musca domestica has become immensely important to prevent epidemics of many detrimental diseases. In view of this objective, the present study demonstrates the efficacy of lemongrass (LG) and tea tree essential oils (TTEOs) against M. domestica. The TTEO proved to be more lethal against larvae and adults of M. domestica depicting an LC50 at 14.88 mg/ dm3 which was 17.19 mg/ dm3 for LGEO. In contrast, pupicidal effect of LGEO was much higher (LD50, 14.49 µl/0.25L) as compared to TTEO. The LGEO drastically reduced the total body sugar, glycogen and protein contents by 3.29, 2.95 and 7.56 fold, respectively, contrasting with high influence of TTEO on lipid content of the late 3rd instar larvae. A considerable reduction in gut enzymes secretion was observed due to treatment of EOs thereby altering gut physiology of the insect. Moreover, significant inhibition of acetylcholine esterase (AchE) was also observed with LGEO at LC50 concentration (5.33 mg/ml) inhibiting insect neurotransmission. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometric (GC-MS) analysis of the LGEO showed 12 major compounds dominated by Citral whereas TTEO contained only 5 major compounds. Further analysis by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) revealed distortion and shrinkage of larval bodies caused by the treatment of EOs. These overall observations brand LG and TT-EOs as potential organic-insecticides against M. domestica.
Graphic abstract:
Supplementary information:
The online version of this article (10.1007/s40011-020-01220-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
... quinquefasiatus I-IV instars, respectively. The larvicidal efficacy of citrus peel extracts and essential oils against mosquito vectors have also been observed in the past (Mwaiko, 1992;Mwaiko & Savaeli 1994;Ezeonu et al., 2001;Amusan et al., 2005). ...
Aedes aegypti is a widely spread disease vector of great concern throughout the world. With continuous rise in cases of Zika, dengue and Chikungunya worldwide, control of Ae. aegypti has become a prime concern. The present study investigated the larvicidal effects of individual and various combinations of Citrus sinensis hexane peel extract and a synthetic pyrethroid, alpha-cypermethrin against Ae. aegypti. Larvicidal bioassays were performed using WHO protocol with minor modifications. The investigated compounds were found effective individually as well in binary mixtures indicating the efficient synergism. Hexane extract of Citrus sinensis peels assayed against Aedes aegypti larvae resulted in LC50 of 46.53 ppm after exposure for 24 h, while alpha-cypermethrin treatment resulted in LC50 value of 0.0063 ppm. The binary mixtures of both the compounds in 1:1, 1:5 and 1:10 ratios also showed significant larvicidal potential. The 1:1 mixture was found most effective with co-toxicity coefficient and synergistic factor as 23.456 and 3.865, respectively, for the LC50 at 24h. The binary mixtures showed synergism as well as additive effects in all the ratios tested except 1:5 ratio for LC90 at 48h which showed inconsequential antagonistic effect. Results showed decreased synergistic effects with increase in the citrus extract proportion in the binary mixtures. We suggest that phytoextract/cypermethrin mixtures can be more operative than insecticide/phytoextract alone, and can be used as a good ecofriendly approach in vector control programs. Such mixtures could reduce the costs, reduce insecticide dose, and regulate insecticide resistance as part of integrated vector management.
... Exemplos de plantas utilizadas na biotecnologia, inclui a Tylophora indica, pesquisas recentes revelaram que diferentes partes desta planta podem ser utilizadas para repelentes de mosquitos ou pesticidas, de modo a não causar efeito colateral em organismos não visitados e ao ecossistema, tal efeito é proveniente da presença de certos fitoquímicos nos inseticidas (EZEONU; CHIDUME; UDEDI, 2001;SEN-SUNG et al., 2003;ANSARI et al., 2005;CHAPAGAIN;SAHARAN;WIESMAN, 2008;RAWANI et al., 2013). As plantas também possuem aplicação como fonte de biocombustivel, um exemplo marcante é a espécie Jatropha curcas L. (Pinhão manso), pertencente à família Euphorbiaceae, que cresce como um grande arbusto ou pequena árvore (EL-SAYED et al., 2020). ...
... The BCN Research Laboratories, Inc. located in Tennessee (US) conducted antimicrobiological studies of Citrus extracts and confirmed their activity against bacteria Gram Positive and Gram Negative (Vargas 1999;El-Sayed ST 2001).Accordingly, OMRI (Organic Materials Review Institute) in Oregon (US) approved the commercialisation of the Citrus extract product CITROBIO, for disinfection in agrifood industries (Ezeonu 2001). ...
