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Herbal Therapy in Dermatology
Abstract
Herbal therapy is becoming increasingly popular among patients and physicians. Many herbal preparations are marketed to the public for various ailments including those of the skin. Herbal therapies have been used successfully in treating dermatologic disorders for thousands of years in Europe and Asia. In Germany, a regulatory commission oversees herbal preparations and recommended uses. In Asia, herbal treatments that have been used for centuries are now being studied scientifically. Currently, the United States does not regulate herbal products, as they are considered dietary supplements. Therefore, there is no standardization of active ingredients, purity, or concentration. There are also no regulations governing which herbs can be marketed for various ailments. This has made learning about and using these treatments challenging. Information compiled in a practical fashion may enable more patients to benefit from these treatments currently used worldwide. We reviewed the herbal medications that show scientific evidence of clinical efficacy, as well as the more common herbs shown to be useful in the treatment of dermatologic disorders. The safety of each herb has been addressed to better enable the physician to know which herbal therapies they may want to begin to use in practice. Common drug interactions and side effects of herbal medicines that may be seen in the dermatologic setting were also studied.
... Interestingly, many phytochemicals which are known to contribute to the treatment of dermatological diseases and skincare were found in the plants collected in the current study (Table 1). Limonene (Gruenwald et al., 2000); saponins, saccharides, flavonoids (Kole et al., 2005) Asteraceae Calendula officinalis L. Hamishe Bahar (Fotouhi et al., 2007;Ghahramani Dehbokri et al., 2010;Eslami et al., 2011;Ameri et al., 2012;Nasiri et al., 2013); mucilage (Fotouhi et al., 2007;Ghahramani Dehbokri et al., 2010;Ameri et al., 2012); calendulin (Ghahramani Dehbokri et al., 2010;Eslami et al., 2011;Ameri et al., 2012); triterpenoids (Bedi & Shenefelt, 2002;Nasiri et al., 2013); sterols (Ameri et al., 2012;Ghahramani Dehbokri et al., 2010); tannins (Ghahramani Dehbokri et al., 2010;Eslami et al., 2011); vitamin E (Ameri et al., 2012); esterase, antioxidant (Nasiri et al., 2013) Asteraceae Cichorium intybus L. ...
... inositol, flavonoids (Maleki et al., 2007); saponins, bisabolol (Kraft, 2007) Asteraceae (Wagner et al., 1986;Safahyi et al., 1994;Bedi & Shenefelt, 2002;Ghassemi Dehkordi et al., 2007;Maleki et al., 2007); chamazulene (Wagner et al., 1986;Safahyi et al., 1994;Bedi & Shenefelt, 2002;Maleki et al., 2007); sesquiterpene alcohol (Bedi & Shenefelt, 2002); inositol, tannins (Maleki et al., 2007); apigenin glycosides (Wagner et al., 1986;Safahyi et al., 1994); choline (Kole et al., 2005) Asteraceae Silybum marianum ...
... inositol, flavonoids (Maleki et al., 2007); saponins, bisabolol (Kraft, 2007) Asteraceae (Wagner et al., 1986;Safahyi et al., 1994;Bedi & Shenefelt, 2002;Ghassemi Dehkordi et al., 2007;Maleki et al., 2007); chamazulene (Wagner et al., 1986;Safahyi et al., 1994;Bedi & Shenefelt, 2002;Maleki et al., 2007); sesquiterpene alcohol (Bedi & Shenefelt, 2002); inositol, tannins (Maleki et al., 2007); apigenin glycosides (Wagner et al., 1986;Safahyi et al., 1994); choline (Kole et al., 2005) Asteraceae Silybum marianum ...
Ethnopharmacological survEy of mEdicinal plants usEd to trEat skin disEasEs among hErbal shops in Jahrom, iran.-Among the most common illnesses affecting people's lives are skin disorders, for which a variety of therapeutic approaches has been suggested. Traditional herbal remedies can be counted among the best therapies for such diseases. Herbal shops, or "attaris" (in Persian), play a major role in the traditional therapy of each region. This study investigated the medicinal plants commonly prescribed and traded in herbal shops of Jahrom, Iran, to cure skin diseases. Ethnome-dicinal data were collected using the snowball method for 38 plant species belonging to 34 families. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect information from herbal shops. Asteraceae, with five species, was the most dominant medicinal family of the prescribed plants, and the fruits, seeds, and leaves of plants are the parts most used. Herbal mask (36%) was the most common mode of herbal drug preparation. The medicinal herbs prescribed by herbal healers are often used for the treatment of acne (36%) as well as for strengthening, clarifying, and giving freshness to the skin (26%). These medicinal plants may be candidates for the development of novel herbal skincare products. The findings of this research revealed that the herbal healers of Jahrom have an outstanding knowledge of traditional treatments for skin diseases. Resumen EncuEsta Etnofarmacológica sobrE plantas utilizadas En EnfErmEdadEs dE la piEl En hErboristErías dE Jahrom, irán.-Entre las enfermedades más comunes que afectan a la vida de las personas se encuentran los trastornos de la piel, para los que se han sugerido diversos enfoques terapéuticos. Los remedios tradicionales a base de plantas pueden contarse entre las mejores terapias para estas enfermedades. Las herboristerías, o "attaris" (en persa), juegan un papel importante en la terapia tradicional de cada región. En este estudio se inventariaron las plantas medicinales común-mente recetadas y comercializadas en las herboristerías de Jahrom, Irán, para curar enfermedades de la piel. Los datos etnomedicinales se recolectaron mediante el método de bola de nieve para 38 especies de plantas pertenecientes a 34 familias. Se utilizó un cuestionario semiestructurado para recolectar información de las herboristerías. Las Asteraceae, con cinco especies, fueron la familia botánica más citada, y los frutos, semillas y hojas de las plantas fueron las partes más utilizadas. La mascarilla a base de plantas (36%) fue la forma más común de preparación. Las plantas medicinales prescritas por los curanderos se utilizan a menudo para el tratamiento del acné (36%), así como para fortalecer, aclarar y dar frescura a la piel (26%). Estas especies pueden ser candidatas para el desarrollo de nuevos productos a base de plantas para el cuidado de la piel. Los resultados de esta investigación revelaron que los curanderos de Jahrom tienen un elevado conocimiento de los tratamientos tradicionales para las enfermedades de la piel. Palabras clave: acné; Asteraceae; enfermedades de la piel; medicina tradicional a base de plantas.
... Since ancient times herbal medicines have been used successfully in dermatological disorders. As natural-based products, they are favored and commonly used among the population (Bedi and Shenefelt, 2002). Herbal medicinal products are complex mixtures of valuable secondary metabolites and we sorted them by dominant secondary metabolites, which are believed to be responsible for the beneficial effects on skin conditions and disorders (Kovačević, 2004). ...
... The main constituents of Calendulae flos are triterpene saponins, triterpene alcohols, sesquiterpene glycosides, carotenoids, flavonoids, coumarins, volatile oil, water-soluble polysaccharides (EMA, 2018a). Anti-inflammatory and in vitro antimicrobial and immune-modulating effects are documented (Bedi and Shenefelt, 2002). Gotu kola -Centellae asiaticae herba, Centella asiatica L., Apiaceae. ...
... Lemon balm's leaf can be also used to treat Herpes simplex and minor wounds. In patients with herpetic lesions, the administration of 1 % of the lemon balm's extracts 5 times per day led to a recovery in 96 % of the lesions 8 days after the beginning of the treatment (Bedi and Shenefelt, 2002). Tea tree oil -Melaleucae aetheroleum, Melaleuca alternifolia [(Maiden & Betche) Cheel], Myrtaceae. ...
The term "phytopreparations" indicates products with active substances obtained from medicinal plants. Herbal medicines, extracts, essential oils, and isolated active principles are present in both cosmetology and dermatology. The new term, "cosmeceutical" refers to cosmetic preparations which also have therapeutic action. A review of relevant literature and legal frames has been done in order to understand the modern use of medicinal herbs in dermatological disorders. There is no single legal framework in this area. In the therapeutic field of skin disorders and minor wounds, there are 31 European Union monographs on herbal medicinal products prepared by the Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products, while the European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy recommends the use of 19 herbal drugs for dermatological disorders, such as acne, dermatitis, eczema, wounds, skin inflammation, insect bites, etc. Most patients assume an herbal product is "safe" and without side effects simply because it's natural. The rational use of herbal cosmetic products requires appropriate knowledge of used plant materials and potential side effects.
... Interestingly, many phytochemicals which are known to contribute to the treatment of dermatological diseases and skincare were found in the plants collected in the current study (Table 1). Limonene (Gruenwald et al., 2000); saponins, saccharides, flavonoids (Kole et al., 2005) Asteraceae Calendula officinalis L. Hamishe Bahar (Fotouhi et al., 2007;Ghahramani Dehbokri et al., 2010;Eslami et al., 2011;Ameri et al., 2012;Nasiri et al., 2013); mucilage (Fotouhi et al., 2007;Ghahramani Dehbokri et al., 2010;Ameri et al., 2012); calendulin (Ghahramani Dehbokri et al., 2010;Eslami et al., 2011;Ameri et al., 2012); triterpenoids (Bedi & Shenefelt, 2002;Nasiri et al., 2013); sterols (Ameri et al., 2012;Ghahramani Dehbokri et al., 2010); tannins (Ghahramani Dehbokri et al., 2010;Eslami et al., 2011); vitamin E (Ameri et al., 2012); esterase, antioxidant (Nasiri et al., 2013) Asteraceae Cichorium intybus L. ...
... inositol, flavonoids (Maleki et al., 2007); saponins, bisabolol (Kraft, 2007) Asteraceae (Wagner et al., 1986;Safahyi et al., 1994;Bedi & Shenefelt, 2002;Ghassemi Dehkordi et al., 2007;Maleki et al., 2007); chamazulene (Wagner et al., 1986;Safahyi et al., 1994;Bedi & Shenefelt, 2002;Maleki et al., 2007); sesquiterpene alcohol (Bedi & Shenefelt, 2002); inositol, tannins (Maleki et al., 2007); apigenin glycosides (Wagner et al., 1986;Safahyi et al., 1994); choline (Kole et al., 2005) Asteraceae Silybum marianum ...
... inositol, flavonoids (Maleki et al., 2007); saponins, bisabolol (Kraft, 2007) Asteraceae (Wagner et al., 1986;Safahyi et al., 1994;Bedi & Shenefelt, 2002;Ghassemi Dehkordi et al., 2007;Maleki et al., 2007); chamazulene (Wagner et al., 1986;Safahyi et al., 1994;Bedi & Shenefelt, 2002;Maleki et al., 2007); sesquiterpene alcohol (Bedi & Shenefelt, 2002); inositol, tannins (Maleki et al., 2007); apigenin glycosides (Wagner et al., 1986;Safahyi et al., 1994); choline (Kole et al., 2005) Asteraceae Silybum marianum ...
Entre las enfermedades más comunes que afectan a la vida de las personas se encuentran los trastornos de la piel, para los que se han sugerido diversos enfoques terapéuticos. Los remedios tradicionales a base de plantas pueden contarse entre las mejores terapias para estas enfermedades. Las herboristerías, o “attaris” (en persa), juegan un papel importante en la terapia tradicional de cada región. En este estudio se inventariaron las plantas medicinales comúnmente recetadas y comercializadas en las herboristerías de Jahrom, Irán, para curar enfermedades de la piel. Los datos etnomedicinales se recolectaron mediante el método de bola de nieve para 38 especies de plantas pertenecientes a 34 familias. Se utilizó un cuestionario semiestructurado para recolectar información de las herboristerías. Las Asteraceae, con cinco especies, fueron la familia botánica más citada, y los frutos, semillas y hojas de las plantas fueron las partes más utilizadas. La mascarilla a base de plantas (36%) fue la forma más común de preparación. Las plantas medicinales prescritas por los curanderos se utilizan a menudo para el tratamiento del acné (36%), así como para fortalecer, aclarar y dar frescura a la piel (26%). Estas especies pueden ser candidatas para el desarrollo de nuevos productos a base de plantas para el cuidado de la piel. Los resultados de esta investigación revelaron que los curanderos de Jahrom tienen un elevado conocimiento de los tratamientos tradicionales para las enfermedades de la piel.
