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Anti-oxidant and immunomodulatory properties of seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) – An in vitro study
Abstract
This study was designed to determine the anti-oxidant and immunomodulatory properties of seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) using lymphocytes as a model system. Chromium(VI) as potassium dichromate was used to induce oxidative damage. The production of free radicals by chromium and the ability of alcoholic leaf and fruit extracts of seabuckthorn to inhibit the oxidative damage induced by chromium was investigated. Addition of chromium (10 microg/ml) to the cells resulted in enhanced cytotoxicity, apoptosis, free radical production and decreased glutathione (reduced) levels. Chromium also caused a significant inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation induced by both lipopolysaccharide and concanavalin A. Alcoholic extracts of leaves and fruits of seabuckthorn at a concentration of 500 microg/ml were found to inhibit chromium-induced free radical production, apoptosis, DNA fragmentation and restored the anti-oxidant status to that of control cells. In addition, these extracts also were able to arrest the chromium-induced inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation. These observations suggest that the alcoholic extracts of leaves and fruits of seabuckthorn have marked cytoprotective properties, which could be attributed to the anti-oxidant activity.
... Incorporating the natural power of European flora into everyday products can make them safer for health and the environment. In this pursuit, we delve into the diverse world of plant extracts, uncovering their bioactive secrets, assessing their safety, and discovering their potential as greener preservatives [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16]. ...
... Biological processes (such as cellular respiration) and external factors (such as stress, xenobiotic exposition, and radiation incidence) can lead to the formation of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in the body. Such species cause structural damage to the cells and are understood as precursors to the development of inflammatory processes, cancer, and the aging process [1,12,15,[17][18][19][20]. Phenolic compounds present antioxidant activity, acting by neutralizing free radicals through different mechanisms, thus protecting the organism [21]. ...
Consumer demand for natural and healthier products has led to an increasing interest in the bioactive and therapeutic properties of plant extracts. In this study, we evaluated the phenolic compounds profile, bioactivities, and toxicities of plant extracts from eight European flora species, including Calendula officinalis L., Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull, Hippophae rhamnoides L., Juglans regia L., Mentha cervina L., Rubus idaeus L., Sambucus nigra L., and Vitis vinifera L. The aim was to identify potential preservatives of natural origin. Phenolic compounds were identified by HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS. Caffeic acid derivatives, ellagitannins, flavonols, and flavones were the major phenolic compounds identified. The total phenolic content varied from 16.0 ± 0.2 (V. vinifera) to 123 ± 2 mg/g (H. rhamnoides) of dry extract. All extracts showed antioxidant potential and exhibited activity against some of the microorganisms tested. S. nigra showed the highest activity in the inhibition of oxidative hemolysis (OxHLIA) assay and H. rhamnoides, notably, had the lowest IC50 values in TBARS and DPPH assays, as well as the lowest minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values. Regarding in vitro cytotoxicity, in tumor and non-tumor cell lines, although some extracts revealed toxicity against normal cells, it was found that the samples C. vulgaris, V. vinifera and R. idaeus might be used against tumor cells since the active concentration is much lower than the one causing toxicity. In vivo acute toxicity tests using Artemia franciscana suggest low toxicity for most extracts, with LC50 > 400 mg/L. These results showed the potential of the studied extracts as natural preservatives, given their richness in compounds with bioactive properties, highlight their potential value to the production chain.
... The health benefits of Hippophae rhamnoides oils, juice, leaves and bark are also well known and they have been used to treat several diseases [179]. All parts of the seabuckthorn plant are considered to be rich source of a large number of bioactive substances and are reported to have antimicrobial [180], antioxidant [181], and antimutagenic activities [182]; and antitumoral, hepato-protective and immunumodulatory [183], anti-platelet aggregating [184], anti-inflammatory [185], and radio-protective properties [186]. The leaf extract was reported to have better immunomodulatory effect than fruit extracts [183]. ...
... All parts of the seabuckthorn plant are considered to be rich source of a large number of bioactive substances and are reported to have antimicrobial [180], antioxidant [181], and antimutagenic activities [182]; and antitumoral, hepato-protective and immunumodulatory [183], anti-platelet aggregating [184], anti-inflammatory [185], and radio-protective properties [186]. The leaf extract was reported to have better immunomodulatory effect than fruit extracts [183]. Jelly prepared by using seabuckthorn berries showed microbiological stability at ambient temperature and 37°C for a period of 6 months [187]. ...
Essential oils have been used for centuries by communities all over the world in various areas and for various purposes. These include uses in medicine, flavoring, perfumery, cosmetics, insecticides, fungicides, and bactericides, among others. They are natural and biodegradable substances, generally nontoxic or with low toxicity to humans and other animals. Therefore, constant research in these areas represents an alternative for new and more efficient drugs with less side effects as well as obtaining new products and supplies. This book provides a comprehensive overview of the diverse applications of essential oils in a variety of human activities with a focus on the most important evidence-based developments in the various fields of knowledge.
... Elevated blood cholesterol is one of the risk of coronary heart diseases ( Sáiz-Vazquez et al., 2020 ) which can be reduced by consumption of high phytosterol containing food. The presence of several phytochemicals is also associated with the cytoprotective, immunomodulatory and antioxidant properties of the plant ( Geetha et al., 2002 ). ...
... An in-vitro study was conducted by Geetha et al. (2002) to determine the antioxidant and immunomodulatory effect of seabuckthorn using lymphocyte. The result of the study showed that chromium addition caused the inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation (both humoral and cell mediated immune response) which is stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and concanavalin A (ConA). ...
Underutilized wild plants are important sources of nutrition and medicine since ancient times and have contributed to food security, enriching diet diversity and preventing malnutrition. These plants have been used in ancient Chinese and Indian medicine such as Ayurvedic, Unani and Sidhi to treat various ailments. Ladakh, the cold-desert of India, is home to many such wild underutilized plants which have played a crucial role in supplementing diet to the indigenous people. Phytochemical investigation of these plants have revealed the presence of essential nutrients and bioactive compounds like vitamins, minerals, rutin, quercetin, kaempferol, capparisine, caftaric acid, chicoric acid, salidrosides, rosavins, emodin and anthraquinones that are responsible for their pharmacological activities like antioxidant, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, antinociceptive response, antiageing, antiinflammatory, neuroprotective and cardioprotective. Moreover, fortification of staple food with these plants have ability to improve the micronutrients and bioactive constituents. Identification of these compounds using a metabolomic approach could enable development of safer and affordable novel drugs. These underutilized plants, though having tremendous potential for commercial exploitation, still remain largely ignored. The paper highlights some of the underutilized plants of Ladakh and their potentials as food and nutraceuticals and future commercial exploitation for nutritional security and good health.
... There are very few researches in which the aroma compounds that are responsible for the sensory properties of sea buckhorn juices are studied [4,21,46,[77][78][79]. ...
... Berries Carotenoids, flavonoids, and organic acids [79] Seeds Catechin, epicatechin, gallocatechin, and epigallocatechin [83] Catechin(4α-8)catechin and catechin(4α-8)epicatechin [84] Oil Carotenoids and β-sitosterol Gallic acid, one of the dominant phenols in sea buckthorn, has been reported to be the most effective antioxidant [86]. Taken together, sea buckthorn seed oil, leaf, branches, and root extracts have significant potential as natural antioxidants and could be used potentially for food additives and the development of useful natural compounds [87]. ...
Current nutritional trends include plant-based diets as nutritional behavior of consumers who are increasingly concerned about a healthy lifestyle. Sea buckthorn (Hippophaë rhamnoides L.) is a plant with great virtues, containing more than 100 types of compounds. It is a plant with versatile properties, multiple economic advantages and a rich history, which still continues in natural medicine, and it is hence included in the daily diet by more and more people for the prevention and treatment of diet-related diseases. Its uniqueness is due to its chemical composition and the health beneficial properties that rise from its composition. This review is a detailed analytical picture of the current state of knowledge currently available regarding the Hippophaë plant, providing an overview of the qualities of sea buckthorn. This article summarizes data on sea buckthorn's nutritional value, health beneficial properties, and its applications.
... During that period, most of the studies on sea buckthorn have been originated in Russia and China and the therapeutic use of sea buckthorn has shifted from traditional use to evidence-based clinical use gradually [66]. For example, since 1950s when Russian initiated the clinical studies of sea buckthorn, medicinal preparations of sea buckthorn have been clinically used to treat gastric ulcers, oral inflammation radiation damage and burns in both former Soviet Union and China [67]. It was only in recent years that more and more studies have been conducted worldwide due to the increasing interest towards sea buckthorn utilization. ...
... It was only in recent years that more and more studies have been conducted worldwide due to the increasing interest towards sea buckthorn utilization. More evidence-based therapeutic properties of sea buckthorn have been known to people such as antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antibacterial, antiatherogenic, immunomodulatory, hepatoprotective, lowing blood sugar, preventing gum bleeding, protecting and recuperating mucosa of stomach or other organs, etc. Besides, it also shows potential to protect the cardiovascular system [61,62,[67][68][69][70][71][72][73]. ...
The desire to extend the wisdom of traditional health systems has motivated the trade of many phytomedicine on a global scale for centuries, especially some dietary herbs, making a great overlap exits between western and eastern phytomedicine. Despite the communication since ancient times, a key disconnect still exists in the dialog among western and eastern herbal researchers. There is very little systematic effort to tap into the friction and fusion of eastern and western wisdom in utilizing phytomedicine. In this review, we analyzed the similarities and differences of three representative phytomedicine, namely Rhodiola , seabuckthorn, and fenugreek, aiming to open up new horizons in developing novel health products by integrating the wisdom of the east and the west.
... It is an important fuel-wood and fodder tree of the region. Fruit and leaves being an important source of anti-oxidant (Geetha et al. 2002;Geetha et al. 2003) [7,8] , this plant has extraordinary economic benefits for the farmers, as it has a high potential in health, food, cosmetic and drug industries. Seabuckthorn is a nitrogen fixing shrub which can increase the nitrogen status of soil as well as overall fertility of soil. ...
... It is an important fuel-wood and fodder tree of the region. Fruit and leaves being an important source of anti-oxidant (Geetha et al. 2002;Geetha et al. 2003) [7,8] , this plant has extraordinary economic benefits for the farmers, as it has a high potential in health, food, cosmetic and drug industries. Seabuckthorn is a nitrogen fixing shrub which can increase the nitrogen status of soil as well as overall fertility of soil. ...
