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Maternal consumption of pulque, a traditional central Mexican alcoholic beverage: Relationships to infant growth and development
Abstract
To document the consumption during pregnancy of pulque, a traditional central Mexican alcoholic beverage, and its relationship to subsequent infant size, physical growth and performance on the Bayley Scales of Infant Development.
Prospective cohort study.
Six villages in rural, central Mexico in 1984-1985.
Seventy mother-infant pairs.
Most women (72.9%) consumed pulque during pregnancy, and 28.6% consumed more than 150 g ethanol week(-1) from the beverage. Individuals who consumed pulque showed no compensating decrease in energy obtained from other foods. Pulque consumption possessed curvilinear relationships with both infant length (at 1 and 6 months) and Bayley mental performance (at 6 months). Heavy pulque intakes were associated with smaller infant size and poorer mental performance. In modest quantities, pulque consumption may have been beneficial due to its micronutrient content.
Intakes of alcohol from pulque were common among pregnant women in these rural, central Mexican villages. Given current scientific knowledge of the adverse effects of ethanol on foetal development, public health interventions are needed to reduce heavy pulque consumption during pregnancy in some areas of rural Mexico.
... Http://www.granthaalayah.com ©International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] different genera of yeasts, are nuclear genes as actin, the translation elongation factor-1, RNA pol II, also mitochondrial genes as the small subunit of rDNA and the COX II gene [23]. ...
... Http://www.granthaalayah.com ©International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] used the D1/D2 domain of the 26S rRNA gene (Fig. 1A) for the identification of the yeast strains involved in the fermentation process of pulque beverage; this nucleotide region has been used in other previous works for identify to level the yeast genera and species [28]. As first result we observed that despite the viscosity and the complexity of the pulque samples, the primers NL1-GC y LS2 were highly specific for the obtention of amplicons of the yeasts presents in each pulque sample as mentioned in Table 1. ...
... Http://www.granthaalayah.com ©International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] 3. 4 ...
Currently it is well known that yeasts play an essential role in the production of different
beverages. In this paper, were identified some of the yeasts involved in the fermentation
process of the pulque, a Mexican traditional beverage. Samples were collected from different
regions of Mexico and yeasts were detected directly from samples without cultivation.
Identifying the yeasts was obtained using amplification the D1/D2 domain of the 26S rRNA
gene and Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE). The results of DGGE showed
different profiles of bands in each of the analyzed samples, indicating the presence of several
species of yeast, which was also confirmed by sequencing of the bands corresponding to the
domain D1/D2, succeeded in identifying five species of yeasts. The results obtained in this
work demonstrated that the technique used for identification of yeasts of pulque was efficient.
Besides, the optimization of this method could also allow rapid identification of yeasts and
help understand the role of these in the fermentation process of this beverage, as well as the
isolation of strains of interest for biotechnological purposes such as production of ethanol or
metabolites with nutraceutical activity.
... Http://www.granthaalayah.com ©International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] traditional pre-hispanic non-distilled beverage with a high consumption in the center of this country is the pulque [37]. Possibly considered as the most antique Mexican alcoholic beverage, it is obtained by an artisan process, that involves the fermentation of a substrate known as 'savia' or 'aguamiel' which is extracted from different Agave species, such as Agave salmiana, A. atrovirens y A. mapisaga [22; 27; 39]. ...
... Http://www.granthaalayah.com ©International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] different genera of yeasts, are nuclear genes as actin, the translation elongation factor-1, RNA pol II, also mitochondrial genes as the small subunit of rDNA and the COX II gene [23]. ...
... Http://www.granthaalayah.com ©International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] ...
Currently it is well known that yeasts play an essential role in the production of different beverages. In this paper, were identified some of the yeasts involved in the fermentation process of the pulque, a Mexican traditional beverage. Samples were collected from different regions of Mexico and yeasts were detected directly from samples without cultivation. Identifying the yeasts was obtained using amplification the D1/D2 domain of the 26S rRNA gene and Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE). The results of DGGE showed different profiles of bands in each of the analyzed samples, indicating the presence of several species of yeast, which was also confirmed by sequencing of the bands corresponding to the domain D1/D2, succeeded in identifying five species of yeasts. The results obtained in this work demonstrated that the technique used for identification of yeasts of pulque was efficient. Besides, the optimization of this method could also allow rapid identification of yeasts and help understand the role of these in the fermentation process of this beverage, as well as the isolation of strains of interest for biotechnological purposes such as production of ethanol or metabolites with nutraceutical activity.
... These authors showed the association between pulque intake during lactation and robust newborn growth, suggesting a beneficial effect of low pulque intake associated probably to the micronutrient content of the beverage. However, the study concludes that earlier intake of pulque during pregnancy and lactation was associated with poorer child height and weight (Backstrand et al., 2001(Backstrand et al., , 2004. ...
... In effect, several reports have demonstrated the in vitro growth promoting effects of diverse lactobacilli and bifidobacteria and well-known probiotic strains including L. acidophilus, B. lactis, B. infantis, B. animals, and B. adolescentis, some of them considered as predominant in human intestinal microbiota (Tripathi and Giri, 2014;Velázquez-Martínez et al., 2014;Castro-Zavala et al., 2015). As discussed above, aguamiel and pulque possess diverse well-documented nutritional traits; the main disadvantage of pulque remains its alcoholic content, which limits and restricts its promotion and consumption (Narro-Robles and Gutiérrez-Avila, 1997; Backstrand et al., 2001Backstrand et al., , 2004. ...
... The presence of prebiotic fructooligosaccharides from agave inulin present in aguamiel, as well as the soluble inulin-like agavin, levan and dextran polysaccharides have been described and characterized (Chellapandian et al., 1998;Ortiz-Basurto et al., 2008;Torres-Rodríguez et al., 2014). Some of this prebiotics have been evaluated both in vitro and in vivo, and we suggest that the beneficial effects observed among lactating mothers and their babies (Argote-Espinosa et al., 1992;Backstrand et al., 2001Backstrand et al., , 2004 is mainly due to its preand probiotic content. Unfortunately, most research is now devoted to the isolation and production of probiotic bacteria as alternative beverages, isolated from pulque, but out of the scope of the beverage. ...
Pulque is a traditional Mexican alcoholic beverage produced from the fermentation of the fresh sap known as aguamiel (mead) extracted from several species of Agave (maguey) plants that grow in the Central Mexico plateau. Currently, pulque is produced, sold and consumed in popular districts of Mexico City and rural areas. The fermented product is a milky white, viscous, and slightly acidic liquid beverage with an alcohol content between 4 and 7° GL and history of consumption that dates back to pre-Hispanic times. In this contribution, we review the traditional pulque production process, including the microbiota involved in the biochemical changes that take place during aguamiel fermentation. We discuss the historical relevance and the benefits of pulque consumption, its chemical and nutritional properties, including the health benefits associated with diverse lactic acid bacteria with probiotic potential isolated from the beverage. Finally, we describe the actual status of pulque production as well as the social, scientific and technological challenges faced to preserve and improve the production of this ancestral beverage and Mexican cultural heritage.
... Http://www.granthaalayah.com ©International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] traditional pre-hispanic non-distilled beverage with a high consumption in the center of this country is the pulque [37]. Possibly considered as the most antique Mexican alcoholic beverage, it is obtained by an artisan process, that involves the fermentation of a substrate known as 'savia' or 'aguamiel' which is extracted from different Agave species, such as Agave salmiana, A. atrovirens y A. mapisaga [22; 27; 39]. ...
... Http://www.granthaalayah.com ©International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] different genera of yeasts, are nuclear genes as actin, the translation elongation factor-1, RNA pol II, also mitochondrial genes as the small subunit of rDNA and the COX II gene [23]. ...
... Http://www.granthaalayah.com ©International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] ...
