No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the authors.
Abstract
To assess the antidepressant effect of the water decoction of Rhizoma acori tatarinowii.
By using the rat forced swimming test and mouse tail suspension test models of depression, the antidepressant effect of Rhizoma acori tatarinowii was observed.
The water decoction of Rhizoma acori tatarinowii and Fluoxetine significantly shortened motionless time of rat forced swimming and despair time of mouse tail suspension in the two behavioural despair animal models of depression. Antidepressant effect of water decoction of Rhizoma acori tatarinowii showed dose-dependence in the certain degree. The effect of water decoction of Rhizoma acori tatarinowii was weaker than that of Fluoxetine. There was a significant difference between every dose group of Rhizoma acori tatarinowii and saline control group.
The water decoction of Rhizoma acori tatarinowii possessed obviously antidepressant effect in the behavioural despair animal models of depression.
... mechanisms of actions. The potential clinical benefits of some herbal remedies commonly used in psychiatric practice have been addressed in earlier reviews (Beaubrun and Gray, 2000; Desai and Grossberg, 2003; Fugh-Berman and Cott, 1999; Lake, 2000; Linde et al., 2001a, 2001b; Walter and Rey, 1999; Wong et al., 1998). ...
... FST, DRL-72s Molina et al., 1999 Morinda officinalis How (Ba-Ji-Tian) Root Oligosaccharides (MW-97) Aqueous extract: 25 – 50 mg/kg; MW-97: 100 mg/kg, i.p. FST, DRL-72s Antioxidant action Cui et al., 1995; Li et al., 2001; Soon and Tan, 2002; Zhang et al., 2002 Ocimum sanctum Linn. (Tulsi) Root methanol extract: 100 – 400 mg/kg, i.p. ...
... ) Aged rabbit: Eyeblink classical condition 1990; Woodruff- Pak et al., 2001, 3) nBM mouse: ...
A search for novel pharmacotherapy from medicinal plants for psychiatric illnesses has progressed significantly in the past decade. This is reflected in the large number of herbal preparations for which psychotherapeutic potential has been evaluated in a variety of animal models. The objective of this review is to provide an overview of herbal extracts and constituents that have significant therapeutic effects in animal models of psychiatric illnesses. Eighty five individual herbs reviewed were classified as anxiolytic, antidepressant, neuroleptic, antidementia, or anti-substance abuse herbs. The full scientific name of each herb, herbal part used, active constituent, extract, dose range and route, animal model, possible mechanisms of action, and pertinent references are presented via synoptic tables. The herbal mixtures were also mentioned. A considerable number of herbal constituents whose behavioral effects and pharmacological actions have been well characterized may be good candidates for further investigations that may ultimately result in clinical use. The investigation of a large portion of the herbal extracts and herbal mixtures is in its infancy. Herbal remedies that have demonstrable psychotherapeutic activities have provided a potential to psychiatric pharmaceuticals and deserve increased attention in future studies.
... As a traditional Chinese medicine, the dried rhizomes of A. tatarinowii have been used for more than 2000 years in China to treat epilepsy, forgetfulness, stomachache, and rheumatism. Previous pharmacological studies have indicated that the species possesses extensive bioactivities, such as sedation, hypnosis, 1 anticonvulsant, 2 antidepressant, 3 nootropic, 4 and antibacterial. 5 Previous chemical investigations afforded a wide variety of chemical constituents, including phenylpropans, 6,7 lignans, 6,8-10 diterpenes, 11 alkaloids, 12,13 and sesquiterpenes. ...
A new brominated norsesquiterpene glycoside, acoruside (1), has been isolated from the rhizomes of Acorus tatarinowii Schott, together with 8 known compounds (2-9). Their structures were elucidated mainly based on 1-dimensional (1D) and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance spectra. The absolute configuration of compound 1 was determined by comparing its experimental and calculated electronic circular dichroism spectra. The in vitro tests indicated that at 10 µM, compounds 2, 3, and 4 aggravated serum deprivation injuries of PC12 cells, compound 2 aggravated rotenone-induced injuries of PC12 cells, and compounds 3 and 4 aggravated the oxygen-glucose deprivation-induced injuries of PC12 cells.