Cold deserts of Himachal Pradesh support Hippophae L (seabuckthorn), which is a multipurpose plant.
Seabuckthorn is a nitrogen fixer and can be used as an option to reclaim degraded lands. The present
study was conducted to know about the soil fertility and its vertical distribution as affected by the
seabuckthorn plantations of different ages. Soil samples were collected at Khangsar village at three
depths, i.e., 0-15 cm, 15-30 cm and 30-45 cm, from one year to five years old seabuckthorn plantations
and chemically analysed for pH, organic carbon, available N, P, K, S, exchangeable Ca, Mg and
micronutrient cations following standard procedures. All the available nutrients organic carbon was
higher in upper layer of soil in seabuckthorn plantation except available K, which was higher in control.
With the increase in age, the increase in contents of all the available nutrients was observed and highest
content was found in five years old plantation. All the nutrients were higher in seabuckthorn plantation as
compared to control.
... In addition to stress alleviation (Mathew et al., 2010) the use of antioxidants is found effective against learning and memory impairments in epilepsy (Xie et al., 2012). Studies reported the medicinal use of Hippophae rhamnoides (Sea buckthorn/Sbt) as immunomodulator and neuroprotector (Yang et al., 1999;Geetha et al., 2002). In vivo data suggests that the Sbt leaf extract promotes wound healing possibly due to its antioxidative properties and found significant increases in reduced glutathione, vitamin C, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase activities in Sbt administered group as compared to control . ...
... Day-wise evaluation of spatial learning and memory in terms of percentage change with respect to latency to reach the hidden platform. (Ianev et al., 1995;Geetha et al., 2002;Suleyman et al., 2002;Gupta and Flora, 2005;Sharma and Deswal, 2018). Hence, to evaluate the action of Sbt on epilepsy, the electrophysiological parameters were studied. ...
Epilepsy is a neurological disorder in which malfunctioning of the electrical activity of the brain causes recurrent, unprovoked seizures. Epilepsy causes wide symptoms that include cognitive dysfunction, anxiety, behavioral alterations, and histological impairments. In this study, the effect of Hippophae rhamnoides (Sea buckthorn/Sbt) on electrophysiology, behavior, and histology in iron-induced epilepsy was analyzed. Rats were randomly divided into four groups (n = 8); Control group, Epileptic group, Sbt treated epileptic group, and Sbt treated group. To induce epilepsy, the intracortical iron injection was administered at a dose of 5 μl of 100 mM FeCl3. A significant increase in epileptiform activity, behavioral abnormalities, and histological impairments was observed in the iron-induced epileptic rats. Hippophae rhamnoides berry extract was administered orally at a dose of 1 ml/kg body wt. for one month. Sbt administration significantly reduced the epileptiform activity, improved behavioral abnormalities, and improved histological impairments in epileptic rats. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the antiepileptic effect of Sbt that probably has exerted by its neuroprotective and behavioral alteration potential against iron-induced epilepsy.
... An earlier study of Hippophae rhamnoides L. seed's methanolic extract exhibited the highest reducing power and antioxidant activities [45]. Geetha et al. (2002) [46] reported inhibition of chromium-induced free radicals in leaf and fruit; consisting of these studies, the Hippophae-rhamnoides L. fruit methanol extracts had high DPPH radical scavenging activity followed by Hippophae-rhamnoides L. grain, meanwhile, Artemisiamacrocephala Jacq. ex Bess, Cacalia-hastata L. and Inonotus obliquus (Ach. ...
... An earlier study of Hippophae rhamnoides L. seed's methanolic extract exhibited the highest reducing power and antioxidant activities [45]. Geetha et al. (2002) [46] reported inhibition of chromium-induced free radicals in leaf and fruit; consisting of these studies, the Hippophae-rhamnoides L. fruit methanol extracts had high DPPH radical scavenging activity followed by Hippophae-rhamnoides L. grain, meanwhile, Artemisiamacrocephala Jacq. ex Bess, Cacalia-hastata L. and Inonotus obliquus (Ach. ...
Background: Reactive oxygen species are involved in the etiology and progress of many kinds of diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, inflammatory and neurodegenerative disorders. Epidemiological studies reported that fruits, vegetables, and wines containing a high percentage of phenolics and flavonoids showed a positive impact in treating inflammatory diseases, reducing cancer risk, and increasing life expectancy.
Objective: Some Mongolian medicinal plants were studied for their antioxidant activity, and anti-cancer effects.
Methods: Some Mongolian medicinal plant extracts were examined for their antioxidant activity by the DPPH-radical scavenging assay, the content of phenolics, and flavonoids by Folin-Ciocalteu and the Dowd method respectively, and anti-cancer activities in human hepatoma cell line HepG2 cells by MTT assay.
Results: Methanol extract from Hippophae rhamnoides L. leaf and ethanol extract from Artemisia macrocephala Jacq. ex Bess. showed the highest efficiency to scavenge free radicals. Ethanol extracts from Hippophae rhamnoides L. grain and Paeonio anomala L. leaf showed the highest total phenolics content whereas Hippophae rhamnoides L. fruit methanol extract and ethanol extract from Caragana leucophloea pojark. mentioned the highest flavonoids content. The Artemisia macrocephala Jacq. ex Bess seed wallet and Paeonia anomala L. seed wallet showed the most potent antiproliferative effects against human liver cancer HepG2 cell line. Gnetin-H compound was isolated from the Paeonio anomala L. seed wallet extract and its molecular structure was determined by 1 H and 13C NMR spectrum and IR spectroscopy methods.
Conclusion: The screening study on anti-oxidative effects of 21 extracts from 15 Mongolian medicinal plants showed antioxidative activities and was rich in phenolics and flavonoids. Among these, methanol extract of the Hippophae rhamnoides L. leaf showed a better anti-oxidative effect than the ethanol extract. Artemisia macrocephala Jacq. ex Bess and Paeonia anomala L. seed wallet mentioned the best anti-cancer effects. Gnetin-H, methyl gallate, ethylgallate were the major components in the extract from the Paeonio anomala L. seed wallet. Finally, the molecular structure of gnetin-H was determined by NMR and IR spectroscopy. Further investigation, especially in vivo antioxidant activity is needed to justify the use of a natural source of antioxidants to prevent the progression of diseases such as cancer.
... 10,11 Systematic scientific studies have shown that SBT leaf aqueous lyophilised extract (SBTL-ALE) possesses significant antioxidative, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, radioprotective and adaptogenic properties. [12][13][14][15][16] Phytochemical characterisation of SBTL-ALE was previously performed in the author's laboratory and it was found to be rich in polyphenols and flavonoids. This extract has also shown potent free radical scavenging, antioxidative, cytoprotective and antibacterial activities. ...
Objective
The present investigation was undertaken to determine the healing efficacy of Hippophae rhamnoides L. (sea buckthorn (SBT)) leaf aqueous lyophilised extract (SBTL-ALE) on a diabetic wound model in rats. The effect of SBTL-ALE was also evaluated on human epithelial cell lines (A431) by using in vitro wound closure and transwell migration assays.
Method
A total of four full-thickness excision-type wounds were created on the dorsal surface of streptozocin-induced diabetic rats. The animals were divided into two groups: control rats treated with soft white petroleum jelly and experimental rats treated with SBTL-ALE (5.0%, weight/weight) ointment applied topically, twice daily for seven days.
Results
SBTL-ALE significantly (p<0.05) accelerated the migration of epithelial cells in in vitro wound closure and transwell migration assays. Further, SBTL-ALE augmented the healing process by significantly (p<0.05) enhanced wound area contraction, faster complete epithelial closure, increased hydroxyproline (collagen) and hexosamine levels in diabetic rats. Histopathological findings confirmed the healing potential of SBTL-ALE. Immunohistochemical analyses showed increased expression of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β and α-smooth muscle actin in SBTL-ALE-treated wounds of diabetic rats. Superoxide dismutase, catalase and reduced glutathione levels increased, whereas reactive oxygen levels were decreased significantly (p<0.05) in SBTL-ALE-treated wounds compared to diabetic controls, which conferred redox homeostasis.
Conclusion
Our results suggest that SBTL-ALE accelerated transdermal wound healing in diabetic rats by increasing the rate of wound contraction, enhancing levels of collagen, hexosamine and endogenous antioxidants, and reducing oxidative stress.
... Numerous studies has supported that this plant is rich with more valuable bioactive molecules like flavonoids, tannins and triterpenes, and have antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-viral, anti-tumor and immunomodulatory properties [12][13][14][15][16] .Further, it is reported to be well tolerated and without side effects in toxicological studies [17][18][19][20] . However, the objective of this study was to ascertain the scientific basis for the use of the leaf extract of SBT in the management of diabetes using streptozotocin-nicotinamide Preparation of type-2 diabetes mellitus animal model ; Type-2 diabetes mellitus animal model was prepared by single intraperitonial injection of 60 mg/kg STZ, after 15 min the i.p. administration of 120 mg/kg nicotinamide in overnight fasted animals20. ...
... The plant extract can produce components that can have microbicidal and fungicide effects through a different type of action (Wang et al., 2016). The antibacterial effect of sea buckthorn has attracted considerable attention among research topics, several studies (Geetha et al., 2002;Tian et al., 2018;Sandulachi et al., 2022) have found sea buckthorn has good antibacterial properties thanks to the large amount of flavonoid components. These findings suggest a more thorough examination of the inhibitory effect of SBP for future research. ...
The utilization of sea buckthorn pomace (SBP) is attracting growing attention since it is valuable industrial waste. This pomace can find usage as a functional ingredient of food because it contains bioactive, health-promoting components, but to our knowledge, few scientists have so far studied utilization of the antimicrobial activity of fruit pomace. The study aims are to broaden our knowledge of antioxidant and antimicrobial status of SBP by utilizing pomace as a functional apple juice ingredient and by monitoring the antioxidant capacity, the total polyphenol content and microbial changes that occur during the storage of juice samples. Our results of this study highlight that the importance of the utilization of SBP because the results reported here provide further evidence that SBP can contribute to increasing the content of valuable components in apple juice samples and inhibiting the growth of microorganisms during storage.
... [10,11] The oil derived from the SBT seed has been studied for its potential role in treating atopic dermatitis and gastric ulcers. [12,13] In addition, consuming SBT berries is shown beneficial in stomach disorders, cardiovascular disease, and also high-altitude disease. [14][15][16] The major issue with using neat SBT fruit oil to treat wounds is that it has a short contact time with the wound surface, which leads to poor skin permeability of its bioactive molecules. ...
