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[Anti-inflammatory activity of domestic papain]
Abstract
The influence of domestic papain to the course of experimental inflammation due to formalin, dextrane, histamine, serotonin and infectious arthritis has been studied. The domestic papain in doses of 0.325 and 0.75 mg/kg possesses strongly marked antiinflammatory activity and this ability is no less than that of butadion and indomethacin.
... In the present study, serratiopeptidase ( Jadav et al., 2010) and papain (Rakhimov, 2001;Amri and Mamboya, 2012) have been used as an alternative to NSAIDS or SAIDS when applications are contraindicated in patients with concurrent kidney disease or diabetes. Serratiopeptidase works by reducing the amount of fluid in the tissues, which reduces swelling. ...
Feline chronic gingivostomatitis (FCGS) is a severe inflammatory oral disease of cats that is often refrac-tory to treatment. The etiology is unknown but reported to incriminate bacterial, viruses, and immunologic factors. This retrospective study is aimed to describe the clinical manifestations and treatment outcomes in cats diagnosed with FCGS. Patient records with FCGS were retrieved from 2008-2018 at University Veterinary Hospital (UVH), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM). The diagnosis of FCGS was made based on oral examination with the inflammation at the caudal oral cavity and lateral to the palatoglossal folds. Descriptive statistics were derived from the retrospective data using simple percentages. Fifty-seven cats were analyzed up to the final treatment with known survival status. The majority affected cats age between 3-6 years old (24/57) and male (41/57). Most affected cats came from indoor multicats households. The two most common clinical signs were halitosis (42%) and anorexia (28%). Caudal stomatitis (100%) and gingivitis (93%) were the two most intraoral findings. Elevated total proteins (96.5%) and hyperglobu-linaemia (96.5%) were remarkable findings in biochemistry results. Thrombocytopenia was prominent and found in 70.9% of cats. Treatment options were varied; 39% (22/57) of the cats showed no signs of FCGS with various medical combination treatments based on owner observation, while 33% (19/57) succumbed to death. Partial and full mouth dental extraction was applied in 16/57 (28%) cats and result exhibited 1.7% (n=1) death, 3.5% (n=2) partial remission, and 22.8% (n=13) full recovery. Intralesional triamcinolone injection was able to manage FCGS in the short term. Serratiopeptidase or papain alone was not effective in the management of the FCGS.
... Papaya contains an extensive range of secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, which have been shown to a marked effect to reduce chronic inflammatory reaction. Proteolytic enzymes that are present in papaya such as papain and chymopapain also showed an anti-inflammatory effect as well as an effect on immunomodulation (Rose et al., 2006;Mohr and Desser, 2013;Rakhimov, 2001). Papain in combination with other proteolytic enzyme such as trypsin and chymotrypsin reduce TGF-β1 level in osteomyelofibrosis, rheumatoid arthritis and herpes zoster (Desser et al., 2001). ...
Fruits and vegetables are an important part of a healthy diet. In this regard, Carica papaya (papaya) is one of them, a native to Mexico and northern South America, now naturalized in many parts of the world including tropical and subtropical regions. The papaya fruit pulp is rich in minerals and many vitamins, while seed contains glucosinolates, tocopherols, carotenoids, and benzyl isothiocyanate. Papaya is known for numerous activities such as antioxidant, antibacterial, anticancer activity, anti-fertility agent, anti-inflammatory, antiulcer, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, and many more due to the presence of phenolics, flavonoids, and alkaloids as the key phytochemicals. Many commercial products obtained from different plant parts are available in the market and are being utilized for various purposes. More specifically, papaya fruit is used to produce a large number of processed foods such as jam, jelly, pickle, candied fruit, puree, concentrate, and canned slices/chunks. Fruit peels find its application in cosmetics, in wastewater treatment, as animal feed, and as a binder in ceramics. Papaya leaf, bark, root, and seeds have also shown the insecticidal and repellent activities. More interestingly, in the recent past, papaya and different parts are used for nanoparticle synthesis which has shown numerous applications. This review mainly focuses on the various phytochemicals present in different parts of plant C. papaya, their pharmacological activities, and several other applications. For writing this review paper, a literature survey was carried out via classic books of medicinal and fruit plants. Online scientific databases, for instance, PubMed, Scopus, Sci Finder, Science Direct, the Web of Science, Wiley Online, Google Scholar, ResearchGate, and other search engines were explored up to October 2020 to detect valid reports, studies, and investigations. All literature on the proposed topics were analyzed and summarized in this review paper.