... In addition, Yuan-Zhi gas been shown to ameliorate cognitive impairment, which ought to be helpful when treating DD. Rhizoma Acori Tatarinowii, used in TCM as Shi-Chang-Pu, has been shown to have antidepressant activity 75 ...
Background
Depressive disorders (DD) affect not only mood and behavior but also various physical functions. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been shown to have some benefits in treating DD. However, one formula or one single herb might be not show high efficacy when used to treat depression. Thus, this study aimed to examine the core prescription pattern of Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) among patients with DD in Taiwan as a reference for related research and clinical applications.
Methods
All patients, who had been diagnosed with major depressive disorder or minor depression or dysthymia without any other baseline diseases and had at least one CHM outpatient clinical visit from 2002 to 2011, were extracted from three randomly sampled cohorts, namely the 2000, 2005 and 2010 cohorts of the National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD) of Taiwan. The collected data was analyzed to explore the patterns of herbal products.
Results
There were 197,146 patients with a diagnosis of DD and of these 1806 subjects had only a diagnosis of DD and utilized CHM. The most common formula was Gan-Mai-Da-Zao-Tang (12.19%), while Suan-Zao-Ren (3.99%) was the most commonly prescribed single herb. The core pattern of prescriptions consisted of a combination of Gan-Mai-Da-Zao-Tang, Jia-Wei-Xiao-Yao-San, Chai-Hu-Jia-Long-Gu-Mu-Li-Tang, He-Huan-Pi, Yuan-Zhi and Shi-Chang-Pu.
Conclusions
This study describes the CHM core prescription pattern used to treat patients in Taiwan with DD and it is a potential candidate for study in future pharmacological or clinical trials targeting DD.
... [ [161][162][163] Cimicifuga racemosa Aqueous Ethanol extract (50 or 100 mg/kg) [164] Centella asiatica triterpenes [165] H [182,183] Bacopa monnieri alkaloids (brahmine, herpestine) methanolic stadardized extract [184] Mangolia officinalis Mangolol, and dihydroxydihydromangolol aqueous extract of the bark [185] Curcuma longa aqueous extracts mediated through MAO-A inhibition [186] Mimosa pudica aqueous extract from dried leaves [187] Ginkgo biloba norepinephrine, and dopamine and serotonin [188][189][190] Ocimum sanctum Haloperidol and Slpride Ethanolic extract of leaves, Methanol extract from roots involving dopaminergic neurons [191][192][193][194][195][196] Rhazya stricta alkaloids with β carboline nucleus (Akuammidine, rhazimine, and tetrahydrosecamine), flavinoids, namely isorhamnetine, 3 -(6dirhamnosyl galactoside) -7rhamnoside and 3-(6 -rhamnosyl galactoside) -7 -rhamnoside plant extract inhibit both MAO-A and MAO-B [197] Rhizoma acori tatarinowii [198] Piper methysticum pyrone aqeous standardized extract of roots inhibition of MAO-B mesolimbic dopaminergic neurons [199,200] Withania somnifera glycowithanolides Standardized extracts of roots [201][202][203] Siphocampylus verticillatus Hydroalcoholic extract [204] Oenothera biennis Evening primrose oil obtained from seeds [205] Morinda officinalis [206,207] Perilla frutescens rosmarinic acid aqueous extract [208] ...
Depression in the form of serious mental illness is known to influence overall physiological and cognitive functions of any individual. Existing reports suggest that many brain regions mediate the diverse symptoms of depression but exact root cause of this illness is not yet known. However, several biochemicals, molecular and genetic bases have been found to be associated with brain disorders leading to depression. People with depression can best be treated with medications, psychotherapies, and other viable methods. The most commonly used antidepressants are the serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin-nor-epinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), tetracyclic antidepressants (TeCAs), buprenorphine and nor-adrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressant (NaSSAs) but most of them possess serious side effects in patients. The present review article illustrates an updated account of our understanding about the molecular constituents of the different regions of the brain that control the physiological and behavioural functions of a person, mechanisms of actions of currently available antidepressants and their side effects, if any, as well as the prospects of using phytochemicals as safe and effective alternative medicines.