Currently it is well known that yeasts play an essential role in the production of different beverages. In this paper, were identified some of the yeasts involved in the fermentation process of the pulque, a Mexican traditional beverage. Samples were collected from different regions of Mexico and yeasts were detected directly from samples without cultivation. Identifying the yeasts was obtained using amplification the D1/D2 domain of the 26S rRNA gene and Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE). The results of DGGE showed different profiles of bands in each of the analyzed samples, indicating the presence of several species of yeast, which was also confirmed by sequencing of the bands corresponding to the domain D1/D2, succeeded in identifying five species of yeasts. The results obtained in this work demonstrated that the technique used for identification of yeasts of pulque was efficient. Besides, the optimization of this method could also allow rapid identification of yeasts and help understand the role of these in the fermentation process of this beverage, as well as the isolation of strains of interest for biotechnological purposes such as production of ethanol or metabolites with nutraceutical activity.
... Laboratory analyses show 0.5 l of pulque, the amount most commonly consumed at a sitting by women at the current research site (the Solís Valley), contains approximately 24 g of ethanol, 900 kJ (215 kcal), and several vitamins and minerals, including ascorbic acid (30 mg), thiamin (0.1 mg), riboflavin (0.1 mg) and iron (3.5 mg) (Backstrand et al, 2001). Epidemiological analyses show pulque was the most important source of ascorbic acid and the third most important source of iron among Solís Valley women in the 1980s (Backstrand et al, 2002). ...
... Earlier, we examined the potential effect of maternal pulque intake during pregnancy on child growth, and identified curvilinear associations between pulque intake during pregnancy and infant length (at 1 and 6 months) after adjustment for potential confounders (Backstrand et al, 2001). The longest children were associated with pulque intakes in the range of 335 to 460 kJ/day (61-84 g/week of ethanol), while intakes above and below these values were associated with shorter length. ...
... We supplement these data with follow-up anthropometry on these infants at approximately 57 months of age. The analytic sample is comprised of 58 children, 43 of whom had provided data for our prior article on pulque and infants (Backstrand et al, 2001). ...
To examine maternal intake of a mildly alcoholic beverage (pulque) during pregnancy and lactation, and its potential effect on postpartum child growth and attained size.
A prospective cohort study that followed mothers (during pregnancy and lactation) and their offspring (from birth to approximately 57 months of age).
Six villages in rural, central Mexico.
Subjects are 58 mother-child pairs. Pulque intake was measured as part of a dietary assessment that was conducted for 2days/month during pregnancy and early lactation.
Most mothers consumed pulque during pregnancy (69.0%) and lactation (72.4%). Among pulque drinkers, the average ethanol intake was 125.1 g/week during pregnancy and 113.8 g/week during lactation. Greater pulque intake during lactation, independent of intake during pregnancy, was associated with slower weight and linear growth from 1 to 57 months, and smaller attained size at 57 months. Low-to-moderate pulque intake during pregnancy, in comparison to either nonconsumption or heavy intake, was also associated with greater stature at 57 months.
Pulque intake during lactation may have adversely influenced postnatal growth in this population. Public health interventions are urgently needed in Mexico to reduce heavy intake of pulque by pregnant and lactating women, and to replace intake with foods that provide the vitamins and minerals present in the traditional alcoholic beverage.
... A presença de frutooligossacarídeos prebióticos da inulina presente no hidromel do agave, bem como os polissacarídeos solúveis de agavina, levana e dextrana, semelhantes à inulina, têm sido descritos e caracterizados (CHELLAPANDIAN et al., 1998;ORTIZ-BASURTO et al., 2008;RODRÍGUEZ et al., 2004). Alguns desses prebióticos foram avaliados tanto in vitro quanto in vivo, tendo constatado que os efeitos benéficos observados entre mães lactantes e seus bebês (ARGOTE-ESPINOSA et al., 1992;BACKSTRAND et al., 2001BACKSTRAND et al., , 2004 se devem principalmente ao seu conteúdo pré e probiótico. Infelizmente, a maioria das pesquisas agora é dedicada ao isolamento e produção de bactérias probióticas como bebidas alternativas, isoladas do pulque, mas fora do escopo da bebida. ...
... angustifolia têm frutanos de alto peso molecular e ramificados com a mesma estrutura em relação a ligações de frutanos, mas DP diferentes: alta ( GUTIÉRREZ- AVILA, 1997;BACKSTRAND et al., 2001BACKSTRAND et al., , 2004. ...
... Aguamiel also contains protein, free amino acids, vitamins (mainly vitamin C) and minerals [3]. For many years, the consumption of pulque has been associated to health benefits through indirect evidences related both to the plant and the resulting fermentation biomass and biomass products [4,5]. Recently, specific health benefits have been attributed to pulque microbiota, as isolated probiotic bacterial strains have been associated to an antiinflammatory effect in mice [6], while other properties have been inferred from the presence of specific strains [7,8]. ...
... It is also known that S. cerevisiae cells have a weak osmo-tolerance, performing a more efficient alcoholic fermentation once sugar concentration has been reduced to less than 15% w/v [46]. In experiments performed with single isolated strains, it has been observed that Z. mobilis may produce up to 8 mg/ml of ethanol, while S. cerevisiae produce 5 mg/ml under the same initial sugar concentration [4]. It is also know that although Z. mobilis is less resistant to ethanol concentration, has a higher specific production rate. ...
... En las zonas rurales de México central el pulque es una bebida alcohólica tradicional que puede proporcionar ácido ascórbico, hierro y riboflavina a la dieta. Sin embargo, se ha podido comprobar que la población de mujeres embarazadas no es consciente de que afecta al feto durante el embarazo (Backstrand et al., 2001) y esto condiciona la frecuencia actual de problemas para el crecimiento y desarrollo mental del niño en México central. ...
La Antropología Biológica intenta profundizar desde una perspectiva no aplicada en los determinantes de los dos polos implicados en las definiciones generales del estado nutricional: el balance entre los aportes nutricionales y las demandas nutritivas. Tanto la cantidad, como la calidad y modalidad de los aportes nutricionales poseen determinantes de carácter socioeco-nómico, cultural y ambiental, mientras que las demandas nutritivas dependen de determinantes morfofisiológicos de origen genético y comportamental, como son: el estado de salud, el momento del ciclo vital, la estructura y composición corporal y la actividad física de los individuos. Algunas investigaciones recientes ilustran la importancia de los determinantes ecológicos. Por ejemplo, el efecto secular (secular trend) por el aumento intergeneracional de las es-taturas, del peso y del IMC que ocurre en las poblaciones urbanas que experimentan una mejora en el nivel de vida está ocurriendo en los países desarrollados y en países en vías de desarrollo, junto con un adelanto de la edad de menarquia en las niñas. Los determinantes del ciclo vital, en relación a las demandas nutritivas, condicionan que en muchas poblaciones la desnutrición sea más frecuente en el niño que en el adulto cuando disminuye la disponibilidad de proteínas como ha ocurrido recientemente en el norte de Bostwana por erradicación de la ganadería enferma. La evaluación del estado nutricional representa un instrumento válido para estudiar la dinámica de la relación entre nutrición y ecología de la población (entendida tanto en sentido social como biológico). Los métodos de evaluación nutricional, a nivel poblacional, se suelen desarrollar desde cuatro perspectivas complementarias: determinación de la ingesta de nutrientes, evaluación de la estructura y composición corporal, evaluación bioquímica y evaluación clínica del estado nutricional. Muchas investigaciones usan de forma complementaria las encuestas de consumo de alimentos para determinar la ingesta de nutrientes en combinación con la evaluación antropométrica o el análisis de la impedancia bioeléctrica y la evaluación de indicadores nutricionales a nivel sérico, siendo menos frecuente el uso de la evaluación clínica en estudios de muestras grandes. En este artículo se repasan algunos aspectos de la determinación de los indicadores nutricionales de mayor interés en los estudios sobre ecología de la nutrición con un énfasis en la investigación sobre el uso del IMC como indicador de adiposidad.