The discovery of new allelochemicals from plants or microbes has attracted much attention in wood decay since humans began building with wood thousands of years ago. When trees with natural durability were available, they were commonly used, but the scarcity of durable timbers in some areas of the world coupled with a need to make the wood products and structures enduring, led to the development of techniques to preserve wood. The most useful of these processes consist of adding adequate concentrations of different substances that upgrade wood resistance to biological attacks. Nowadays, it is important to replace synthetic wood preservatives by more environmentally friendly natural products. Furthermore, there is an enormous problem about the elimination of the vegetal waste from the agricultural and food industries in Europe. Thus, the interest to obtain new natural wood preservatives from these residues is increasing. Volatile constituents and flavonoids of extracts of Citrus fruits have been suggested to act as defences against fungus and insects. In the present study, the essential oil from the fruit peels of different varieties of Citrus sinensis was collected by water stream. The non-volatile solids were subsequently extracted with hexane, dichloromethane and methanol. All the extracts were tested for activity with the etiolated coleoptiles bioassay. The active extracts were chromatographed to obtain several polymethoxylated flavones. Further bioassays will be performed in order to determine the possible use of these compounds as wood preservatives.
... 3 Bioactive organic compounds exerted by plants have a complex mode of action such as growth and oviposition inhibitory, repellent activity, toxic and deterrence. 4,5 In this study, Anamirta cocculus (L.) Wight and Arn., was tested for its efficacy against Aedes albopictus Skuse and Culex quinquefasciatus Say. A. cocculus is large woody climbing shrub with vertically furrowed ash coloured bark and glabrous young parts. Leaves large, simple, alternate, long petiole, petioles thickened at the base and apex broadly ovate, subcoriaceous, cordate or truncate at the base, tufts of hairs in the axils of the nerves except the basal ones, flowers greenish in long panicles, drooping from the nodes of the old wood, fruits druped kidney shaped turning red on ripening. ...
Background & Objectives: Development of resistance towards synthetic insecticides is one of the major problems in vector control programmes and it can be reduced to an extent by the alternate use of botanical or bio insecticides. The present study aims to find out the larvicidal activities of Anamirta cocculus (L.) Wight and Arn against Culex quinqueafsciatus Say and Aedes albopictus Skuse and to isolate the most active compounds present in the active fraction of the plant extract. Methods: Cold extracts of A. cocculus seeds were taken using methanol as solvent and fractionation was done using the solvents n-hexane, ethyl acetate and acetone by column chromatographic method. Bioassays were conducted using all these extracts and LC50 were calculated using the probit analysis developed by Finney. The structural elucidation of the compounds of most active fraction isolated from chromatographic studies after bioassay was done by Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LCMS) and Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Result:A. cocculus treated larvae exhibited more restlessness, convulsions and sluggishness, and the restless activity is more in Ae. albopictus than in Cx. quinquefasciatus.The activity of column fractions of A. cocculus was in the order Hexane (H) > Acetone (A) > H:EA (3:1) >H:EA (2:1)> H:EA (1:1): Ethyl acetate (EA): H:EA (1:2) >H:EA (1:3). The compounds present in the most active fractions were Picrotin and Menispermine respectively. Interpretation & Conclusion: From the results it has been proved that the plant is having potential larvicidal activity.
... Exemplos de plantas utilizadas na biotecnologia, inclui a Tylophora indica, pesquisas recentes revelaram que diferentes partes desta planta podem ser utilizadas para repelentes de mosquitos ou pesticidas, de modo a não causar efeito colateral em organismos não visitados e ao ecossistema, tal efeito é proveniente da presença de certos fitoquímicos nos inseticidas (EZEONU; CHIDUME; UDEDI, 2001;SEN-SUNG et al., 2003;ANSARI et al., 2005;CHAPAGAIN;SAHARAN;WIESMAN, 2008;RAWANI et al., 2013). As plantas também possuem aplicação como fonte de biocombustivel, um exemplo marcante é a espécie Jatropha curcas L. (Pinhão manso), pertencente à família Euphorbiaceae, que cresce como um grande arbusto ou pequena árvore (EL-SAYED et al., 2020). ...
... Exemplos de plantas utilizadas na biotecnologia, inclui a Tylophora indica, pesquisas recentes revelaram que diferentes partes desta planta podem ser utilizadas para repelentes de mosquitos ou pesticidas, de modo a não causar efeito colateral em organismos não visitados e ao ecossistema, tal efeito é proveniente da presença de certos fitoquímicos nos inseticidas (EZEONU; CHIDUME; UDEDI, 2001;SEN-SUNG et al., 2003;ANSARI et al., 2005;CHAPAGAIN;SAHARAN;WIESMAN, 2008;RAWANI et al., 2013). As plantas também possuem aplicação como fonte de biocombustivel, um exemplo marcante é a espécie Jatropha curcas L. (Pinhão manso), pertencente à família Euphorbiaceae, que cresce como um grande arbusto ou pequena árvore (EL-SAYED et al., 2020). ...
