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Corneal burn secondary to amyl nitrite [4]

DOI:10.1038/eye.2001.108
Authors:
Ali A Mearza at Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust
Ali A Mearza
Riaz Asaria at Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust
Riaz Asaria
Brian C Little at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust
Brian C Little
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Eye is the official journal of the Royal College of Ophthalmologists. It aims to provide the practising ophthalmologist with information on the latest clinical and laboratory-based research.
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   
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  
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     
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  
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   
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       
 
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      
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 
 
  
 
  
  
  
   
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  
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 
   
    
  


    

 
   
      

   

 
   

  
  
 

  








   
   
    
 
 



  
  
      
  
 
   
     
   
     
   


 
  

       
 
  



   
     
   
 
 
 
   

    



     

  
  
 

        
        
   
    
    
     
      
    
      
    
      

     
    
 
 
 
 


 
  
 
  
 
  
Cardiac, Vascular, and Renal Drugs
Chapter
  • Jan 2021
This book is intended as a guide to help the clinician determine where a visual problem is a drug-induced ocular side effect. We continually review spontaneous case reports from the National Registry of Drug-Induced Ocular Side Effects, the World Health Organization, the Food and Drug Administration, and the world literature. We have attempted to classify a suspected adverse event with our impression to causality (i.e. certain, probable, unlikely, conditional/unclassified). This chapter discusses cardiac, vascular, and renal drugs including drugs used to treat migraine, antianginal drugs, antiarrythmic drugs, antihypertensive drugs, bronchodilators, diuretics, osmotics, peripheral vasodilators, and vasopressors.
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Pharmacotherapeutic Goals in Interstitial Cystitis
Article
  • Jan 1990
The classic symptoms of interstitial cystitis include unremitting frequency, urgency and suprapubic or pelvic pain (Messing 1986; Parivar and Bradbrook 1986) Irrespective of what is causing these symptoms the most urgent pharmacotherapeutic goal should be to make the patient symptom-free. However, this goal seems difficult to achieve and most textbooks and reviews stress that treatment is unsatisfactory both from a clinical and scientifical point of view (Messing 1986; Parivar and Bradbrook 1986). With available modalities, the majority of patients can obtain relief of symptoms, but rarely will these be totally or permanently eliminated (Messing 1986; Hanno and Wein 1987).
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Lack of Ocular Changes with Dimethyl Sulfoxide Therapy of Scleroderma
Article
  • Feb 1989
Eighty-four patients with scleroderma hand ulcers were treated 3 times daily for 3 months in a randomized, double-blind clinical trial by immersing their hands into bags of topical 70% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), topical 2% DMSO, or 0.85% normal saline. Fifty-five of the patients completed the study, 46 of whom received blinded initial (0 days) and final (12 weeks) full ophthalmologic examinations. This evaluation included past ocular history, past drug history, family ocular history, pupillary examination, cycloplegic refraction, motility study, applanation tension, indirect dilated funduscopic examination, and slit-lamp examination. No statistical difference in these ocular variables, including visual acuity, lenticular changes, and cataract development, were noted among the three groups, and in no patients were the DMSO-related lenticular changes reported in numerous animal studies found. The maximum theoretical dosage of DMSO administered was 2.6 g/kg/day, which is comparable to those used in the animal studies.
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Some changes in the lens of the dimethylsulphoxide-fed rabbit
Article
  • Oct 1972
We have confirmed that there is a loss of γ-crystallin and an increase in water-insoluble protein in the lens of the dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO)-fed rabbit (Wood, Sweet, van Dolah, Smith and Contaxis, 1967). These changes were confined to the lens nucleus. The water-insoluble protein which results from DMSO feeding is soluble in 7 m urea, unlike the water-insoluble fraction isolated from the human cataractous lens, which is largely urea-insoluble. The amino acid content of the urea-soluble protein from the lens of the DMSO-fed rabbit appears to be the same as that from the control lens.Glutathione and protein thiol, and lactic acid, were also measured in the lens of the control and DMSO-fed rabbit. There was no appreciable difference.
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Conjunctival tissue examination in severe eye burns: A study with scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray analysis
Article
  • Jun 1995
Long-lasting inflammation is a major problem in treatment after severe eye burns and may find expression in an altered elemental composition of the conjunctiva. Particulate contamination of biological tissue induces such inflammatory processes. In the anterior eye segment, trauma or subsequent therapy may give rise to such contamination. Scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis are able to detect traumatic residues of submicron size and changes of the elemental composition. Conjunctival specimens from first-time peridectomy of three healthy and nine severely burnt-eyes were examined with scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis. The samples were prepared as cryo- or paraffin sections, mounted on carbon blocks and coated with evaporated elemental carbon. The samples of healthy conjunctiva showed higher concentrations of Na, P and CI. These elements showed lower concentrations in conjunctival stroma of burnt eyes excised before the 20th day after trauma than in material obtained subsequently. In two burnt conjunctival specimens there was severe traumatic contamination with Ca in Ca(OH)2 and CaO burns, and in one case the traumatic substance was Si, in a peroxide plus silicone spray burn. In the remaining six cases, particulate contamination with Fe, Al, Ni, Zn, Cu, Ti and other substances was present in the burnt conjunctivas, while no contamination was detected in the specimens of healthy conjunctivas. The origin of the contaminant particles is assumed to be the trauma itself and the subsequent therapy. These investigations stress the importance, for clinical purposes, or early peridectomy and contamination-free therapy.
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Investigation of enzyme activities in severe burns of the anterior eye segment
Article
  • Jun 1993
In severe burns of the anterior eye segment, including the cornea, limbus and adjacent conjunctiva, ischemia resulted from the necroses. While necrotic conjunctival and subconjunctival tissues may be removed to eliminate the toxic influence, the opaque cornea and ischemic sclera could not be removed. In the surrounding healthy tissues an inflammatory reaction developed, which brought about an infiltration of the damaged tissues by leukocytes and the release of lysosomal marker enzymes. N-Acetylglucosaminidase and cathepsin-D represent a number of other destructive enzymes involved with corneal and corneoscleral ulceration. Initially, their activities were low in the turbid, acellular cornea and increased 3 weeks after the burn. In the surrounding conjunctiva, these enzyme activities were normally higher than in the cornea and increased significantly after the burn. The elevated activities of N-acetylglucosaminidase and cathepsin-D in the conjunctiva and cornea were related clinically to corneal and corneoscleral ulceration.
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