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Abstract
Traceability of animals and animal products is becoming an essential marketing requirement necessary to meet heightened consumer expectations, particularly with respect to food safety. Traceability is a fundamental part of the management and audit systems that have been developed to provide assurances to the consumer. Most poultry products are produced by large companies who control all facets of production to an extraordinary level. The primary breeding, commercial breeding and production stages of poultry production have had to develop comprehensive recording and traceability systems, for productivity rather than public health reasons. These systems are principally documentary trails on an individual flock basis. Each flock comprises a unit having the same or similar status. Individual identification of poultry is not generally practised commercially, except in elite breeding stock. Traceability systems are being expanded in the production, processing and distribution areas to accommodate consumer concerns regarding public health and other issues. The nature of the industry and the level of controls applied by the poultry sector can provide sound and sustainable guarantees to the consumer. Future development lies in the wider application of sophisticated computerised systems at primary and further processing levels, to ensure that traceability can be maintained.
... Örneğin, Belçika'da yem nakil paletlerindeki zehirli ve öldürücü dioksin kalıntısıyla oluşan kroskontaminasyon krizi, tavuk yeminde kanalizasyon atıkları, tavuk etinde büyüme arttırıcı hormon kullanımı ve tedavi amaçlı kullanılan antibiyotik kalıntıları, birçok ilaca karşı direnç kazanmış solmenella (Salmonella enteritidis ve Salmonella typhimurium), peynirde patojenik bir bakteri olan listeria, kırmızı et ile meyve ve sebzede E.coli kaynaklı sorunlar bunlardan insan sağlığına ciddi tehlike/tehdit yaratanlardan bazılarıdır (CEBECİ, 2006). Dahası birçok ülkede, Campylobacter'in tavuk etiyle ilişkili görülen gıda zehirlenmelerinin başında geldiği bildirilmiştir (FALLON, 2001). LEVINSON (2009), ABD Bulaşıcı Hastalıklar Ulusal Enstitüsü'nün 2008 yılı istatistiklerine göre yılda 300000'den fazla Amerikalının gıda ve içecek nedeniyle hastaneye başvurduğu ve 5000 civarında ölüm kaydı olduğunu rapor etmekte olup her yıl bir başka gıda kaynaklı sorunla karşılaşılmaktadır. ...
... İzlenebilirlik sistemleri, ürünlerin zincirdeki hareketi sırasında ürüne ait bilginin de taşınması ile sağlanır. Kâğıt tabanlı ve geleneksel ERP tabanlı izlenebilirlik sistemlerinde kayıt tutma için tekrarlanmalar söz konusu olup maliyet artışlarına yol açmaktadır (FALLON, 2001; THOMSON ve Ark., 2004). Zincirdeki işletmelerin kurumsal ve bağımsız elektronik sistemleri arasında elektronik veri değişimi mümkün olsa da maliyet ve zaman sorunu yine söz konusu olacaktır. ...
Traceability is the ability to trace and track the movement of food through all stages of production, processing and distribution. The main objective for establishing traceability in the food chain is to provide the timely identification and recall of problematic batches of product from the market when a risk threatens the health of consumers. As an Information & Communication Technologies (ICT)‐based traceability solution, the feedTRace has been designed and developed to assist to trace the history and location of a product or its relevant components throughout the compound feed and poultry meat chains. Beyond increasing feed safety, the system also aims to improve compound feed supply chain management and quality control in order to gain marketing competencies with traceable products in compound feed industry. The system is currently under beta stage, and is being tested in two high‐capacity feed factories and one integrated broiler company located in Adana province of Turkey. The preliminary experiences showed that the system may successfully determine the source of probable incidents of feed contamination and false labeling of place of origin or ingredients. In this study the architecture and some functional properties of the feedTRace are introduced and discussed with special reference to compound feed and integrated poultry meat industries.
... Increasingly, there is a legislative and a market driven requirement that the provenance of a foodstuff and the manufacturing processes that have taken place must be capable of being formally verified. Traceability is, therefore, a fundamental part of the management and audit systems that have been developed to provide assurances to the consumer (Fallon, 2001). ...