... Because it appears in Yuva or Taruna, acne is referred to as Yuvanpidika and Tarunyapitika. Yuvanpidika is also known as Mukhadushika [4][5] because of the localised development of the disease over the face and the inflammatory and scarring nature of the lesions. Saruja, Ghan, Medogarbha and the shape of Shalmali Kantaka (Salmalia malabarica) are characteristics of Yuvanpidika, [6][7] Tarunyapitika, or Mukhadushika. ...
Introduction: Ayurveda is a vast body of knowledge that describes in depth both systemic and local problems, no
... The challenges and side effects of medical treatments have paved the way for research into the efficacy of alternatives such as various herbs and natural ingredients for wound healing (Bedi and Shenefelt 2002). Sunny Hypericum (Zagros Hypericum) with the scientific name of Hypericum helianthemoides (H. ...
... Nutraceuticals are the bioactive compounds that are derived from the natural food sources like plants, herbs and fruits that provide greater health benefits beyond their basic nutrition (9). Fruits and herbal remedies have been used for centuries in the traditional medicine, but the recent scientific advancements focused on their actual mechanisms of the active compounds that are basically responsible for their therapeutic potential (10). Among the natural remedies, orange (Citrus sinensis) and pomegranate (Punica granatum) contain rich amount of bioactive compounds that ultimately exerts antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties, thereby helps to manage the skin disorders especially acne (11,12). ...
Background: Acne vulgaris is the most common inflammatory skin disorder that affects millions of people globally. Various conventional treatments like topical retinoid as-well-as antibiotics are commonly used, but they have many limitations and side effects. But nutraceuticals are gaining much attention for their therapeutic potential in overall skin health and management of skin disorders especially acne. Objective: The main objective of this review was to examine the therapeutic potential of bioactive compounds present in orange and pomegranate for the management of acne vulgaris, due to their antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. Materials and Methods: A comprehensive literature review was conducted using databases such as PubMed and Google Scholar. Studies examining the bioactive compounds of orange and pomegranate and their effects on acne-related factors such as inflammation, sebum production, and bacterial growth were included. Results: Results from the present review demonstrates that pomegranate contains bioactive compounds like ellagic acid and punicalagins, while orange contains flavonoids, hesperidin and vitamin C that have strong antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties against acne-causing bacteria like P. acnes and Staphylococcus aureus. Conclusion: Nutraceuticals derived from natural food sources like pomegranate and orange demonstrate the therapeutic potential against the acne causing bacteria. Although existing studies suggested their beneficial effects but further clinical trials are still needed in order to fully establish their efficacy as well as to develop the optimized formulations for the oral and topical use against the treatment of acne.
... Herbal medicines are popular owing to their benefits in terms of safety, efficacy, and low risk for adverse effects. Although plantbased remedies are a part of conventional medicine in Eastern continents, including Europe and Asia, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) does not currently regulate all products released to consumers, and dermatologists thus consider such products as alternative therapies rather than as first-line treatments (Bedi and Shenefelt, 2002;Shoaib et al, 2022). Emerging in vitro, in vivo, and clinical research shows that some plant-derived medications have promising efficacy in the treatment and prevention of certain skin conditions (Shoaib et al, 2022). ...
Skin conditions are a common health concern faced by patients of all ages. For thousands of years, plants have been used to treat various skin conditions, including acne, vitiligo, and psoriasis, to name a few. Today, with increasing patient preference for natural therapies, modern medicine is now more than ever incorporating age-old knowledge of herbal remedies useful in treating skin conditions into modern-day treatments. This review covers various plant-derived therapeutics (polyphenon E [sincatechins], psoralen, salicylic acid, anthralin, podophyllotoxin, and Filsuvez [birch triterpenes, oleogel-S10]) that have demonstrated scientific evidence of clinical efficacy for dermatologic disorders. The discovery, composition, history of use, and current uses in dermatology are summarized for each botanical ingredient.
... Commercial products can cause side effects upon long term use. Use of antibiotics for long time or frequently can cause resistance in microbes against the medicine and toxicity as well (Bedi et al., 2002). Other topical products can cause side effects like dryness of skin. ...
Acne vulgaris is a chronic skin infection affecting the majority of Indian population. There are several internal and external factors responsible for this infection. The present study emphasizes on screening of medicinal plant extracts against acne causing bacteria and antioxidant activity of these plant extracts. Anti-bacterial activities of methanolic extracts of Azadirachta indica, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Calendula officinailis, Echinacea angustifolia was carried out using agar well diffusion method against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis. The results revealed that different plant extracts showed noticeable activity against Different test organisms. The plant extracts of Azadirachta indica, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Calendula officinailis, Echinacea angustifolia showed significant activity against bacillus subtilis with diameter of 15mm, 10mm, 10mm, 10.5mm inhibition zone respectively. The minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) was measured for these four potential plant extracts. The MIC values of extracts of Azadirachta indica, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Calendula officinailis, Echinacea angustifolia were comparable to the standard reference drugs isotretinoin.
... For preservation of health and healing, Indian and Chinese (Ayurveda and Unani) medicinal systems, along with the Amazonian ethnomedicine system, primarily depends on herbs. There is increasing number of scientific literature on the utilization of herbs for the healing of wound and herbal medicines have been stated in traditional texts [25][26][27][28][29]. For the treatment of small to medium sized wounds which include abrasions, excoriations, and other infections there are researches advocating the advantages of herbal extracts [30,31]. ...
Clinical Spectrum and Various Surgical Options in
Management of Lower Limb Ulcers
... Biological name of Ashwagandha is W. somnifera, Dunal its family is Solanaceae. It is mainly cultivated in the region ranging from Rajasthan, Panjab, Bengal etc. [82]. ...
COVID-19, a severe global catastrophe spread by the corona-virus which causes severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV-2) has emerged as one of the most dangerous transmitted diseases. Natural products and their use in respiratory infections with low toxicity is seen. In the present scenario health care system is turning to medicinal plant products. Herbal medicine includes multiple active constituents for a variety of diseases, but proper information is needed for the preparation of herbal regimens; otherwise, active constituents would be negatively affected. So this keep in mind, Standardization parameter like ash value, acid insoluble value, acid value saponification value is discussed here. Ayurvedic Formulation like Aswagandha, Giloy, Tulsi, Neem, clove, pepper, Licorice is standardized for their quality, purity, inorganic content and lack of chemical constituents which causes severe problem after administration. Many preclinical and clinical trials conducted to evaluate the effect of herbal drugs which can cure and prevent the COVID-19. The herbal constituent extracted from different plant part is standardized like stem, root, leaves for their qualitative analysis which is effective against COVID-19. This review article discussing about the quality and purity and tell about the pros and cons of the herbal drug and its effect. The use of herbal drug for Ayurvedic formulation show potent effect for mild, moderate and severe effect of COVID-19 , inflammation ,respiratory distress , cough , cold and loss of senses . Some Ayurvedic formulation which is present in market is guduchi, giloy ghanvati, tulsi ghanvati, neem ghanvati, aswagandha ghanvati, yasthimadhu, laxmivilas rasa, sudarshan ghanvati etc . Which is having great effect in these type of COVID-19 symptoms.
... Some of the disadvantages of natural products includes contact dermatitis and urticaria [40]. Calendula, aloe vera, arnica, chamomile, and other natural products have been linked to this condition [41]. Furthermore, natural substances like licorice and fenugreek have been linked to hormone abnormalities, which can be harmful to consumers if not treated properly [42]. ...
Cutibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Staphylococcus aureus are commonly associated with the pathogenesis of acne vulgaris. Skincare products that contain natural ingredients have become a trend to treat acne. Dr.Ridz Anti-Acne Nanoserum® product was formulated with the extract of Cassia alata leaf and Piper betle. The aim of this study was to determine the antibacterial activity of this formulated product against against C. acnes, S. epidermidis, and S. aureus. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined using a broth microdilution and a streak plate method, respectively. The rate of killing by this product was tested using time-kill assay (TKA) at 0.5x MIC, 1x MIC, and 2x MIC with incubation periods of 2, 4, 6, 8 10, 12, and 24 hours. The MIC values showed that this product inhibited S. epidermidis and S. aureus better than C. acnes. From the calculation of the MBC/MIC ratio, this product showed bactericidal effects against all tested bacteria. The time-kill studies showed that the killing effect of this product was concentration-dependent, and the highest antibacterial activity was observed at the concentration of 2x MIC against all tested bacteria. In conclusion, Dr.Ridz Anti-Acne Nanoserum® exhibits the best antibacterial activities against S. epidermidis and showed a bactericidal effect towards all tested bacteria.
... Various theories have been proposed, among which one theory posits that arnica reduces the release of histamine from mast cells while another theory proposes that arnica reduces the expression of proinflammatory cytokines. [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12] Bromelain is a mixture of protease enzymes derived from the stems of pineapples and is primarily used for its anti edema, antithrombotic, and fibrinolytic properties. 3,13 Several studies have reported the beneficial effects of bromelain on edema, ecchymosis, and pain as well. ...
... Its extraordinary wound-healing proprieties have been proven throughout many clinical trials [105]. Besides this well-documented effect on the skin, there are also studies that show great results for its anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipruritic properties [106,107]. Although the aloe plant consists of more than 99% water content, the remaining solid composition is complex and rich in active compounds such as enzymes, polysaccharides, fat-soluble vitamins, minerals, and flavonoids [108]. ...
Rosacea is a chronic skin disorder that affects more than 5% of the world’s population, with the number increasing every year. Moreover, studies show that one-third of those suffering from rosacea report a degree of depression and are less compliant with treatment. Despite being the subject of prolonged studies, the pathogenesis of rosacea remains controversial and elusive. Since most medications used for the management of this pathology have side effects or simply do not yield the necessary results, many patients lose trust in the treatment and drop it altogether. Thus, dermato-cosmetic products with natural ingredients are gaining more and more notoriety in front of synthetic ones, due to the multiple benefits and the reduced number and intensity of side effects. This review is a comprehensive up-to-date report of studies that managed to prove the beneficial effects of different botanicals that may be useful in the short and long-term management of rosacea-affected skin. Based on recent preclinical and clinical studies, this review describes the mechanisms of action of a large array of phytochemicals responsible for alleviating the clinical symptomatology of the disease. This is useful in further aiding and better comprehending the way plant-based products may help in managing this complex condition, paving the way for research in this area of study.
... Herbal therapy is becoming more popular among the patients and the physicians. [1] Herbal medicines are commonly used to treat skin diseases. Indian folk medicines can treat a variety of diseases such as inflammation, leprosy, scabies, skin infections, ulcers and wounds. ...
Traditional healers use Syzygium cumini bark to treat inflammation. The main aim of this work is to formulate an emulgel containing extract of Syzigium cumini. Syzygium cumini bark was extracted using hydro-alcoholic solvent. Phytochemical evaluation of extract was done. In-vitro anti-inflammatory activity of the extract was evaluated. 4 batches of emulgel were formulated by varying the concentrations of the gelling agents. The emulgel was evaluated for pH, spreadability, viscosity, consistency, appearance, color, washability and appearance. Best results were shown by F2 formulation. Stability studies if F2 formulation was carried. The formulation was found to be stable. It was considered better for treatment of skin inflammation. The proposed research work concludes that the newly formulated herbal emulgel loaded with extract of Syzygium cumini can be used in future for anti-inflammatory effect.
