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Diuretic effect and mechanism of action of Parsley
Abstract
This work provides substantial evidence for the advocated diuretic effect of parsley in folk medicine and determines the mechanism of action of the herb. Rats offered an aqueous parsley seed extract to drink, eliminated a significantly larger volume of urine per 24 h as compared to when they were drinking water. These findings were supported by the results of other experiments using an in situ kidney perfusion technique which demonstrated also a significant increase in urine flow rate with parsley seed extract. This effect was still apparent in presence of amiloride, furosemide and in the absence of sodium, but not in the absence of potassium, suggesting that the diuretic effect of the herb is mediated through an increase in K+ retention in the lumen. Parsley extract, was shown on the other hand, to reduce the activity of the Na+-K+ ATPase in both cortex and medulla homogenates. Such an inhibition would decrease apical cellular Na+ reabsorption, lower K+ secretion, increase K+ concentration in the intercellular space and consequently would inhibit passive K+ influx across the tight junctions. The mechanism of action of parsley seems to be mediated through an inhibition of the Na+-K+ pump that would lead to a reduction in Na+ and K+ reabsorption leading thus to an osmotic water flow into the lumen, and diuresis.
... An increased urinary calcium concentration is a factor favoring the nucleation and precipitation of CaOx or apatite (calcium phosphate) from urine and subsequent crystal growth [15]. ...
... Among calcium stone-formers, two of the most common urinary abnormalities are hypercalciuria and hypocitraturia [15]. Citrate is a potent inhibitor of stone formation by uniting with calcium making it unavailable to bind with oxalate or phosphate and prevents crystallization [17]. ...
... We found that parsley increased water intake and urine volume ( Table 4, Graph 4). The increase in water intake may be due to its high Na content [15] hence thirst. However, serum Na decreased significantly in rats receiving concomitant EG/AC and parsley, a finding explained by parsley-induced diuresis [12] as well as by increased water intake found in present study. ...
Parsley is a medicinal plant used widely in urolithiasis. The present study aimed to evaluate the antiurolithiatic effect of parsley and its mechanism. 24 rats divided into four groups: group A (negative control), group B (positive control), group C (cystone® group) and group D (parsley group). Group B were treated with EG and Ammonium chloride (AC). Group C were treated as B plus cystone® and group D was treated as B plus parsley. The period of experiment was 15 days. Urine samples were analysis on days 0 and 15 days. Kidneys of rats from all groups were removed, and histopathologically examined. The kidnies of parsley treated group appeared mostly to be calculi-free (less CaOx) even better than the cystone treated group. CaOx crystals was significantly lower both in histological sections and in urine samples in parsley treated group. We further investigated the mechanism of parsley by adding another 6 rats. The latter treated by parsley only after adaptation period. We found significant increase in urine volume and pH in parsley treated rats compared to negative control. We concluded that parsley acts as antiurolithiatic drug through decreasing urinary calcium excretion, increasing urinary pH, dieresis, decreasing urinary protein excretion and its nephroprtective activity. We recommended to use it in pharmaceutical forms as it is safe and effective as antiurolithiasis remedy.
... Moreover, in vivo experiments show that aqueous extract of parsley fruit increases urine volume and water intake, and consequently increases urine flow while inhibiting kidney Na + /K + -ATPase activity, with stronger inhibition observed against cortex ATPase (94.7% compared to 55% inhibition of medullary ATPase). This inhibition results in decreased reabsorption of K + and Na + from the tubular lumen; water follows these ions, which leads to a diuretic effect (19). Additionally, flavonoids, such as quercetin, kaempferol and naringenin found in parsley leaves, have an antagonistic activity at adenosine A1 receptors, which leads to a diuretic effect. ...
... Various possible therapeutic indications for parsley use could be based on these effects (23,28). Parsley represent a natural safe remedy which could be used as an anti-inflammatory (reduces inflammation, especially in joints), antihyperglycemic (decreases glucose level in blood of diabetes induced rats), antihyperlipidemic (by enhancing serum lipid profile), antihypertensive (diuretic effect also contributes to blood pressure lowering), hypouricemic (high level of antioxidative substances contributes to the reduction of hyperuricemia and gout effect on liver, kidney and other tissues) and antimicrobial agent (18,19,23,31). Additionally, hepatoprotective and cardioprotective effect, reduction of allergy symptoms, chronic bronchitis, skin diseases, cystitis, thrombosis, stroke and Alzheimer`s disease are promising, but human studies are still missing (9,13,18,23). ...
Parsley is a biennial aromatic plant from the Apiaceae family, which is characterized by an unbranched root, pinnately divided leaves, umbels and schizocarp. It contains essential oil in all parts, with phenylpropane and terpene compounds as main components. It is rich in flavonoids and other polyphenolic compounds, containing furanocoumarins, carotenoids, polyacetylenes, and its leaves are a source of vitamins and minerals. The chemical composition of parsley depends on a number of factors, so it differs not only in different parts and varieties of the plant but also in different samples of the same parts of one variety. The most important parsley compounds are myristicin, apiol, 1-allyl-2,3,4,5-tetramethoxybenzene, b-phellandrene, 1,3,8-p-menthatriene, b-pinene, terpinolene, apiin, oxypeucedanin and falcarinol. Parsley has a long tradition of use in the treatment of urinary tract disorders, and modern in vitro and in vivo studies reveal numerous effects of various parsley preparations such as diuretic, antiurolithiasis, hypouricemic, hypolipidemic, hypoglycemic, hypotensive, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiplatelet effect. Today, apart from its medical application, parsley is one of the most commonly used culinary herbs.