... Exemplos de plantas utilizadas na biotecnologia, inclui a Tylophora indica, pesquisas recentes revelaram que diferentes partes desta planta podem ser utilizadas para repelentes de mosquitos ou pesticidas, de modo a não causar efeito colateral em organismos não visitados e ao ecossistema, tal efeito é proveniente da presença de certos fitoquímicos nos inseticidas (EZEONU; CHIDUME; UDEDI, 2001;SEN-SUNG et al., 2003;ANSARI et al., 2005;CHAPAGAIN;SAHARAN;WIESMAN, 2008;RAWANI et al., 2013). As plantas também possuem aplicação como fonte de biocombustivel, um exemplo marcante é a espécie Jatropha curcas L. (Pinhão manso), pertencente à família Euphorbiaceae, que cresce como um grande arbusto ou pequena árvore (EL-SAYED et al., 2020). ...
... Oranges (C. sinensis) are low-calorie fruits from the citrus with insecticidal, anti-oxidant, and anti-inflammatory actions (Ezeonu et al. 2001;Ramach et al. 2002). Peppermint (M. ...
Adult mosquitoes are the main transmitter for vector-borne diseases, including malaria, dengue fever, and encephalitis. In such diseases, vector control is more accessible and logical than treatment. The use of mosquito repellent is one prevention strategy, especially in endemic areas, to minimize contact with mosquitoes. Essential oils (EO)s based repellents receive more attention as an alternative to chemicals, e.g., N, N-diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET); they are suspected of causing toxicity. In this research, ingredients of nine medicinally important EOs, including clove, dill, eucalyptus, lemon, myrtle, orange, peppermint, tarragon, and zingiber, were identified using GC-MS analysis. Their repellent activities at a concentration of 0.5% (v/v) were investigated using the Klun & Debboun method against the primary malaria vector, i.e., Anopheles stephensi. The observed protection times for the EOs were in the range of 1-63 min. The highest protection time (63 min) was achieved by applying Clove EO (Syzygium aromaticum). It is noted that eugenol's repellent activity as the major component of clove EO had no significant difference with the total EO. Due to the low price and naturality, the use of EO is preferred over eugenol. In conclusion, Clove EO could be introduced as an excellent candidate for the preparation of green nano/formulation with the repellent effect.
... Antiseptic, sedative (Ezeonu et al. 2001), stomachic, carminative (Anagnostopoulou et al. 2006), tonic, excellent food flavouring (Singh et al. 2010 ...
Essential oils (EOs) are natural products obtained from different parts of a plant, such as flower, leaves, stems, fruits, seeds, roots, barks, or resin. It represents an important part of traditional pharmacopeia practices in healing of human ailments. It is used as raw materials in cosmetics, spices, foods, perfumes, and in treatment of several health disorders. There are several methods for extracting EOs from plants. They are the methods like hydro-distillation, steam distillation, hydro diffusion and cold pressing to name a few. The use of EOs as antimicrobial and pharmaceutical agents for curing various diseases has gained a considerable attraction of researchers in recent times. The complex mixture of EOs and their constituents have been reported to inhibit human pathogens, insects, and another harmful organism. The current review focusses on the chemical bioactive components of EOs, methods of extraction, chemical constituent, different plants as source of extraction and its application towards the treatment of various diseases in our day to day life, in vivo validation of essential oil, nanoformulation of essential oils.
... Recent research has revealed the fact that different parts of the plants can be used as mosquito repellents or pesticides without bearing any side-effect to the non-target organisms and ecosystem because of the presence of certain insecticidal phytochemicals. The phytoconstituents are reported from the fruit pulp, kernel, root, bark, and leaves of different plants (Ansari et al., 2005;Ezeonu et al., 2001;Sen-Sung et al., 2003;Chapagain et al., 2007;Rawani et al., 2013). Methanol, nhexane, and ethyl acetate extracts of the plant leaves were tested against Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes aegypti for the larvicidal and insect-repellent activities. ...
Tylophora indica, a threatened medicinal plant of family Asclepiadaceae, grows profoundly in Asia, Africa, Australia, Oceanic Islands, Ceylon, Malay island, and Borneo. The plant is a twinning herb that is excessively used in folk medicine as a substitute of ipecac, an expectorant. Different parts of the plant are accredited for the anti-asthmatic, antibacterial, anti–psoriasis, antimicrobial, antiulcer, antiallergic, antidiarrhoeal, hypolipidemic, and anxiolytic properties. Antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, antiangiogenic, anti-tumor, antioxidant, anticonvulsant, anti-rheumatic, and diuretic activities are also attributed to the magnificent medicinal plant owing to the occurrence of various active phytochemicals such as alkaloids, saponins, phytosterols, tannins, and primary metabolites. The plant has been exploited by the ethnic people due to the immense medicinal importance, leading to the endangerment of the plant species. The review brings to light the important pharmacological attributes, folk medicinal uses, and biotechnological approaches that must be followed to save the plant from extinction.
... C. sinensis also has an intense larvicidal activity against Anopheles. labranchiae (El-Akhal et al., 2015) and A. aegypti (Galvao et al., 2015) besides acting as a potent fumigant against mosquitoes (Ezeonu et al., 2001). Similarly, Sattar et al. (2016) Mortality of larvae is related to the phytochemical constituents present in the leaves of C. sinensis and M. koenigii. ...
