... Prenatal stress has been linked to abnormal outcomes in rodents, non-human primates, and humans (Anderson et al., 1985;Barros et al., 2006;Beversdorf et al., 2005;Coe et al., 2002Coe et al., , 2003Crandon, 1979;Estanislau and Morato, 2005;Fleming et al., 1986;Fride and Weinstock, 1988;Fujioka et al., 2006;Grizenko et al., 2008;Gué et al., 2004;Hayashi et al., 1998;Henry et al., 1994;Huttenen and Niskanen, 1978;Jones et al., 1997;Kawamura et al., 2006;Kerchner and Ward, 1992;Kerchner et al., 1995;King and Laplante, 2005;Kinney et al., 1999a,b;Kinney, 2001;Kinney et al., 2008a,b;Kraszpulski et al., 2006;Laplante et al., 2004Laplante et al., , 2008Lemaire et al., 2000Lemaire et al., , 2006Linnet et al., 2003;McIntosh et al., 1995;Michelsen et al., 2007;Murmu et al., 2006;Nishio et al., 2001;O'Connor et al., 2002O'Connor et al., , 2003Poland et al., 1999;Rhees et al., 1999;Rodriguez and Bohlin, 2005;Salm et al., 2004;Schmitz et al., 2002;Schneider, 1992;Schneider and Coe, 1993;Schneider et al., 1999;Son et al., 2006;Szuran et al., 1994Szuran et al., , 2000Talge et al., 2007;Ulupinar and Yucel, 2005;Ulupinar et al., 2006;Uno et al., 1994;Vallee et al., 1997;van Os and Selten, 1998;Watson et al., 1999;Weinstock et al., 1992;Wu et al., 2007;Yang et al., 2006;Zuena et al., 2008). It is clear from animal studies that PS affects the morphology of the offsprings' brains, but the mechanisms that lead to these effects remain poorly understood. ...