... Food safety management system for broiler meat production Viaene and Verbeke (1998) propose that food safety in general and more specifically meat safety have become major factors influencing meat purchasing and customer behaviour. Fallon (2001) suggests that poultry products are increasingly being produced by large organisations "who control all facets of production to an extraordinary level", i.e. the product is produced in an integrated supply chain. In poultry meat production, breeding, hatchery and meat production stages have developed detailed recording and traceability systems, to address animal health and welfare, business performance and Sample Analysed for 214,228,228,241,248,248,255,315,322,352,355,362,382,402,402,482,482,496,499,710,724,817,985,992,1,005,1,005,1,139,1,199,1,420,1,608,1,729,2,064,2,241,2,553,3 204,208,220,230,231,240,261,270,270,280,288,290,295,335,399,410,410,420,430,439,440,501,510,519,590,690,1,090,1,220,1,353,1,475,1,500,2,200,2,410,2,920,3,414 Note: ( * ) ¼ 140,150,170,190,200,230,260,320,330,340,350,370,370,395,500,540,570,690,750,840,850,905,1,380,1,900 Poultry feed 4, 0.5, 0.5, 0.7, 3.5, 4.2, 4.9, 20.1, 31, 33.2, 213, 282 Poultry water Nitrofurans furazolidone 654 Various 1 (LOQ) 44 (6.7) 1, 1,2,2,3,3,4,4,4,5,5,7,15,17,20,25,30,34,43,49,50,50,50,80,82,94,96,111,113,129,141,165,209,247,563,795,974,1,008,25,264,28,079,29,759,4,400,000,5,100,000,27,000,000 Note: ( * ) ¼ Broiler meat production food safety criteria. ...
Purpose
– Ensuring compliance with food safety legislation and market requirements is one of the key issues facing the poultry meat industry. The purpose of this paper is to analyse how a pre‐requisite programme (PRP) and key performance indicators for food safety can be developed in the poultry meat supply chain.
Design/methodology/approach
– The first stage of the research involved an examination of literature, which was conducted using desk research. The second stage includes a discussion on food safety management systems in primary production and the development of food safety plans with an associated PRP.
Findings
– Effective food safety management systems in primary production are critical to supplying food which is safe and wholesome. In order to manage food safety effectively measurable indicators of performance should be developed. These will provide data on the suitability of the food for sale, the effectiveness of the food safety management system and any potential areas of weakness which in turn will drive continuous improvement.
Originality/value
– This study is of benefit to the broiler industry in the further development of quality assurance standards and business improvement models.
... Scholars generally believe that the factors that affect the safety behavior of pig farm households include the basic characteristics of individual farm households, basic breeding conditions, vertical coordination models, safety cognition, and external supervision [42][43][44][45]. Studies have been conducted to illustrate that poultry traceability systems are being expanded in the areas of production, processing, and distribution to meet consumer concerns about poultry public health and other issues [46]. However, existing studies have not analyzed the influence of a pork traceability system on the safety behavior of pig farm households [42][43][44][45]. ...
In China, there is a renewed interest in traceability systems as an efficient tool to guarantee pork safety. One of the pathways through which a traceability system can benefit consumers is by easing information asymmetry. However, past literature on the traceability system in China pays more attention to theoretical analysis and less to empirical analysis. Using a large-scale survey of pig farms in China, we investigate the effects influencing farmers’ participation in the traceability system. Findings show that a traceability system can influence the safety of pork indirectly through its impacts on farmers’ production behaviors. Another important finding is that unsafe pork is a result of non-standard use of veterinary drugs, and the traceability system works well for farmers by pushing them to take stricter safety measurements.
... organic, PDO or PGI rabbit meat). Some trials have been undertaken in poultry on using various automatic methods for identifying individual carcasses by batch code at the grading line (Fallon, 2001). Inkjet and laser systems have been tested. ...