... It is applied directly to the skin for wrinkles, dry skin (ichthyosis), acne, psoriasis and eczema. There is no clinical study yet enough (10). ...
Plants has an important place in people's lives since the existence of the world. Plants have always been in our lives, sometimes as food, and sometimes to find healing. Plants have been one of the biggest reasons why people settled down. While people obtained great healing from plants, they also used it for different purposes. For example, the accidentally discovered taxane plant was once used to poison people. In addition, the taxane plant is one of the most used plants in breast cancer today. While morphine was used as a great pain reliever in the past, it is also used as a recreational drug today. A substance that is a great source of healing also causes serious damage to the human body, even death. At the same time, even if the plants are not used for wrong purposes, their misuse also has negative consequences for humans. For example, while the chasteberry is a miraculous plant for women, it is a plant that men should stay away from. Since it increases the estrogen level, it gives good results in women and causes infertility in men. Examples like this would not end by counting. With this article, while explaining what kind of healing the plants contain and their harms; In addition, there is information about how people should use it according to age, gender and disease status.
... As an alternative therapeutic resource, plant derived components are still a much preferable drug of choice both orally and topically due to their anti-inflammatory and itch-relieving capacity (Bedi and Shenefelt, 2002). Since chemical synthetic agents are still prone to possess some adverse effects upon prolonged administration, searching for a better, safer, and natural treatment has always been a matter of concern. ...
This study aims to investigate the potential therapeutic application of Ixeridium dentatum (ID) in treating atopic dermatitis (AD) through network pharmacology, molecular docking, and molecular dynamic simulation. We employed GC-MS techniques and identified 40 bioactive compounds present in the ID and determined their targets by accessing public databases. The convergence of compounds and dermatitis related targets led to the identification of 32 common genes. Among them, IL1B, PTGS2, IL6, IL2, and RELA, were found to be significant targets which were analyzed using Cytoscape network topology. The KEGG pathway evaluation revealed that these targets were significantly enriched in the C-type lectin receptor signaling pathway. The therapeutic efficacy of Stigmasta-5,22-dien-3-ol, Urea, n-Heptyl-, and 3-Epimoretenol was demonstrated in molecular docking assay, as evidenced by their presence in the core compounds of the compound-target network. Furthermore, these compounds exhibited significant kinetic stability and chemical reactivity in DFT quantum analysis when compared to their co-crystallized ligands and reference drug, indicating their potential as key targets for future research. Among the top three docking complexes, namely IL6-3-Epimoretenol, and IL2- Stigmasta-5,22-dien-3-ol, both demonstrated exceptional dynamic characteristics in molecular dynamics simulations at 100 ns. The feasibility of these compounds could be attributed to the prior traditional interrelationship between ID and AD. Overall, this research elucidates the interplay between AD-associated signaling pathways and target receptors with the bioactive ID. The proposal posits the utilization of antecedent compounds as a substitute for the customary pharmaceutical intervention that obstructs the discharge of cytokines, which incite dermal inflammation in the C-type lectin receptor signaling pathway of atopic dermatitis.
... Medicinal plants are an important source of bioactive compounds and antioxidant substances for the human body [1]. Topical herbal therapy is now successfully used [2]. ...
Citation: Neagu, O.M.; Ghitea, T.; Marian, E.; Vlase, L.; Vlase, A.-M.; Ciavoi, G.; Fehér, P.; Pallag, A.; Bácskay, I.; Nemes, D.; et al. Abstract: Taraxaci folium and Matricariae flos plant extracts contain a wide range of bioactive compounds with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. The aim of the study was to evaluate the phytochemical and antioxidant profile of the two plant extracts to obtain a mucoadhesive polymeric film with beneficial properties in acute gingivitis. The chemical composition of the two plant extracts was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. To establish a favourable ratio in the combination of the two extracts, the antioxidant capacity was determined by the method of reduction of copper ions Cu 2+ from neocuprein and by reduction of the compound 1.1-diphenyl-2-2picril-hydrazyl. Following preliminary analysis, we selected the plant mixture Taraxaci folium/matricariae flos in the ratio of 1:2 (m/m), having an antioxidant capacity of 83.92% ± 0.02 reduction of free nitrogen radical of 1.1-diphenyl-2-2picril-hydrazyl reagent. Subsequently, bioadhesive films of 0.2 mm thickness were obtained using various concentrations of polymer and plant extract. The mucoadhesive films obtained were homogeneous and flexible, with pH ranging from 6.634 to 7.016 and active ingredient release capacity ranging from 85.94-89.52%. Based on in vitro analysis, the film containing 5% polymer and 10% plant extract was selected for in vivo study. The study involved 50 patients undergoing professional oral hygiene followed by a 7-day treatment with the chosen mucoadhesive polymeric film. The study showed that the film used helped accelerate the healing of acute gingivitis after treatment, with anti-inflammatory and protective action.
... Medicinal plants are an important source of bioactive compounds and antioxidant substances for the human body [1]. Topical herbal therapy is now successfully used [2]. ...
Citation: Neagu, O.M.; Ghitea, T.; Marian, E.; Vlase, L.; Vlase, A.-M.; Ciavoi, G.; Fehér, P.; Pallag, A.; Bácskay, I.; Nemes, D.; et al. Abstract: Taraxaci folium and Matricariae flos plant extracts contain a wide range of bioactive compounds with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. The aim of the study was to evaluate the phytochemical and antioxidant profile of the two plant extracts to obtain a mucoadhesive polymeric film with beneficial properties in acute gingivitis. The chemical composition of the two plant extracts was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. To establish a favourable ratio in the combination of the two extracts, the antioxidant capacity was determined by the method of reduction of copper ions Cu 2+ from neocuprein and by reduction of the compound 1.1-diphenyl-2-2picril-hydrazyl. Following preliminary analysis, we selected the plant mixture Taraxaci folium/matricariae flos in the ratio of 1:2 (m/m), having an antioxidant capacity of 83.92% ± 0.02 reduction of free nitrogen radical of 1.1-diphenyl-2-2picril-hydrazyl reagent. Subsequently, bioadhesive films of 0.2 mm thickness were obtained using various concentrations of polymer and plant extract. The mucoadhesive films obtained were homogeneous and flexible, with pH ranging from 6.634 to 7.016 and active ingredient release capacity ranging from 85.94-89.52%. Based on in vitro analysis, the film containing 5% polymer and 10% plant extract was selected for in vivo study. The study involved 50 patients undergoing professional oral hygiene followed by a 7-day treatment with the chosen mucoadhesive polymeric film. The study showed that the film used helped accelerate the healing of acute gingivitis after treatment, with anti-inflammatory and protective action.
... The literature demonstrates the use of different dressings in venous leg ulcers [21][22][23][24][25][26][27]. The standard for many years was the bandage even if, recently, new studies have identified innovative strategies for the treatment of venous leg ulcers [73][74][75]. The authors of a recent systematic review of the literature (53) point out that the bandage even in the prevention and treatment of venous leg ulcers is hardly popular with patients. ...
... However, discovering new anti-eczematic herbal medicines of high benefits and low adverse effects is of great interest. [12] In continuation of our research to explore anti-eczematic plants and/or lead compounds of natural source, A. microcarpus seeds were investigated. [13] The acute toxicity and anti-eczematic effect of the active metabolites on mice were studied. ...
Background: Eczema or atopic dermatitis is a widely spread skin disorder; the topical application of corticosteroids is the first choice for treatment. Natural products have a great contribution in the treatment of this disease; Asphodelus microcarpus seeds are rich in anthraquinones and known to possess both anti-inflammatory and antidermatitis effects. Objective: The objective of the study is to investigate the anti-eczematic activity, acute toxicity, and molecular modeling of A. microcarpus seeds. Materials and Methods: Nuclear magnetic resonance, ultraviolet, and mass spectroscopy were applied for characterization of isolated metabolites; induction of eczema was conducted by 2% and 0.2% w/v dinitrochlorobenzene in acetone; eczema was treated with topical application of the different seed extracts in the form of ointments (1% w/w); Swiss albino mice (25-30 g) were used for the determination of LD 50 and anti-eczematic effect. Docking studies were performed by Molecular Operating Environment software. Results: A. microcarpus seed extract exhibited promising ant-eczematic activity, six anthraquinones were isolated from chloroform portion and characterized as 10,7`-bichrysophanol (1), asphodelin (2), chrysophanol-8-O-methyl ether (3), chrysophanol (4), physcion (5), and emodin (6). Compounds 1, 3, and 5 exerted significant anti-eczematic effect. Conclusion: Six known anthraquinone derivatives were isolated and characterized for the first time from the seeds of A. microcarpus. Chloroform fraction (1% w/w) showed significant anti-eczematic effect compared to standard mometasone furoate (0.1 w/w). The docking study proved the anti-eczematic activity of anthraquinone content by their affinity to the target human histamine H 1 receptor.
... The treatment of itching by administering CHM (mainly orally), CHM fumigation, external washing, acupoint therapy, etc., can effectively relieve itching. Many clinical and experimental studies have confirmed the effectiveness of CHM in the treatment of CP (Bedi and Shenefelt, 2002;Xue et al., 2019;Lu et al., 2021). For example, Qinzhuliangxue decoction has anti-inflammatory effects, and it increases the threshold of pruritus caused by histamine phosphate, which is effective in treating CP caused by specific eczema . ...
Background: Chronic pruritus (CP) is a common and aggravating symptom associated with skin and systemic diseases. Although clinical reports suggest that Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) is safe and effective in Chronic pruritus treatment, evidence to prove it is lacking. Therefore, in this review, we evaluated the therapeutic effects and safety of Chinese herbal medicine for the treatment of Chronic pruritus.
Methods: Nine databases were searched for relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs) from the inception of the database to 20 April 2022. The randomized controlled trials that compared the treatment of Chinese herbal medicine or a combination of Chinese herbal medicine and conventional western medicine treatment (WM) with western medicine treatment intervention for patients with Chronic pruritus were selected. We evaluated the effects of treatment with Chinese herbal medicine on the degree of pruritus, the Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) score, response rate, recurrence rate, and incidence of adverse events in patients with Chronic pruritus. The risk of bias in each trial was evaluated using the Cochrane Collaboration tool. The RevMan software (version 5.3) was used for performing meta-analyses to determine the comparative effects.
Results: Twenty-four randomized controlled trials were included, compared with placebo, moderate-quality evidence from one study showed that Chinese herbal medicine was associated with reduced visual analogue scale (VAS) (MD: −2.08; 95% CI = −2.34 to −1.82). Compared with western medicine treatment, low-to moderate-quality evidence from 8 studies indicated that Chinese herbal medicine was associated with reduced visual analogue scale, 4 studies indicated that Chinese herbal medicine was associated with reduced Dermatology Life Quality Index (MD = −1.80, 95% CI = −2.98 to −.62), and 7 studies indicated that Chinese herbal medicine was associated with improved Effective rate (RR: 1.26; 95% CI = 1.19–1.34). Compared with combination of Chinese herbal medicine and western medicine treatment, 16 studies indicated that Chinese herbal medicine was associated with reduced visual analogue scale, 4 studies indicated that Chinese herbal medicine was associated with reduced Dermatology Life Quality Index (MD = −2.37, 95% CI = −2.61 to −2.13), and 13 studies indicated that Chinese herbal medicine was associated with improved Effective rate (RR: 1.28; 95% CI = 1.21–1.36). No significant difference in the occurrence of adverse events in using Chinese herbal medicine or western medicine treatment was reported.