... Similarly in CMS-treated rats, PR polysaccharides improved various serum indicators for relieve of depression Hu et al., 2010). The intake of ATR water extract in depressed rats also showed significant improvement (Li and Chen, 2001). Lastly, the PO triterpenoids regulated the expressed 5-HT3A receptors in Xenopusoocytes (Park et al., 2009). ...
... In CMS-treated rats, the oligosaccharide ester of Polygalae Radix increased sucrose consumption, reduced the levels of cortistatin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, and corticotropin-releasing factor in serum, and also enhanced the expression of glucocorticoid receptor mRNA [18, 19]. The water extract of Acori Tatarinowii Rhizoma could significantly shortened the motionless time of forced swimming and the despair time of tail suspension in mouse animal models of depression [20]. Compared to other herbs, the studies of neuronal function of Poria are very limited, in spite of its widely application in treating mental disorder by herbalists. ...
Kai-xin-san (KXS), a Chinese herbal decoction being prescribed by Sun Simiao in
Beiji Qianjin Yaofang
about 1400 years ago, contains Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma, Polygalae Radix, Acori tatarinowii Rhizoma, and Poria. KXS has been used to treat stress-related psychiatric disease with the symptoms of depression and forgetfulness in ancient China until today. However, the mechanism of its antidepression action is still unknown. Here, the chronic mild-stress-(CMS-) induced depressive rats were applied in exploring the action mechanisms of KXS treatment. Daily intragastric administration of KXS for four weeks significantly alleviated the CMS-induced depressive symptoms displayed by enhanced sucrose consumption. In addition, the expressions of those molecular bio-markers relating to depression in rat brains were altered by the treatment of KXS. These KXS-regulated brain biomarkers included: (i) the levels of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin (ii) the transcript levels of proteins relating to neurotransmitter metabolism; (iii) the transcript levels of neurotrophic factors and their receptors. The results suggested that the anti-depressant-like action of KXS might be mediated by an increase of neurotransmitters and expression of neurotrophic factors and its corresponding receptors in the brain. Thus, KXS could serve as alternative medicine, or health food supplement, for patients suffering from depression.
... Radix Codonopsis has been used as tonic agent (16,17) and Radix Polygoni Multiflori as anti-aging agent (18,19), that reduced extracellular hydroxyl radical in striatum of rats induced by intracerebral perfusion of 6-hydroxy dopamine (20). The water decoction of Rhizoma Acori Tatarinowii possessed obviously anti-depressant effect in a behavioral despair animal model of depression (21). Rhizoma Gastrodiae effectively improved the ability of learning and memory of senile rats and reduced the content of lipid peroxides (LPO) (22). ...
We observed the effect of modified Wendan decoction (modified Wen-Dan-Tang) on a cellular model of Alzheimer's disease. Amyloid beta (Abeta) 25-35 segment neurotoxin was employed to induce a PC12 cellular model of Alzheimer's disease. After modified Wendan decoction was fed to rats, the serum containing medicine was prepared and changes in cell morphology observed. Cell mortality and survival rate was examined by trypan blue stain assay and MTT method and caspase-3 expression was detected by western blot, while cell apoptosis was examined by flow cytometry. Cell morphology of prepared serum group was better than that of controls, and cell survival rate in prepared serum group was higher than that in control (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05). Cell mortality, caspase-3 expression and apoptosis rate in prepared serum group were lower than that in control (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05). We conclude that Modified Wendan Decoction can attenuate the neurotoxicity of Abeta 25-35 and rescue neurons via suppressing apoptotic process.
Ethnopharmacological relevance
Cognitive symptom is a “core” symptom of major depressive disorder (MDD) patients with clear deficit in memory, social and occupational function, and may persist during the remitting phase. Therefore, the remission of cognitive symptom has been considered as one of the main objectives in the treatment of MDD. Herbal antidepressants have been used to treat MDD, and there has been great advances in the understanding of the ability of these herbs to improve cognitive deficit linked to brain injury and various diseases including depression, Alzheimer disease, diabetes and age-related disorders. This systematic review summarizes the evidence from preclinical studies and clinical trials of herbal antidepressants with positive effects on cognitive deficit. The potential mechanisms by which herbal antidepressants prevent cognitive deficit are also reviewed. This review will facilitate further research and applications.