... Secondary metabolic compounds of plants act as repellent, oviposition or food deterrent, growth inhibitors and significant prolongation of larval and pupal duration [7] . Plant bioinsecticides are alternatives to costly organic pesticides and usually safe to non-target organisms [8,9] . They are autodegradable and considered one of the safely methods of pests and vectors control [10,11] . ...
The ethanol extracts of leaves Alianthus altissima, Carrisa grandiflora, fruits of Citrullus colocynthis and aerial parts of Ruta graveolens was tested against fourth instar larvae of the mosquito, Culex pipines molestua Forskal through sublethal doses at the concentrations 5, 10, 15 and 20 ppm. The extracts of C. grandiflora, A. altissima and R. graveolens were prolonged IV-P time with 9.7, 10.3 and 12.8 days at 20 ppm. Whereas, the period shorted to 4.3 days for C. colocynthis in comparison with control 7.3 days. All the plant extracts extended pupal period with significant time, but not more 3.1 days, and 2.1 days for untreated pupae. The reproductive parameters as egg laying hatchability, fecunidity, fertility and sterility percent were showed significant values of emerged adults treated with the plant extracts at IV larval instar.
... Etiological reports reveal that peels of orange were burnt in Ghana in the past to control mosquitoes and houseflies but not until the 20 th century when there was a surge in the use of synthetic coils, sprays and chalks for insect control. Volatile extract of orange, lime and lemon peel oils have also been reported to have lethal activity on houseflies (Palacios et al 2009), and cockroaches and mosquitoes (Ezeonu et al., 2001). Lemon and lime peel volatile extract have also shown considerable levels of insecticidal activity in different studies, (Shalaby et al., 1998;Karamaouna et al., 2013;Palacios et al 2009;Siskos et al., 2007;Mansour et al., 2004). ...
Volatile oils from the peels of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis), lime (Citrus aurantifolia) and lemon (Citrus Limon) were comparatively evaluated on carpenter ants (Camponotus nearcticus) for repellent and lethal activity. The volatile oils were extracted by means of steam distillation. The repellent activity was tested at 2%w∕v concentration with a modified version of World Health Organization's (WHO's) method for mosquito repellent testing. The extracts had strong repellent activity on the tested ants, C. sinensis recorded the lowest activity of 82.5% and C. Limon recorded the highest activity of 95.0%. The lethal activity was determined using 2 mL aliquot of 5%w∕v, 10%w∕v, 20%w∕v, 40%w∕v and 80%w∕v concentrations of the volatile oil with acetone diluent. Activity was analyzed with probit analysis and C. aurantfolia showed the best activity levels whiles C. sinensis recorded the least activity. A duplicated experiment was run alongside negative and positive controls to reduce any false positive errors. The LC 50 for C. aurantifolia, C. Limon and C. sinensis were 4.54%, 6.95% and 17.02% respectively. The LC 99 values for C. aurantifolia, C. Limon and C. sinensis were 86.01%, 71.01% and 66.43% respectively. There was a strong 2 tailed Pearson correlation between dose and response of the oils.
... (Linneus) (Diptera: Culicidae) (Mendonça et al., 2005), housefly adults (Palacios et al., 2009) and cockroaches (Ezeonu et al., 2001). Mentha piperita EO reduced longevity of adults in Acarapis woodi (Rennie) (Acari: Tarsonemidae), Culex quinquefasciatus (Linnaeus) (Diptera: Culicidae) (Yang and Ma, 2005), among other insects. ...
Trichogrammatidae are biological control agents of agricultural and forest pests. However, chemicals can affect their biological aspects. Essential oils (EOs) are an alternative for pest control, but their effect on biological control agents are not fully known. The objective was to evaluate the effects of EOs of Allium sativum, Carapa guianensis, Citrus sinensis, Mentha piperita, Origanum vulgare, Piper nigrum, Syzygium aromarticum, Thymus vulgaris, Zingiber officinale and Azadirachta indica on the female longevity, parasitism and emergence rates and sex ratio of Trichogramma pretiosum (Riley) (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) adults of parental, F 1 and F 2 generations. The longevity of T. pretiosum females in the parental and F 1 generations was reduced ∼50% by the EOs of A. sativum and M. piperita in comparison to controls (∼10 days). Eggs of Anagasta kuehniella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) treated with Z. officinale were not parasitized, evidencing a strong repellent activity of this EO. Allium sativum and C. guianensis EOs reduced the parasitism rate in 33 and 70%, respectively, of females from the parental T. pretiosum generation. These EOs were classified as slightly harmful (class 2) in relation to parasitism. Carapa guianensis caused the greatest reduction in the emergence rate of the F 1 generation (27%); however, this EO continued to be classified as innocuous to T. pretiosum. Sex ratio of the F 1 and F 2 T. pretiosum generations was no affect by these ten EOs. Zingiber officinale was not compatible for T. pretiosum; and A. sativum, C. guianensis and M. piperita are poorly compatible with this parasitoid. The EOs of the other six plant species are promising for integrated pest management with T. pretiosum.