Conclusion: The efficacy of Chinese herbal medicine used with or without western medicine treatment was better than western medicine treatment in treating chronic pruritus. However, only a few good studies are available regarding Chronic pruritus, and thus, high-quality studies are necessary to validate the conclusions of this study.
... Local availability of plants and trading in ethnobotanical treatments gave rise to regionally distinct herbs and their uses. Regional herbal use systems have emerged in Europe as well as in the regions of the Middle East [15], Africa, India [16], China, Japan, Australia, and the America. Two well-known systems still in use are Ayurveda herbs in India [17], and herb combinations established as part of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) in China [18]. ...
As the largest organ in the human body, the skin serves as a barrier against numerous interior infections. Despite this advantage, the skin suffers from multiple diseases, including cancer, eczema, herpes, psoriasis, and cellulitis, because of excessive synthetic and allopathic preparations, which induces significant damage to skin architecture to produce the skin as the abovementioned diseases. Traditional herbal medicines are the better alternatives for synthetic one due to the absence of side effects. Herbal medicines are extract‐based formulations that provide multiple benefits to the patients. However, extract degradation upon exposure to external factors, complicated manufacturing procedures, involvement of various extracts, and their solubility issues creates a problem in treating skin infections. In response to this, the herbal bioactive exhibits various skin related activities such as anti‐inflammatory, anticancer, anti‐psoriatic, and anti‐infective attributes to high solubility in different organic solvents used to prepare transdermal formulations. Additionally, the high permeation rate of herbal bioactive into the skin via diffusion could enhance their absorption, increasing patient's recovery from skin diseases. This chapter discusses the history of treating the skin with herbs and describes the role of herbal bioactive and their formulations in treating skin diseases.
The present study was performed to investigate the variation of phytochemical composition, antioxidant activity
and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) of Matricaria recutita L. and the leaves of
Ocimumsanctum L, in addition to diet, they are used as medicinal plant. The phytochemical screening was assessed
by using different extracts: aqueous and acetone. The total phenolic content was determined
spectrophotometrically by Folin-Ciocalteu's method and the total flavonoid content were also determined by using
the aluminum chloride complex formation assay. In addition, as compared to the well-known antioxidant ascorbic
acid, the extracts of Matricaria recutita L had greater antioxidant activity than extracts of leaves of
Ocimumsanctum in radical scavenging activity by DPPH, where the DPPH radical scavenging activity ranged
from 92 % at 500 g/ml of the aqueous extracted from Chamomile, 67 % of the acetone extract at 500 g/ml, 88 % of
the aqueous extract from leaves of Ocimum at 500 g/ml, and 62 % of the acetone extract at 500 g/ml.
The aim of this study was to develop and optimize polymeric films based on cellulose derivatives—hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC), methylcellulose (MC), and sodium carboxymethylcellulose (NaCMC)—as well as pullulan, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), and glycerol (GLY) as plasticizer incorporating Reynoutria japonica extract for potential use in periodontal and gum disease treatment. Over 80 formulations were fabricated using the solvent-casting method, 6 of which were selected for further investigation based on their mechanical properties, mucoadhesion, and disintegration profiles, including three placebo films (OP1 (PVA/PVP/MC400CP/NaCMC/GLY), OP2 (PVA/PVP/MCA15C/NaCMC/GLY), and OP3 (PVA/PVP/HPMC/NaCMC/GLY)) and three films containing R. japonica extract (OW1, OW2, and OW3). The films demonstrated uniform structural characteristics, with the formulations containing PVA with a high hydrolysis degree (98–99%) and methylcellulose derivatives showing prolonged dissolution times due to physical cross-linking, while the inclusion of NaCMC reduced dissolution time without compromising mucoadhesiveness. The study also described the release kinetics of resveratrol and piceid from the OW2 films using three semi-empirical models: the Korsmeyer–Peppas model, a first-order kinetic model, and a multidimensional approach. The multidimensional model demonstrated a strong fit, with a correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.909 for resveratrol, compared to 0.894 and 0.908 for the Korsmeyer–Peppas and first-order models, respectively. For piceid, the multidimensional model showed a correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.958, outperforming the Korsmeyer–Peppas (0.823) and first-order models (0.932). The active compounds released in sustained-release tests, including resveratrol and piceid, suggest that these films could provide an extended therapeutic effect.
Psoriasis is a prevalent inflammatory disease affecting almost 0.5-5 % of the world population. Multiple treatment approaches have been developed to manage psoriasis so far. Although concerns exist in the long-term usage of conventional and biological agents in terms of safety, effectiveness, expensiveness, and tolerability, complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is a promising point of view for future psoriasis management. In this study, databases including Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science were searched for relevant literature on herbal medications clinically evaluated for psoriasis, especially those originating from traditional medicine. About 40 relevant papers were selected by March 2023. Most of the studies were clinical trials on poly-herbal formulations from traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). There are controversial results regarding the efficacy of these herbal formulations in psoriasis mainly due to the variation in the study design. Moreover, the probable protective mechanisms and responsible herbal metabolites of these formulations are summarized. There is a global need for more in-vitro and in-vivo studies based on the standard protocols in terms of the evaluation of the safety and efficacy of topical/ systemic herbal preparations for psoriasis.
The burgeoning interest in natural and sustainable beauty products has driven the development of herbal makeup primers, which combine cosmetic functionality with the benefits of botanical ingredients. This abstract explores the formulation, efficacy, and advantages of herbal makeup primers. Unlike traditional primers that often rely on synthetic chemicals, herbal primers leverage plant-based extracts known for their skin-enhancing properties, such as aloe Vera& Orange oil. These ingredients offer soothing, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant benefits that can improve skin texture and promote a healthier complexion. The formulation of herbal makeup primers typically includes a blend of herbal extracts, essential oils, and natural emulsifiers. These components work synergistically to create a smooth base for makeup application while also addressing skin concerns such as redness, dryness, and uneven tone. Clinical and consumer studies suggest that herbal primers can enhance makeup longevity and performance, while simultaneously contributing to overall skin health. In summary, herbal makeup primers represent a significant advancement in cosmetics science by integrating the therapeutic benefits of herbal ingredients into everyday beauty routines. Their growing popularity underscores a shift towards more eco-friendly and skin-conscious beauty solutions, aligning with consumer demand for products that offer both cosmetic and therapeutic benefits. Future research and development in this field are likely to expand the range of available formulations and further validate the efficacy of these natural alternatives.
One of the most prevalent chronic inflammatory skin illnesses, atopic dermatitis (AD) is brought on by a variety of reasons, such as infections, host immunological responses, genetics, skin barrier abnormalities, allergen sensitivity, and environmental influences. Patients with AD frequently have bacterial and viral infections in their eczematous lesions, which obviously exacerbates the symptoms. Despite reports indicating that some dermatophytes, Candida, and Malassezia can impact AD symptoms, research on fungal infections in AD is very scarce. The current study created and assessed an antifungal cream that contained hydro-alcoholic extracts of Tecoma stans leaves. Chlorogenic acid, a phytobioactive antifungal component, was also evaluated in the produced formulation and extract.
Welcome to “From Ideas to Assets: A Guide to Intellectual Property Rights”, an edited book that delves into the intricate world of intellectual property (IP) rights and their profound implications in today's knowledge-driven society. This book aims to provide readers with a comprehensive overview of IP rights, covering a wide range of topics from traditional knowledge to modern copyright law, from patent applications to trade secrets management.
The journey begins with the first chapter, which offers a broad overview of intellectual property rights, tracing their historical evolution and exploring their contemporary significance. Subsequent chapters delve deeper into specialized areas, including copyright in the digital age, management of IP rights in India, and the complexities of patent law. Each chapter is meticulously crafted to provide readers with valuable insights, practical guidance, and thought-provoking analyses. From the intricacies of copyright law to the challenges posed by emerging technologies, this book offers a wealth of information to help readers navigate the complex landscape of intellectual property. We believe that this book will serve as a valuable resource for professionals, academics, and students alike, offering a comprehensive understanding of intellectual property rights and their role in driving innovation, fostering creativity, and protecting valuable assets. Whether you are a seasoned IP practitioner or a newcomer to the field, we trust that you will find this book both informative and enlightening. As editors, it has been a privilege to curate this collection and we hope that it will inspire further exploration and dialogue on the ever-evolving landscape of intellectual property. We invite readers to embark on this journey with us, as we navigate the complex terrain of ideas, creativity, and innovation in the modern age.
Acne is a long-standing skin condition characterized by plugged hair follicles due to the accumulation of dead skin cells, sebum, and Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes) bacteria, causing inflammation, and the formation of pimples or lesions. Acne was recognized in the ancient times by the ancient Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans. Since ancient times, folk medicine from different cultures have comprised herbal and natural products for the treatment of acne. Current acne medications include antibiotics, keratolytics, corticosteroids, in addition to hormonal therapy for women. However, these conventional drugs can cause some serious side effects. And therefore, seeking new safe treatment options from natural sources is essential. Plants can be a potential source of medicinal phytochemicals which can be pharmacologically active as antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, keratolytic and sebum-reducing. Organic acids, obtained from natural sources, are commonly used as keratolytics in dermatology and cosmetology. Most of the promising phytochemicals in acne treatment belong to terpenes, terpenoids, flavonoids, alkaloids, phenolic compounds, saponins, tannins, and essential oils. These can be extracted from leaves, bark, roots, rhizomes, seeds, and fruits of plants and may be incorporated in different dosage forms to facilitate their penetration through the skin. Additionally, medicinal compounds from marine sources can also contribute to acne treatment. This review will discuss the pathogenesis, types and consequences of acne, side effects of conventional treatment, current possible treatment options from natural sources obtained from research and folk medicine and possible applied dosage forms.
Chapter 5: Ganoderma, a genus of medicinal mushrooms, has garnered increasing attention in the field of skincare due to its potential benefits for skin health and well-being. The present study delves into the bioactive compounds found in Ganoderma, elucidating their mechanisms of action and impact on various aspects of skin health. Special emphasis is placed on potential of the fungus as an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, anti-tyrosinase, anti-inflammatory, anti-melanoma and wound healing agent and its role in preserving collagen and elastin fibers. Furthermore, this study discusses intriguing capacity of Ganoderma to regulate melanogenesis and assesses the formulation considerations of incorporating Ganoderma into skincare products. Overall, the review provides a comprehensive overview of the potential benefits and applications of Ganoderma in skin health care, paving the way for future innovations in the realm of natural skincare. Book: https://www.routledge.com/Ganoderma-Cultivation-Chemistry-and-Medicinal-Applications-Volume-2/Acharya-Khatua/p/book/9781032790336
Srotas means pores or channels are present in the whole body. Raktavaha Strotas are channels carrying Rakta Dhatu. Rakta Dhatu is the second Dhatu, and its main function is Jeevanam. The Mulasthan or root of Raktavaha Strotas are Yakrut and Pleeha.The Rakta dhatu (blood), which is also referred to as the fourth Dosha by Ayurveda, is one of the essential functional elements of the body of which formation, transformation, and conduction are carried out by Raktavaha Srotas. Nowadays, changing food habits and a sedentary lifestyle are the rapid and significant causes of Raktavaha Srotas Dushti. also, fast food is becoming a slow poison for everyone and is free from nutritional value. Intake of the Vidahi Anna and Pana, Snigdha Aahar, and Ushna Drava, along with exposure to sunlight and air, leads to Raktavaha Srotas Susti piercing injury to Mulasthana of Raktavahi Srotas, causes skin diseases. The diseases of Raktavaha Srotasa mentioned in the Samhita are Kustha, Visarpa, Pidika, and Raktapitta.