In the framework of COST 848: Multi-facetted research in rabbits: a model to develop a healthy and safe production in respect with animal welfare
... Also for meat products traceability, literature reports a series of different applied technologies: NFC [25], barcodes [26] (both directly applied on meat-beef and mutton carcasses, poultry, eggs), NIR technology [27], DNA barcoding [28]. ...
The aim of this work is to realize a term map analysis on technological advancements, in the year and in the world, of scientific researches of food traceability. Quality protection needs efficient instruments to discriminate Protected Denomination of Origin and Protected Geographical Indication varieties in field and to trace them along the agri-food chain. This study attempts to analyze global scientific of food traceability researches (between 1999 and 2018). In this period, 2534 scientific publications by Scopus database were found. Publication trends, research topics and their geographical distribution were analyzed by science mapping (VOSviewer software). Term map evidenced four main groups: red cluster with terms about food product and analytical methods for the characterization of food; green cluster including terms related with consumer (e.g., “food safety” and “food packaging”); blue cluster associating terms with the technology for traceability and yellow cluster with identification of food by genetic marker. It is possible to observe many links (i.e., co-occurrence between terms) in the green and blue clusters and among them. The yellow cluster could be considered as a subcategory of red one. In addition, green cluster refers to consumer and food safety. Yellow and red clusters contain analytical methods to identify food product, while blue cluster refers to advancements technological transferring information about the product to the consumer. These clusters do not present many linkages, and the consumer is in-between these. Finally, this study contributes to a better knowing of food traceability, and to an enhanced scientific research of technological advancements in supply chain.
... organic, PDO or PGI rabbit meat). Some trials have been undertaken in poultry on using various automatic methods for identifying individual carcasses by batch code at the grading line (Fallon, 2001). Inkjet and laser systems have been tested. ...
... In Japan food quality and food safety are of great importance and their management system is well developed. However, over the last few years there have been several food scandals (Elbers et al., 2001; Fallon, 2001; Madec et al., 2001; Ozawa et al., 2001). Currently there is a focus on food imported from China. ...
The demand for documentation of food information continues to increase. The project described in this paper aimed to: ‘develop, test and measure the effect of a tailor made traceability system with functionality for recording and sharing food safety related information in the mackerel supply chain between Norway and Japan.’ The study involved a broad analysis of traceability across a selection of mackerel supply chains between Japan and Norway, analysis of the stake holder views in the mackerel supply chain and a detailed investigation of one single supply chain.
... Nowadays the poultry sector is the most ›complicated‹ sector in the respect of administration. In the commercial trade the individual identification of the poultry is neither general, nor widespread, only the sires undergo it (FALLON 2001). ...
In accordance with the regulations, the Cross Compliance law in Hungary is estimated to be put into practice from 2009, with which the tracking, registration and marking of animals, furthermore the food safety will receive a more elaborated role. That is why we provide a full-scale review of traceability opportunities of the poultry sector.
The Poultry Information System (PIS) could create a more perspicuous poultry sector, however, its extremely high need of administration is an obligation hard to put up with for the breeders. The means of bird marking, such as the use of leg bands, wing tags, nasal markers, and the individual marking with transponders, based on radio-frequency identification were developed in order to overcome the growing need of complying the rules of food safety.
The most up to date mean of marking in the poultry sector is the RFID (radiofrequency identification) technology.
... Em vista do setor avícola ser excepcionalmente custo competitivo, a introdução de qualquer dispositivo de marcação existente, ou sistema de identificação eletrônica pode ser comercialmente inviável. Fallon (2001) argu menta que os sistemas de identificação individuais dificilmente são aplicados em nível co mercial. Porém, co mo já visto anteriormente, a necessidade da identificação eletrônica dos animais é fundamental para rastreabilidade de produtos. ...