... Beyond the culture, alcoholic beverages incorporate a significant part of diets, and not only in Mexico but all over the world, reaching 10% of energy intakes in industrialized countries. In addition, micronutrients of great importance, such as vitamins and minerals, have been associated with the consumption of fermented beverages, like pulque [37]. While in Prehispanic times apart from nutrients, it was also an important source of potable water. ...
Traditional alcoholic beverages are today recognized for their potentialities and benefits to human health. Pulque is likely to be one of the most consumed traditional beverages in Mexico, which is currently being explored by the research community. Different research and applications have been developed towards the full identification and characterization of the compounds and microbiota presented in pulque . Moreover, to improve its commercialization, specific emerging techniques have been proposed and implemented for the processing of such a traditional alcoholic beverage. Therefore, the goal of this review is to release a comprehensive overview of the latest research and developments focused on exploring the pulque . Herein, a particular emphasis has been paid to the relevant studies and findings in the field. Moreover, a clear overview of the microbial, physicochemical composition, elaboration protocols, together with the main parameters influencing its quality, are given. Few applications and processes aiming for its commercialization have been done (e.g., microencapsulation, spray-drying and ohmic treatment); however, within the exploitation of pulque , its main compounds have been implemented towards the enhancement of properties of other commercial products, such as tortilla and bread. Finally, this review provides the current research gaps and recommendations to the new researchers in the field.
... It has also been proposed that low pulque intake (one daily glass) has a beneficial effect during lactation due to its micronutrient content. However, harmful effects of pulque consumption in pregnancy have been described (Backstrand, Allen, Martinez, & Pelto, 2001;Backstrand, Goodman, Allen, & Pelto, 2004 It is necessary to ferment the cocoa beans and dry the seeds to develop the aromatic compounds and to obtain its characteristic flavor (Fowler & Coutel, 2017). The word 'cocoa' comes from the Olmec word ʻkakawa' (Kaufman & Justeson, 2007). ...
In Mexico, close to 200 fermented products have been described, of which, approximately 20 are beverages. They were obtained through rustic and ancestral fermentation methods by different indigenous Mexican communities; most of them were used in ceremonies, agricultural work, and other occasions. For their elaboration, different substrates obtained from plants are used, where uncontrolled and low-scale spontaneous anaerobic fermentation occurs. In Mexico, some of these products are considered as nutritional sources and functional beverages; the study of those products has revealed the presence of multiple compounds of biological importance. Additionally, elder generations attribute healing properties against diverse illnesses to these beverages. The aim of this review is to highlight the available information on twelve traditional Mexican fermented beverages, their traditional uses, and their fermentation processes along with toxicological, chemical, nutritional, and functional studies as seen from different areas of investigation. In the literature, pulque, cocoa, and pozol were the beverages with the greatest amount of described health properties; sendechó and guarapo were less characterized. Polyphenols, gallic and ferulic acid, anthocyanins and saponins were the most abundant molecules in all beverages. Finally, it is important to continue this research in order to determine the microorganisms that are involved in the fermentation process, as well as the organoleptic and beneficial properties they lend to the traditional Mexican fermented beverages.
... Another early study of pulque from 1946 in the indigenous Otomí population in Hidalgo state demonstrated that pulque was the second most important food in the diet after tortilla, because it provided substantial amounts of calories, total protein, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin C, calcium, and iron 11 . More recent analysis supports the importance of pulque as a dietary source of iron and folates 50,51 . Folic acid deficiency during pregnancy can lead to neural tube defects 52 , and, importantly, pulque intake is a strong indicator of folate status in rural Central Mexican populations 50 . ...
Pulque is a culturally important 4,000-year-old traditional Mexican fermented drink. Pulque is produced by adding fresh aguamiel (agave sap) to mature pulque, resulting in a mixture of microbial communities and chemical compositions. We performed shotgun metagenomic sequencing of five stages of pulque fermentation to characterize organismal and functional diversity. We identified 6 genera (Acinetobacter, Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Leuconostoc, Saccharomyces and Zymomonas) and 10 species (Acinetobacter boissieri, Acinetobacter nectaris, Lactobacillus sanfranciscensis, Lactococcus lactis, Lactococcus piscium, Lactococcus plantarum, Leuconostoc citreum, Leuconostoc gelidum, Zymomonas mobilis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae) that were present ≥ 1% in at least one stage of pulque fermentation. The abundance of genera and species changed during fermentation and was associated with a decrease in sucrose and increases in ethanol and lactic acid, suggesting that resource competition shapes organismal diversity. We also predicted functional profiles, based on organismal gene content, for each fermentation stage and identified an abundance of genes associated with the biosynthesis of folate, an essential B-vitamin. Additionally, we investigated the evolutionary relationships of S. cerevisiae and Z. mobilis, two of the major microbial species found in pulque. For S. cerevisiae, we used a metagenomics assembly approach to identify S. cerevisiae scaffolds from pulque, and performed phylogenetic analysis of these sequences along with a collection of 158 S. cerevisiae strains. This analysis suggests that S. cerevisiae from pulque is most closely related to Asian strains isolated from sake and bioethanol. Lastly, we isolated and sequenced the whole-genomes of three strains of Z. mobilis from pulque and compared their relationship to seven previously sequenced isolates. Our results suggest pulque strains may represent a distinct lineage of Z. mobilis.
... In another cohort based in rural Central Mexico, an association was found between heavy PAE and poorer mental performance on the BSID, while moderate PAE was associated with improved mental performance in infants aged 6 months. However, this cohort focused on a traditional beverage called Pulque, which could have unique nutritional benefits, coupled with a low EtOH content, thus possibly preventing direct comparison with PAE from wine, beer, or liquor (Backstrand et al., 2001). In total, approximately half of studies assessing the neurocognitive domain found significant negative effects of PAE in association with a neurocognitive outcome during the first 2 years of life. ...
It has been known for over 4 decades that prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) can adversely affect neurodevelopment and behavior (NDB). Yet, early detection of altered NDB due to PAE continues to present a major clinical challenge. Identification of altered NDB in the first 2 years of life, before higher‐order cognitive processes develop, invites early interventions for affected children to improve long‐term outcomes. Studies published in English from January of 1980 to July of 2018 were identified in PubMed/MEDLINE. The review focused on prospective birth cohort studies which used standardized NDB assessments in children up to 2 years of age, wherein PAE was the main exposure and NDB was the main outcome. NDB was categorized into the domains of neurocognitive, adaptive, and self‐regulation based on the 2016 Updated Clinical Guidelines for Diagnosing fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. An initial search resulted in 1,867 articles for which we reviewed abstracts; 114 were selected for full‐text review; and 3 additional abstracts were identified through review of references in eligible publications. Thirty‐one publications met criteria and were included: of these, 24 reported neurocognitive outcomes, 24 reported adaptive behavior outcomes, and 12 reported outcomes in the domain of self‐regulation. Although self‐regulation was assessed in the fewest number of studies, 8/12 (75%) reported PAE‐associated deficits. In contrast, results were mixed for the other 2 domains: 13/24 (54%) of the selected studies that included neurocognitive outcomes showed poorer performance following PAE, and 8/24 (33%) studies that assessed adaptive functioning found significant differences between PAE and comparison infants. There is considerable evidence to support the value of early‐life assessments of infant NDB when PAE is known or suspected. More studies focusing on infant self‐regulation, in particular, are needed to determine the utility of early evaluation of this critical developmental domain in infants with PAE.
... Aguamiel and pulque can be considered as probiotic products due to the presence of LAB, as L. acidophilus and L. mesenteroides (Escalante et al. 2004Campos 2010), Z. mobilis, which has an Agaván (aguamiel syrup) against acute and chronic failure of kidney, bladder, and urethra; also for relief cough and cold and control of anemia None Cook et al. 1995;Ramírez-Rancaño 2000 Control of anemia Avoid ferritin and hemoglobin deficiencies due to a better absorption and iron bioavailability in the presence of ethanol and vitamin C. In particular, the consumption of pulque supplied the Otomí women population with 7% of their daily iron intake Backstrand et al. 2001 Facilitate cellular respiration and absorption of carbohydrates and proteins None Vargas et al. 1998 antagonist activity particularly against pathogenic bacteria and fungi species (Wuanick 1970;Gonçalves de Lima 1978) and yeast (Steinkraus 1996) and as prebiotics because of its fructan and oligofructan content (Ortiz-Basurto et al. 2008;Ramírez-Higuera 2009). Several archeological evidences suggest that pulque has been used since pre-Hispanic times as enema. ...