Psychodermatology is an emerging branch of dermatology. Patients with pyschodermatological disease are very common. They largely fall into two categories: patients with primarily psychiatric disease who present to dermatology health care professionals (e.g. delusional infestation and body dysmorphic disorder) and patients with skin disease (e.g. psoriasis, atopic eczema, vitiligo and acne) for whom there are large psychosocial co‐morbidities (e.g. anxiety and/or depression and suicide). Management of patients with psychodermatological disease requires a multidisciplinary team (MDT) approach, where possible in speicialist clinics. Such clinics are relatively rare, perceived to be expensive, but increasing globally. There is increasing evidence that management of patients with psychodermatological disease in MDT clinics is both cost effective and produces the best clinical outcome for patients. In this chapter a comprehensive list of psychodermatological disorders is covered; diagnosis, assessment and management of psychodermatological disease is discussed alongside (where possible) current theories about aetiology and psychoneurology. It is widely recognized that patients with psychodermatological disease present to dermatology health care professionals (HCPs) rather than psychiatric/psychology services. It is essential, then, that dermatology HCPs are familiar with the management of these common but complex patients, albeit with the support of a psychodermatology MDT.
Among special therapeutic options, anti-inflammatory treatment using topical glucocorticosteroids (TCS) or topical calcineurin inhibitors (TCI) are core elements. Antimicrobial therapy using preferably antiseptics can help against microbial colonization or infection. Antipruritic therapy includes also systemic antihistamines although with limited evidence. New topical substances include phosphodiesterase inhibitors and opioid receptor antagonists.Phototherapy with UVB or UVA1 is often used. Allergen-specific immunotherapy (ASIT) has no routine place however has been tried successfully in some studies.Greatest progress has been made in new immunomodulatory therapy already beyond immunosuppressives like ciclosporin A, methotrexate, azathioprine, or mycophenolate.Inhibitors of the janus kinase (JAK) are registered, as well as specific biologics like anti-interleukin 4/interleukin 13 (Dupilumab) or interleukin 13 (Tralokinumab). With anti-interleukin 31 (Nemolizumab), new antipruriginous strategies may be possible. Besides pharmacotherapy, also psychosomatic counseling and behavioral therapy have been proven helpful. Few diseases are characterized by the use of so many unconventional procedures like atopic eczema. Most of them have limited or no proven efficacy, but are very popular with the patients. Among “alternative” strategies for phytotherapeutic approaches, acupuncture may be tried. There was no effect in several controlled trials for bioresonance, homeopathy, or kinesiology. There is a high degree of placebo responders in controlled clinical trials in atopic eczema possibly due to a high suggestibility in this disease.KeywordsAnti-inflammatory treatmentTopical glucocorticoidsTopical calcineurin inhibitorsSystemic immunomodulatorsJAK inhibitorsBiologicsDupilumabTralokinumabUnconventional procedures
Kadın yaşamında önemli bir yere sahip olan menopoz dönemi, kadınların yaşam kalitesini bozarak tedavi olmalarını gerektiren semptomlara neden olmaktadır. Bazı kadınlar, semptomların yönetiminde medikal tedavileri yan etkileri nedeniyle kullanmak istememektedir. Medikal tedavilerden daha güvenilir ve doğal gördükleri için fitoterapi (bitkisel tedaviler) gibi geleneksel ve tamamlayıcı tedavi uygulamalarını (GETAT) seçmekte ve son yıllarda bu yöntemlere ilgi giderek artmaktadır. Menopoz semptomlarının yönetiminde fitoterapi kullanımıyla ilgili hemşirelerin bilgi sahibi olmaları ve kadınlara doğru bir şekilde danışmanlık vermeleri sağlık açısından oldukça önemlidir. Derlemede, kadınların menopoz semptomlarının yönetiminde sıklıkla başvurdukları fitoterapi yöntemleriyle ilgili çalışmaların kanıt düzeylerinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır.
Background and objective:
In the present scenario, the use of novel nanocarriers to provide a better therapy regimen is noteworthy. Nanotechnology with the advanced system enables the herbs for encapsulation within the smart carrier and boosts the nanotherapeutic. These emerging innovations of herbal nanocarriers have paved the way for dermal targeting by eliciting the desired response for particular diseases.
Method:
In this current manuscript, an extensive search is conducted for the original research paper using databases viz., Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, etc. Furthermore, painstaking efforts are made to compile and update regarding the novel herbal nanocarriers such as liposomes, ethosomes, transferosomes, niosomes, nanoemulsions, nanogel, nanostructured lipid carriers, solid lipid carriers, etc., which are mostly used for the treatment of several skin maladies viz., eczema, psoriasis, acne, etc. This article highlights the recent findings, that the innovators exclusively working on herbal drug delivery systems for dermal targeting, and these are enumerated in the form of tables.
Conclusion:
Herbal formulations employing a suitable nanocarrier could be a promising approach for the treatment of several pathological conditions including skin ailments. Therefore, scientific research is still being carried out in this specific area for a better perspective in herbal drug delivery and targeting.
The purpose of this study is to carry out comparative analysis of the antimicrobial activity of water-ethanolic and chloroform extractions from the bark of Quercus robur L. The determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration was carried out by the method of double serial dilutions in Mueller-Hinton nutrient broth (Bio-Rad, USA). Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans were used as test cultures. It was revealed that the greatest antimicrobial effect was exhibited by water-ethanolic extractions from Q. robur L. bark in ethanol concentrations of 60%, 70% and 96% ethanol in relation to strains of microorganisms P. aeruginosa and C. albicans. The lowest antimicrobial activity against strains of microorganisms E. coli and S. aureus was observed in 40% of water-ethanolic extractions. Chloroform extracts of Q. robur L. bark has a pronounced antimicrobial activity against C. albicans and P. aeruginosa strains. It is proposed to use 60% ethanol as the optimal concentration of ethanol for the bark of Q. robur L., since at the given concentration of ethanol, the maximum antimicrobial effect is observed, and the balance between the release of tannins and flavonoids into the dosage form also preserves. This study contributes to solving the issue of recycling wood waste of Q. robur L. and their rational use in pharmaceutical practice. The obtained results can be used in the future to create antimicrobial drugs based on the bark of Q. robur L.
Background: Skin is the primary defense to human body from external exposure of harmful stimulation. Excessive and improper immune-regulation could cause chronic inflammation resulting in different skin diseases. Pingyin Rose is a well-known component of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) because of its wide range of bioactivities and so do PREO.
Aim: The present work aims to characterize the Pingyin rose essential oil (PREO) composition, investigate the beneficial effects of PREO on the skin inflammation in vitro and determine ligands for OR2AT4 in silico from PREO components.
Materials and Methods: PREO was quantified by GC-MS and molecular docking was performed for OR2AT4 with top two components. HaCaT cells were induced with lipopolysaccharides (LPS) to study downregulation of oxidative stress and inflammation through NF-κB signaling.
Result and Discussion: According to our results, Citronellal (54.28%) and geraniol (9.26%) are the principal compounds of PREO and both deemed to be potential ligand for OR2AT4. PREO could significantly reduce the expression of the TLR4-NF-κB pathway in LPS-induced HaCaT cells. PREO could also prevent LPS-mediated oxidative stress, including the increase of SOD and MDA, decrease of mRNA expression for inflammatory markers (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8) and several genes involved in TLR4 pathway, that is also an evident for PREO as potential anti-inflammatory therapeutic. PREO also inhibits NF-κB p65 and IκB-α protein phosphorylation.
Conclusion: Our findings revealed that PREO could decrease inflammatory protein expressions, possibly functioning with the reduction of oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokines via downregulating NF-κB pathway. PREO component can interact with OR2AT4 and paly roles in other physiological activities.
Abstract: Cosmetic-containing herbals are a cosmetic that has or is claimed to have medicinal properties, with bioactive ingredients purported to have medical benefits. There are no legal requirements
to prove that these products live up to their claims. The name is a combination of “cosmetics” and “pharmaceuticals”. “Nutricosmetics” are related dietary supplements or food or beverage products with additives that are marketed as having medical benefits that affect appearance. Cosmetic-containing herbals are topical cosmetic–pharmaceutical hybrids intended to enhance the health and beauty of the skin. Cosmetic-containing herbals improve appearance by delivering essential
nutrients to the skin. Several herbal products, such as cosmetic-containing herbals, are available. The present review highlights the use of natural products in cosmetic-containing herbals, as
natural products have many curative effects as well as healing effects on skin and hair growth with minimal to no side effects. A brief description is given on such plants, their used parts, active ingredients,
and the therapeutic properties associated with them. Mainly, the utilization of phytoconstituents as cosmetic-containing herbals in the care of skin and hair, such as dryness of skin, acne, eczema,
inflammation of the skin, aging, hair growth, and dandruff, along with natural ingredients, such as for hair colorant, are explained in detail in the present review.
Keywords: cosmetic-containing herbals; bioactive ingredients; cosmetics
Cosmetic containing herbals,a cosmetic that has or is claimed to have medicinal properties. Cosmetic-containing herbals are cosmetic products with bioactive ingre-dients purported to have medical benefits. There are no legal requirements to prove that these products live up to their claims. The name is a combination of "cosmetics" and "pharmaceuticals". "Nutricosmetics" are related dietary supplements or food or beverage products with additives that are marketed as having medical benefits that affect appearance. Cosmetic-containing herbals are topical cosmetic- pharmaceuti-cal hybrids intended to enhance the health and beauty of the skin. Cosmet-ic-containing herbals improve appearance by delivering essential nutrients to the skin. Several herbal products as cosmetics containing herbals are available. The pre-sent review highlighted the use of natural products in cosmetics containing herbals, as natural products have manycurative effects as well as healing effects on skin and hair growth, with minimum or no side effects on the same.A brief description has been given here about plants, their part used, active ingredients, and the therapeutic properties associated with the same. Mainly, the utilization of phytoconstituents as cosmetic containing herbals, in the care of skin and hair, like dryness of skin, acne, eczema, inflammation of the skin, aging, hair growth, dandruff, along with natural ingredients as hair colorant has been well explained in the present review.
Ethnopharmacological relevance
Traditional knowledge is a particular form of practice or skill set that was developed in ancient times and was sustained through generations via the passing of knowledge, essentially confined within a specific tribe, local people, or family lineages. Ethnodermatological use of medicinal plants in India is still a subject to conduct more studies to see if there is chemical, microbiological, and/or clinical evidence, from a scientific perspective, of their effectiveness for those skin disorders. Thus, this review can be the basis for further studies and may provide targets for drug development.
Aim of the study
We compile and emphasize the most important part of ethnodermatology, namely, traditional knowledge of medicinal plants and their applications for several skin diseases in India. We also include a brief review and explanation on dermatology in Ayurvedic and Unani medicine. We review the pharmacological activity of extracts derived from some of the most cited plants against problem skin diseases as well.
Materials and methods
Different kinds of key phrases such as “Indian traditional ethnodermatology”, “ethnodermatology”, “ethnobotany”, “skin diseases”, “Ayurveda dermatology”, “pharmacological activity” were searched in online search servers/databases such as Google Scholar (https://scholar.google.com/), ResearchGate (https://www.researchgate.net/), PubMed (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/), NISCAIR Online Periodicals Repository (NOPR) (http://nopr.niscair.res.in/). Based upon the analyses of data obtained from 178 articles, we formulated several important findings which are a summary shown in Tables. Tables. A total of 119 records of plants’ uses have been found across India against 39 skin diseases. These are depicted with their localities of report, parts used, and preparation and administration methods against particular skin diseases.
Results
The knowledge and utilisation of herbal medicine in the Indian subcontinent has great potential to treat different kinds of human skin disorders. The administration of extracts from most of the plant species used is topical and few only are administrated orally. We also investigated the pharmacological activity of the extracts of the most cited plants against mice, bacterial and fungal pathogens, and human cells.