Currently, the concern with safe food and its quality has been achieving great growth worldwide. For
those attributes to be secured, electronic identification is the first step to ensure animal products traceability. This research aimed to study invasive and non-invasive electronic identification methods, and the benefits and drawbacks of these mechanisms in meat productive chain, since 1983 to date. By means of this bibliographic survey, it was observed there are several tools available that may be useful to farmers
to attain the electronic identification, and the advantages and disadvantages of each method should be considered to choose the best one for each situation. Invasive methods have been subject of many studies, which reflects the broad commercial use of these identifiers, however, issues related to animal welfare and specific disadvantages may restrict their use. Non-invasive methods are more aligned to the practices of animal welfare, but they are more expensive, less practical, and less studied than others
... Increasingly, there is a legislative and a market driven requirement that the provenance of a foodstuff and the manufacturing processes that have taken place must be capable of being formally verified (Manning et al., 2006a). Traceability is therefore a fundamental part of the management and audit systems that have been developed to provide assurances to the consumer (Fallon, 2001). Whilst high input food supply chains have implemented traceability from "field to fork" i.e. the market requirements exceed legislative requirements; this is not the case in low input supply chains. ...
Purpose
– Ensuring continued compliance with food safety legislation and market requirements is critical to the fresh produce industry. The purpose of this paper is to analyse how a pre‐requisite programme (PRP) and key performance indicators (KPI) for food safety can be developed for the production of fresh produce, in both low input and high input supply chains.
Design/methodology/approach
– The first stage of the research involved an examination of literature, which was conducted using desk research. The second stage includes a review of food safety management systems (FSMS) in fresh produce supply and the development of a PRP/KPI framework.
Findings
– Farm assurance is well developed in the high input food supply chain for multiple retail customers. However, low input systems such as organic production, or conventional sources are often non‐assured, and supply wholesale retail and food service markets. Recent food safety incidents such as the E. coli outbreak in Germany have demonstrated that universally an effective FSMS is critical to ensure that produce is safe and wholesome and is not the cause of a food safety outbreak.
Originality/value
– This study is of benefit to the produce industry and those in the food supply chain in the further development of quality assurance (QA) standards and business improvement models.
The history of traceability reveals that nomadic herders as early as 1000 BCE marked livestock with irons and ear incisions in order to protect against thefts. Nowadays, we build traceability systems to document the origin of foods, and in order to ensure safer foods when tracking and recalling products. A holistic traceability system includes, as a minimum, identification elements, databases and an information flow. The animal identification elements refers to body marks, ear tags, Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) tags, retina image recognition, or DNA fingerprinting. The product identification refers to barcodes (EAN UCC, PLU, and GS1), 2D barcodes (QR, VC, and DM) and RFID or Electronic Product Code (EPC). The present review describes existing and upcoming traceability technologies for farm animals and their products, to update the common methods for information collection and data inquiry, with the view to expound traceability policies and regulations between developed and developing countries. The benefits of the new technologies and their practical limitations are also discussed.
Atualmente, a preocupação com alimentos seguros
e de qualidade obteve grande crescimento em nível mundial.
Para que esses atributos sejam garantidos, a identificação
eletrônica é o primeiro passo para assegura a rastreabilidade
de alimentos de origem animal. A presente pesquisa teve
como objetivo estudar os métodos invasivos e não invasivos
de identificação eletrônica, além das vantagens e
desvantagens da aplicação desses mecanismos nas cadeias
produtivas de carne, nos períodos de 1983 até o momento.
Por meio deste levantamento bibliográfico observou-se que
há diversas ferramentas disponíveis aos produtores para
realização da identificação eletrônica, devendo-se considerar
as vantagens e desvantagens de cada método para escolher
aquele que melhor se adequa a cada situação. Os métodos
invasivos foram alvo de muitos estudos, o que reflete o
amplo uso comercial destes identificadores, porém, questões
relacionadas ao bem-estar animal e desvantagens específicas
para cada método podem restringir seu uso. Já os métodos
não invasivos estão mais alinhados às práticas de bem-estar
animal, mas são mais caros que os demais, além de serem
menos práticos e pouco estudados.