... Across cultures and centuries, and still today, women have been advised by medical authorities to consume ethanol while breastfeeding. Justification for this ranges from improving the flavor of the milk to increasing yield of milk (Fildes, 1986; Baumslag, 1987; Backstrand et al., 2001 ). In contemporary Mexico, for example, women are instructed to drink pulque, a low-alcoholic beverage, during both pregnancy and lactation (Flores-Heurta et al., 1992). ...
Despite good evidence that ethanol abuse in adulthood is more likely the earlier human adolescents begin drinking, it is unclear why the early onset of drinking occurs in the first place. A review of experimental studies with animals complemented by clinical, epidemiologic and experimental studies with humans supports the idea that precipitating conditions for ethanol abuse occur well before adolescence, in terms of very early exposure to ethanol as a fetus or infant. Experimental studies with animals indicate, accordingly, that ethanol intake during adolescence or adulthood is potentiated by much earlier exposure to ethanol as a fetus or infant.
Two broad theoretical frameworks are suggested to explain the increase in affinity for ethanol that follows very early exposure to ethanol, one based on effects of mere exposure and the other on associative conditioning. Studied for 50 years or more in several areas of psychology, "effects of mere exposure" refers to enhanced preference expressed for flavors, or just about any stimuli, that are relatively familiar. An alternative framework, in terms of associative conditioning, is guided by this working hypothesis: During ethanol exposure the fetus or infant acquires an association between ethanol's orosensory (odor/taste) and pharmacological consequences, causing the animal subsequently to seek out ethanol's odor and taste.
The implication that ethanol has rewarding consequences for the fetus or young infant is supported by recent evidence with perinatal rats. Paradoxically, several studies have shown that such early exposure to ethanol may in some circumstances make the infant treat ethanol-related events as aversive, and yet enhanced intake of ethanol in adolescence is nevertheless a consequence. Alternative interpretations of this paradox are considered among the varied circumstances of early ethanol exposure that lead subsequently to increased affinity for ethanol.
... A stratified and multi stage sample was 2 Pulque is a mildly alcoholic traditional fermented beverage from a Mexican agave; it is consumed by men, women, and children mainly in central Mexico. Estimates of its alcoholic content vary from 2 • to 7 • (Encuesta Nacional de Adicciones, 1993; Diego, 2006), other reports state that 0.5 liters of pulque contains approximately 24 g of ethanol (Backstrand et al., 2001). Pulque intake per household in rural areas is 6.4 liters per week (Medina-Mora et al., 2000). ...
The article is aimed at reporting the characteristics of the population detected at State Prosecutors' Offices including the two such offices that existed in the city selected for the study, one located in a general hospital for the inspection of violence-related cases (n = 156); and the second in the facility where all detainees are taken when arrested (n = 129), and where victims can file a complaint (n = 186). A household survey undertaken among the population 18 to 65 years of age (n = 887) was used as a group of reference. Both studies were undertaken in Pachuca City, the capital of Hidalgo, located 100 km from Mexico City during the second half of 1996. Face-to-face questionnaires were used to obtain sociodemographic data, drug use and drinking patterns, depressive symptomatology, and family violence. Discriminant and logistic regression analysis were undertaken. The age group from 18 to 24 displayed the highest number of legal complaints and arrests (OR = 1.773). The likelihood for appearing at a State Prosecutor's Office was higher for those living in an atmosphere of threats and injuries within the family (OR = 19) and for those that reported alcohol consumption on the day of the event (OR = 14). Extremely high rates of family violence were obtained in this sample, increasing the likelihood of arriving at the Prosecutor's Office either because arrested or for being a victim. Results confirm the relationship between alcohol use, depression, and violence, reinforcing the need to prevent alcohol abuse, especially among youth.
The traditional Mexican fermented beverage pulque has been considered a healthy product for treating gastrointestinal disorders. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have been identified as one of the most abundant microbial groups during pulque fermentation. As traditional pulque is consumed directly from the fermentation vessel, the naturally associated LABs are ingested, reaching the consumer’s small intestine alive, suggesting their potential probiotic capability. In this contribution, we assayed the probiotic potential of the strain of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum LB1_P46 isolated from pulque produced in Huitzilac, Morelos State, Mexico. The characterization included resistance to acid pH (3.5) and exposure to bile salts at 37 °C; the assay of the hemolytic activity and antibiotic resistance profiling; the functional traits of cholesterol reduction and β-galactosidase activity; and several cell surface properties, indicating that this LAB possesses probiotic properties comparable to other LAB. Additionally, this L. plantarum showed significance in in vitro antimicrobial activity against several Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria and in vivo preventive anti-infective capability against Salmonella in a BALB/c mouse model. Several functional traits and probiotic activities assayed were correlated with the corresponding enzymes encoded in the complete genome of the strain. The genome mining for bacteriocins led to the identification of several bacteriocins and a ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptide encoding for the plantaricin EF. Results indicated that L. plantarum LB1_P46 is a promising probiotic LAB for preparing functional non-dairy and dairy beverages.
Globally, there is growing research and consumer interest regarding diet-related (chronic) diseases and their influence on the health and well-being of communities (Day et al., 2008; Urquiaga and Leighton, 2000). Several factors have contributed to this interest. Firstly, industrialization, urbanization, and market globalization have impacted lifestyles, diets, and nutritional status of populations worldwide. For example, in developing countries, while urbanization has reduced undernutrition in metropolitan areas, it has increased physical inactivity and inadequate dietary patterns. Therefore, in many developing countries, undernutrition may coexist with a high prevalence of chronic diseases such as certain types of cancer, obesity, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, and noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Secondly, consumers in developing countries are experiencing escalating food prices, land scarcity, and population growth. As a result, interest in food composition has broadened beyond nutrients to include bioactive compounds in traditionally consumed foods, which may help to prevent malnutrition and chronic diseases.
Background: Pulque is an agave (agave salmiana) alcoholic beverage, with a high nutritional content, which is part of the diet and ritual life of different ethnic groups in central Mexico. Since pre-Hispanic times, it has been commercialized and consumed in street markets. There is limited knowledge about the strategies that women who sell pulque use to face the mechanisms of exclusion, discrimination and control established for the sale of pulque. The objective of this paper is to analyze, with a gender perspective, the socio-spatial practices that are reproduced in the sale of pulque in central Mexico. Methods: Through an inductive method, empirical evidence was gathered to understand the social practices related to gender, which affect the material and symbolic continuity of pulque. A qualitative case study was carried out in a street market in central Mexico. The case was selected according to the following criteria: i) it is a market with a historical depth close to 200 years; ii) it is considered the largest street market in Latin America; iii) it has a large number of buyers and sellers; and iv) it has an important offer of ethnic foods. Data was collected between 2016 and 2017. Results: Motivational, experiential and discursive differences were found in the ways that the public space is used between women and men who sell pulque in the largest street market in Mexico. Women and men continue to practice forms of sale and consumption of pulque that deepen asymmetric power relations and exacerbate socio-spatial segregation. Despite the persistence of exclusionary practices between genders, the role played by women is fundamental in the economic and cultural reproduction of ethnic foods such as pulque. Conclusions: The perspective of feminist geography allow us to understand the differences between men and women who share the same space, showing how those socio-spatial gender practices, generate processes of marginalization and inequalities that almost always disadvantage women. It is expected that this document will be useful for the pulque sellers and will serve to recognize the female work that allows the maintenance of ethnic alimentary patterns, in order to implement fair and inclusive spatial policies.