OBJECTIVE
The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of topical nanoemulsion (NE)-loaded cream and gel formulations of Hippophae rhamnoides L. (sea buckthorn [SBT]) fruit oil for wound healing.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The NE-loaded cream and gel formulations of H. rhamnoides L. (SBT) fruit oil (IPHRFH) were prepared and evaluated for their wound-healing activity on female Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats. They were further divided into groups (seven) and the wound-healing activity was determined by measuring the area of the wound on the wounding day and on the 0 th , 4 th , 8 th , and 10 th days. The acute dermal toxicity of the formulations was assessed by observing the erythema, edema, and body weight (BW) of the rats.
RESULTS
The topical NE cream and gel formulations of H. rhamnoides L. (SBT) fruit oil showed significant wound-healing activity in female SD rats. The cream formulation of IPHRFH showed 78.96%, the gel showed 72.59% wound contraction on the 8 th day, whereas the positive control soframycin (1% w/w framycetin) had 62.29% wound contraction on the 8 th day. The formulations also showed a good acute dermal toxicity profile with no changes significantly affecting BW and dermal alterations.
CONCLUSIONS
The results of this study indicate that topical NE-loaded cream and gel formulation of H. rhamnoides L. (SBT) fruit oil are safe and effective for wound healing. The formulations showed no signs of acute dermal toxicity in female SD rats.
... Hippophae rhamnoides has been reported to possess adaptogenic potential and initiate adaptive response to stress (Saggu et al. 2007;Tulsawani et al. 2010;Patel et al. 2012). It is reported to possess antioxidant and anti-stress activity (Suryakumar et al. 2002;Narayanan et al. 2005;Liao et al. 2018;Ji et al. 2020). The medicinal properties of extracts of Hippophae rhamnoides leaves are attributed due to the presence of high content of flavonoids, tannins, and triterpenes (Kallio et al. 2002). ...
Stress is appropriately defined as a “nonspecific response of a body to any demand”. Stress may be classified based on various factors including the type of stressor, duration of the stress response, and also on the type of influence on an individual. Upon exposure to stress and based on the type of stress, the body initiates an adaptive response that is governed by various pathological and genomic pathways. Furthermore, if exposure to stressors is prolonged for years in case of extreme stress, it may lead to a pathological state leading to chronic diseases such as cognitive deficit, accelerated aging, hypertension, and other cardiovascular diseases. Such incidences may require interventions such as nutraceuticals and medicines. Adaptogens are plant extracts that help the body adapt or adjust to chronic exposure to stress. They protect against stress-induced pathophysiological symptoms, accelerate mental functioning, and regulate homeostasis. In this chapter, we provide a basic overview of stress and how adaptogens play an excruciating role in its management. The role of selected adaptogens such as Rhodiola imbricata, Hippophae rhamnoides, Ganoderma lucidum, and Cordyceps sinensis eliciting various pharmacological actions by acting on different mechanistic pathways is described.
... For millennia, phyto-extracts have been utilized as a common cure for a variety of ailments. Ethnopharmacology and bioprospecting techniques have gained a lot of interest in the area of natural product biology in recent years [1,2]. Many medicinally important drugs have come from natural or herbal products used in traditional folk medicine [3], as they have been discovered to have fascinating pharmacological and biological activity and are utilized as therapeutic agents [4 -6]. ...
Delphinium uncinatum Wall. (Ranunculaceae) is a native medicinal plant found on the sub-continent that is utilized to cure various human diseases. Using a total of three different tissue parts i.e., the stem, root, and mixed plant (leaves, stem, and root), methanolic extracts were prepared and evaluated to determine the best candidate for potential bioactivity. Phytochemical constituents in prepared extracts were quantified through high-performance liquid chromatography analysis that demonstrated the presence of four flavonoid compounds , rutoside, nicotiflorin, narcissoside, and violanthin in varying proportions. Strong antibacterial and an-tioxidant potency but mild a-amylase and cytotoxic potential was elucidated. Highest anti-inflammatory potential was found against PLA2 (36.6 ± 2.08) and 15-LOX (30.33 ± 1.52) followed by COX-1 (25.1 ± 2.02) and COX-2 (19.33 ± 1.52). Anti-aging potential showed strong inhibitory actions toward pentosidine advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and visperlysine AGEs; however, least inhibitory activities were observed against hyaluronidase and elastase. These findings made us aware of further detailed research to determine a novel drug.
... SBB has been shown to exhibit antioxidant, antibacterial, and antiviral effects (Olas et al., 2016;Yue et al., 2017;Kurskaya et al., 2022) and is expected to have a high therapeutic and medicinal potential (Suryakumar and Gupta, 2011). However, the immunomodulatory effects of SBB have been little studied (Geetha et al., 2002;Żuchowski, 2023). In previous studies, many compounds including polyphenols, have been isolated from SBB, with its flavonoid profile primarily comprising isorhamnetin, quercetin, and kaempferol glycosides (Fang et al., 2013;Gu et al., 2022). ...
Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) is a deciduous shrub of the Elaeagnaceae family and is widely distributed in northern Eurasia. Sea buckthorn berry (SBB) has attracted attention for its use in many health foods, although its physiological function remains unknown. In this study, we investigated the inhibitory effect of SBB extract and its fractions on Type-I allergy using mast cell lines. Among these fractions, SBB fraction with the highest amount of antioxidant polyphenols significantly inhibited the release of chemical mediators such as histamine and leukotriene B4 (LTB4) from the stimulated mast cells. This fraction also inhibited the influx of calcium ions (Ca²⁺) and the phosphorylation of tyrosine residues in proteins, including spleen tyrosine kinase, which is associated with signal transduction during the release of chemical mediators. The active SBB fraction contained isorhamnetin as its major flavonol aglycon. Isorhamnetin inhibited histamine and LTB4 release from the stimulated cells and suppressed intracellular Ca²⁺ influx. These results indicate that isorhamnetin is the primary substance responsible for the antiallergic activity in SBB. In conclusion, SBB may alleviate Type-I allergy by inhibiting the release of chemical mediators from mast cells, and polyphenols may contribute to this effect.
... In recent years, the field of natural product biology, ethnomedicine, as well as biodiversity prospecting approaches, has received renewed attention in recent times. [1,2] Herbal products and natural remedies used in ancient traditional medicine have been a vital source for medically beneficial drugs. Punica granatum is the botanical name for pomegranate, and it is a small fruitbearing tree or shrub that grows between 5 and 8 meters (16-26 feet) tall. ...
Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of Punica granatum peel extract by in vitro analysis. Objective: The purpose of the study is to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of P. granatum peel extract by in vitro analysis. Materials and Methods: P. granatum was collected from local market, shade dried, and peeled. The ethanol extraction of P. granatum peel powder was done as per the standard method. Different concentrations of the extract were used for anti-inflammatory activity by inhibition of albumin denaturation and proteinase inhibitory action methods. All samples were analyzed in triplicate. The results were statistically analyzed. Results: The results indicate that the methanol extracts of P. granatum possess anti-inflammatory properties. Conclusion: It is concluded from the present study that methanol extracts of P. granatum possess anti-inflammatory properties due to the strong occurrence of polyphenolic compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, steroids, and phenols in the plant extracts.
... Diwaker et al. [4] have found isorhanmnetin, and flavonoid glycosides isorhamnetin-3-O-β-D-glucopytanoside, isorhamnetin-7-O-α-L-rhamnopyraniside, isorhamnetin-3-[O-β-Dglucopyranosyl]-7-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside, and kaempferol-3βglucopyranoside (astragalin). Leaf extract has been reported to have marked anti-bacterial, anti-viral, anti-tumor, and wound healing activity by decreasing cytotoxity and ROS generation and adaptogenic activity under multiple stresses respectively [5,[18][19][20][21][22][23], besides having significant anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties [11,12,24]. Leaf extract based drugs, containing flavanoids, have been demonstrated to increase the wound healing after chemical burns and plain wounds [25,26]. ...
... Sea buckthorn has multiple uses in traditional medicine (Wani et al., 2016). By stimulating the cellular and humoral immune response, by restoring integrity and number of macrophages (enhanced phagocytosis process) (Suryakumar and Gupta, 2011), preserving the structure and functionality of lymphocytes and activating the majority of the immune cells (Geetha et al., 2002;Prakash et al., 2005) sea buckthorn has also been considered as an immune modulator. Sea buckthorn has antibacterial properties, due its high content of phenolic compounds, which inhibit the growth of Gram negative bacteria (e.g. ...
Low-input farming subject’s swine to increased immune stress and subsequent infectious risk, which could be prevented by phytotherapy. Hypopphae rhamnoides is a widespread shrub in both Europe and Asia. The research aimed at investigating the influence of a whole fruit extract on antibacterial effect of the serum in extensively raised, two batches, sea buckthorn in vivo treated/untreated pigs. Scavenging effect over DPPH was used to estimate the antioxidant potential of the sea buckthorn commercial syrup (Steaua Divina©). Minimal inhibiting (MIC) and minimal bactericidal (MBC) capacity of the serum were tested and spectrophotometrically measured against Shigella spp., Kitococcus sedentarius, Staphylococcus werneri and Staphylococcus sciuri. The antioxidant activity of the syrup was intermediate (54.65 %). Sera from treated pigs had bactericidal and bacteriostatic effect on Shigella spp. and S. sciuri, respectively. Shigella spp. growth was inhibited at serum dilutions of ½-1/32 while much lower ½-1/4 dilutions were active against S. sciuri. In untreated pigs, the sera were inefficient in either stopping or totally inhibiting bacterial growth. The MBC and MIC values obtained for the sera of pigs treated with Hippophae rhamnoides syrup supported the positive effect of the in vivo treatment inducive of potential protection against bacterial diseases.
... The antioxidant activity of seabuckthorn against oxidative damage has been reported by several researchers. Pre-treatment of SBT extract inhibited oxidant-induced cytotoxicity, decreased ROS production, and also enhanced the levels of antioxidants (Geetha et al. 2002a(Geetha et al. , b, 2009. A recent study reported the antioxidant potential of polysaccharides from seabuckthorn berries (PSB) via decreasing malonaldehyde and protein carbonyls and increasing superoxide dismutase and glutathione . ...