Recent outbreaks of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE), foot-and-mouth disease, and bird flu have heightened awareness of traceability and information flows in agricultural industries. Existing supply chain research has focused on supply chains for manufactured goods, but the agricultural industry differs from manufacturing, being characterized by horizontal alliances and imprecise output predictions arising from uncontrollable factors such as weather and rates of natural increase. This chapter explores the downstream information flows in a sheep meat supply chain. It identifies stakeholders and the nature and efficiency of their information exchanges. Findings show that important information is generated in several tiers along the supply chain, but this information is not always shared and opportunities for increased supply chain competitiveness are lost. The lack of information sharing is explained by the unwillingness of partners to commit to tight contractual agreements, the lack of adequate technological infrastructure, and the absence of regulations mandating certain information flows.
In view of the test about the design of food safety traceability control platform, this paper proposes a data to display detection method, It uses a more intuitive LED display and speech broadcast module to display and report food safety traceability information, the basic principle of this design is that when consumers credit card, electronic tag number receives date via Zigbee receiving module, under the control of the microcontroller reads the corresponding electronic tag number corresponding food safety information and for display on LED display, at the same time for voice module of speech. The system has low power consumption, strong anti-jamming capability, good general type, the advantages of circuit is simple and reliable and has small volume. At the same time, by the microcontroller instead of PC to control its function module, not only can save cost, also can make the system simpler. Experimental results show that this method is not only suitable for life and easy to carry out supervision and inspection departments, but also facilitate the supervision of consumers buying food safety.
Gıda güvenliğinin sağlanmasında en temel araçlardan biri olan gıda izlenebilirliği, herhangi bir istenmeyen durum oluştuğunda ürün ve süreçleri geriye doğru izleyerek sorun kaynağının saptanmasını; ileriye doğru izleyerek geri toplama gibi kriz yönetim mekanizmaları için gerekli bilgi sisteminin kurulmasını hedefleyen bir işlemler bütünüdür. Yasalarla hedeflenen izlenebilirlik, tüm zincir boyunca herhangi bir kırılma olmadan çalışmayı garanti altına alan elektronik tabanlı bilgi sistemleri ve teknolojilerinin kullanılması ile sağlanabilir. Günümüzde hızla bu tür sistemler geliştirilmeye çalışılmakta, ancak henüz tam anlamıyla etkin, tümleşik ve belli standartlara dayalı bir işleyişten uzakta bulunulmaktadır. Gıda izlenebilirliği sistemlerinin bu nedenle ürünler bazında kapsamlıca araştırılması ve özellikle ağ tabanlı ve sürdürülebilir sistemlerin geliştirilmesi önerilmektedir. Çok tüketilen bir gıda olarak yumurtada izlenebilirlik öncelikli bir alandır, Bu çalışmada etkin, esnek ve uygulanabilir bir yumurta izlenebilirliği sisteminin mimarisi ve sürdürülebilirliği tartışılmakta ve işleyiş ayrıntılarını ortaya konmaktadır.
ABSTRACT
A Conceptual System Design for Table Eggs Traceability
Food traceability as one of the main tools in food safety is a set of methods, rules and processes that aiming to establish a tracing and recall mechanisms. The ideal traceability amended by laws might be achieved with the use of electronic information systems and technologies that guaranties the unbroken transactions with central database management systems on the Internet. At the present time, although e-traceability systems are being developed and served in many fresh and processed food chains, the efficient, standardized and integrated working system can be omitted due to complex structure of traceability. Therefore, after the product and information flows should be carefully investigated for a food chain, a networked and sustainable traceability system should be designed and implemented with participation of all chain stakeholders. Table eggs traceability has a priority for traceability because it is a principal consumed food by people. In this paper, the design architecture and sustainability details of a flexible and applicable traceability system for eggs chains are discussed and outlined.