... 5 Essential oils are excellent candidates for larvicides due to their high activity, availability in tropical countries and affordability. 6 Lippia gracilis essential oil (LGEO) is composed of a mixture of terpenes and sesquiterpenes, with carvacrol as its major constituent, and has demonstrated strong larvicidal activity against Ae. aegypti larvae. 2 Because of its low aqueous solubility, easy oxidation and volatility, LGEO formulations are required that avoid degradation and have increased solubility, and incorporate the essential oil within a viable larvicide. ...
BACKGROUND
One of the most efficient ways to prevent arboviruses, such as dengue fever, yellow fever, chikungunya and Zika, is by controlling their vector, the Aedes aegypti. Because this vector is becoming resistant to most larvicides used, the development of new larvicides should be considered. β‐Cyclodextrin (β‐CD) complexes have been investigated as an interesting way of enabling the use of essential oils in water as larvicides. This study comprised the development of Lippia gracilis essential oil (LGEO) and β‐CD inclusion complexes for control of Ae. aegypti.
RESULTS
Thermal analysis clearly showed the formation of complexes using kneading and co‐evaporation methods. Gas chromatography analysis showed that kneading without co‐solvent (KW) gave the highest content (∼ 15%) of the LGEO major component. Moreover, KW showed that the complex had a 50% lethal concentration (LC50; 33 ppm) lower than that of pure LGEO (39 ppm); in other words, complexing LGEO with β‐CD improved the larvicidal activity. In addition, LGEO complexed with β‐CD (KW) was not harmful to non‐target organisms at the concentrations needed to control Ae. aegypti larvae.
CONCLUSION
The inclusion complex with LGEO was a feasible formulation, being economically viable, easy‐to‐apply and without impact on non‐target organisms and, therefore, is a potential alternative larvicide for Ae. aegypti control. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
... In addition, it has an intense larvicidal activity against the malaria vector, Anopheles labranchiae [46], and the vector of yellow and dengue fever, Aedes aegypti [47]. Sweet orange EO is a potent fumigant against house flies, cockroaches, and mosquitoes [48,49]. It can be used for controlling subterranean termites [50]. ...
Citrus fruits have been a commercially important crop for thousands of years. In addition, Citrus essential oils are valuable in the perfume, food, and beverage industries, and have also enjoyed use as aromatherapy and medicinal agents. This review summarizes the important biological activities and safety considerations of the essential oils of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis), bitter orange (Citrus aurantium), neroli (Citrus aurantium), orange petitgrain (Citrus aurantium), mandarin (Citrus reticulata), lemon (Citrus limon), lime (Citrus aurantifolia), grapefruit (Citrus × paradisi), bergamot (Citrus bergamia), Yuzu (Citrus junos), and kumquat (Citrus japonica).
... Also, the toxic effects of clove were reported in previous studies against other insect species (Reuben et al. 2006). The efficacy of sweet orange peel powder for the control of some insect species was reported by Allotey and Azalekor (2000) and Ezeonu et al. (2001). The efficiency of cedar wood oil was previously re- ported by Zhu et al. (2001). ...
Management of stored product pests using substances of natural origin is nowadays the subject of much research. The effectiveness of 20 botanical extracts and products was evaluated for protecting stored corn meal against Cadra cautella Walker (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae) infestation. Toxicity of the botanical materials was evaluated through screening of the tested botanicals on adults' oviposition preference and the mortality of eggs and larvae. Besides, the repellency effect of the tested plant materials was evaluated against C. cautella larvae (20-days old). Repellency tests were carried out through food and area preference tests. Results showed that cedar wood oil, clove buds powder and orange oil were the most promising materials in protecting stored corn meal against C. cautella infestation.
... This insecticidal property of orange peels has scientifically been investigated and work by Anaso et al., (1990) showed that, orange peels can be used to fumigate mosquitoes. Also, Ezeonu et al., (2001) demonstrated that, Citrus sinensis (sweet orange) and Citrus aurantifolia (lime) had insecticidal activity against mosquitoes. In some rural settings in Northern Ghana, plants like pennyroyal are hung in front of doors, windows and in rooms to keep mosquitoes away. ...