Intraspecific genetic diversity is an important characteristic of the evolutionary potential, fitness, and conservation status of any species. Monitoring this characteristic is particularly important in rare, vulnerable, or endangered species with small fragmented populations and in domesticated or cultivated species. Humans have been exploiting seabuckthorn (Hippophae L., Elaeagnaceae) for thousands of years, but its considerable economic potential has only recently been appreciated. Studies of genetic resources in the genus have accumulated valuable information on evolutionary history, biogeography, genetic diversity within populations, population structure, and genes with putative specific adaptive functions in its different species and taxa. The further utilization of genetic resources in seabuckthorn strongly depends on understanding the mechanisms behind genetic patterns in its wild populations and specific evolutionary and ecological mechanisms of adaptations of these populations to local environments. Monitoring and preservation of genetic diversity across the genus have so far been an underappreciated issue, which should be included in further research programs on this plant. Further studies should focus on monitoring genetic diversity in poorly studied taxa, identification of endangered populations under threat of genetic erosion, and on identification of genes controlling important adaptive functions and important agricultural traits. These genes can be a part of genomic regions underlying the adaptation to changing environments, resistance and tolerance to diseases, pests, and abiotic stresses, or biochemical pathways of synthesis of bioactive secondary metabolites with strong potential for local and international marketing. Identification and characterization of these genes can lead to a better understanding of molecular mechanisms of adaptation to past and future climatic fluctuations and environmental modifications. Ultimately, this knowledge will help breeding plants with the desired combination of traits. Specifically, the breeding of varieties of high ecological, medicinal, or nutritional value, adapted to the areas of their cultivation, will be greatly facilitated.
... Indeed, allergy is one of the clinical manifestations of patients with immune dysregulation, which was ameliorated through specific Treg-based immunotherapies. Geetha et al. [22] also support the view that the extracts of seabuckthorn have immunomodulating activity through T lymphocyte. Taken together, our results suggested that seabuckthorn juice has an effect of suppressing food allergy, which was related to the immunoregulation effect of seabuckthorn. ...
Tropomyosin (TM) in shrimp is one of the predominant causes of food allergy around the world. In the present study, the effect of seabuckthorn juice against TM -induced shrimp allergy was investigated in BALB/c mice. Allergic symptoms, spleen index, intestinal section and diarrhea were measured in shrimp allergy mice. As the results, seabuckthorn juice suppressed the lesions in jejunum tissue, diarrhea and allergic symptoms in shrimp allergy mice. Seabuckthorn juice also reduced serum concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) as well as immunoglobulin E (IgE) and stimulated the secretion of interleukin-10 (IL-10) in mice with shrimp allergy. Taken together, our findings suggest that increased IL-10 by seabuckthorn juice inhibits Th2 cytokine production to suppress shrimp allergic symptoms. Furthermore, seabuckthorn juice also regulates shrimp allergy by reducing jejunum lesions, inhibiting levels of TNF-α and IgE.
... In traditional Chinese medicine and the Tibetan Amchi system, its leaves and berries are used to treat asthma, skin diseases and gastric ulcers. Further experimental studies have revealed its antioxidant, immune-modulatory, anti-atherogenic, anti-stress and tissue-regenerative properties, as well as its efficacy against jaundice, liver and gastrointestinal disorders (2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8). Phytochemical studied of sea buckthorn have led to identification of a range of bioactive compounds such as β-carotene, lycopene, lutein, zeaxanthin, quercetin, kaempferol, isorhamnetin, β-sitosterol, ursolic acid, oleanolic acid, and palmitic acid etc. in its berries (9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14). ...
The present study assessed the in vitro anti-hepatitis B virus (HBV) effects of cold-adapted sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides). Sea buckthorn leaf ethanol extracts subjected to chloroform (SB-Chl), ethyl acetate (SB-Eac), n-butanol (SB-But) and aqueous (SB-Aqu) fractionation were first examined (MTT assay) for their toxic effects on HepG2 cells. While SB-Chl (IC50, 32.58 µg/ml) exhibited high cytotoxicity, SB-Eac, SB-But SB-Aqu were non-toxic at up to 150 µg/ml. High performance liquid chromatography analysis led to the identification of the anti-HBV active flavonols, quercetin (93.09 µg/g), kaempferol (44.19 µg/g) and isorhamnetin (138.75 µg/g) in the extract. The analysis of the anti-HBV effects of SB-Eac, SB-But and SB-Aqu (50 µg/ml, each) on HepG2.2.15 cells revealed the marked inhibition of HBsAg and HBeAg expression levels. At the concentration of 10 µg/ml, quercetin and kaempferol exerted potent inhibitory effects on HBsAg (60.5 and 62.3%, respectively) and HBeAg synthesis (64.4 and 60.2%, respectively), as compared to isorhamnetin (30.5 and 28.4%, respectively). The HBV-polymerase inhibitor drug, lamivudine (2 µM), inhibited HBsAg and HBeAg expression by 87.4 and 83.5%, respectively. The data were in good agreement with a previous in vitro and in silico molecular docking analysis performed by the authors where quercetin, kaempferol and lamivudine had formed stable complexes with HBV-polymerase binding-pocket amino acids. On the whole, to the best of our knowledge, the present study provides the first report of the anti-HBV therapeutic potential of sea buckthorn, attributed to quercetin, kaempferol and isorhamnetin.
... The capacity of substances to inhibit microbial growth is called antimicrobial activity (Koehn et al, 2005). The use of medicinal plants & their extracts is an ageold practice from the time immemorial (Bremner et al., 2002;Geetha et al., 2002). In vitro antimicrobial activity of plants can easily be detected by observing the growth response of various microorganisms to those plant extracts or their solvent fractions that are placed in contact with them. ...
Medicinal plants constitute an important natural wealth of a country. They play a significant role in providing primary health care services to rural people. They serve as therapeutic agents as well as important raw materials for the manufacture of traditional and modern medicine (Battle et al, 2005). Thus, this research work was designed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of Scoparia dulcis (Family: Plantaginaceae) and Mikania cordata (Family: Asteraceae). The in vitro antimicrobial activity was tested against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyrogens, Escherichia coli and Shigella dysenteriae where the ethanolic extract disc (2000µg/disc) of Scoparia dulcis gave 114 mm zone of inhibition against Shigella dysenteriae in contrast to the commercial Tetracycline's highest zone of inhibition 140 mm and Mikania cordata test sample (2000µg/disc) gave a greater zone of inhibition 160 mm than the commercial antibiotic disc against Staphylococcus aureus. The MIC value of the ethanolic stem extract of Mikania cordata was found at 1250µg/ml and of Scoparia dulcis at 2500µg/ml Shigella dysenteriae and for Streptococcus pyrogen the MIC value of the ethanolic stem extract of Mikania cordata was found at 5000 µg/ml and for Scoparia dulcis at 5000 µg/ml.
... The fruit and leaves are rich in nutrients and bioactive components such as vitamins (Kudritskaya et al., 1989;Zadernowski et al., 2003;Luhua et al., 2004;Ranjith et al., 2006), amino acids (Yushipitsina et al., 1988;Repyakh et al., 1990) lipids (Goncharova and Glushenkova, 1993;Ul´chenko et al., 1995;Bekker and Giuschenkova, 1997) sugars and acids (Yang, 2009), and flavonoids (Häkkinen et al., 1999). According to certain studies, sea buckthorn contains antioxidants such Carotene (vitamin A), Ascorbate (vitamin C), Tocopherol (vitamin E), and Glutathione (Geetha et al., 2002a(Geetha et al., , 2002bChawla et al., 2007;Püssa et al., 2007;Dorhoi et al., 2006;Geetha et al., 2009). Sea buckthorn decreases enzyme activity or hormonal status damage caused by immobilization or cold-hypoxia-restraint (Krylova et al., 2000;Saggu and Kumar, 2007). ...
Effect of partial replacing of wheat by sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.)
fruit residues in broiler diets on performance and skin pigmentation
... Alpha-tocopherol present in sea buckthorn is important for human health . Sea buckthorn leaf extracts have anti-inflammatory, anti-tumoral, and antioxidative properties (Geetha et al., 2002;Ganju et al., 2005;Jain et al., 2008;Chen et al., 2019;Criste et al., 2020). Sea buckthorn aqueous extract protected against arsenic-induced oxidative stress (Gupta and Flora, 2005). ...
Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) is an underutilized ecologically and economically important wind-pollinated, low-demanding, dioecious, thorny, and winter hardy tree or shrub native to Europe and Asia. Since ancient times, people living in the cold deserts used it as folk medicine, nutritional supplement, fuel, fence, and fodder. Hence, popularly known as the ‘Gold Mine’ of cold deserts. Sea buckthorn fruits are nutritionally rich with a high amount of vitamins. It also contains bioactive compounds like tannins, flavonoids, sterols, carotenoids, tocopherols, and lipids, therefore, implying as an excellent source for discovering new drugs and improving the food quality of humans. Unfortunately, aside from excellent traits still very limited progress has been made in the improvement of sea buckthorn through conventional breeding programs therefore, the application of modern biotechnological and high-throughput sequencing tools for the bio-prospection of agronomically important traits is needed to speed up the breeding programs. Highlighting several uses of sea buckthorn, it made a case for its status as an underutilized crop with the potential to contribute to our food and nutritional base. It is an interesting subject of future research and scientific publications, as highlights the scientific insights into the existing know-how i.e. historical perspective, taxonomical and botanical description, genetic diversity and distribution; medicinal and nutritional importance, market potential and key players, breeding constraints, biotechnological advancements, omics-based interventions, and a path forward for adoption and large-scale cultivation of sea buckthorn to provide a clear concept for future research.
... The antioxidant and immunomodulatory properties of sea buckthorn have been studied in vitro using rat splenocytes, macrophages, and the C-6 glioma cell line, as well as in vivo using male albino rats. Alcoholic leaf extract of sea buckthorn (500 g/mL) was found to inhibit the production of chromium-induced free radicals, as well as apoptosis, and to restore antioxidant status to that in control cells [81]. Even at a lower concentration (100 mg/kg), the extract protects rats from chromium-induced oxidative damage [82]. ...
Growing demand for value-added products and functional foods is encouraging manufacturers to consider new additives that can enrich their products and help combat lifestyle diseases. The healthy properties of sea buckthorn have been recognized for centuries. This plant has a high content of bioactive compounds, including antioxidants, phytosterols, essential fatty acids, and amino acids, as well as vitamins C, K, and E. It also has a low content of sugar and a wide spectrum of volatiles, which contribute to its unique aroma. Sea buckthorn shows antimicrobial and antiviral properties, and is a potential nutraceutical or cosmeceutical. It was proven to help treat cardiovascular disease, tumors, and diabetes, as well as gastrointestinal and skin problems. The numerous health benefits of sea buckthorn make it a good candidate for incorporation into novel food products.