In today's globalized world, to ensure effective traceability, food-producing animals must be identified by a tamper-proof and durable technique. This article investigates the avian comb profile as a potential biometric-based method for the traceability of poultry. Forty mature hens were used for this experiment. Video was acquired of comb profiles, and morphological image processing techniques including dilation and erosion were performed on still images obtained from the video with the purpose of linking a segmented template or "fingerprint" with each bird that was imaged to act as a unique identifier. Comb profile features were abstracted using the Zahn-Roskies Fourier descriptor technique for subsequent shape analysis. Multivariate discriminant analysis was applied to the most discriminant harmonic variables, resulting in a positive classification rate of 80.6%. When a simple comb overlap function was combined with the Fourier technique, the rate increased to 84.4%. © 2009 American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers.
Purpose
This study aims to investigate the effectiveness of current traceability systems in five food sectors: dairy, fish, red meat, fruit and vegetable, and grain. Products were bought within Norway, with national and international origins.
Design/methodology/approach
The method used structured interviews and questionnaires at each link in the production and supply chain of 30 products in order to discover the ability to identify the origin of product, the size of batches used during production, the potential product and process information available and the estimated time of recall in an emergency situation.
Findings
The results showed that it was possible to trace 53 percent of the products bought through their supply chains to their origin. The results demonstrated that mixing transformations create challenges for traceability that are more severe than other types of transformations. Company motivation is an important factor in creating the conditions for a successful tracing event.
Social implications
The study presents findings that can be used by the food producing industry and regulators that will aid in improving the ability to track and trace food effectively. This will aid the food producing industry in providing society with better food information so that consumers can make informed choices.
Originality/value
This study presents data on multi sector traceability, which is not only valuable because of its uniqueness, but also because of the possibility to use this in future studies for comparison and measurement of progress. This study is highly valuable to food producing industries, regulators and researchers as it presents new and unique data, regarding recall times and sector specific challenges.
Transparency is very important in food supply chains. There is close scrutiny of the fisheries industry because a wild resource, vulnerable to exploitation, is being harvested. These factors together with the need for product differentiation and the need to control the quality of products have emerged as reasons for this sector to focus upon traceability. In Japan, a major importer of Norwegian mackerel, food quality and food safety are taken very seriously. Over the last few years there have been several food scandals. Studies have shown that the main challenges regarding internal traceability in current production systems of mackerel are unique identification and communication of data elements outside the company of origin. This study presents findings regarding the costs and benefits of implementation of strategies for improving these areas. Some companies expressed the desire to voluntarily implement all the recommendations i.e. provide reliable, automated information flow from boat to production.
The feasibility of using DataMatrix (DM) barcodes laser printed onto the beaks of poultry as a possible method of identification and therefore traceability of the individual was examined in this study, including a preliminary live trial on broiler chicks in a commercial environment. In vitro trials were initially conducted to select the optimal laser type and the optimal laser settings for this particular application. Frozen mature chicken head samples were sourced from commercial partners and DM barcodes were printed on the beaks of these samples and read using a high specification camera based 1-Dimensional/2-Dimensional DataMan 7500 barcode reader. A number of laser types and settings were assessed through a detailed Predetermined Readability Screening Procedure principally designed to examine the ability of the printed DM barcode to withstand physical abrasion such as that which may occur in a commercial environment. Following this selection process a preliminary live trial of this technology was instigated in a commercial broiler house to examine not only the effects of the growth of the broilers on the clarity and readability of the DM barcode, but also the ability of the printed DM barcodes to resist the physical and chemical environment of a commercial setting. The results show a four day window during which the barcode readability remains at a high level. Thereafter the readability deteriorates rapidly, due to the rapid growth and healing of the beak of broiler chicks. However, with high readability rates, even for such a short timeframe, this technology could well be used as a technique for movement control for live poultry, for example, from the producer to the processor, thereby preventing any fraud at these vulnerable points in the poultry food chain, where there is a transfer of ownership. The effects of such a treatment on the behaviour and weight gain of the broiler chicks was also observed, because in an industry where numbers are large and margins very small, it is important that any additional input to the system would not have any detrimental effect on final carcase weight and quality.