... In latter years, secondary plant metabolites have become of special interest in the scientific community because of their potential role in preventing and managing MetS (Cicero and Colletti, 2016;Francini-Pesenti et al., 2019). Many compounds, such as sesquiterpene lactones (SLns), have been isolated from medicinal plants and their hypoglycemic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidative properties coupled with their capacity to modulate key cellular functions have been confirmed by in vitro and in vivo methods (Chadwick et al., 2013;Chaturvedi et al., 2016;Alonso et al., 2018). Despite these effects are linked to the pathogenesis of MetS, the role of these compounds to avoid its progression is not well documented compared to many other compounds such as polyphenols into which a great deal of research has been conducted. ...
Metabolic syndrome comprises a cluster of metabolic disorders related to the development of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. In latter years, plant secondary metabolites have become of special interest because of their potential role in preventing and managing metabolic syndrome. Sesquiterpene lactones constitute a large and diverse group of biologically active compounds widely distributed in several medicinal plants used for the treatment of metabolic disorders. The structural diversity and the broad spectrum of biological activities of these compounds drew significant interests in the pharmacological applications. This review describes selected sesquiterpene lactones that have been experimentally validated for their biological activities related to risk factors of metabolic syndrome, together with their mechanisms of action. The potential beneficial effects of sesquiterpene lactones discussed in this review demonstrate that these substances represent remarkable compounds with a diversity of molecular structure and high biological activity, providing new insights into the possible role in metabolic syndrome management.
... Proteolytic emzymes has anti-inflammatory efficacy similar to ibuprofen and has immunomodulatory effects to delay destructive arthritis (Chintalacharuvu et al., 2001) as Rakhimov (2001) reported that papain has comparable anti-inflammatory effects as that of butadion and indomethacin. In light of these clinical researches, proteotytic enzyme supplement containing bromelain and papain was evaluated for low back pain and found This study statistically proved the reported claim by reducing pain and improving functional grade of patients suffering from LBP after 6 weeks of treatment with enzymes. ...
Lumbar spine osteoarthritis with 40-85% prevalence, degeneration of spine with remarkable narrowing of disc space and osteophytes formation trigger pain in lower back. Pain in lower portion of back is now considered to be the second most commonly treated health issue in primary health care setups. This pain causes disability, functional loss and job absentees. Commonly pain is managed pharmacologically by NSAIDS but resulted in severe gastric side effects. The purpose of this trial was to appraise the properties of bromelain and papain, the vegetal proteolytic enzymes, in comparison with standard drug on LBP patients. Forty men and women with lumbar spine osteoarthritis were recruited and divided into group 1, received aceclofenac 100mg tablet b.i.d as standard treatment, group 2, patients treated with aceclofenac 100 mg tablet b.i.d and enzyme supplements 250 mg b.i.d for 6 weeks. All the participants were evaluated for their body mass index, vital signs and liver/kidney enzymes before and after treatment. Moreover intensity of pain were also measured through visual analogue scale (VAS) and oswestry low back pain questionnaire (ODI) before treatment (0 week), 3rd week and 6th week of treatment. The enzyme group patients showed significantly diminished pain scores VAS from 7.10±1.29 to 5.85±1.531*** (P=0.001), ODI score from 56.2±8.70 to 51.6±8.125*** (P=0.000), significantly diminished enzymes; ALP from 210.00±55.24 to 196.90±51.02 (P=0.054*) and serum creatinine from 0.97±0.153 to 0.87±0.139 (P=0.035*) and improved quality of life. Hence, this study suggested that the enzyme supplements for 6 weeks have prolonged beneficial carry-over effects in comparison to standard treatment without producing any change in BMI (P>0.05) and vital signs (P> 0.05).
... These data suggest that papain may act as inflammatory protease departing from other cysteine proteases. Meanwhile, topical application of papain to volunteers stung by jellyfish Chrysaora chinensis showed pain remission and inhibition of nematocyst discharge (DeClerck et al. 2016) and another report described that papain at doses of 0.325 and 0.75 mg/kg possesses marked anti-inflammatory action against infectious arthritis, like butadion and indomethacin (Rakhimov 2001). Meanwhile, excepting for an early report describing allergic reactions and asthma during occupational exposure to bromelain (Baur and Fruhmann 1979), no additional evidence of inflammatory effect induced by bromelain was described. ...
This book offers an overview of the diverse fields application of proteases (also termed proteolytic enzymes or proteinases), including food science and technology, pharmaceutical industries, and detergent manufacturing, reviewing the advances in the biotechnological application plant proteolytic enzymes over the last decade. In recent years, they have been the focus of renewed attention from the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries, not only because of their activity on a wide variety of proteins but also because they are active over a range of temperatures and pHs. The main audience of this book are researchers working with plant proteases but also professionals from several industry segments such as food production and pharmaceutical companies.