Materials and methods
We conducted an open-ended, English restricted search of MEDLINE (PubMed), Web of Science and Scopus for all available articles published or online before 31 December 2019, using terms pertaining to medical herb/phytomedicine/phytochemical/Chinese medicine and depression/major depressive disorder/antidepressant and/or cognitive impairment/cognitive deficit/cognitive dysfunction.
Results
7 prescriptions, more than 30 individual herbs and 50 phytochemicals from China, Japan, Korea and India with positive effects on the depressive state and cognitive deficit are reviewed herein. The evidence from preclinical studies and clinical trials proves that these herbal antidepressants exhibit positive effects on one or more aspects of cognitive defect including spatial, episodic, aversive, and short- and long-term memory. The action mode of the improvement of cognitive deficit by these herbal antidepressants is mediated mainly through two pathways. One pathway is to promote hippocampal neurogenesis through activating brain derived neurotrophic factor-tropomyosin-related kinase B signaling. The other pathway is to prevent neuronal apoptosis through the inhibition of neuro-inflammation and neuro-oxidation.
Conclusion
These herbal antidepressants, having potential therapy for cognitive deficit, may prevent pathological processes of neurodegenerative diseases. Furthermore, these herbal medicines should provide a treasure trove, which will accelerate the development of new antidepressants that can effectively improve cognitive symptom in MDD. Studies on their molecular mechanisms may provide more potential targets and therapeutic approaches for new drug discovery.
Ethnopharmacological relevance:
Acrorus tatarinowii Schott has been widely used in the treatments of neuropsychiatric and digestive disorders in clinical practices of traditional Chinese medicine for thousands of years. Both clinical and preclinical studies demonstrated antidepressant effects of A. tatarinowii. However, the possible action mechanisms of antidepressant effects of A. tatarinowii remain unraveled.
Aim of the study:
The present study aimed to investigate the roles of serotonin transporter (SERT) in antidepressant effects of A. tatarinowii.
Materials and methods:
Antidepressant effects of water extract of A. tatarinowii were evaluated by forced swimming test (FST), tail suspension test (TST) and locomotor activity test. The water extract was analyzed by ultra high performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) method. Two major fractions of A. tatarinowii, petroleum ether extract and water extract after petroleum ether processed, were prepared and analyzed by UPLC method. Further, volatile oil extracted by ether extraction, solid phase micro-extraction (SPME) and hydro-distillation were compared and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS) method. Finally, major constituents of water extract of A. tatarinowii were isolated by preparative high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and identified by extensive spectroscopic analyses. Effects of all of the above mentioned samples on SERT activity were tested by a high content assay (HCA).
Results:
Results of FST, TST and locomotor activity confirmed that water extract of A. tatarinowii significantly decreased mice immobility time but did not change mice locomotor activity. UPLC analysis results revealed that the water extract contained trace amount of β-asarone (0.0004206%) and α-asarone (0.0001918%). HCA results demonstrated that the water extract significantly enhanced SERT activity at 100 μg/mL. Further, GC-MS and UPLC analyses revealed that petroleum ether extract contained high content of β-asarone (45.63%) and α-asarone (12.50%). GC-MS analysis results demonstrated that the volatile oil extracted by ether extraction, SPME and hydro-distillation contained similar major components. HCA results verified that the petroleum ether extract significantly enhanced SERT activity at 1.56 μg/mL. Moreover, UPLC analysis of water extract after petroleum ether processed did not show any characteristic peaks. HCA results demonstrated that this extract significantly inhibited SERT activity at 50-100 μg/mL. Finally, phytochemistry investigation on the water extract of A. tatarinowii afforded seven constituents including veratric acid (9), anisic acid (7), 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoic acid (3), trans-isoferulic acid (2), 2,4,5-trimethoxybenzoic acid (11), 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (6) and syringic acid (13). Their structures were established on the basis of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectrometer (MS) data and comparative UPLC analyses. HCA results demonstrated the major components of the water extract of A. tatarinowii demonstrated SERT enhancement/inhibition activities.
Conclusions:
This study first systematically demonstrated the roles of SERT activity in antidepressant effects of A. tatarinowii, including water extract, major fractions and main constituents. These results revealed that A. tatarinowii could regulate SERT activities in bidirectional ways.