Conclusions
Complementary therapy for dermatological problems and treatment remains the main option for millions of people in the Indian subcontinent. This review on the practices of ethnobotanical dermatology in India confirms the belief that their analysis will accelerate the discovery of new, effective therapeutic agents for skin diseases. However, more studies and clinical evidence are still required to determine if the identified species may contribute to skin condition treatment, particularly in atopic eczema. Today, ethnodermatology is a well-accepted international discipline and many new practices have been initiated in numerous countries. We hope this article will further accelerate the development of this area to identify a new generation of natural human skin treatments that will help meet the growing consumer demand for safe, sustainable, and natural treatments. In this context, research on plants utilised in ethnodermatology in India and elsewhere should be intensified.
One of the plant extracts, glycyrrhizin (GL) was investigated for its antiviral action on varicella-zoster virus (VZV) in vitro. When human embryonic fibroblast (HEF) cells were treated with GL after inoculation of virus (post-treatment), the average 50%-inhibitory dose (ID50) for five VZV strains was 0.71 mM, and the selectivity index (ratio of ID50 for host-cell DNA synthesis to ID50 for VZV replication) was 30. GL was also effective against VZV replication when HEF cells were treated 24 h before the inoculation (pretreatment). Furthermore, at a concentration of 2.4 mM GL inactivated more than 99% of virus particles within 30 min at 37°C. In combination with other anti-herpes drugs (acyclovir, adenine arabinoside, bromovinyldeoxyuridine, and phosphonoformate) or human native beta-interferon, GL had an additive or slightly synergistic effect on VZV replication. The mechanism of anti-VZV action is still unclear. We postulate that GL inhibits the penetration, uncoating or release of virus particles.
The prevalence of onychomycosis, the most frequent cause of nail disease, ranges from 2% to 13%. Standard treatments include debridement, topical medications, and systemic therapies. This study assesses the efficacy and tolerability of topical application of 1% clotrimazole solution compared with that of 100% Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil for the treatment of toenail onychomycosis.
A double-blind, multicenter, randomized controlled trial was performed at two primary care health and residency training centers and one private podiatrist's office. The participants included 117 patients with distal subungual onychomycosis proven by culture. Patients received twice-daily application of either 1% clotrimazole (CL) solution or 100% tea tree (TT) oil for 6 months. Debridement and clinical assessment were performed at 0, 1, 3, and 6 months. Cultures were obtained at 0 and 6 months. Each patient's subjective assessment was also obtained 3 months after the conclusion of therapy.
The baseline characteristics of the treatment groups did not differ significantly. After 6 months of therapy, the two treatment groups were comparable based on culture cure (CL = 11%, TT = 18%) and clinical assessment documenting partial or full resolution (CL = 61%, TT = 60%). Three months later, about one half of each group reported continued improvement or resolution (CL = 55%; TT = 56%).
All current therapies have high recurrence rates. Oral therapy has the added disadvantages of high cost and potentially serious adverse effects. Topical therapy, including the two preparations presented in this paper, provide improvement in nail appearance and symptomatology. The use of a topical preparation in conjunction with debridement is an appropriate initial treatment strategy.
A methanol extract of the leaves of the plant Rosmarinus officinalis L. (rosemary) was evaluated for its effects on tumor initiation and promotion in mouse skin. Application of rosemary to mouse skin inhibited the covalent binding of benzo(a)pyrene [B(a)P] to epidermal DNA and inhibited tumor initiation by B(a)P and 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA). Topical application of 20 nmol B(a)P to the backs of mice once weekly for 10 weeks, followed 1 week later by promotion with 15 nmol 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) twice weekly for 21 weeks, resulted in the formation of 7.1 tumors per mouse. In a parallel group of animals that were treated topically with 1.2 or 3.6 mg of rosemary 5 min prior to each application of B(a)P, the number of tumors per mouse was decreased by 54 or 64%, respectively. Application of rosemary to mouse skin also inhibited TPA-induced ornithine decarboxylase activity, TPA-induced inflammation, arachidonic acid-induced inflammation, TPA-induced hyperplasia, and TPA-induced tumor promotion. Mice initiated with 200 nmol DMBA and promoted with 5 nmol TPA twice weekly for 19 weeks developed an average of 17.2 skin tumors per mouse. Treatment of the DMBA-initiated mice with 0.4, 1.2, or 3.6 mg of rosemary together with 5 nmol TPA twice weekly for 19 weeks inhibited the number of TPA-induced skin tumors per mouse by 40, 68, or 99%, respectively. Topical application of carnosol or ursolic acid isolated from rosemary inhibited TPA-induced ear inflammation, ornithine decarboxylase activity, and tumor promotion. Topical application of 1, 3, or 10 mumol carnosol together with 5 nmol TPA twice weekly for 20 weeks to the backs of mice previously initiated with DMBA inhibited the number of skin tumors per mouse by 38, 63, or 78%, respectively. Topical application of 0.1, 0.3, 1, or 2 mumol ursolic acid together with 5 nmol TPA twice weekly for 20 weeks to DMBA-initiated mice inhibited the number of tumors per mouse by 45-61%.
Background: Jewelweed(Impatiens biflora)is a plant which has been used for centuries for the treatment of poison ivy/oak allergic contact dermatitis. Numerous claims for its effectiveness exist in the lay press, and over-the-counter medicaments containing jewelweed are reputed to be an effective remedy for poison ivy/oak dermatitis. Despite these claims, few scientific studies testing the effectiveness of jewelweed have been performed.
Objective: Our objective in this pilot study was to test the efficacy of an extract of jewelweed in the treatment of experimentally induced allergic contact dermatitis to poison ivy/oak.
Methods: A randomized, double-blinded, paired comparison investigation was performed. Ten adult volunteers were patch tested to urushiol, the allergenic resin in poison ivy/oak. For each volunteer, one patch test site was treated with an extract prepared from the fresh stems of jewelweed; the remaining site was treated with distilled water to serve as a control. Sites were examined on days 2, 3, 7, and 9 with reactions graded on a numerical scale.
Results: All subjects developed dermatitis at each patch test site. There was no statistically significant difference in the objective scores at the sites treated with jewelweed extract versus the distilled water control sites.
Conclusion: This study demonstrated that an extract of jewelweed was not effective in the treatment of poison ivy/oak allergic contact dermatitis.
Herbal medicinals are being used by an increasing number of patients who typically do not advise their clinicians of concomitant use. Known or potential drug-herb interactions exist and should be screened for. If used beyond 8 weeks, Echinacea could cause hepatotoxicity and therefore should not be used with other known hepatoxic drugs, such as anabolic steroids, amiodarone, methotrexate, and ketoconazole. However, Echinacea lacks the 1,2 saturated necrine ring associated with hepatoxicity of pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs may negate the usefulness of feverfew in the treatment of migraine headaches. Feverfew, garlic, Ginkgo, ginger, and ginseng may alter bleeding time and should not be used concomitantly with warfarin sodium. Additionally, ginseng may cause headache, tremulousness, and manic episodes in patients treated with phenelzine sulfate. Ginseng should also not be used with estrogens or corticosteroids because of possible additive effects. Since the mechanism of action of St John wort is uncertain, concomitant use with monoamine oxidase inhibitors and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors is ill advised. Valerian should not be used concomitantly with barbiturates because excessive sedation may occur. Kyushin, licorice, plantain, uzara root, hawthorn, and ginseng may interfere with either digoxin pharmacodynamically or with digoxin monitoring. Evening primrose oil and borage should not be used with anticonvulsants because they may lower the seizure threshold. Shankapulshpi, an Ayurvedic preparation, may decrease phenytoin levels as well as diminish drug efficacy. Kava when used with alprazolam has resulted in coma. Immunostimulants (eg, Echinacea and zinc) should not be given with immunosuppressants (eg, corticosteroids and cyclosporine). Tannic acids present in some herbs (eg, St John wort and saw palmetto) may inhibit the absorption of iron. Kelp as a source of iodine may interfere with thyroid replacement therapies. Licorice can offset the pharmacological effect of spironolactone. Numerous herbs (eg, karela and ginseng) may affect blood glucose levels and should not be used in patients with diabetes mellitus.
In cancer chemoprevention studies, the identification of better anti- tumor-promoting agents is highly desired because they may have a wider applicability against the development of clinical cancers. Both epidemio- logical and animal studies have suggested that microchemicals present in the diet and several herbs and plants with diversified pharmacological properties are useful agents for the prevention of a wide variety of human cancers. Silymarin, a flavonoid isolated from milk thistle, is used clinically in Europe and Asia as an antihepatotoxic agent, largely due to its strong antioxidant activity. Because most antioxidants afford protection against tumor promotion, in this study, we assessed the protective effect of sily- marin on tumor promotion in the SENCAR mouse skin tumorigenesis model. Application of silymarin prior to each 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA) application resulted in a highly significant protection against tumor promotion in 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-initiated mouse skin. The protective effect of silymarin was evident in terms of reduction in tumor incidence (25, 40, and 75% protection, P < 0.001, X2 test), tumor multiplicity (76, 84, and 97% protection, P < 0.001, Wilcoxon rank sum test), and tumor volume (76, 94, and 96% protection, P < 0.001, Student's t test) at the doses of 3, 6, and 12 mg per application, respec- tively. To dissect out the stage specificity of silymarin against tumor promotion, we next assessed its effect against both stage I and stage II of tumor promotion. Application of silymarin prior to that of TPA in stage I or mezerein in stage II tumor promotion in dimethylbenz(a)anthracene- initiated SENCAR mouse skin resulted in an exceptionally high protective effect during stage I tumor promotion, showing 74% protection against tumor incidence (P < 0.001, X2 test), 92% protection against tumor multiplicity (P < 0.001, Wilcoxon rank sum test), and 96% protection against tumor volume (P < 0.001, Student's t test). With regard to stage II tumor promotion, silymarin showed 26, 63, and 54% protection in tumor incidence, multiplicity, and volume, respectively. Similar effect of silymarin to that in anti-stage I studies, were also observed when applied during both stage I and stage II protocols. In other studies, silymarin significantly inhibited: (a) TPA-induced skin edema, epidermal hyperpla- sia, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen-positive cells; ( b) DNA synthe- sis; and (c) epidermal lipid peroxidation, the early markers of TPA-caused changes that are associated with tumor promotion. Taken together, these results suggest that silymarin possesses exceptionally high protective ef- fects against tumor promotion, primarily targeted against stage I tumors, and that the mechanism of such effects may involve inhibition of promot- er-induced edema, hyperplasia, proliferation index, and oxidant state.
Alcoholic extracts prepared form Arnicae flos, the collective name for flowerheads from Arnica montana and A. chamissonis ssp. foliosa, are used therapeutically as anti-inflammatory remedies. The active ingredients mediating the pharmacological effect are mainly sesquiterpene lactones, such as helenalin, 11 alpha,13-dihydrohelenalin, chamissonolid and their ester derivatives. While these compounds affect various cellular processes, current data do not fully explain how sesquiterpene lactones exert their anti-inflammatory effect. We show here that helenalin, and, to a much lesser degree, 11 alpha,13-dihydrohelenalin and chamissonolid, inhibit activation of transcription factor NF-kappa B. This difference in efficacy, which correlates with the compounds' anti-inflammatory potency in vivo, may be explained by differences in structure and conformation. NF-kappa B, which resides in an inactive, cytoplasmic complex in unstimulated cells, is activated by phosphorylation and degradation of its inhibitory subunit, I kappa B. Helenalin inhibits NF-kappa B activation in response to four different stimuli in T-cells, B-cells and epithelial cells and abrogates kappa B-driven gene expression. This inhibition is selective, as the activity of four other transcription factors, Oct-1, TBP, Spl and STAT 5 was not affected. We show that inhibition is not due to a direct modification of the active NF-kappa B heterodimer. Rather, helenalin modifies the NF-kappa B/I kappa B complex, preventing the release of I kappa B. These data suggest a molecular mechanism for the anti-inflammatory effect of sesquiterpene lactones, which differs from that of other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), indomethacin and acetyl salicylic acid.