The quest on sustainable development has called for eco-friendly anthropogenic activities. Consequently, this research work looked into the synthesis of biodegradable fumigants from plant materials. With simple technologies, formulations with insecticidal properties were produced from Neem seeds, Garlic bulbs, Orange peels and Penny royal leaves. The formulations were prepared with the following combinations; Neem oil + Garlic extract (‘A’), Neem oil + Orange oil (‘B’), Neem oil + Penny royal (‘C’), Neem oil + Garlic extract + Orange oil + Penny royal (‘D’) and Garlic extract + Orange oil + Penny royal (‘E’). Mosquitoes (Culex spp. and Anopheles spp.), houseflies (Musca domestica) and black ants (Lasius niger) were used as test specimens for the formulations prepared. Formulation ‘A’ yielded the best insecticidal property killing mosquitoes in an average time of 1.78 ± 0.45 seconds, houseflies in 5.18 ± 0.43 seconds and black ants in 23.52 ± 0.54 seconds. The rest of the formulations produced varying results. A non-uniform performance pattern was realized when further studies were conducted on the effects of dose and distance on the potency of the formulations. A comparative study between formulation ‘A’ and a chemical insecticide revealed that, formulation ‘A’ was more potent that the chemical insecticide in killing test specimens.
... Bioactive organic compounds made by plants will act as repellent, oviposition or food deterrents, growth inhibitors and toxins. [10,11] The Moraceae plants family's square measure cosmopolitan throughout the tropical and subtropical elements of Asia. The family contains a spread of compounds, which showed toxicity and antimicrobial. ...
Mosquitocidal activity of family Moraceae plant, Ficus racemosa was tested against Ae. aegypti mosquito. The LC50 and LC90 values of F. racemosa methanol extract against A. aegypti were 64.76 and 130.48 ppm, severally. The ovicidal activity of F. racemosa exerted 100 percent mortality at 120, 160 and 200 ppm against A. aegypti and for repellency activity was definite against A. aegypti species at three concentration viz., 1.0, 2.0
and 3.0 mg/cm2 underneath the laboratory conditions. The wood spirit extract of F. racemosa establish to additional repellent than the extra extracts. A better concentration of 3.0 mg/cm2 provided 100 percent protection up to 160 and two hundred minutes, severally. The result clearly shows that larvicidal ovicidal and repellent activity was dose dependent. From the results it is often all over the crude oil ether extract of F. racemosa was an impressive potential for dominant the vector mosquito A. aegypti.
... Additionally, Ezeonu et al. (2001) demonstrated the insecticidal properties of limonene against stored-product beetles and mosquitoes. Indeed, α-pinene was reported to be toxic to several insect species (Traboulsi et al. 2002, Chaubey 2012). ...
Aphids are cosmopolitan pests that attack wide range of crops, aphids are also vec-tors of important plant virus diseases. These pests are developing important resistance against classical chemical insecticides. In this work we studied chemical composition, insecticidal activity of bitter orange peel essential oils and the efficacy of a kaolin based formulation on four aphid species. Chemical analysis by GC-MS of bitter orange oils shows the dominance of limo-nene on the composition of the oil (67.1%). In vitro insecticidal tests show that fumigant activ-ity is proportional to the concentrations used. At a dose of 33.33 μl / L air and 24h exposure time, essential oils cause 74% mortality in Acyrtosiphon pisum Harris and Rhopalosiphum padiScop, 60% in Aphis fabae L. and 54% in Macrosiphum euphorbiae Thomas. Calculated LC50values vary between 16.12 μl / L air for A. pisum and 31.27 μl / L air for A. fabae. In vivo appli-cation of the formulation based on essential oils of bitter orange on infested bean plants show 72.4% mortality on Aphis fabae. This shows the importance of essential oils as potential alter-native to chemical pesticides
... Furthermore, this compound showed promising fumigant toxicity against S. zeamais and T. castaneum (Rui et al. 2010). Additionally, Ezeonu et al. (2001) indicated the insecticidal properties of limonene against stored-product beetles and mosquitoes. Likewise, α-pinene was reported to be toxic on several insect species (Ceferino et al. 2006;Lucia et al. 2007). ...
. Chemical composition and insecticidal effects of Citrus aurantium essential oiland its powdery formulation against Tuta absoluta. Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 12: 83-94. The aim of this research was to investigate the chemical composition and to evaluate the insecticidal activities of the bitter orange Citrus aurantium essential oil and its major compound pure limonene against adults and larvae of the tomato miner Tuta absoluta using contact and fumigation bioassays. Results of chemical analysis of the essential oil using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) revealed the presence of limonene (87.52%), β-myrcene (1.62%), α-pinene (0.56%) ß-ocimene (0.81%) and ß-pinene (0.61%) as major components. For bioassays, results indicated that both the oil and its major compound were found to be toxic to larvae and adults. In the fumigant assays, median lethal concentrations (LC50) were 10.65 and 37.36 µl/l air respectively for C. aurantium essential oil and pure limonene. In contact toxicity assay, the tomato miner adults were more susceptible to the oil than to its major compound even at the lowest concentration: LD50 values obtained after 48 h were respectively 0.21 and 0.73 µl. When insects were treated with the essential oil and its aromatized clay powder, significant differences in insect mortality were recorded depending on exposure time. The aromatized clay powder was more toxic (LT50 = 101.8 h) than the pure essential oil (LT50 = 146.32 h). Hence, bitter essential oil was found to be toxic for T. absoluta, and the clay powder could be used to stabilize the essential oil to increase its efficacy and possibly will be used as source of new eco-friendly insecticidal compounds.