... Ethosomes of ketoconazole. [37] Debnath et al. ...
Background: Ethosomes are transdermal drug delivery system and preferred over other liposomal drugs pertaining to high permeation through skin. The increased permeation is caused due to use of ethanol, which provides important benefits such as improved drug delivery, patient compliance, comfort, easy to administer. Main Text: Ethanol's have unique structure which helps in encapsulating highly lipophilic molecules such as cannabinoids, testosterone and minoxidil, and some cationic drugs such as propranolol, trihexaphenidyl, Cyclosporine, insulin, salbutamol etc. This types of enhanced drug delivery of bioactive molecules through skin by means of ethosomal carrier cause numerous challenges and opportunities for future development. This review is focused on Advantage, method of preparation, application, evaluation, herbal product and recent patents of Ethosomes. Conclusion: Ethosomes are more stable than other conventional liposomes. They are safe, have more efficacy and long-term stability, and can be manufactured easily. Ethosomes is a new trend of transdermal drug delivery and is successful in delivering through skin. In this system, side effects are minimized and it has better penetration ability. The ability to encapsulate hydrophilic drugs, cationic drugs, proteins and peptides has opened new challenges and opportunities for development of novel improved therapies on the market. Considerable research has been conducted to characterize the novel non-invasive carrier. Such development may further increase the range of transdermal applications.
... 17,18 In addition SBT leaves have also been reported to have significant antioxidant, immunomodulatory, anti-hyperlipidemic, anti-myocardial and anti-fatty liver properties. 19,20 ...
Modern generation vaccines have poor immunogenicity and rely on adjuvants to potentiate their immunogenicity to generate a desired immune response. Adjuvants are macro-molecular complexes that enhance immunogenicity of antigens in vaccines, thereby playing an important role in vaccine formulation. The present study aims to develop a de-novo herbal adjuvant derived from a medicinal plant growing in adverse climatic conditions at high altitude. The adjuvant was compared with CFA and Alum. Animals were immunized with native, recombinant and conjugated proteins. The humoral immune response was measured in terms of antibody titers. A relativecontribution of Th1/Th2 type was evaluated in terms of IgG1 & IgG2a isotyping and IFN-γ & IL4 levels. Splenocytes from mice
immunized showed moderate T- cell recruitment in terms of cell proliferation. Antigen specific immunoglobulin levels were significantly enhanced by adjuvant at par with CFA & Alum. Therefore, this adjuvant could be substitute for oil and alum adjuvants.
... Herbal medicines derived from plant extracts are being increasingly used in treating a wide variety of metal toxicities [24]. Aqueous sea buckthorn (SBT) leave extract (SLE) has been shown to have protective effect against chromium induced oxidative stress in in vivo as well as in in vitro studies [25,26]. Hippophae rhamnoides L. subspecies turkestanica (family Elaeagnaceae) commonly known as SBT is a branched and thorny nitrogen-fixing deciduous shrub, native to Europe and Asia, particularly in Ladakh division of Jammu and Kashmir, and Himachal Pradesh. ...
... Sea buckthorn has antioxidant (Geetha et al., 2002a(Geetha et al., ,b, 2009Chawla et al., 2007;Püssa et al., 2007), anti infective (Larmo et al., 2008) function and exerts beneficial effects on liver fibrosis (Gao et al., 2003) and immune function (Dorhoi et al., 2006). The body weight of poultry have increased greatly after feeding leaves, seeds and fruit residues of SBT (Wang, 1997). ...
Spinach and coriander are the most common vegetable items for kitchen in India. Traditional method (using sickle or knife in sitting or squatting posture) of its cutting is prevalent in the country. In this practice, cut crops are gathered by hand and kept in loose or in bundle. Multiple times (4-6 times/season) harvesting of these crops increases harvesting cost including time and labour. The traditional method of cutting develops strains to the workers due to the static uncomfortable posture. Since mechanization in this area is very limited or scarce, therefore, a walk behind offset rotary cutter has been developed to cut and lay the cut crop in windrow. It consists of frame, 250W geared DC
motor, two 12V-12ah batteries, power transmission, cutting unit and handle. A worker with the developed cutter provided output of 145 m2 /h for green spinach and 153 m2/h coriander. The leftover leaves rate after manual and machine cut per m2 area was 0.35 and 1.4% respectively. Time taken in collection of cut crop by the developed cutter and making bundle manually was incorporated in getting overall output with this system was found 2.56 times more than traditional system of harvesting the crops. This equipment provides powered mechanical aid in cutting operation to avoid squatting or sitting or changing posture while performing this activity which further helped in reducing
drudgery of farm worker with increased output.
... Numerous studies has supported that this plant is rich with more valuable bioactive molecules like flavonoids, tannins and triterpenes, and have antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-viral, anti-tumor and immunomodulatory properties [12][13][14][15][16] .Further, it is reported to be well tolerated and without side effects in toxicological studies [17][18][19][20] . However, the objective of this study was to ascertain the scientific basis for the use of the leaf extract of SBT in the management of diabetes using streptozotocin-nicotinamide Preparation of type-2 diabetes mellitus animal model ; Type-2 diabetes mellitus animal model was prepared by single intraperitonial injection of 60 mg/kg STZ, after 15 min the i.p. administration of 120 mg/kg nicotinamide in overnight fasted animals20. ...
Besides the general introduction of sea buckthorn, the processing status of sea buckthorn powder, including processing technology and application status of sea buckthorn powder, is described, which emphatically involves the factors that affect the processing quality of sea buckthorn. The physical basis of immune regulation in sea buckthorn is also discussed, and the nutritional components affecting immunity in sea buckthorn are explained. The effects of sea buckthorn on immune system are summarized. Finally, the product development and the problems and prospects of sea buckthorn powder processing are provided in detail.
This chapter provides a general introduction to the health benefits of sea buckthorn associated with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. The in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of flavonoids extracts from sea buckthorn, the anti-inflammatory activities of extracts from different tissues (including seeds, berries, and leaves), and the effect of the main flavonoids derived from sea buckthorn including flavone aglycones (i.e., isorhamnetin, quercetin, kaempferol, and myricetin) and flavonol glycosides (i.e., isorhamnetin-3-O-rutinoside and isorhamnetin-3-O-glucoside) are introduced. The antioxidant activities of flavonoids extracted from sea buckthorn and different tissues are discussed. Finally, the effects of the main flavonoids obtained from sea buckthorn on scavenging radicals and alleviating oxidative stress are also introduced.
Himachal Pradesh, located in the western Himalaya, is known for its rich biodiversity. Among its unique ecosystems; the cold desert region of Lahaul-Spitti is home to a variety of Medicinal Plants that have played a vital role in traditional healing systems. This paper explores some of the important Medicinal Plants found in this region, their traditional uses and their significance for local economies.
In the last decades, the world population and demand for any kind of product have grown exponentially. The rhythm of production to satisfy the request of the population has become unsustainable and the concept of the linear economy, introduced after the Industrial Revolution, has been replaced by a new economic approach, the circular economy. In this new economic model, the concept of “the end of life” is substituted by the concept of restoration, providing a new life to many industrial wastes. Leaves are a by-product of several agricultural cultivations. In recent years, the scientific interest regarding leaf biochemical composition grew, recording that plant leaves may be considered an alternative source of bioactive substances. Plant leaves’ main bioactive compounds are similar to those in fruits, i.e., phenolic acids and esters, flavonols, anthocyanins, and procyanidins. Bioactive compounds can positively influence human health; in fact, it is no coincidence that the leaves were used by our ancestors as a natural remedy for various pathological conditions. Therefore, leaves can be exploited to manufacture many products in food (e.g., being incorporated in food formulations as natural antioxidants, or used to create edible coatings or films for food packaging), cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries (e.g., promising ingredients in anti-aging cosmetics such as oils, serums, dermatological creams, bath gels, and other products). This review focuses on the leaves’ main bioactive compounds and their beneficial health effects, indicating their applications until today to enhance them as a harvesting by-product and highlight their possible reuse for new potential healthy products.
The book Medicinal Plants and Healing of Human Health Focuses on differentaspect of the importance of medicinal plants and human health. Every civilization has employed herbal medicine to cure and prevent illness throughout history. The resources used in each culture were those that were accessible in the area and cateredto regional health issues. Cultural traditions were exposed through immigration and trade, where they were frequently supplanted by contemporary scientific ideas and medical procedures. It included contemporary topics like the role of natural productsand, emerging drug discovery trends in the field of Oncology, Forgotten Wisdom: Reviving the Legacy of Ethnomedicine through Plant-Based Remedies, Indianmedicinal plants used in hair problems, Ethnopharmacological application of medicinal plants to cure skin diseases and in folklore cosmetics among the major tribal communities of India and Antibacterial Activity Of Artabotrys Flower Oil On Atopic Dermatitis Pathogen Causes Skin Infection.
The germination behaviour of seeds of 11 natural populations of Hippophae rhamnoides and 1 each of H. salicifolia and H. tibetana growing in cold desert and high altitude region of Himalayan State of Himachal Pradesh, was studied. The seeds of Seabuckthorn growing in arid region of Spiti showed better germination rate (98-100%) than those of semi-arid region of Lahaul (21-97%). Among the species, H. tibetana showed a maximum rate of seed germination (100 %) followed by H. rhamnoides (21.0-100.0%) and H. salicifolia (37.0%). After 14 days, biotype of H. tibetana attained the maximum length of 8.71 cm, significantly higher than those of H. rhamnoides (4.3-6.5 cm) and H. salicifolia (3.7 cm). Seedlings of all the biotypes had longer shoots than roots, with the exception of H. tibetana. Seeds with brown colour, oval, ovate and oblong shapes showed better growth than the cylindrical, elliptical, with the exception of H. tibetana. In general, seeds of medium to large size had better growth than the small seeds.
Introduction. Scanning electron microscopy is a modern method that allows us to study not only the morphological features of objects, but also to conduct micro-X-ray structural analysis. Currently, the method is being actively introduced into the study of biological objects (including plant ones). Sea buckthorn ( Hippophaë rhamnoides L.) leaves are a non-pharmacopoeial type of medicinal plant raw materials. Further study of the morphology, anatomy and phytochemical composition of leaves can contribute to the production of new, including combined, medicines, which will require the development of a pharmacopoeia article for this medicinal plant raw material.