An overt multicentric study involving 115 patients and another subsequent placebo-controlled double-blind study involving 116 patients contributed significantly to the corroborative evidence of the antiviral activity in vitro of a specially prepared dried extract from Melissa leaves (Melissa officinalis L.) against herpes simplex infections. The studies provided the proof that the ingredient gave protection against herpes simplex infections. The initiation of the treatment in the very early stages of the infection revealed itself as most effective.
Australian tea tree oil (Melaleuca alternifolia) was fractionated by column chromatography and analyzed by combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Preparative GLC of selected fractions yielded pure compounds for analysis by infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Forty compounds were identified, including viridiflorene which has not been previously reported as occurring in nature.
The use of complementary and alternative medicine in the United States and throughout the world has been experiencing a tremendous resurgence of interest in the past decade. There are myriad varieties of herbal and nonherbal remedies, devices of many types, and mind-body control modalities being used today that were rarely used (at least in the U.S.) 10 years ago. Furthermore, this essentially experimental usage by the general public has occurred outside the medical profession, which has exercised little or no control over the production, medical recommendations, or quality control by the manufactures of these products. Surveys have shown that at least 50% to 75% of the U.S. population are using some form of complementary or alternative medicine at any one time and, moreover, are often reluctant to tell their physicians.
Red ginseng extract A and B are the active components of Panax ginseng. Red ginseng is a classical traditional Chinese medicine. Among Chinese herbs, red ginseng has been considered as one of the tonics. Many studies indicated that red ginseng could enhance immune function of the human body. The effects of red ginseng extracts on transplantable tumors, proliferation of lymphocyte, two-stage model and rat liver lipid peroxidation were studied. In a two-stage model, red ginseng extracts had a significant cancer chemoprevention. At 50-400 mg/kg, they could inhibit DMBA/Croton oil-induced skin papilloma in mice, decrease the incidence of papilloma, prolong the latent period of tumor occurrence and reduce tumor number per mouse in a dose-dependent manner. Red ginseng extract B could effectively inhibit the Fe2+/cysteine-induced lipid peroxidation of rat liver microsome, suggesting that red ginseng extract B has a stronger antioxidative effect than that of extract A. The results indicated that red ginseng extracts (50 approximately 400 mg/kg) could significantly inhibit the growth of transplantable mouse sarcoma S180 and melanoma B16. Red ginseng extracts A (0.5 mg/ml) and B (0.1 and 0.25 mg/ml) might effectively promote the transformation of T lymphocyte, but there was no influence on lymphocyte proliferation stimulated by concanavalin A. This suggests that red ginseng extracts have potent tumor therapeutic activity and improve the cell immune system.
We review the scientific literature regarding the aloe vera plant and its products. Aloe vera is known to contain several pharmacologically active ingredients, including a carboxypeptidase that inactivates bradykinin in vitro, salicylates, and a substance(s) that inhibits thromboxane formation in vivo. Scientific studies exist that support an antibacterial and antifungal effect for substance(s) in aloe vera. Studies and case reports provide support for the use of aloe vera in the treatment of radiation ulcers and stasis ulcers in man and burn and frostbite injuries in animals. The evidence for a potential beneficial effect associated with the use of aloe vera is sufficient to warrant the design and implementation of well-controlled clinical trials. 27 references.
S ummary
Tea tree oil (an essential oil derived primarily from the Australian native Melaleuca alternifolia) has been used as a topical antiseptic agent since the early part of this century for a wide variety of skin infections; however, to date, the evidence for its efficacy in fungal infections is still largely anecdotal. One hundred and four patients completed a randomized, double‐blind trial to evaluate the efficacy of 10% w/w tea tree oil cream compared with 1% tolnaftate and placebo creams in the treatment of tinea pedia. Significantly more tolnaftate‐treated patients (85%) than tea tree oil (30%) and placebo‐treated patients (21%) showed conversion to negative culture at the end of therapy (p◂0.001); there was no statistically significant difference between tea tree oil and placebo groups. All three groups demonstrated improvement in clinical condition based on the four clinical parameters of scaling, inflammation, itching and burning. The tea tree oil group (24/37) and the tolnaftate group (19/33) showed significant improvement in clinical condition when compared to the placebo group (14/34; p = 0.022 and p = 0.018 respectively). Tea tree oil cream (10% w/w) appears to reduce the symptomatology of tinea pedis as effectively as tolnaftate 1% but is no more effective than placebo in achieving a mycological cure. This may be the basis for the popular use of tea tree oil in the treatment of tinea pedis.
S ummary
Alpha hydroxy acids (AHA's) or “fruit acids” are a special group of organic acids found in many natural foods. They have been described in the literature for the treatment of a number of conditions in which abnormal keratinization consistently contributes to pathogenesis. These include the icthyoses, warts, psoriasis, eczema and acne. We have performed a double‐blind clinical trial on 150 patients to evaluate the efficacy and skin tolerance of the alpha hydroxy acid gluconolactone 14% in solution (Nuvoderm TM lotion) in the treatment of mild to moderate acne when compared with its vehicle (placebo) and 5% benzoyl peroxide lotion. The results of this study showed that both gluconolactone and benzoyl peroxide had a significant effect in improving patients'acne by reducing the number of lesions (inflamed and non‐inflamed). Furthermore, fewer side‐effects were experienced by patients treated with gluconolactone when compared with benzoyl peroxide.
There has been considerable interest in traditional Chinese herbal therapy (TCHT) as a new treatment for atopic dermatitis. To establish the efficacy and safety of this treatment, a daily decoction of a formula containing ten herbs that has been found to be beneficial in open studies was tested in a double-blind placebo-controlled study. 40 adult patients with longstanding, refractory, widespread, atopic dermatitis were randomised into two groups to receive 2 months' treatment of either the active formulation of herbs (TCHT) or placebo herbs, followed by a crossover to the other treatment after a 4-week washout period. The main outcome measures were extent and severity of erythema and surface damage as judged by standardised body scores. The patients' own assessments of the overall response to treatment were also sought. The geometric mean score for erythema at the end of active treatment was 12.6 (95% confidence interval [CI] 5.9 to 22.0) and at the end of the placebo phase was 113 (65 to 180). The geometric mean score for surface damage was 11.3 (5.8 to 21.8) and 111.0 (68 to 182), respectively. The 95% CI for the mean geometric ratio for the two values with active treatment was 0.04 to 0.22 for erythema (p less than 0.0005) and 0.04 to 0.27 for surface damage (p less than 0.0005). Of the 31 patients who completed the study and expressed a preference, 20 preferred that phase of the trial in which they received TCHT whereas 4 patients preferred placebo (p less than 0.02). There was a subjective improvement in itching (p less than 0.001) and sleep (p less than 0.078) during the TCHT treatment phase. No side-effects were reported by the patients although many commented on the unpalatability of the decoction. TCHT seems to benefit patients with atopic dermatitis. Palatability of the treatment needs to be improved and its safety assured.
The antimicrobial spectrum of honey was investigated by placing two drops into each of the wells made on culture media on which pure cultures of various organisms obtained from surgical specimens were grown. The organisms were grown under both aerobic and anaerobic environments. Fungal cultures of common fungi causing surgical infections or wound contaminations were mixed with 100%, 50% and 20% unprocessed honey. Growth inhibition was complete in the media containing 100%, partial in media containing 50% and no inhibition was produced by 20% honey. Unprocessed honey inhibited most of the fungi and bacteria causing wound infection and surgical infection except Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Clostridium oedematiens. Apart from Streptococcus pyogenes which is only moderately inhibited, golden syrup, a sugar syrup with similar physical properties as honey, did not inhibit any of the bacteria or fungi tested, demonstrating that honey is superior to any hypertonic sugar solution in antimicrobial activity. Honey is thus an ideal topical wound dressing agent in surgical infections, burns and wound infections.
Severe and widespread atopic eczema often fails to respond adequately to currently available therapies. Following the observation of substantial benefit in patients receiving oral treatment with daily decoctions of traditional Chinese medicinal plants, we undertook a placebo-controlled double-blind trial of a specific prescription formulated for widespread non-exudative atopic eczema. Forty-seven children were given active treatment and placebo in random order, each for 8 weeks, with an intervening 4-week wash-out period. Thirty-seven children tolerated the treatment and completed the study. Response to active treatment was superior to response to placebo, and was clinically valuable. There was no evidence of haematological, renal or hepatic toxicity. These findings anticipate a wider therapeutic potential for traditional Chinese medicinal plants in this disease, and other skin diseases.
In a questionnaire study at a university hospital in Norway, 227 of 444 patients with atopic dermatitis (51.1%) and 215 of 506 patients with psoriasis (42.5%) reported previous or current use of one or more forms of alternative medicine. Homoeopathy, health food preparations and herbal remedies were used most. Use was related to disease duration, disease severity and--among the atopic dermatitis patients--the inefficacy of therapy prescribed by physicians, as judged by the patients. The use of alternative medicine is commonplace and should be of concern to dermatologists.
In a randomized, double-blind trial the effectiveness of 6 months' use of a Chinese herb extract (Dabao) as a hair-restorer was studied on 396 males with alopecia androgenetica. The effect was evaluated by nonvellus hair counts, participants' opinions and a panel's judgement of a photo-report. Twenty-three participants withdrew prematurely from the study. In both the Dabao and placebo groups an increase in the amount of hair was observed; 133 and 109 hairs on a 5 cm2 marked area, a difference of 24 hairs (p = 0.03, one-sided). Participants as well as the panel reached a similar conclusion. Regarding cosmetic effect, 42% of the participants in the Dabao group and 37% in the placebo group reported positive results. The average panel score for the cosmetic result on a scale of -10 to +10 was 0.46 in the Dabao and 0.21 in the placebo group, a difference of 0.24 (p = 0.04, one-sided). It appears from our study that, although the cosmetic effect over 6 months is modest, Dabao does have a certain effect on the growth of nonvellus hair.
Reactions cutanees graves a trois remedes «complementaires»: un remede homeopathique (Nat Mur 200), une preparation a base de sels mineraux (sels mineraux de la Mer Morte) et une a base d'extraits vegetaux («Golden health blood purifying tablets»)
Fifty-nine patients with wounds and ulcers most of which (80 per cent) had failed to heal with conventional treatment were treated with unprocessed honey. Fifty-eight cases showed remarkable improvement following topical application of honey. One case, later diagnosed as Buruli ulcer, failed to respond. Wounds that were sterile at the outset, remained sterile until healed, while infected wounds and ulcer became sterile within 1 week of topical application of honey. Honey debrided wounds rapidly, replacing sloughs with granulation tissue. It also promoted rapid epithelialization, and absorption of oedema from around the ulcer margins.
Alterations in the cutaneous vascular system are prominent in psoriasis and may play an important role in the pathogenesis of this disorder. We evaluated the effects of topically applied capsaicin (trans-8-methyl-N-vanillyl-6-nonenamide), a known inhibitor of cutaneous vasodilatation, on moderate and severe psoriasis. Under a double-blind paradigm, forty-four patients with symmetrically distributed psoriatic lesions applied topical capsaicin to one side of their body and identical-appearing vehicle to the other side for 6 weeks. After 3 and 6 weeks of treatment, we performed ratings on changes in scaling and erythema, as well as overall improvement of the psoriasis. Over the course of the study, significantly greater overall improvement was observed on sides treated with capsaicin compared to sides treated with vehicle. Similarly, significantly greater reductions in scaling and erythema accompanied capsaicin application. Burning, stinging, itching, and redness of the skin were noted by nearly half of the patients on initial applications of study medication but diminished or vanished upon continued application. These results suggest that topical application of capsaicin may be a useful new approach in the treatment of psoriasis.