En este artículo se analiza la viabilidad del maguey, pulque y pulquerías del municipio de Toluca como patrimonio gastronómico turístico. Se identificaron las zonas de producción que proveen de pulque a las pulquerías de la ciudad del mismo nombre. Se aplicaron 346 cuestionarios a habitantes, visitantes y turistas, para conocer la percepción que tienen sobre la bebida. Los resultados muestran que existe un abandono del cultivo del maguey pulquero, ya que algunos municipios aledaños son los que proveen del líquido a los vendedores. Actualmente son pocos los negocios que comercializan la bebida en el lugar, pese a lo cual se tiene una buena percepción sobre ella. Finalmente, para que este patrimonio gastronómico tenga viabilidad turística, es necesario realizar diversas acciones para mejorar la imagen y promoción del pulque y las pulquerías, y así difundir y revalorar este patrimonio en beneficio de quienes lo han preservado
(PDF) El maguey, el pulque y las pulquerías de Toluca, Estado de México, ¿patrimonio gastronómico turístico?. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318958394_El_maguey_el_pulque_y_las_pulquerias_de_Toluca_Estado_de_Mexico_patrimonio_gastronomico_turistico [accessed Aug 01 2019].
This chapter supports the idea that some traditional/ethnic foods are good sources of bioactive compounds. Bioactive food compounds are defined as naturally occurring non-essential constituents in or derived from plant, animal, or marine sources, which have the ability to modulate biochemical, physiological, and metabolic processes in the human body while exerting beneficial effects beyond basic nutritional functions. Bioactive compounds in plants are usually found in the leaves, stems, roots, tubers, buds, fruits, seeds, and flowers; they influence the color, flavor, structure, function, and defense system of plants. The bioactive compounds reported for java plum include sterols, triterpenes, coumarins, tannins, glycosides, alkaloids, reducing compounds, anthocyanin pigments, and saponins.
Alcohol (ethanol) consumption in pregnancy is the etiology of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD), a leading cause of congenital disability worldwide. Hence, any attempt to prevent or manage FASD must start from comprehensive understanding of alcohol consumption by women in general, and by women of reproductive years in particular. This review presents and synthesizes studies conducted worldwide on alcohol consumption by pregnant women, risk factors associated with gestational drinking, as well as doses and definitions of drinking behaviours.
Agave has been used as a raw material for food and folklore medicinal purposes. Traditional processing involves the use of agave as a source of carbohydrate-rich syrups for direct use or as substrate to yield hydrolyzed fermented products and spirits. Agave plants can accumulate significant amounts of inulin, important molecule with prebiotic activity. The agave plant has been used to feed ruminants in arid areas where drought episodes are prevalent. This plant is an important source of saponins, considered as antinutritional factors but also as anticancer, antifungal, and antiinflammatory agents. Considering the low hydrosolubility of saponins, these compounds are not being recovered from the plant and alternative processes need to be devised. Agave also contains polyphenols with activities such as: anticancer, antioxidant, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antiparasitical, antimicrobial, prebiotics and coadjuvant in mineral absorption. The full phytochemical characterization of the sap, leaves and byproducts generated from the traditional food uses is needed to validate the beneficial effects of agave consumption and its potential use as a source of functional ingredients.
Pulque is made by fermenting the agave sap or aguamiel of Agave atrovirens with a whole array of microorganisms present in the environment including several lactic acid bacteria and yeasts such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Ascorbic acid was determined in pulque and aguamiel, respectively. Phytase activity in lees, liquid and freeze-dried pulque was assayed by measuring the appearance of phosphate from phytate by a colorimetric method likewise phosphate from phytate present in fresh corn tortilla was measured after in vitro incubation with pulque. Iron, zinc, calcium, magnesium and selenium contents were measured in pulque and corn tortilla as well as in nixtamalized corn flour (NCF), the latter is used to make instant tortilla, since corn provides most of the energy as well as most of the phytate in the Mexican rural diet. Pulque showed phytase activity but much less ascorbic acid and iron than previously reported; additionally, phytase in pulque hydrolyzed most of phytate's corn tortilla. Lees, which is mostly made of pulque's microbiota, significantly accumulated iron and zinc but no selenium. NCF was fortified with iron by the manufacturers but poorly blended. There were significant differences on selenium content between tortillas samples, apparently some soils in central Mexico are selenium deficient. Moderate pulque intake appears to increase the bioavailability of iron and zinc bound by phytate in corn.
Few studies have examined the relation of iron status to diet in populations from developing countries with high levels of iron deficiency and diets of poor quality.
The objective was to identify nutrients, dietary constituents, and foods that are associated with better iron status in a rural Mexican population.
A prospective cohort study was conducted in rural central Mexico. The subjects were 125 nonpregnant women aged 16-44 y. During the 12 mo before blood collection, food intakes were assessed repeatedly by a combination of dietary recalls, food weighing, and food diaries [mean (+/-SD) days of food intake data: 18.8 +/- 5.9 d]. Hemoglobin, hematocrit, and plasma ferritin were measured at the end of the study.
Higher plasma ferritin concentrations were associated with greater intakes of nonheme iron and ascorbic acid after control for age, BMI, breast-feeding, season, and the time since the birth of the last child. Higher ascorbic acid intakes, but not higher intakes of heme and nonheme iron, predicted a lower risk of low hemoglobin and hematocrit values after control for the background variables. Consumption of the alcoholic beverage pulque predicted a lower risk of low ferritin and low hemoglobin values. Seasonal variation in ferritin, hemoglobin, and hematocrit values was observed.
Better iron status was associated with greater intakes of foods containing nonheme iron and ascorbic acid. PULQUE:a beverage containing iron, ascorbic acid, and alcohol-may influence the iron status of women in rural central Mexico.
Karat banana, pulque prepared from Agave species, and gac fruit are three traditional local food items recently studied intensively for their nutrition potential among traditional and indigenous peoples, and are examples of how local food-based strategies can be used to ensure micronutrient nutrition. Successful health promotion and intervention programs emphasizing traditional food systems are few in the international literature, but offer promise in understanding the potential of food-based strategies. Traditional food strategies could be used not only for alleviating malnutrition, but also for developing locally relevant programs for stemming the nutrition transition and preventing chronic disease, particularly among indigenous and traditional peoples who retain knowledge of using food species in their local ecosystems.
To explore anthropometric indicators and mental development in very-low-income children in the second year of life.
Cross-sectional survey.
Low-income areas (income <20th percentile) in semi-urban Mexico (defined as towns or cities with 2,500-50,000 inhabitants).
Eight hundred and ninety-six children aged 12.5-23.5 months surveyed from September to December 2001.
Questionnaire survey and anthropometric survey of households. Multivariate regression models evaluated differences across age in anthropometry (height-for-age Z-score (HAZ) and weight-for-height Z-score) and cognitive function (Mental Development Index (MDI) of the Bayley Scales of Infant Development) while controlling for socio-economic and parental characteristics.
There was a significant decline in HAZ and in age-adjusted MDI score across the second year of life. Although the children showed MDI scores close to the mean, normed US values at 13-14 months, the scores were significantly lower than expected in older children (P < 0.0001), even after controlling for socio-economic status and parental characteristics. At 13-14 months, only 3% of children received scores below 70 (less than minus two standard deviations), whereas by 19-20 months, almost 17% of children were performing below this level. No socio-economic or parental characteristics were significant predictors of HAZ or MDI.
Parallel deficits are evident in both height-for-age and cognitive functioning during the second year of life in low-income Mexican infants. The consistency of these growth and development findings further stresses the need for targeted interventions to reduce the vulnerability of low-income Mexican children very early in life.