Aim. The aim of the study was to study the morphological and anatomical features of sea buckthorn leaves by scanning electron microscopy.
Materials and methods. The object of the study was dried whole leaves of sea buckthorn ( Hippophaë rhamnoides L.), collected in the Voronezh region in 2021 during the period of mass fruit maturity. To carry out the study by scanning electron microscopy, pieces of leaves were previously sprayed with gold on an automatic spraying unit Q150R ES (Quorum Technologies Ltd., United Kingdom) to increase conductivity. Micrographs were obtained using an electron microscope JSM-6510LV (JEOL Ltd., Japan).
Results and their discussion. The morphology and some features of the anatomical structure of sea buckthorn leaves were studied and the main microdiagnostic signs (surface character, types of trichomes, the presence of stomata) were clarified. The content of elements (silicon, potassium, aluminum, carbon and calcium) was determined during the microrentgenostructural analysis. Micrographs of pollen grains of the plant were obtained, the presence of the element iron in them was established.
Conclusion. For the first time, the method of scanning electron microscopy was used to study the morphological and anatomical features of sea buckthorn leaves. The main diagnostic signs of leaves and their location have been clarified. It has been established that carbon predominates in the composition of the raw material elements, and calcium also accumulates. The accumulation of aluminum, silicon and potassium in numerous hairs densely covering the upper, and especially the lower, surfaces of the leaf blade is assumed. The morphology of the surface of pollen grains of sea buckthorn, having a spherical shape with a spiny shell, has been established. Pollen grains, in addition to carbon, are characterized by the accumulation of iron and silicon.
Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) is native to northwest Europe to central Asia, including the Altai Mountains, the northern Himalayas, as well as northern and western China. Apart from being widely accessible, sea buckthorn also has a variety of vital vitamins and nutrients, such as polyunsaturated fatty acids, carotenes, flavonoids, free amino acids, and basic elements. Its bioactive phytochemical components are naturally anti-carcinogenic, immunomodulatory, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, anti-atherogenic, and radioprotective, among other biological actions. Although many products have been made, sea buckthorn is usually taken in its natural form. Sea buckthorn has a lot of potential as a nutritional supplement. Regarding its therapeutic properties, it can be used as pure extracts for maintaining good health or for the treatment or as preventive measure for diseases. In addition to all the benefits and potentials, designing effective products like food, pharmaceuticals, and feed in a way that is market-appropriate and commercially viable is crucial if we are to meet and support consumer demand and market trends. This chapter deals with the taxonomy, flowering season, global distribution, morphology, medicinal applications, phytochemistry, pharmacological activities, safety assessment, and potential contributions of plant biotechnology to the conservation of sea buckthorn and its future prospects.
Oxidative stress is caused by an imbalance between the overproduction of free radicals and the radical-scavenging anti-oxidative defense system, which results in the accumulation of detrimental reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS). Seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) is a precious plant resource that has been reported useful in foods, nutraceuticals, cosmetics, and drugs for a long time. The medicinal value of seabuckthorn is attracting considerable attention mainly for its antioxidant properties. However, there is no systematic literature review focused on the antioxidant capacity and underlying mechanisms of the seabuckthorn extracts. This review summarizes the antioxidant property of the leaf, berry, and oil extracts of seabuckthorn. We also pay much attention to the anti-oxidative properties of the polyphenols, flavonoids, polysaccharides, and other fractions in seabuckthorn extracts. It is noteworthy that the underlying mechanisms of the antioxidant activity of seabuckthorn have been discussed as follows: modulating the NRf-2/ARE antioxidant system, inhibiting the MAPK, NF-κB, STAT3 signaling pathway, suppressing the apoptotic signaling pathway, modulating the metabolic pathway, and impacting the gut microbiota. Major challenges related to the uncertainty problems in the research on seabuckthorn and the key research directions are suggested in this review.
This chapter summarizes the medicinal and nutraceutical applications of seabuckthorn in preventive as well as therapeutic effects in different diseases. This plant is recently gaining a lot of attention all over the world and explored for its bioactive constituents as well as medicinal activity. Traditionally, this plant has been extensively used in folklore treatment for several diseases such as stomach malfunctioning, ulcers, liver injury, tendon and ligament injuries, and cardiovascular and skin diseases. Researchers have investigated the pharmacological activities in seabuckthorn using several in vitro studies, relevant preclinical models, and some clinical trials. Several traditional uses of seabuckthorn have been scientifically analyzed, and the biological activities such as antioxidant, anti-stress, adaptogenic, anti-cancer, immunomodulatory, hepatoprotective, radioprotective, anti-atherogenic, and wound healing have been reported. Hence, the present knowledge identifies the development of herbal medicines and nutraceuticals from seabuckthorn.
Seabuckthorn (Hippophae L.), a member of the family Elaeagnaceae, grows widely in Europe and high-altitude areas of Eurasia. The genus Hippophae L. has 6 species and 9 subspecies, mostly indigenous to Asia. The 15–25 °C range of optimum temperature during the summer suits the plantation for natural growth. The radiation range of 23.5–26.5 kcal/cm2 between the isolines promotes the growth of the plant during summer. Seabuckthorn though prefers the low-temperature conditions, however, requires some higher temperature conditions for the faster growth of the plant. The natural distribution of the plant varies from 60 m in Europe to 5300 m above sea level in Asia. Naturally, seabuckthorn grows on riversides with higher moisture, sloppy and well-drained land with higher silt content, and other marginal lands, where conditions are not suitable for many other crops. Different species of seabuckthorn are adapted to varied environmental and soil conditions. Seabuckthorn is known to be well-adapted to dry sites also as the plants develop roots quickly even in dry and infertile land due to the occurrence of a nitrogen-fixing bacteria, Frankia, in its root nodules. Globally, about 3 million ha of land is occupied by seabuckthorn resources, mostly by new plantations in China. Other seabuckthorn-rich nations are Russia, Mongolia, India, and Germany. Fruits and leaves of seabuckthorn are quite rich in a variety of vitamins, antioxidants, and omega fatty acids and are therefore being utilized for the production of nutraceuticals, cosmetics, and plant-based medicines globally. This nitrogen-fixing plant is also an excellent soil binder and source of fuelwood and fodder in the cold deserts of the Himalayas and China. This chapter deals with the global distribution of seabuckthorn resources and the market share of seabuckthorn products.
The genetic diversity among thirty six genotypes of Hippophae Salicifolia D. Don of Uttarakhand region and Hippophae rhamnoides subsp. Turkestanica of Laddakh region were studied; using simple sequence repeats DNA (SSRs)-PCR, Random amplified primers (RAPD) and Cytochrome P450 analysis. The protein profiling and antioxidant profiling (quantitative and qualitative) of seeds were also done to select the superior genotypes having high economic importance. A total of seven SSR, twenty one RAPD and five CytoP450 primers were used for detecting genetic variability in Sea buckthorn seeds out of which seven SSR, eleven RAPD and five CytoP450 primers were highly reproducible and found suitable for use in PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) analysis. SSRs profile obtained by primer UTR-15 was containing total of 8 bands (0.15- 0.6 kb), among these eight bands, one was found to be polymorphic (12.5%). The similarity coefficients based on SSR markers ranged from 0.011 to 0.999 with an average value of 0.226. The polymorphism information content (PIC) value ranged from 0.1686 (UTR-015) to 0.2975 (UTR-12) with a mean of 0.351. In RAPD, a total of 198 bands were scored corresponding to an average of 10.8 bands per primer with 138 bands showing polymorphism (73.2 %) with similarity coefficient ranging from 0.011 to 0.999. A dendrogram constructed based on the Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean (UPGMA) clustering method revealed two major clusters of Uttarakhand (with subclusters) and Laddakh region (no subclusters). The analysis of total seed storage protein (quantitative) and protein profiling (qualitative) among the genotypes was performed to indentify novel proteins of important functional attributes. Sodium dodecayl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) based protein profiles of seed proteins showed major differences in banding patterns among these genotypes with respect to altitude besides differences in seed protein contents. The phenol contents of the H. salicifolia (Particularly Genotype ST 10) was found significantly higher (P<0.05) than H. rhamnoides (Genotype DIHAR-6). The flavonoid content of the DIHAR-14 was higher as compared to ST-1. Total scavenging antioxidant was quite high and equally good in all the genotypes. This study may useful in the selection of superior genotypes having higher nutraceutical value by using developed molecular and protein based markers in Uttarakhand and Laddakh regions.
The traditional Indian medicine like Ayurveda and Siddha and traditional Chinese medicine remain the most ancient therapies. While Ayurveda originated in North and is popular in entire India and world, Siddha system of medicine is majorly practiced in South of India. Similarly, Chinese system of medicine is also evolved and established in thousands of years. There is an important aspect of maintaining wellness from these traditional systems which includes the concept of development of inherent immunity to sustain better health throughout the life. There has been increased surge of global interest in traditional medicines’ probable prophylactic/therapeutic measure for the modulation of immune response. Herbs have shown potential of being used as immunomodulators especially the drugs used in alternative system of medicine have been documented to possess immunomodulatory properties. Modulation of immune response to mitigate the diseases was the approach of Rasayana in Ayurveda is based on interrelated principles. Rasayana drugs in Ayurveda are known to increase longevity, stop aging, and offer resistance to disease by increasing the immune system. Many plants like Terminalia arjuna, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Withania somnifera, Swertia chirayita, Nardostachys jatamansi, Picrorhiza sps., Chlorophytum borivilianum, Asparagus racemosus, etc. used in Ayurvedic system of medicine for Rasayana therapy have been investigated for their therapeutic effects on the immune system. There have been constant efforts to screen and standardize herbal drugs and traditional medicines from Ayurvedic and Himalayan plants. Traditional system of medicine still necessitates more extensive evidence-based scientific research. This chapter gives an overview of basic principles and cohesions of different traditional medicine system and key elements of these great plant-based traditions need to address to compete in global market. Further it incorporates an extensive data on plants used under these traditional systems as well the mechanism involved in the pharmacological findings with a view to appreciate immunomodulation properties of phytomolecules from these plants.KeywordsTraditional knowledgeAyurvedaimmunomodulatingIndian medicineHerbalPharmacologicalRasayanaPhytopharmaceutical
Chromium (Cr) disrupts the growth and physiology of plants. Selenium (Se) is considered as a promising option to help plants ameliorate Cr toxicity. To investigate the effects of exogenous Se on reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst and programmed cell death (PCD) in root tip cells under Cr stress, hydroponic experiments were carried out with Chinese cabbage seedlings grown in Hoagland solution containing 1 mg L⁻¹ Cr and 0.1 mg L⁻¹ Se. Results showed that Se scavenged the overproduction of H2O2 and O2－·, and alleviated the level of lipid peroxidation in root tips stressed by Cr. Moreover, Se effectively prevented DNA degradation and reduced the number of apoptotic cells in root tips. Compared with Cr treatment, Se supplementation reduced the content of ROS and malondialdehyde in mitochondria by 38.23% and 17.52%, respectively. Se application decreased the opening degree of mitochondrial permeability transition pores by 32.30%, increased mitochondrial membrane potential by 40.91%, alleviated the release of cyt c from mitochondria into cytosol by 18.42% and caused 57.40% decrease of caspase 3-like protease activity, and thus restored mitochondrial dysfunction caused by Cr stress. In addition, the alteration of Se on mitochondrial physiological properties maintained calcium homeostasis between mitochondria and cytosol, which further contributed to reducing the appearance of Cr-induced PCD. Findings suggested that Se restored mitochondrial dysfunction, which further rescued root tip cells from PCD, consequently activating defense strategies to protect plants from Cr toxicity and maintaining plant growth.