The feasibility of using GS1 DataMatrix (GS1 DM) barcodes laser printed onto the beaks of poultry as a possible method of identification and, therefore, traceability of the individual were examined in this study, including a preliminary live trial on layer hens. The optimal laser type and settings for this particular application had been selected during previous in vitro and in vivo trials. GS1 DM barcodes were printed on both sides of the beaks of mature layer hens and read using a high specification camera based 1-Dimensional/2-Dimensional (1-D/2-D) DataMan 7500 barcode reader. The reading procedure was repeated on a number of occasions over a 5 week period to examine the effects of time in a commercial environment on the clarity and readability of the GS1 DM barcode, and the ability of the printed GS1 DM barcodes to resist the physical and chemical challenges of such a setting. The results show a very short timeframe during which all barcodes, both right and left combined, remain readable. Thereafter the readability deteriorates rapidly, due to the growth and healing of the beaks of the layer hens. Results also show that there was no significant difference in the readability between GS1 DM barcodes printed on the right or left side of the beak. The proportion of identification (ι) (i.e. number of layers identifiable by either one or two readable GS1 DM barcodes) was also calculated. All layer hens were fully identifiable for a seven day period by either one or two readable GS1 DM barcodes. Further analysis showed that the proportion of identification (ι) was significantly higher for layer hens when identified with two GS1 DM barcodes as opposed to just one. Secure movement control of live mature poultry at vulnerable points in the food chain, such as transfer of ownership, could well be facilitated by the use of this technology, thereby preventing fraud or substitution at these points.
Radio frequency identification (RFID) technology is an automatic identification and data capture (AIDC) technique and it is the representative technology for handling beef traceability. In this paper we offer a complete solution including: frequency, identifier information system, information system, data organisation, tag reclaimation and control technology, from three segments of the beef production process in China. From the farm to the slaughterhouse, electronic identification ear tag technology was used to identify the individual animal. From the slaughterhouse to the processing plant, gambrel identification was used to transfer the carcass information from the “old ear tag” to a “new ear tag”. Last, gambrel RFID was converted to UCC/EAN‐128 barcode labelling with a wireless electronic scale. The whole solution was evaluated successfully in Beijing.
Food safety and quality as demanded by domestic and international trade are the major concerns in food production chains. Safeguarding these concerns presents challenging tasks across the entire farm-fork continuum. This progression is comprised of various segments that include governmental departments, farms, industries, transportation, retail markets and consumers. The devolution of these tasks among the stakeholders and the heterogeneous nature of safety measures at each stage require coherent good management practices. Thus, successful achievements of these need continuous efforts in identifying practical and cost-effective measures for reducing or eliminating food-borne risks to consumers, for example, the Avian H5N1 influenza. The recent outbreak of avian influenza (bird flu) in Asia, including Thailand, has heightened public awareness on requirements of good production practices in poultry and poultry products for both local and international needs. In addition, accurate and timely dissemination of information regarding diseases like bird flu are important issues that affect public perception and the implementation of preventive measures. Lessons from the avian influenza outbreak in terms of building cost-effective monitoring and surveillance systems can form a good basis for this and other poultry-borne diseases. The laid down regulations of "good" agricultural practices at each stage in the whole poultry production chain in Thailand are examined to assist in identifying the critical points that might have led to this outbreak. The knowledge gained is used in formulating preventive measures at these points.
Investments in the poultry production sector in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), in addition to the ultimate responsibility of protecting the country's natural resources, made it urgent to develop a premises-identification system to identify local, commercial poultry production units in the country. To that end, a corresponding barcoding standard was developed to track diseased birds and contaminated poultry products back to the original farm/flock, as well to potentially exposed birds that have moved from the subject premises. This is the first step toward potentially establishing a national/regional system to accurately map and identify poultry production unit premises and farms, and to monitor and provide an emergency response mechanism in case of a biosecurity alert.
Purpose
The purpose of this study is to examine where product, process and traceability information is systematically lost at a mineral water bottling plant. It aims to highlight areas where traceability could be improved and to suggest changes that could be made to improve traceability. It also aims to examine the implications of these changes for the current system.
Design/methodology/approach
Process mapping was carried out at a mineral water bottling plant to investigate the flow of material and information. The results were analyzed to identify the critical traceability points (CTPs) in the production process where information is lost.