Mosquito-borne diseases are mostly harmful to children being and it is a public health problem in Myanmar. Laboratory reared Insein strain of Aedes aegypti larvae were used to test larvicidal, ovicidal and repellency properties of Citrus reticulata (Orange) peels essential oil from June 2020 to May 2021 according to WHO. Fresh peels 300 grams from Aung Ban was extracted by stream distillation at 100 °C for 3hours and obtained 1.70g of essential oil. Different concentrations of orange peels essential oil were prepared freshly in 100ml each of distilled water in 150ml plastic cups. Fifty each Aedes larvae were exposed 24hrs for each replication in different concentrations in laboratory. Acute toxicity and allergenicity tests were done in laboratory according to OECD Guidelines. Repellency test was done by laboratory reared 5-7 days old adult female Aedes mosquitoes with orange peels essential oil. Results revealed that the highest dose 0.01g of orange peels essential oil produced 100% knockdown within 60minute and 100% mortality within 24hrs respectively and 100% ovicidal effect for 4days as well as persistency was observed 100% mortality of larvae for 4 days. The effective lethal concentrations LC50 and LC90 values were found to be 0.0015g and 0.0051g of peels essential oil (x=0.0418, P=0.05). There was not found any acute toxicity on mice and allergenicity on the rabbits. 100% protection of Aedes mosquito landing to probe the skin was found 0.04g/ml or 0.000128g/cm2 of essential oil. Repellency activity of complete protection time was observed over 80% protection for 210minutes, over 90% prevention for 150 minutes, and 100% prevention for 120 minutes. Semi field trial observed that in the day time, it can prevent 3 hours of Aedes mosquito bite on oil applied areas of insect collectors in household. The essential oil is not toxicity, no allergenicity and no irritation of skins of animal. Hence, the cheap, effective, ecofriendly and degradable Orange Citrus reticulata peels essential oil can be used as insecticide and repellent of mosquitoes in public sector.
Research on new plant-based insecticides meets the need for an alternative to address mosquito resistance to synthetic insecticides. This study assessed the adulticidal activity and synergistic effects of essential oils (EOs) from Citrus aurantiifolia peels and Hyptis spicigera leaves on female adults of Anopheles gambiae s.l. The extraction yields were on the order of 0.17 and 0.11%, respectively, for C. aurantiifolia and H. Spicigera EOs obtained by hydrodistillation. The phytochemical composition of the EOs was analysed by Gas Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). GC-MS revealed that the essential oils of C. aurantiifolia and H. spicigera contained high amounts of monoterpene compounds (100% and 77.45%, respectively). Adulticidal activity was assessed using WHO and CDC bottle bioassays at concentrations of 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10 mg/ml/btl. The EOs of both plants caused significant concentration-dependent Knock down and adulticidal activities. Individually, H. spicigera EOs had more adulticidal effects (LC50 = 4.42 mg/ml/btl) than did C. aurantiifolia EOs (LC50 = 6.79 mg/ml/btl). An EO mixture 25%Ca + 75%Hs from C. aurantiifolia and H. spicigera had synergistic effects (CI = 142.84; SF = 1.42) on female Anopheles gambiae adults. Combinations of the two plant EOs considerably optimize their insecticidal effectiveness.
Over the years, natural products such as essential oils have been gaining more and more prominence due to their perceived health benefits. Plants rich in essential oils represent a viable source of biomolecules for use in the most varied human activities, such as agricultural, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical applications. Essential oils are natural volatile fractions extracted from aromatic plants that are formed by classes of substances such as fatty acid esters, mono and sesquiterpenes, phenylpropanoids, and aldehyde alcohols, and in some cases, aliphatic hydrocarbons, among others. In this context, this book includes twelve chapters that present new information on the extraction and application of essential oils in various industrial segments. It is divided into three sections that discuss the general concepts of essential oils and techniques for their extraction, topics in food science and technology, and essential oils and their pharmacological properties in various activities and applications.
Background
Citrus sinensis L., commonly called sweet orange, fruit waste (peel, seed, and pulp) oils, are used as natural preservatives due to their broad spectrum of biological activities, including antimicrobial and antioxidant effects.
Objective
The aim of this study was to investigate the physicochemical properties, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of sweet orange peel and pulp oils extracted using the solvent extraction method.
Methods
The oil extraction was done in the Soxhlet apparatus using petroleum ether as a solvent. Then, the physicochemical properties of the oil extracts were assessed based on the determination of oil yield, acid value, free fatty acid, and peroxide value. The antioxidant activity of the oil extract was evaluated based on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and hydrogen peroxide free radical scavenging activity as well as ascorbic acid content.