Sea buckthorn (SB) berries have been used as a medicine for centuries. Its exceptional nutritional value and health-promoting benefits have been disclosed by recent research. SB berries are high in health-promoting bioactive compounds, such as vitamin C, flavonoids, free fatty acids and carotenoids. At the same time, health-promoting benefits of SB including but not limited to anti-inflammation, skin healing property, reduction of cardiovascular disease risk have drawn a lot of attention due to accumulating evidence. This review addresses this knowledge through botanical characteristics, processing, nutritional value, health-promoting benefits and applications which provides an insight into SB for future research and development.
Sea buckthorn (SB), also named sea berry, Hippophae rhamnoides L. or Elaeagnus rhamnoides L., has been used in daily life for centuries with kinds of purposes ranging from a beverage with a pleasant taste and flavor, to an agent for treatment of many disorders and diseases. SB is well known more than just a fruit. So far, a unique mixture of bioactive components was elucidated in SB including flavonoids, phenolic acids, proanthocyanidins, carotenoids, fatty acids, triterpenoids, vitamins and phytosterols, which implied the great medicinal worth of this seaberry. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments, ranged from cell lines to animals as well as a few in patients and healthy volunteers, indicated that SB possessed various biological activities including anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects, antioxidant properties, anti-cancer activities, hepato-protection, cardiovascular-protection, neuroprotection, radioprotection, skin protection effect as well as the protective effect against some eye and gastrointestinal sickness. Furthermore, the toxicological results revealed neither the fruits, nor the seeds of SB were toxic. The present review summarizes the unique profile of the chemical compounds, the nutritional and health effects as well as the toxicological properties of SB, which lay the foundation for practical applications of SB in treatment of human diseases.
Sickle cell anemia (SCA) is an inherited disorder in the β-globin chain of hemoglobin that affects millions of people around the world, especially children. This disease prevalently occurs in some Mediterranean and Saharan Africa. For the treatment of SCA patients, a wide range of drugs have been explored by targeting antisickling activity, γ-globulin induction, antiplatelet effect, etc., but hardly a few drugs have shown potential to combat with this complex disease phenomenon. In spite of unprecedented advances in modern system of medicine, people in the disease-prone area have been taking traditional medicinal plants or plant-derived products to increase the life span of patients. Moreover, numerous clinical trials have been going on for the use of natural products under the purview of symptomatic management of SCA. This chapter is focused on the effect of natural products in pure form or characterized phytoconstituents on particularly inhibition of hemoglobin polymerization. This summarized information will be beneficial for further exploration of new therapeutics in the treatment arena of SCA.
The oxidant-antioxidant balance is an important determinant of immune cell function, including maintaining the integrity and functionality of membrane lipids, cellular proteins, and nucleic acids and controlling signal transduction and gene expression in immune cells. Optimal amounts of antioxidants are needed for maintenance of the immune response across all age groups. This need might be more critical, however, in aged persons. Age-associated dysregulation of immune response, particularly of T cell-mediated function, is well documented. The well-known age-related increase in free radical formation and lipid peroxidation contributes, at least in part, to this phenomenon. We summarize animal and human studies undertaken by ourselves as well as other investigators on the effects of antioxidants, vitamin E, beta-carotene, and glutathione on the immune response of aged persons. The underlying mechanisms for the antioxidant nutrients' effects as well as their health implications for aged persons are discussed.
While Cr(V) species and .OH radicals have been suggested to play significant roles in the mechanism of chromate-related carcinogenesis, controversy still exists regarding the identity of the Cr(V) species and their role in the generation of .OH radicals. Some recent studies have suggested that the primary Cr(V) species involved is the tetraperoxochromate(V) (CrO8(3-)) ion, which produces .OH radical either on decomposition or by reaction with H2O2. The present study utilized ESR and spin trapping techniques to probe this mechanism. The results obtained show that (i) CrO8(3-) is not formed in any significant quantity in the reaction of chromate with biologically relevant reductants such as glutathione, glutathione reductase, NAD(P)H, ascorbate, vitamin B2, etc. (ii) Decomposition of CrO8(3-), or its reaction with H2O2 does not generate any significant amount of .OH radicals. (iii) The major Cr(V) species formed are complexes of Cr(V) with reductant moieties as ligands. (iv) These Cr(V) complexes generate .OH radicals from H2O2 via Fenton-like reaction. The present study thus disagrees with the recently proposed "tetraperoxochromate(V) theory of carcinogenesis from chromate." Instead, it suggests an alternative mechanism, which might be labeled as "the Cr(V)-complexation-Fenton reaction model of carcinogenesis from chromate.
Glutathione oxidants such as tertiary butyl hydroperoxide were shown previously to prevent microtubule assembly and cause breakdown of preassembled cytoplasmic microtubules in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. The objectives of the present study were to determine the temporal relationship between the attachment and ingestion of phagocytic particles and the assembly of microtubules, and simultaneously to quantify the levels of reduced glutathione and products of its oxidation as potential physiological regulators of assembly. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes from human peripheral blood were induced to phagocytize opsonized zymosan at 30 degrees C. Microtubule assembly was assessed in the electron microscope by direct counts of microtubules in thin sections through centrioles. Acid extracts were assayed for reduced glutathione (GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG), by the sensitive enzymatic procedure of Tietze. Washed protein pellets were assayed for free sulfhydryl groups and for mixed protein disulfides with glutathione (protein-SSG) after borohydride splitting of the disulfide bond. Resting cells have few assembled microtubules. Phagocytosis induces a cycle of rapid assembly followed by disassembly. Assembly is initiated by particle contact and is maximal by 3 min of phagocytosis. Disassembly after 5-9 min of phagocytosis is preceded by a slow rise in GSSG and coincides with a rapid rise in protein-SSG. Protein-SSG also increases under conditions in which butyl hydroperoxide inhibits the assembly of microtubules that normally follows binding of concanavalin A to leukocyte cell surface receptors. No evidence for direct involvement of GSH in the induction of assembly was obtained. The formation of protein-SSG, however, emerges as a possible regulatory mechanism for the inhibition of microtubule assembly and induction of their disassembly.
A lot of medicinal plants, traditionally used for thousands of years, are present in a group of herbal preparations of the Indian traditional health care system (Ayurveda) named Rasayana proposed for their interesting antioxidant activities. Among the medicinal plants used in ayurvedic Rasayana for their therapeutic action, some of these have been throughly investigated. In the present paper seven plants (Emblica officinalis L., Curcuma longa L., Mangifera indica L., Momordica charantia L., Santalum album L., Swertia chirata Buch-Ham, Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal) are viewed for their historical, etymological, morphological, phytochemical and pharmacological aspects. The plants described contain antioxidant principles, that can explain and justify their use in traditional medicine in the past as well as the present. In order to identify the plants with antioxidant activity in Ayurveda, a formulation of some rasayanas with well defined antioxidant properties has been examinated. For this purpose, we have considered Sharma's work on the preparation MAK4, MAK5, MA631, MA 471, MA Raja's Cup, MA Student Rasayana, MA Ladies Rasayana.
Glutathione oxidants such as tertiary butyl hydroperoxide were shown previously to prevent microtubule assembly and cause breakdown of preassembled cytoplasmic microtubules in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. The objectives of the present study were to determine the temporal relationship between the attachment and ingestion of phagocytic particles and the assembly of microtubules, and simultaneously to quantify the levels of reduced glutathione and products of its oxidation as potential physiological regulators of assembly. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes from human peripheral blood were induced to phagocytize opsonized zymosan at 30 degrees C. Microtubule assembly was assessed in the electron microscope by direct counts of microtubules in thin sections through centrioles. Acid extracts were assayed for reduced glutathione (GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG), by the sensitive enzymatic procedure of Tietze. Washed protein pellets were assayed for free sulfhydryl groups and for mixed protein disulfides with glutathione (protein-SSG) after borohydride splitting of the disulfide bond. Resting cells have few assembled microtubules. Phagocytosis induces a cycle of rapid assembly followed by disassembly. Assembly is initiated by particle contact and is maximal by 3 min of phagocytosis. Disassembly after 5-9 min of phagocytosis is preceded by a slow rise in GSSG and coincides with a rapid rise in protein-SSG. Protein-SSG also increases under conditions in which butyl hydroperoxide inhibits the assembly of microtubules that normally follows binding of concanavalin A to leukocyte cell surface receptors. No evidence for direct involvement of GSH in the induction of assembly was obtained. The formation of protein-SSG, however, emerges as a possible regulatory mechanism for the inhibition of microtubule assembly and induction of their disassembly.