Stress renders an individual to experience mental pressure and exhaustion which brings about feelings of anxiety, depression, anger and/or other negative emotions. Depression affects a person's state of mind, behaviour, health and is often associated with suicide. The use of anti-depressant drugs as therapeutic agents is associated with symptoms such as, delayed onset of action, side-effects, drug-drug and dietary interactions, sexual dysfunction, cardiac toxicity, etc. Thus, there is need to target these issues and improve current treatment options. Medicinal plants have long been used in discovering novel treatment strategies and compounds with promising roles in treating various disease conditions. There has been an increase, worldwide, in the use of medicinal plants and herbs for developing nutraceuticals for treatment of depression and other psychiatric disorders. Medicinal plants in their natural forms are valuable as they are rich in various phytochemical compounds. These phytochemical compounds have pharmacological roles in treating various diseases conditions; apart from being widely available in nature and commercially beneficial. The phytochemical compounds in plants are constantly being explored through various experimental studies to determine the molecular basis of how medicinal plants work in relation to drugs and diseases and to develop neutraceuticals for improving conditions. This review summarizes 110 medicinal plants and their phytochemical constituents that have been shown to possess anti-depressant activity. This review also highlights the various mechanisms of anti-depressant action of some of these plants and their plant parts like roots, stem, leaves, flowers, fruit or whole plant; phytochemical compounds showing anti-depressant activity such flavanoids, steroids, saponins, sugars, lectins, alkaloids, etc.; and various anti-depressant screening models used such as tail suspension test, forced swim test, chronic unpredictable stress test, sucrose preference test, monoamine oxidase inhibition assay, learned helplessness test, open field test, hole board test, etc. However, mechanistic evaluation of many of these plants still needs to be investigated and explored.
Acori Tatarinowii Rhizoma (ATR), the rhizome of Acorus tatarinowii Schott, is being used clinically to treat neurological disorders. The volatile oil of ATR is being considered as an active ingredient. Here, α-asarone and β-asarone, accounting about 95% of ATR oil, were evaluated for its function in stimulating neurogenesis. In cultured PC12 cells, application of ATR volatile oil, α-asarone or β-asarone, stimulated the expression of neurofilaments, a bio-marker for neurite outgrowth, in a concentration-dependent manner. The co-treatment of ATR volatile oil, α-asarone or β-asarone, with low concentration of nerve growth factor (NGF) potentiated the NGF-induced neuronal differentiation in cultured PC12 cells. In addition, application of protein kinase A inhibitors, H89 and KT5720, in cultures blocked the ATR-induced neurofilament expression, as well as the phosphorylation of cAMP-responsive element binding protein (CREB). In the potentiation of NGF-induced signaling in cultured PC12 cells, α-asarone and β-asarone showed synergistic effects. These results proposed the neurite-promoting asarone, or ATR volatile oil, could be useful in finding potential drugs for treating various neurodegenerative diseases, in which neurotrophin deficiency is normally involved.