Results
The results indicated that significantly higher antioxidant activities with respect to ascorbic acid (47.94%) and DPPH value 85.20% were recorded for sweet orange pulp/juice oil. Stronger antibacterial activity with a maximum zone of inhibition (10.67mm), minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.25µg/ml, and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 0.25µg/ml were recorded for fruit pulp oil extract against Staphylococcus aureus . Stronger antifungal activity with a maximum zone of inhibition (9.67mm), MIC (0.25µg/ml), and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of 0.50µg/ml were also observed for fruit pulp oil extract against Aspergillus versicolor .
Conclusion
C. sinensis fruit pulp oil was found to demonstrate stronger biological activities, including both antioxidant and antimicrobial potentials.
Citrus fruits are among the most popular fruits nowadays and have a very long history of production and use. However, within the past century, industrial technologies began to develop in order to convert citrus fruits into commercial products. Each year, millions of tons of citrus fruits are delivered to factories for processing and juice production. Historically, the oldest citrus product is the oil. In ancient Sicily, where early Italian citrus industry had just been introduced, lemons were primarily grown for production of lemon oil, and juice was treated as a waste product until its later use for citric acid recovery. The early use of lemon and orange oils was mainly in perfumery and pharmaceuticals. With rapid development of science and technology, more areas of use of citrus oils were found, for which more detailed information on chemical composition and properties were required. The modern perfume and flavor industries have benefited from further research on citrus peel oil and essence. Besides, the yield of citrus seed oil has increased since citrus seeds were discovered as a new source of edible oil. In this article, the chemical composition, properties, and uses of citrus oils and essences are provided.
The peel and leaf oils of Citrus limon L. from Benin were analyzed by capillary GC on two columns of different polarity, and by GC/MS. In these oils 42 and 27 components were identified, representing over 99.7% of the oils. The main constituents of the lemon peel oil were limonene (70.4%), γ-terpinene (11.8%) and β-pinene (4.2%). The leaf oil consisted mainly of limonene (40.8%), β-pinene (18.5%) and citronellal (16.5%).
The potency of orange peels of three species of orange were investigated using the randomised complete block design with four replicates. Statistically analysed results from this investigation showed that:All Citrus peel treatments had significantly higher potency than the controls. For Citrus sinensis 2 and 3 h fumigations were significantly more potent than 1 h. For Citrus paradisi there was no significant effect of fumigation duration. For Citrus aurantifolia, 3 h fumigation was significantly more potent than 1 or 2 h. For 1 h fumigation, there was no significant effect produced for all the Citrus peels. For 2 h fumigation, C. sinensis and C. paradisi were significantly more potent than C. aurantifolia. For 3 h fumigation, C. sinensis were significantly more potent than C. paradisi and C. aurantifolia. It is therefore suggested that C. sinensis and C. paradisi form good substitutes for some brands of mosquito coil which contain unacceptably high levels of the toxic insecticide dicophone.
The dynamics of fermentation during ensilage were studied on orange peel (variety Shamouti) ensiled in 50 plastic containers, 10 kg in each, with an outlet for seepage. At predetermined intervals the containers were weighed and samples were taken from three of them for chemical and microbial analysis. Fermentation losses amounted to up to ca one-third of the fresh peel dry matter (DM) content. Most losses occurred within 10 d of commencement of fermentation, and were attributable to gas release. The major fermentation products were ethanol, lactic and acetic acids (16, 3 and 3% of DM, respectively). The dominant microbial populations were lactobacilli and yeasts. Tests are in progress to inhibit the yeasts and thereby reduce fermentation losses.
A review on the reported uses of chemicals derived from botanical sources is presented, along with the part of the plant used for extraction, the mosquito species studied and the bioactivity observed for 344 plant species. Examples of phytochemicals evaluated against mosquitoes as general toxicants, growth and reproduction inhibitors, repellents and ovipositional deterrents are given. The effects of mosquito species and life stage specificity, solvents used for extraction, phototoxic activity and the geographical source from where the plant compounds are derived are discussed.
Plant extracts as protectants against disease causing insects
- W A Thorsell
- M Mikiver
- E Malam
Thorsell, W.A., Mikiver, M., Malam, E., 1979. Plant extracts as protectants against disease causing insects. Entomology ± Tidskr 100, 138±141.
Volatile constituents of the peel and leaf oils of citrus species Botanical derivatives in mosquito control
- A M Ayedoun
- P U Sossou
- K Sukumar
- J P Michael
- R B Lewis
Ayedoun, A.M., Sossou, P.U., 1996. Volatile constituents of the peel and leaf oils of citrus species. J. Essential Oil Res. 8, 440±443. Sukumar, K., Michael, J.P., Lewis, R.B., 1991. Botanical derivatives in mosquito control. J. Am. Mosquito Control Assoc.
Botanical derivatives in mosquito control
- Sukumar
Plant extracts as protectants against disease causing insects
- Thorsell