Two cases of bullous and nodular lichen planus induced by ingested and topically administered native medicine are described. The high incidence of lichen planus in Africa could be due to the widespread use of herbal drugs. This could partly explain the absence of buccal mucosal lesion in lichen planus in African Negroes.
Substance P, an undecapeptide neurotransmitter, has been implicated in the pathophysiology of psoriasis and pruritus.
Safety and efficacy of topical capsaicin, a potent substance P depletor, were evaluated in patients with pruritic psoriasis.
Patients applied capsaicin 0.025% cream (n = 98) or vehicle (n = 99) four times a day for 6 weeks in this double-blind study. Efficacy was based on a physician's global evaluation and a combined psoriasis severity score including scaling, thickness, erythema, and pruritus.
Capsaicin-treated patients demonstrated significantly greater improvement in global evaluation (p = 0.024 after 4 weeks and p = 0.030 after 6 weeks) and in pruritus relief (p = 0.002 and p = 0.060, respectively), as well as a significantly greater reduction in combined psoriasis severity scores (p = 0.030 and p = 0.036, respectively). The most frequently reported side effect in both treatment groups was a transient burning sensation at application sites.
Topically applied capsaicin effectively treats pruritic psoriasis, a finding that supports a role for substance P in this disorder.
In a previous study (Z. Y. Wang et al., Cancer Res., 52: 1162-1170, 1992), we found that administration of a water extract of green tea leaves as the sole source of drinking fluid inhibited ultraviolet B light (UVB)-induced carcinogenesis in SKH-1 mice previously initiated with 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA). In the present study, we compared the effects of black tea, green tea, decaffeinated black tea, and decaffeinated green tea on UVB-induced skin carcinogenesis in DMBA-initiated SKH-1 mice. A 1.25% water extract of each kind of tea leaf (1.25 g tea leaf/100 ml water) was prepared by passing 4 liters of hot water through 50 g of tea leaves in a Bunn tea brewing machine. The mean concentrations of solids in multiple samples of 1.25% black tea, green tea, decaffeinated black tea, and decaffeinated green tea analyzed during the course of this study were 4.23, 3.94, 3.66, and 3.53 mg/ml, respectively. These concentrations of tea solids are similar to those present in tea brews ingested by humans. Female SKH-1 mice were treated topically with 200 nmol of DMBA, followed 3 weeks later by irradiation with 30 mJ/cm2 of UVB twice weekly for 31 weeks. UVB-induced formation of skin tumors was markedly inhibited by oral administration of 0.63 or 1.25% black tea, green tea, decaffeinated black tea, or decaffeinated green tea as the sole source of drinking fluid 2 weeks prior to and during 31 weeks of UVB treatment. Administration of each of the eight tea preparations not only inhibited the number of tumors, but tumor size was also markedly decreased. Histopathological examination of each tumor showed that oral administration of the eight tea preparations had a marked inhibitory effect on the formation of UVB-induced keratoacanthomas and carcinomas. Administration of 1.25% black tea, green tea, decaffeinated black tea, or decaffeinated green tea inhibited the number of keratoacanthomas per mouse by 79, 78, 73, or 70%, respectively, and the number of carcinomas per mouse was inhibited by 93, 88, 77, or 72%, respectively. In summary, administration of black tea was comparable to green tea as an inhibitor of UVB-induced skin carcinogenesis in DMBA-initiated SKH-1 mice. Oral administration of decaffeinated black tea or decaffeinated green tea also had a marked inhibitory effect on UVB-induced skin carcinogenesis in DMBA-initiated SKH-1 mice, but these tea preparations were slightly less effective than the regular teas at the high dose level.
A traditional Chinese herbal therapy (Zemaphyte) for the treatment of atopic eczema (AE) is currently being assessed. This review attempts to highlight its success in patients who are recalcitrant to Western forms of treatment and the rationale behind its use. The herbal preparation is a mixture of 10 herbs with some known pharmacological agents and actions. The concept of such a complex mixture in clinical treatment is anathema to Western medicine but acceptable in traditional Chinese medicine. As this formation has been shown to be effective in two double-blind crossover trials, investigative work on components from the mixture must be established in order to find the active constituent(s) and describe their mode of action. This research will also lead to a greater understanding of the complex immunopathology of AE.
Melaleuca oil (tea tree oil) is the essential oil distilled from the leaves of Melaleuca alternifolia Cheel. Tea tree oil is popular for treating various cutaneous maladies.
Our purpose was to determine which constituent compounds of Melaleuca oil are responsible for allergic contact eczema in seven patients who became sensitized.
The seven patients were patch tested with Finn Chambers to a 1% solution (vol/vol) of melaleuca oil and 1% solutions (vol/vol) of 11 constituent compounds.
Of seven patients reactive to the 1% melaleuca oil solution, six patients also reacted to limonene, five to alpha-terpinene and aromadendrene, 2 to terpinen-4-ol, and one each to p-cymene and alpha-phellandrene. d-Carvone, an autooxidative derivative of limonene, caused no reactions among the seven patients.
d-Limonene was the most common allergen causing allergic contact eczema in our patients. Clinicians are likely to see more contact eczema caused by the increasing use of this popular nostrum.
Assessment and treatment of varicose veins comprises a significant part of the surgical workload. In the UK, National Health Service waiting lists suggest that there is still considerable unmet need. This review analyses all published data on the epidemiology of varicose veins, paying particular regard to the differing epidemiological terminology, populations sampled, assessment methods and varicose vein definitions, which account for much of the variation in literature reports. Half of the adult population have minor stigmata of venous disease (women 50-55 per cent; men 40-50 per cent) but fewer than half of these will have visible varicose veins (women 20-25 per cent; men 10-15 per cent). The data suggest that female sex, increased age, pregnancy, geographical site and race are risk factors for varicose veins; there is no hard evidence that family history or occupation are factors. Obesity does not appear to carry any excess risk. Accurate prevalence data allow provision of appropriate resources or at least aid rational debate if demand is greater than the resources available.
The opportunity to continue treatment was offered to the parents of 37 children who had completed a double-blind placebo-controlled trial of a specific formulation of Chinese medicinal herbs for atopic eczema. The parents elected for continued treatment in every case, and the progress of the children was monitored over the following 12 months. The aim was to achieve a substantial clinical improvement, and thereafter to reduce treatment frequency progressively while maintaining this benefit.
At the end of the year, 18 enjoyed at least 90% reductions in eczema activity scores, and five showed lesser degrees of improvement. Fourteen children withdrew from the study, 10 due to lack of response, and four because of unpalatability of treatment or difficulty in the preparation of treatment. By the end of the year, seven of the children were able to discontinue treatment without relapse. The other 16 required treatment to maintain control of their eczema, but only four of these still required daily treatment.
Asymptomatic elevation of serum aspartate aminotransferase to 7–14 times normal values was noted on one occasion in two children whose eczema was so well controlled that the therapy was stopped. Liver function tests were normal 8 weeks later.
We conclude that Chinese medicinal herbs provide a therapeutic option for children with extensive atopic eczema which has failed to respond to other treatments. In the medium term, it proved helpful for approximately half the children who originally took part in our placebo-controlled trial. The possibility that it may provoke hepatic abnormalities requires further study. In the meantime, it seems prudent to monitor liver function tests regularly, and to minimize the duration of treatment.
Honey impregnated gauze was compared with OpSite as a cover for fresh partial thickness burns in 2 groups of 46 randomly allocated patients. Honey impregnated gauze dressed wounds showed healing earlier as compared to OpSite (mean 10.8 versus 15.3 days).
Many people use unconventional therapies for health problems, but the extent of this use and the costs are not known. We conducted a national survey to determine the prevalence, costs, and patterns of use of unconventional therapies, such as acupuncture and chiropractic.
We limited the therapies studied to 16 commonly used interventions neither taught widely in U.S. medical schools nor generally available in U.S. hospitals. We completed telephone interviews with 1539 adults (response rate, 67 percent) in a national sample of adults 18 years of age or older in 1990. We asked respondents to report any serious or bothersome medical conditions and details of their use of conventional medical services; we then inquired about their use of unconventional therapy.
One in three respondents (34 percent) reported using at least one unconventional therapy in the past year, and a third of these saw providers for unconventional therapy. The latter group had made an average of 19 visits to such providers during the preceding year, with an average charge per visit of 13.7 billion, three quarters of which (12.8 billion spent out of pocket annually for all hospitalizations in the United States.
The frequency of use of unconventional therapy in the United States is far higher than previously reported. Medical doctors should ask about their patients' use of unconventional therapy whenever they obtain a medical history.
The anti-inflammatory activity of hamamelis distillate has been evaluated with respect to drug concentration (0.64 mg/2.56 mg hamamelis ketone/100 g) and the effect of the vehicle (O/W emulsion with/without phosphatidylcholine (PC) in an experimental study. The effects were compared with those of chamomile cream, hydrocortisone 1% cream and 4 base preparations. Erythema was induced by UV irradiation and cellophane tape stripping of the horny layer in 24 healthy subjects per test. Skin blanching was quantified by visual scoring and chromametry. Drug effects were compared with one another and with an untreated control area, as well as with any action due to the vehicle.
UV-induced erythema at 24 h was suppressed by low dose hamamelis PC-cream and hydrocortisone cream. Hydrocortisone appeared superior to both hamamelis vehicles, hamamelis cream (without PC) and chamomile cream. The latter preparation was also less potent than hamamelis PC-cream. Erythema 4 to 8 h after the stripping of the horny layer was suppressed by hydrocortisone (P≤0.05). Inflammation was also less pronounced following low dose hamamelis PC-cream and chamomile cream. Hamamelis PC-cream, however, appeared less potent than hydrocortisone. In general, visual scoring was more discriminatory than chromametry.
The results have demonstrated an anti-inflammatory activity of hamamelis distillate in a PC-containing vehicle. A fourfold increase of drug concentration, however, did not produce an increase in activity.
Diseases of the venous system are widespread disorders sometimes associated with modern civilisation and are among the major concerns of social and occupational medicine. This study was carried out to compare the efficacy (oedema reduction) and safety of compression stockings class II and dried horse chestnut seed extract (HCSE, 50 mg aescin, twice daily).
Equivalence of both therapies was examined in a novel hierarchical statistical design in 240 patients with chronic venous insufficiency. Patients were treated over a period of 12 weeks in a randomised, partially blinded, placebo-controlled, parallel study design.
Lower leg volume of the more severely affected limb decreased on average by 43.8 mL (n = 95) with HCSE and 46.7 mL (n = 99) with compression therapy, while it increased by 9.8 mL with placebo (n = 46) after 12 weeks therapy for the intention-to-treat group (95% CI: HCSE: 21.1-66.4; compression: 30.4-63.0; placebo: 40.0-20.4). Significant oedema reductions were achieved by HCSE (p = 0.005) and compression (p = 0.002) compared to placebo, and the two therapies were shown to be equivalent (p = 0.001); in this design, however, compression could not be proven as standard with regard to oedema reduction in the statistical test procedure. Both HCSE and compression therapy were well tolerated and no serious treatment-related events were reported.
These results indicate that compression stocking therapy and HCSE therapy are alternative therapies for the effective treatment of patients with oedema resulting from chronic venous insufficiency.