This study investigated 3 broad classes of individual-differences variables (job-search motives, competencies, and constraints) as predictors of job-search intensity among 292 unemployed job seekers. Also assessed was the relationship between job-search intensity and reemployment success in a longitudinal context. Results show significant relationships between the predictors employment commitment, financial hardship, job-search self-efficacy, and motivation control and the outcome job-search intensity. Support was not found for a relationship between perceived job-search constraints and job-search intensity. Motivation control was highlighted as the only lagged predictor of job-search intensity over time for those who were continuously unemployed. Job-search intensity predicted Time 2 reemployment status for the sample as a whole, but not reemployment quality for those who found jobs over the study's duration. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
The World Health Organization recommended in 1978 that the National Center for Health Statistics/Centers for Disease Control growth reference curves be used as an international growth reference. To permit the expression of growth in terms of standard deviations, CDC developed growth curves from the observed data that approximate normal distributions. Because of significant skewness, standard deviations for weight-for-age and weight-for-height were calculated separately for distributions below and above the median. Standard deviations below the median were calculated from the 5th, 10th, 25th, and 50th observed percentiles while those above the median were based on the 50th, 75th, 90th, and 95th observed percentiles. Height-for-age distributions did not show significant skewness, thus, the standard deviations were calculated based on all six of the above observed percentiles. The normalized reference curves provide a highly useful data base that permits the standardized comparison of anthropometric data from different populations.
Vitamin B-12 status of rural Mexicans was evaluated in two studies, 6 y apart. In the first, a single blood sample was collected from children and adults, including pregnant and lactating women. Prevalence of deficient plasma vitamin B-12 values ranged from 19% to 41% among groups, but plasma folate status was normal in all individuals. Breast milk vitamin B-12 concentration was low in 62% of samples. The second study was conducted in 219 children aged 18-36 mo in five communities, whose prevalence of deficient and low plasma vitamin B-12 concentrations, respectively, was 8% and 33% on entry, 3% and 22% 6 mo later, and 7% and 29% 12 mo later. Prevalence of low holotranscobalamin II concentrations, indicating malabsorption of the vitamin, averaged 18-40% across the three same periods. Both vitamin B-12 status indicators differed significantly between communities. The widespread vitamin B-12 deficiency was probably caused by malabsorption, perhaps exacerbated by low dietary intake and, for young children, maternal depletion of the vitamin.
Malnutrition and morbidity have a synergistic association that often leads to death. However, malnutrition in children who die is largely underreported, because anthropometry of the deceased child is rarely known. This study had two purposes: i) to develop a scale that would help determine if a child had low weight-for-age (w/a), in the absence of anthropometric measures; and ii) to select an appropriate cut-off that would give the best sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) of the proposed scale when contrasted with actual w/a measurement. The study was designed as a diagnostic test, and carried out in a rural area in central Mexico. We included 132 children under 5 y old with w/a under -2 Z score and 284 children with marginal or no w/a deficit as a control group. The proposed scale included potential predictive variables from clinical, socioeconomic and family factors. The best logistic regression model to predict low w/a included: birth weight less than 2,800 g, introduction of weaning foods after the sixth month of life, introduction of animal protein after the sixth month of life, low socioeconomic status, low w/a in siblings and more than three morbidity episodes in the previous 6 mon. Selecting a cut-off of 4 for this model to identify children with low w/a showed a Se and Sp of 85 and 95%, respectively. We tested the external validity of the scale in a different locale, and included 877 children under 5 y old from 10 rural communities. In this population, the scale showed Se of 84% and Sp of 81% to identify low w/a. Based on these results, we propose that the scale be included as a means of identifying low w/a in children who have died. We believe that this should be done in verbal autopsies, which, based on our previous research, the Ministry of Health adopted as part of the regular activities to monitor problems in the disease to health-seeking to death process.
To determine if a traditional item in the diet might be useful in preventing iron deficiency in African women of child-bearing age.
In a prospective study, the iron status of women who did and did not drink traditional beer high in iron and folic acid, was compared. Iron status was determined by a combination of haemoglobin, serum ferritin and transferrin saturation.
The study was conducted amongst rural villagers in the Murehwa and Zaka districts of Zimbabwe and in Mpumalanga Province, South Africa.
112 women aged between 12 and 50 y from a population of 425 rural people participating in on-going family genetic studies.
Women who consumed traditional beer had significantly higher serum ferritin concentrations and transferrin saturations compared to non-drinkers (P = 0.0001 and 0.03 respectively). Iron deficiency anaemia was not present in drinkers but the prevalence in non-drinkers was 13%. Forty seven percent of the non-drinkers and only 14% of the drinkers had evidence of iron deficiency (P = 0.002). Six (21%) of the drinkers and none of the non-drinkers had evidence of iron overload (transferrin saturation > 55% and serum ferritin > 400 ug/l).
We conclude that the consumption of traditional beer, rich in iron, protects women against iron deficiency. While the use of an alcoholic beverage is not ideal, our findings suggest that indigenous cultural practices might be successfully employed or adapted for promoting iron nutrition.
The coexistence of multiple micronutrient deficiencies is a widespread public health problem in many regions of the world. Interactions between zinc deficiency and vitamin A metabolism have been reported but no longitudinal studies have evaluated the effect of iron deficiency on vitamin A.
The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of supplementation with iron, zinc, or both on vitamin A and its metabolically related proteins retinol binding protein (RBP) and transthyretin.
The study was a longitudinal, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in which 219 rural Mexican children aged 18-36 mo were randomly assigned to receive 20 mg Zn/d, 20 mg Fe/d, 20 mg Zn/d plus 20 mg Fe/d, or placebo.
Six months after supplementation, plasma retinol increased in all supplemented groups. Compared with placebo, zinc supplementation was associated with significantly higher plasma retinol and transthyretin but the increase in RBP was not significant. Iron supplementation significantly increased plasma retinol, RBP, and transthyretin. Supplementation with zinc plus iron significantly increased plasma retinol but not RBP or transthyretin. Children deficient in zinc, iron, or vitamin A (as indicated by nutrient plasma concentration) at the beginning of the study had a significantly greater increase in retinol than did children with adequate nutrient status.
Supplementation with zinc, iron, or both improved indicators of vitamin A status. The results of this study agree with previous observations of a metabolic interaction between zinc and vitamin A and suggest an interaction between iron and vitamin A metabolism.
This paper describes the LOESS procedure which is a new procedure in SAS/STAT, software for perform-ing local regression. Features of this procedure are outlined and a brief description of the fittin g method is given. Examples are given illustrating the use of this procedure in obtaining fitte d surfaces as well as pre-diction confidenc e limits for both univariate and multi-variate regressor data. An automatic method for se-lecting the smoothing parameter based on a bias cor-rected Akaike information criterion is described and used in these examples.
This book is intended to increase understanding of the complex relationships between diet and the major diseases of western civilization, such as cancer and atherosclerosis. The book starts with an overview of research strategies in nutritional epidemiology-a relatively new discipline which combines the knowledge compiled by nutritionists during this century with the methodology developed by epidemiologists to study the determinants of disease with multiple etiologies and long latent periods. A major part of the book is devoted to methods of dietary assessment using data on food intake, biochemical indicators of diet, and measures of body size and composition. The reproducibility and validity of each approach and the implications of measurement error are considered in detail. The analysis, presentation, and interpretation of data from epidemiologic studies of diet and disease are discussed. Particular attention is paid to the important influence of total energy intake on findings in such studies. As examples of methodologic issues in nutritional epidemiology, three substantive topics are examined in depth: the relations of diet and coronary heart disease, fat intake and breast cancer, and Vitamin A and lung cancer.
Locally weighted regression, or loess, is a way of estimating a regression surface through a multivariate smoothing procedure, fitting a function of the independent variables locally and in a moving fashion analogous to how a moving average is computed for a time series. With local fitting we can estimate a much wider class of regression surfaces than with the usual classes of parametric functions, such as polynomials. The goal of this article is to show, through applications, how loess can be used for three purposes: data exploration, diagnostic checking of parametric models, and providing a nonparametric regression surface. Along the way, the following methodology is introduced: (a) a multivariate smoothing procedure that is an extension of univariate locally weighted regression; (b) statistical procedures that are analogous to those used in the least-squares fitting of parametric functions; (c) several graphical methods that are useful tools for understanding loess estimates and checking the assumptions on which the estimation procedure is based; and (d) the M plot, an adaptation of Mallow's Csubp/sub procedure, which provides a graphical portrayal of the trade-off between variance and bias, and which can be used to choose the amount of smoothing.