Background: Jiawei Wendan decoction can elevate hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) protein expression in rats with depression. It has been hypothesized that Jiawei Wendan decoction can exhibit antidepressant effects through the hippocampal signal transduction pathway of cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element binding protein (CREB)-BDNF. Objective: Using phosphorylated-CREB (p-CREB) as an entry point, the present study was designed to observe intervention effects of Jiawei Wendan decoction compared with fluoxetine. Design, time and setting: A randomized, controlled, cellular biology experiment was performed at the Central Laboratory of Guangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Materials: A total of 40 healthy, male, Sprague-Dawley rats were included in the present study. Rhizoma Acori Talarinowii (Shichangpu), Flos Albiziae (Hehuanhua), Rhizoma Pinelliae (Banxia), Caulis Bambusae in Taeniam (Zhuru), Fructus Aurantii Immaturus (Zhishi), Poria (Fuling), and Radix Bupleuri (Chaihu), the primary ingredients of Jiawei Wendan decoction, were purchased from First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine. The raw drug was decocted at a concentration of 1.5 g/mL. Fluoxetine capsules were purchased from Shanghai Zhongxi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., China. Methods: Following behavioral testing, 36 rats were selected from the initial 40 rats according to similar behavioral scores, and were randomly divided into 4 groups: model (n = 8), Jiawei Wendan decoction-treated (n = 10), fluoxetine-treated (n = 10), and normal control (n = 8). All rats, except for those in the normal control group, were separately raised in a chronic and unpredictable, mild-stimulation environment for 21 days to establish a depression model. The Jiawei Wendan decoction-treated and fluoxetine-treated groups were intragastrically administered Jiawei Wendan decoction (12 g/kg/d) and fluoxetine (1.8 mg/kg/d), respectively. The model and normal control groups received double-distilled water (2 mL/kg/d) once a day for a total of 21 days. Main outcome measures: Prior to depression induction and subsequent to administration, memory and degree of depression were measured by open field and tail suspension tests, respectively. At 24 hours after administration, p-CREB expression in the hippocampal CA3 region was analyzed by the immunohistochemical SABC method. Results: Two rats from the Jiawei Wendan decoction-treated group, and one from the fluoxetine-treated group, died of unknown causes. The remaining rats in each group, except for one rat that was randomly selected from the fluoxetine-treated group, were included in the final analysis. Following administration, the model group exhibited significantly decreased numbers of hippocampal p-CREB-positive cells, horizontal and vertical movements, and significantly prolonged duration of immobility in tail-suspension test, compared with the normal control group (P < 0.01). The numbers of p-CREB-positive cells, as well as horizontal and vertical movements, were significantly greater, and the duration of immobility was significantly shorter, in the Jiawei Wendan decoction and fluoxetine groups, compared with the model group (P < 0.05-0.01). There was no significant difference in the above-mentioned three indices between the Jiawei Wendan decoction and fluoxetine groups (P > 0.05). Conclusion: Jiawei Wendan decoction increased hippocampal p-CREB expression by influencing the rat hippocampal signal transduction pathway of CREB-BDNF. Jiawei Wendan decoction exhibited antidepressant effects equivalent to fluoxetine.
• The identification and quality proof of all Rhizoma Acori extracts with their essential oils can be easily carried out using TLC and GC/MS with the methods described.
• Despite of the very lipophilic nature of β-Asarone it could be determined also in the water decoction. This means that a potential risk in administering Acorus calamus or Acorus tatarinowii as decoction cannot be excluded.
• The contradictory reports about the content of β-Asarone and α-Asarone in Acorus calamus and Acorus tatarinowii rhizomes can be cleared only through detailed cytogenetic (chromosomal) analyses(8).
This is a Study on the Influence of Cadmium on the Growth of two Aquatic Plants and the Accumulative Capacity of the Plants towards Cadmium, cress and acorus. The results show: the growing state of both cress and acorus was good. In the view of total biomass, acorus presented a higher amount; in the view of biomass underground(root)/ above ground(Stems and leaves), the biomass underground and above ground of both plants were increased paralleled with the rise of concentration, while more significant changes were detected in acorus. Acorus shows higher accumulation rate of Cd2+ compared to cress and its underground accumulation rate is significantly higher than that above ground; with the Cd2+ concentration of 25mg/L, the underground accumulation rate is up to 363.72mg/kg and that above ground was 183.62mg/kg.
Increasing amounts of evidence clearly demonstrate the efficacy of the polyphenolic antioxidants found in natural products improving brain performance and health. Vegetables and fruits might be able to reduce or block the neuronal death that occurs during various neuro-pathological conditions such as Alzheimer's disease, hypoxia, Parkinson's disease, etc. Recently, consumption of pomegranate fruits has been well demonstrated to attenuate neuro-degenerative processes of the brain due to the presence of various active components. In this chapter, we review the mechanism of action of pomegranates on brain health.
This is a study on the decontamination function of two kinds of aquatic plants towards Pb2+, cress and acorus. The results show: both cress and acorus have the ability of removing heavy metal Pb2+, while acorus shows higher decontamination ability, up to 91%. Acorus shows higher accumulation rate of Pb2+ compared to cress and its underground (root) accumulation rate is significantly higher than that on the ground(Stems and leaves); with the Pb2+ concentration of 250 mg/L, the underground accumulation rate is up to 1542.97 mg/kg and that on the ground was 943.61 mg/kg.
ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any references for this publication.