... These data suggest that papain may act as inflammatory protease departing from other cysteine proteases. Meanwhile, topical application of papain to volunteers stung by jellyfish Chrysaora chinensis showed pain remission and inhibition of nematocyst discharge (DeClerck et al. 2016) and another report described that papain at doses of 0.325 and 0.75 mg/kg possesses marked anti-inflammatory action against infectious arthritis, like butadion and indomethacin (Rakhimov 2001). Meanwhile, excepting for an early report describing allergic reactions and asthma during occupational exposure to bromelain (Baur and Fruhmann 1979), no additional evidence of inflammatory effect induced by bromelain was described. ...
Proteases or proteinases are enzymes that catalyze cleavage of proteins at peptide bonds generating smaller peptides. Some of them are very specific in their choice of target site while others act rather nonspecifically and hydrolyze the protein substrate if conditions allow into short peptides. They must have appeared early in evolution along with proteins, to keep a balance between synthesis and protein degradation. Their early emergence is confirmed by their ubiquitous presence in most living forms including viruses, plants, and animals.
... In addition to secondary metabolites, the proteolytic enzymes present in papaya (papain and chymopapain) have also shown immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory activities (Rakhimov 2001;Rose et al. 2006;Mohr & Desser 2013). The role of transforming growth factor (TGF)-b in anti-inflammation is evident. ...
Chronic inflammation is linked with the generation and progression of various diseases such as cancer, diabetes and atherosclerosis, and anti-inflammatory drugs therefore have the potential to assist in the treatment of these conditions. Carica papaya is a tropical plant that is traditionally used in the treatment of various ailments including inflammatory conditions. A literature search was conducted by using the keywords "papaya", "anti-inflammatory and inflammation" and "immunomodulation and immune" along with cross-referencing. Both in vitro and in vivo investigation studies were included. This is a review of all studies published since 2000 on the anti-inflammatory activity of papaya extracts and their effects on various immune-inflammatory mediators. Studies on the anti-inflammatory activities of recognized phytochemicals present in papaya are also included. Although in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that papaya extracts and papaya-associated phytochemicals possess anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties, clinical studies are lacking.
... Papain has the ability to digest dead tissue without affecting living tissue; it is used to remove dead tissue from burns, in healing skin injuries, to remove warts and to treat ringworm. It has putative anti-inflammatory activity [48]. ...
Proteases are ubiquitous to all the living organisms. Their involvement in the life cycle of various disease causing organisms has led them to become a potential target for developing therapeutic agents against life-threatening diseases such as bacterial infection, cancer, malaria and AIDS. This review is mainly focused on the applications of microbial proteases such as serrapeptase, serrazime, lysostaphin, L-asparaginase, L-glutaminase, streptokinase, streptokinase-streptodornase and xiaflex. These enzymes are being used in the treatment of inflammation, respiratory tract disorders, cardiovascular disease and cancer.
Kayakarpam is one of the techniques carried out by siddhars to protect our body from death and decay. It is a restorative, constrictive agents which arrest morbific tendencies and decays. Kayakarpam which means anti-oxidant, is an ambrosial medicines taken by the Siddhars for the prevention of death. According to studies on life expectancy, it is revealed that in recent days, it is reduced to the senior age (51-70) due to our lifestyle. This made us to work on this topic to prevent the aging process and diseases. The formulation of "brahmi karpam" was prepared as per the Siddha literature and studied to total antioxidant activity, nitric oxide radical scavenging and hydroxyl radical scavenging. The outcomes of the above assays are furnished in the results.
A serine protease was purified 6.9-fold from the leaves of Thespesia populnea using ammonium sulfate fractionation followed by CM-cellulose and Sephadex G-100 chromatography. The purified enzyme was named populnein and was characterized. It was made up of a single polypeptide, and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry (MS) analysis showed that the enzyme had a molecular mass of 14,518 Da. Inhibition of enzyme activity by phenyl methane sulfonyl fluoride indicates that populnein belongs to the class of serine proteases. The enzyme had appreciable pH and temperature stability. The activity of the enzyme was optimal at pH 8.0 and temperature 40°C. The enzyme was thermostable and retained 85% of its activity at 70°C after 1 hr. The enzyme was also resistant to autodigestion. The stabilization of the membrane of red blood cells exhibited by the protease populnein was found to be higher than for diclofenac. More studies are necessary to investigate the biological activity and applications of serine protease of T. populnea. Supplemental materials are available for this article. Go to the publisher's online edition of Preparative Biochemistry and Biotechnology to view the supplemental file.
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