A Practical, Authoritative CompendiumThis handbook catalogs 365 species of herbs having medicinal or folk medicinal uses, presenting whatever useful information has been documented on their toxicity and utility in humans and ani-mals. Plants from all over the world - from common cultivars to rare species - are included in these 700 pages. The toxicity of these species varies, but the safety of each has been formally or informally questioned by the Food and Drug Administration, National Cancer Institute, Department of Agriculture, Drug Enforcement Administra-tion, or Herb Trade Association. Easy-to-Locate Facts and FiguresDesigned to enable fast access to important information, this hand-book presents information in both catalog and tabular forms. In the catalog section, plants are presented alphabetically by scientific name. (The index permits you to locate an herb by its common name.) A detailed sketch of the chief identifying features accompa-nies most catalog entries. For each species the following information, as available, is presented and referenced: Family and colloquial namesChemical contentUses and applications - present and historicalProcessing, distribution, and economic potentialToxicological agents and degree of toxicityPoison symptoms in humans and animalsTreatment and antidotes References to original literature Five Tables of Accessible DataGiven a plant species, you can easily determine its toxins; or, given a toxin, you can discover which plants contain it. These and other data are presented in convenient tabular formats as appendixes to the handbook. Other information contained in these tables include toxicity ranking and other toxicity data (as applicable), such as mode of contact, organs affected, and lethal dose; and proximate analyses of selected foods. These tables are titled: Medicinal Herbs: Toxicity Ranking and PricelistToxins: Their Toxicity and Distribution in Plant GeneraHigh Plant Genera and Their ToxinsPharmacologically Active PhytochemicalsProximate Analyses of Conventional Plant Foods
Since the identification of fetal alcohol syndrome in the end of the 1960s, substantial evidence has accumulated on a number of adverse effects that alcohol consumption during pregnancy may have on the fetus. Long-term effects on child development has also been observed. Although the various types of effects are well documented, less is known about threshold levels of consumption, under which there is no risk of damage. Few studies have assessed the risk associated with high episodic drinking. From a theoretical point of view, binge drinking in critical stages in organ formation may constitute a particularly high risk for adverse outcomes.
Job number added acc. to DOCREP assignment
Abstract (2 leaves) bound with copy. Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Connecticut, 1990. Includes bibliographical references.
Studies of development and behaviour from shortly after birth up to the age of 7 years are reviewed. Maternal alcohol consumption above 150-200 g/week is related to behaviour in many studies, but below this level there is little epidemiological evidence of association. There is no evidence that the levels of consumption associated with adverse behaviour are lower than those associated with adverse pregnancy outcome.
Intakes of minerals and factors that might affect their bioavailability were estimated for 255 toddlers aged 18-30 mo living in villages in Egypt, Kenya, and Mexico. Mean intakes over 1 y were compared with international-requirement estimates by using a probability approach. The prevalence of iron intakes likely to be inadequate to prevent anemia was estimated as 35% in Egypt, 13% in Kenya, and 43% in Mexico. The prevalence of zinc intakes likely to be inadequate to meet basal requirements was estimated as 57% and 25% in Kenya and Mexico, respectively, but only 10% in Egypt, where the use of yeast-leavened breads was judged to have improved zinc availability. There was no suggestion that estimated copper or magnesium intakes were inadequate, but calcium intakes in Kenya and Egypt were well below recommended amounts. Studies of factors affecting mineral bioavailability in the diets of these countries' populations could suggest dietary changes that might improve effective mineral intake with minimal cost.
Although information about the pregnancy outcome of alcoholic mothers is relatively abundant, no information is available about the effects of ethanol consumption on the infant's postnatal growth. This investigation aims to describe the physical growth of 32 infants born to mothers accustomed to drinking pulque, a mild alcoholic beverage, on a daily basis during pregnancy and lactation and to quantitate the ethanol disposed through the milk, as well as to identify cases of newborns with fetal alcohol syndrome. No full-blown cases of the syndrome were found: birth weight was similar to their non-drinking counterpart, but the relative risk of newborns to drinking mothers to have a low birth weight was 3.39. Ethanol found in milk accounted for 40 mg/day available to the infant. The postnatal growth of infants of ethanol drinkers was similar to that of controls. Further studies on their mental development are required in order to understand the extent of the effects of such a habit.
This paper presents a probability assessment of the adequacy of protein intakes of toddlers (aged 18-30 mo) in study communities in Egypt, Kenya, and Mexico judged in relation to FAO/WHO/UNU estimates of requirements. Effects of supplementing amino acid intakes, or of assuming lower bioavailability for lysine are also considered. In Egypt and Mexico existing protein intakes of toddlers were adequate. In Kenya existing intakes were marginal. Total protein intake was low and often lysine or tryptophan concentration was low. If Kenyan intakes met estimated energy requirements, protein intakes would be adequate. We conclude that protein intake is unlikely to be a primary limiting factor for toddler growth and development, and the benefit to be expected from increasing the intake of limiting amino acids is marginal. Reported associations of animal-source protein and energy with growth, size, and psychologic function of these toddlers are unlikely to be causally attributable to inadequacy of protein intakes.
This is an analysis of the effect of prenatal alcohol exposure on growth of the offspring at 18 months of age. In this prospective study, a cohort of women was interviewed at the end of each trimester of pregnancy, at delivery, and at 8 and 18 months. Offspring were examined at each follow-up point. Two drinking scales, average daily volume (ADV) and frequent heavy drinking (FHD), were used to explore the effect of different patterns of drinking. We found significant relationships between both prenatal FHD and ADV and offspring growth at 18 months. A significant and inverse relationship was found between ADV during the second and the third trimesters of pregnancy and weight, height, and head circumference at 18 months. Frequent heavy drinking during all three trimesters predicted a significant decrease in head circumference at 18 months. FHD during the second trimester was significantly related to weight and height at 18 months. Analyses demonstrated that ADV was a better predictor of growth deficits than FHD.
To examine the probability of inadequacy of schoolchild nutrient intakes; to compare the predicted adequacy of schoolchild diets to previously published data for toddler diets and to examine the relative adequacy of the diets of sibling pairs.
Food consumption data were measured 2 days per month across approximately one year. Mean nutrient intakes were calculated and compared to international standards using a probability approach.
Villages in Egypt, Kenya, and Mexico.
285 school-age children (7-9 years of age) and 255 toddlers (18-30 months of age) including 94 sibling pairs.
Within a country, there was a striking similarity between the nutrients predicted to be inadequate in schoolchild and toddler diets across all nutrients except vitamin B12, which was more likely to be inadequate among schoolchildren. Nutrients of concern for both ages in one or more countries included iron, zinc, calcium, riboflavin, and vitamins B12, D, E, and A. For 94 toddler-schoolchild pairs, siblings at high risk of nutrient inadequacy could be identified from an indicator child with a sensitivity of 43-100% and a specificity of 59-100%.
Nutrient adequacy tends to be a household characteristic for these two ages of children. Nutritional interventions that target the household have a high probability of benefitting multiple age groups of children.
Substance abuse during pregnancy can be teratogenic for the fetus and can cause decreased growth parameters in the newborn infant. Short-term and long-term neurobehavioral problems have been documented also in babies born to substance-abusing mothers. The problem of substance abuse during pregnancy and its effects on the fetus is unique in medicine in that it is 100% preventable. Physicians will need to take an active role in leading society to take action in preventing substance abuse during pregnancy, and emphasis on this action should occur long before the woman becomes pregnant. Until medical schools and residency programs take responsibility for teaching the importance of preventing substance abuse and of identifying the substance-abuser, drug and alcohol use will continue to exact its tragic toll on future generations.