Findings
One of the CTPs at the mineral water bottling plant was the lack of a link between product, process and traceability information for the screw caps.
Research limitations/implications
This is a study of an individual case, which limits the generalizations that can be made.
Practical implications
Procedures need to be established at the mineral water bottling plant in order to achieve traceability. All the information about the resources used in production could be linked to a “best before” date on each mineral water bottle.
Originality/value
The authors have found few similar case studies in the published literature. This case study can be of value to other research institutes and industries where the focus is on traceability. It could also be of interest to researchers working with information technology systems, ontology/metadata schemes, cost/benefits analyses and the impacts of traceability. The implications of traceability highlighted in this paper can be of use to regulatory authorities in their decision making processes.
This review article discusses recent analytical developments with respect to the determination of the geographic origin of raw meat. The main emphasis is laid on lamb, beef and poultry. So far, some methods have shown quite promising potential (e.g. stable isotope ratios, trace elements), others have remained unsatisfactory in their discriminating power to authenticate the geographic origin of meat (e.g. microbiological profile, sensory traits, volatile compounds). Other methods (e.g. animal genotype, gross chemical composition) could be auxiliary criteria as they help to determine related indicators such as feeding or housing conditions but not directly the origin. The complexity of this question is large. An integrated approach simultaneously addressing various species and production characteristics such as environment, animal husbandry conditions, breed, feeding and drinking water has to be developed. Strategies have to be different for global and micro-regional scales.
After a full analysis of the "CDS (cigarette-distribution system)" situation, this paper researched the application effect of RFID (radio frequency identification) in the CDS by comprehensively considering the safety, tracking, visualization and time-effective problems in the process of cigarette-distribution and constructing a new cigarette-distribution mode and its information system model in accordance with GPS (global positioning system), GIS (geographical information system) and routing optimization technology, modeled and analyzed the overall gain and loss in the CDS, and proposed that the earlier enterprises use RFID, the smaller the E (expense) will be spent and the greater the benefit will be achieved along with the more and more significance of time-effective demand.
Contemporary Precision Livestock Technology in poultry production is very limited and does not meet European standards for traceability and Best Available Technology (BAT), as laid down in EN ISO 2205:2007 standards (2007) and the European Directive 2008/1/EC (2008). A worldwide occurrence of Avian Influenza additionally calls for a fraud-proof tagging device and source verification system for poultry and poultry products in order to complete partially existing documentary trails.During a preliminary laboratory trial, a procedure for the application of miniature linear and two-dimensional Data Matrix (DM) barcodes onto poultry beaks and legs through inkjet printing was set up and assessed. Results regarding the proportion of readability (p%), the standard error in readability (SE) and general statistics on the reading time were calculated. Tests for independence based on Chi-square and Pearson's were performed on the categorical data, to estimate the differences between proportions of readability of reading groups. The resulting data was used to define the optimal position of barcodes as well as the optimal reading mode of the barcode scanner to be used for further trials. As this experiment provided an estimate of readability of barcodes imprinted on chicken beaks and legs, it is intended to serve as a basis for sample size calculation for an ongoing live trial.
A preliminary study on the potential application of electronic tracking in poultry in vivo has been conducted. The experimental procedure for this study was based on previous in vitro findings (Fröschle et al., 2009) as part of the same research programme. The study consisted of two phases whereby an initial experiment using inkjet printing of 10 × 10 DataMatrix barcodes onto the beaks of broiler chickens in a live commercial setting has been carried out. Results demonstrated very poor percentage of readability after a short period of time. Barcodes deteriorated very rapidly and this was attributed to the physical effects on the barcodes of the actions of the chickens in a commercial environment, together with the inability of the ink to bond to the hard keratinous surface of the beak. In a subsequent part of the study, a number of commercially available ink types were screened, using a predetermined abrasion testing procedure, for their ability to bond to the beak and provide a readable barcode on the beaks following some predetermined graduated physical abrasion.
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