Soluble and insoluble hexavalent chromium (Cr6+) agents are concomitantly released with ozone (O3) during welding. Although pulmonary/immunologic implications from exposure to each agent individually have been investigated, the effects from simultaneous exposure, as occurs under actual working conditions, are unclear. To investigate immunomodulatory effects of inhaled Cr6+, F-344 rats were exposed for 5 h/day, 5 days/week for 2 or 4 weeks to atmospheres containing soluble potassium chromate (K2CrO4) or insoluble barium chromate (BaCrO4), each alone at 360 μg Cr/m3or in combination with 0.3 ppm O3. One day after the final exposure, rats were euthanized, their lungs were lavaged, and pulmonary macrophages (PAM) were recovered for assessment of basal and inducible functions. Rats inhaling K2CrO4-containing atmospheres had greater levels of total recoverable cells, neutrophils, and monocytes in bronchopulmonary lavage compared to rats exposed to insoluble Cr6+atmospheres, O3alone, or air; these rats also had a reduced percentage of PAM, although total PAM levels remained unaffected. Although Cr exposure-related changes in PAM functionality were evident, any dependence upon Cr solubility was variable. K2CrO4-containing atmospheres modulated PAM-inducible interleukins-1 and -6, and tumor necrosis factor-α production to a greater degree than those containing BaCrO4. Conversely, BaCrO4-containing atmospheres affected PAM basal nitric oxide production and interferon-γ-primed/zymosan-stimulated reactive oxygen intermediate production to a greater extent than did those containing K2CrO4. In none of the PAM assays did co-inhalation of O3result in a modulation of the effects obtained with either Cr6+compound itself. The results indicate that, while immunomodulatory effects of inhaled Cr6+upon PAM are related to particle solubility, the co-inhalation of O3apparently does not cause further modifications of the metal-induced effects.
The potential immunomodulatory effects of chromium were investigated using a series of in vitro and in vivo studies. Chromium (as K2CrO4) in concentrations spanning five orders of magnitude was added in vitro to T-lymphocyte (concanavalin A) and B-lymphocyte (liposaccharide) mitogen cultures and was found to inhibit T-lymphocyte responses at all concentrations tested and to inhibit B-lymphocyte responses at all but the lowest concentration tested (0.01 mg/L). When the same concentrations of chromium were employed in mixed lymphocyte cultures, antigen-induced thymidine uptake was inhibited at the highest concentrations (100 mg/L-1 mg/L), enhanced at 0.1 mg/L, and equal to control values at lower concentrations. Splenocytes isolated from rats exposed to K2CrO4 in drinking water exhibited enhanced responses to T- and B-lymphocyte mitogens. The addition of 0.1 mg/L of chromium to a mixed lymphocyte culture containing splenocytes taken from chromium-exposed rats increased by 5-fold the uptake of thymidine by these cells. These increased responses of cells from chromium-exposed rats may indicate chromium-induced sensitization and may possibly be used as a biological marker for chromium exposure.
A tetrazolium salt has been used to develop a quantitative colorimetric assay for mammalian cell survival and proliferation. The assay detects living, but not dead cells and the signal generated is dependent on the degree of activation of the cells. This method can therefore be used to measure cytotoxicity, proliferation or activation. The results can be read on a multiwell scanning spectrophotometer (ELISA reader) and show a high degree of precision. No washing steps are used in the assay. The main advantages of the colorimetric assay are its rapidity and precision, and the lack of any radioisotope. We have used the assay to measure proliferative lymphokines, mitogen stimulations and complement-mediated lysis.
A highly sensitive fluorometric method for the quantitation of cholesterol, lipid, and other hydroperoxides at the picomole level is described. The method is based on the oxidation of dichlorofluoroscin to the fluorescent dichlorofluoroscein by hydroperoxide and hematin under mild conditions. A 1:1 stoichiometry is observed between the hydroperoxide added and the dichlorofluoroscein produced. Since endoperoxides (e.g., PGH2) do not react in the assay, they do not interfere in the determination of lipid hydroperoxides.
Numerous methods currently exist for the determination of lipid hydroperoxides. For example,thiobarbituric (TBA) method and iodine method. The TBA method is based on the acid-catalyzed decomposition of the lipid hydroperoxide to malondialdehyde (MDA), which reacts with thiobarbituric acid to form a red chromogen, and the iodine method, based on the oxidation of I- by the peroxide to the I3- chromophore, has an advantage over the TBA test in its specificity toward the functional ROOH group. Therefore, a wider range of organic hydroperoxides can be used. This chapter discusses a fluorescent assay for lipid hydroperoxides, which is highly sensitive and very simple to perform. The assay is based on the original work of Keston and Brandt, in which dichlorofluorescin is oxidized to the fluorescent dichlorofluorescein (DCF) by hydrogen peroxide and peroxidase. By substituting hematin for peroxidase, and optimizing the reaction conditions, one is able to detect as low as 25 pmol of peroxide. The same response was obtained from a wide variety of organic hydroperoxides. There are limitations to this method, but it is offered as an attractive alternative to the current methods.
Chromium and its salts induce cytotoxicity and mutagenesis, and vitamin E has been reported to attenuate chromate-induced cytotoxicity. These observations suggest that chromium produces reactive oxygen species which may mediate many of the untoward effects of chromium. We have therefore examined and compared the effects of Cr(III) (chromium chloride hexahydrate) and Cr(VI) (sodium dichromate) following single oral doses (0.50 LD50) on the production of reactive oxygen species by peritoneal macrophages, and hepatic mitochondria and microsomes in rats. The effects of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) on hepatic mitochondrial and microsomal lipid peroxidation and enhanced excretion of urinary lipid metabolites as well as the incidence of hepatic nuclear DNA damage and nitric oxide (NO) production were also examined. Increases in lipid peroxidation of 1.8- and 2.2-fold occurred in hepatic mitochondria and microsomes, respectively, 48 hr after the oral administration of 25 mg Cr(VI)/kg, while increases of 1.2- and 1.4-fold, respectively, were observed after 895 mg Cr(III)/kg. The urinary excretion of malondialdehyde (MDA), formaldehyde (FA), acetaldehyde (ACT) and acetone (ACON) were determined at 0-96 hr after Cr administration. Between 48 and 72 hr post-treatment, maximal excretion of the four urinary lipid metabolites was observed with increases of 1.5- to 5.4-fold in Cr(VI) treated rats. Peritoneal macrophages from Cr(VI) treated animals 48 hr after treatment resulted in 1.4- and 3.6-fold increases in chemiluminescence and iodonitrotetrazolium reduction, indicating enhanced production of superoxide anion, while macrophages from Cr(III) treated animals showed negligible increases. Increases in DNA single strand breaks of 1.7-fold and 1.5-fold were observed following administration of Cr(VI) and Cr(III), respectively, at 48 hr post-treatment. Enhanced production of NO by peritoneal exudate cells (primarily macrophages) was monitored following Cr(VI) administration at both 24 and 48 hr post-treatment with enhanced production of NO being observed at both timepoints. The results indicate that both Cr(VI) and Cr(III) induce an oxidative stress at equitoxic doses, while Cr(VI) induces greater oxidative stress in rats as compared with Cr(III) treated animals.
The immunomodulatory properties of NIM-76 have been described in this paper. Pre-treatment of rats with a single i.p. injection of NIM-76 resulted in an increase in polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocytes with a concomitant decrease in lymphocyte counts. The immunomodulatory activity of NIM-76 was found to be concentration-dependent. At 120 mg/kg body weight, there was an enhanced macrophage activity and lymphocyte proliferation response, while the humoral component of immunity was unaffected. At higher concentrations of NIM-76 (300 mg/kg body weight), there was a stimulation of mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation, while macrophage activity remained unaffected. However, a fall in primary and secondary antibody titres was observed. The study indicates that NIM-76 acts through cell-mediated mechanisms by activating macrophages and lymphocytes.
Cr(6+) is a known human cytotoxic and carcinogenic agent that requires intracellular reduction for activation. We have analyzed the cytotoxic and DNA binding properties of K(2)CrO(4) (Cr(6+)) in comparison with those of Cl(3)Cr (Cr(3+)). The results indicate that K(2)CrO(4) exhibits higher cytotoxicity than Cl(3)Cr in several human and murine cell lines. The cytotoxic activity of K(2)CrO(4) is also indicated by the fact that is able to produce cell killing through apoptosis in cisplatin-resistant cells transformed by H-ras oncogene. Moreover, in vitro DNA binding experiments show that, in the presence of ascorbate (the major intracellular reductant of Cr(6+)), K(2)CrO(4) induces both interstrand cross-links and strand breaks. Because the chromate anion is by itself unreactive toward DNA, these data suggest that the cytotoxicity of K(2)CrO(4) may be associated with the DNA binding of reactive intermediate chromium species resulting from reduction of Cr(6+).
Electron spin resonance (ESR) spin trapping measurements provide evidence for the generation of hydroxyl radicals (*OH) in the reduction of Cr(VI) by glutathione reductase (GSSG-R) in the presence of NADPH as a cofactor. Catalase inhibited the *OH generation, while the addition of H2O2 enhanced it, indicating that the *OH radical generation involves a Fenton-like reaction. The metal chelator, deferoxamine, inhibited the *OH generation with a concomitant generation of a deferoxamine nitroxide radical. EDTA and 1,10-phenanthroline also inhibited the *OH generation. Experiments performed under argon atmosphere decreased the yield of the *OH formation, showing that molecular oxygen plays a critical role. ESR spin trapping and measurements of fluorescence change of scopoletin in the presence of horseradish peroxidase show that reduction of Cr(VI) by GSSG-R/NADPH generates superoxide anion radicals (O2*-) as well as H2O2. It can be concluded that *OH radical is generated by the reaction of H2O2 with Cr(V), which is produced by enzymatic one-electron reduction of Cr(VI). H2O2 is produced by the reduction of molecular oxygen via O2*- as an intermediate. The *OH radicals generated by these reactions are capable of causing DNA strand breaks, which can be inhibited by catalase, formate, and experiments performed under argon.
Although it is assumed from in vitro experiments that the hydroxyl radical (·OH) may be responsible for chromium(VI) toxicity / carcinogenicity, no electron spin resonance (ESR) evidence for the generation of ·OH in vivo has been reported. In this study, we have employed an ESR spin-trapping technique with 5,5-dimethylpyrroline-N-oxide (DMPO), a selective ·OH trap, to detect ·OH in blood. The ESR spectrum of spin adduct observed in the blood of mice given 4.8 mmol Cr(VI)/kg body weight exhibited the 1:2:2:1 intensity pattern of a quartet with a hyperfine coupling constant A
N=A
H=14.81 G and g-value=2.0067. The concentration of the spin adduct detected in the blood was 7.37 µM. The adduct production was inhibited by the addition of specific ·OH scavengers such as sodium benzoate and methional to the blood. The results indicate that the spin adduct is nitroxide produced by the reaction of ·OH with DMPO. This is the first report of ESR evidence for the in vivo generation of ·OH in mammals by Cr(VI).
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