The present review focuses on the relation to human behavior and development of anthropometric or dietary indexes of mild-to-moderate malnutrition. The primary goal of the review is to integrate previous research findings with current findings from correlational studies conducted over the past decade. From this integration, the following conclusions may be drawn: 1) Chronic, mild postnatal malnutrition is associated with a variety of cognitive and behavioral deficits across the life span. The role of prenatal malnutrition in this process is less clear. 2) To understand the role chronic mild malnutrition plays in behavior and development, it is necessary to move beyond protein-calorie deficits to consider the role of intake of animal source foods and specific micronutrients such as iron, zinc and B vitamins. 3) Chronic mild malnutrition is embedded in a host of other biological and psychosocial risk factors. As a result, chronic mild malnutrition appears to be a necessary but insufficient condition for producing behavioral deficits. 4) The salience of chronic mild malnutrition as a risk factor is accentuated when other psychosocial-contextual risk factors are also present or when multiple low-level nutrient deficits are interacting. Suggestions for future research directions include an emphasis on interactions between nutrients and between specific psychosocial and nutritional risk factors; the ways in which individual (e.g., gender) or cultural characteristics can moderate nutrition development relations; and a broader range of populations, such as sibling or elderly caregivers, and outcome variables, such as social-emotional development, temperament and mental health.
To determine the prevalence and causes of anemia in rural Mexico, blood samples and longitudinal dietary data were collected from 187 women, some pregnant and then lactating, and from 72 men. Blood was used to measure anemia, mean cell volume, and plasma ferritin, folate and vitamin B-12. Anemia was found in 33% of the men, 54% of nonpregnant, nonlactating women, 35% of pregnant women and 41% of lactating women, and varied by season. Low iron stores (ferritin) accompanied anemia in only 8% of men compared with 38-67% of women. Low meat intake and poor dietary iron bioavailability were associated with anemia in women. There were no cases of low plasma folate. Low plasma vitamin B-12 was common in all groups, and the incidence increased from 15% at 7 mo of pregnancy to 30% at 7 mo of lactation. Vitamin B-12 was lower in the plasma and milk of anemic lactating women than in plasma and milk of non-anemic lactating women and was classified as deficient in 62% of breast milk samples.
Vitamin intakes of 255 toddlers (aged 18-30 mo) were estimated from food consumption recorded during 1 y at sites in Egypt, Kenya, and Mexico. Mean intakes were compared with requirements standards by using a probability approach to estimate the prevalence of inadequate intakes. There were predicted inadequacies for vitamin A (32%) and riboflavin (20%) in Egypt, vitamins A (68%) and C (63%) and riboflavin (52%) in Mexico, and vitamin B-12 (44%) in Kenya. Vitamin E was inadequate in all diets, but in relation to polyunsaturated fatty acids only the intake in Mexico was low. No diet provided the recommended amount of vitamin D, but its dietary requirement is uncertain. Correlations among nutrient intakes suggest factors that may contribute to reported associations of consumption of animal products with improved growth or development among these children: provision of vitamin B-12 and available minerals, displacement of fiber and phytate-rich energy sources, and increased energy density.
This is a report on the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on the academic achievement of children at 6 years of age. In this longitudinal study, women were interviewed at the end of each trimester of pregnancy, at delivery, and at 8, 18, 36, and 72 months postpartum. The women were of lower socioeconomic status, high school-educated, and moderate users of alcohol. The offspring received age-appropriate physical and developmental assessments at each follow-up. Linear regression and nonlinear curve fitting were used to investigate the nature and shape of the relationship between prenatal alcohol exposure and achievement. In addition, the role of child IQ in this relationship was explored. Alcohol exposure during the second trimester predicted deficits in each of the three subtests of the Wide Range Achievement Test-Revised (WRAT-R): reading, spelling, and arithmetic. The relationship was partially reduced by the addition of IQ to the model, but prenatal alcohol exposure still predicted significant deficits in achievement, even after controlling for IQ. Tests for the shape of the relationship demonstrated that the effect of prenatal exposure on the arithmetic subtest of the WRAT-R was a linear or dose-response relationship. By contrast, the relationships between prenatal alcohol exposure and performance on the spelling and reading subtests of the WRAT-R were better modeled as threshold effects. The thresholds for both were approximately 1 drink/day in the second trimester.
Gender differences in nutrient and food intake were examined in Mexican Nutrition CRSP (Collaborative Research Support Program) infants (N = 75), preschoolers (N = 80), and school children (N = 91). No significant gender differences in dietary quality or quantity were seen for infants and preschoolers. For school children, the contribution of various foods to total energy intake (dietary quality) was also quite similar for girls and boys. Equity in dietary quality remained even under conditions of economic and demographic stress. Nevertheless, school girls consumed significantly less energy per day than boys (-300 kcal/d or 1.3 mJ/d), and less of all micronutrients examined. Gender differences in estimated basal metabolic rates of school children were slight (-20 kcal/d), and body composition and size were similar. When energy intakes were expressed as a percent of estimated requirement (calculated from age, sex and weight using WHO/FAO/UNU equations), intakes were adequate and not significantly different between girls (mean = 111%) and boys (mean = 113%). Playground observations showed girls to be less active than boys, which may reflect both cultural and biological influences. Apparently due to this lower activity, school girls consumed less energy, and may have been at much higher risk than boys of micronutrient deficiency. The lower food intakes of girls did not appear to be due to purposeful dietary discrimination, but rather to culturally patterned sex roles involving lower activity.
Lyophilized aqueous extracts obtained from Agave americana L (Agavaceae) collected in the north of Sardinia were characterized with regard to their steroidal sapogenin content. Extracts of A. americana and genins isolated from them were evaluated for anti-inflammatory properties by testing their effects on carrageenin-induced edema. The effect of orally administered genins on gastric mucous membranes was also assessed. Lyophilized extracts administered by the intraperitoneal route at doses equivalent to 200 and 300 mg/kg of fresh plant starting material, showed good anti-inflammatory activity. Doses of genins (total steroidal sapogenins, hecogenin and tigogenin) equivalent to the amount in the lyophilized extracts produced an antiedentatous effect which was much stronger and more efficacious than that obtained with an i.p. administration of 5 mg/kg of indomethacin or dexamethasone 21-phosphate at a dose equivalent to the molar content of hecogenin administered. At the doses used to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity, the genins did not have any harmful effect on the gastric mucous membranes. Lesions occurred when significantly higher doses of hecogenin were given, but gastric damage was still less than that caused by the drugs used for comparative purposes.
We have explored the use of steroidal glycosides as cholesterol absorption inhibitors which act through an unknown mechanism. The lead for this program was tigogenin cellobioside (1, tiqueside) which is a weak inhibitor (ED50 = 60 mg/kg) as measured in an acute hamster cholesterol absorption assay. Modification of the steroid portion of the molecule led to the discovery of 11-ketotigogenin cellobioside (5, pamaqueside) which has an ED50 of 2 mg/kg. Replacement of the cellobiose with other sugars failed to provide more potent analogs. However, large improvements in potency were realized through modification of the hydroxyl groups on the cellobiose. This strategy ultimately led to the 4", 6"-bis[(2-fluorophenyl)carbamoyl]-beta-D-cellobiosyl derivative of 11-ketotigogenin (51) with an ED50 of 0.025 mg/kg in the hamster assay, as well as the corresponding hecogenin analog 64 (ED50 = 0.07 mg/kg).
Since the identification of fetal alcohol syndrome in the end of the 1960s, substantial evidence has accumulated on a number of adverse effects that alcohol consumption during pregnancy may have on the fetus. Long-term effects on child development has also been observed. Although the various types of effects are well documented, less is known about threshold levels of consumption, under which there is no risk of damage. Few studies have assessed the risk associated with high episodic drinking. From a theoretical point of view, binge drinking in critical stages in organ formation may constitute a particularly high risk for adverse outcomes.
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