... Parsley leaves are used as culinary, garnishing and medicinal herb in the Mediterranean region of Southern Europe. Parsley extract was reported to produce a diuretic effect and good antioxidant activity [15,16]. It has been reported that parsley has anti inflammatory and probable immune boosting properties make it relevant in the traditional treatment of urinary tract infection, nephritis, cystitis and prevention of renal stones formation. ...
... It has been reported that parsley has anti inflammatory and probable immune boosting properties make it relevant in the traditional treatment of urinary tract infection, nephritis, cystitis and prevention of renal stones formation. Parsley increases diuresis by inhibiting the Na+/K+ -ATPase pump in the kidney, thereby enhancing sodium and water excretion while increasing potassium resorption [16,17]. It is one of the most used medicinal plants to treat renal diseases [18], diabetes, cardiac diseases, and arterial hypertension [19]. ...
Abstract
Background: CCl4 causes disorders in different body organs especially kidneys by generating free radicals. High exposure to CCl4 can cause kidney damage. It produces renal diseases in human. Metabolism of CCl4 involves in the production of free radicals through its activation by drug metabolizing enzymes located in the endoplasmic reticulum. Parsley has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer activities, and probable immune boosting properties make it relevant in the traditional treatment of urinary tract infection, nephritis, and cystitis. Objectives: The present study aimed to investigate the protective effects of oral administration of aqueous extract of parsley against the histopathological and biochemical alterations induced in the kidney by CCl4 of male rats. Materials and methods: 24 male rats were used for this study and divided into 4 groups. The first group was control group injected intraperitoneally with olive oil (1ml/kg of body weight) three time/week, the 2nd was injected intraperitoneally with CCl4 (1ml/kg of body weight) three time/week, the 3rd was injected intraperitoneally with CCl4 (1ml/kg of body weight) three time/week concurrently with receiving aqueous Parsley leaves extract (5g/kg body wt/day) by gastric intubation’s, the 4th was injected intraperitoneally with CCl4 (1ml/kg of body weight) three time/week concurrently with receiving aqueous Parsley leaves extract (20g/kg body wt/day) by gastric intubation’s, respectively for 4 weeks. The Kidneys were dissected out and specimens were taken and processed for light microscopic examinations. Blood samples were obtained for assessment of serum urea, creatinine, and uric acid. Results: The results showed a significant increase in serum urea, creatinine, uric acid, K+, and Cl- concentrations and a significant decrease in serum Na+ concentration in rats treated with CCl4 compared with controls. Histopathological investigation of rats treated with CCl4 showed degeneration of epithelial lining and disruption of brush borders of the proximal convoluted tubules and presence of epithelial debris inside their lumens. The renal corpuscle appeared with degeneration of the glomerulus and disrupted Bowman's capsule. Extensive perivascular infiltration of inflammatory cells and massive interstitial hemorrhage were seen. Co-administration of Parsley with CCl4 significantly dose dependent improvement in the structural changes in the kidney and the serum urea, creatinine, uric acid, K+, and Cl- concentrations were significantly declined and serum Na+ concentration was significantly increased compared with CCl4 treated group. Conclusion: It can be concluded that, carbon tetrachloride has adverse effects on the kidney, it caused a serious pathophysiological changes in the kidney. Parsley aqueous extract was able to protect the kidney against these effects. So, the persons expose to CCl4 should be advised to take parsley aqueous extract.
Keywords: CCl4, Parsley, Nephrotoxicity, Nephroprotective, Renal pathophysiological changes, Histopathology
... In addition there was no alkalization of urine. These data indicated that they were not acting as potassium sparing diuretics [42][43]. The methanol crude extract was unlikely to be acting as thiazide diuretics. ...
... These characteristics strongly suggested that the methanol crude extract was acting as loop diuretic. Loop diuretics inhibit the Na + , K + , and Clco-transporter system in the thick ascending loop of nephron, thereby increasing natriuresis and kaleuresis and also cause acidification of urine [42][43]. ...
In view of the continued screening of biological activities of seaweeds, Gracilaria dura (Ag.) J.Ag., the most common red seaweed species along Hare island, Thoothukudi in the south east coast of Tamil Nadu, India was identified to study the diuretic effect on mice. The plant materials were air dried, powdered and methanol extract at the dose of 200mg/kg and 400mg/kg body weight administered to mice. Methanol crude extract showed remarkable diuretic activity in both doses from 1 hour to 4 hour as compared to the standard drug furosemide by increasing the total urine output and increased excretion the total Sodium, Potassium and Chloride levels. The present study has been provided the confirmation for the diuretic activity of Gracilaria dura (Ag.) J.Ag. which could partly provided to its medicinal purposes also.
... Parsley is rich with apigenin, which was shown to possess a diuretic effect in addition to anti-inflammatory properties. Both effects are vital in the treatment of UTI [18,19]. The diuretic effect could be explained by the inhibition of Na-K pump activity [18]. ...
... Both effects are vital in the treatment of UTI [18,19]. The diuretic effect could be explained by the inhibition of Na-K pump activity [18]. Moreover, this would explain the shift of urine pH towards the alkaline side. ...
... In addition there was no alkalization of urine. These data indicated that they were not acting as potassium sparing diuretics [42][43]. The methanol crude extract was unlikely to be acting as thiazide diuretics. ...
... These characteristics strongly suggested that the methanol crude extract was acting as loop diuretic. Loop diuretics inhibit the Na + , K + , and Clco-transporter system in the thick ascending loop of nephron, thereby increasing natriuresis and kaleuresis and also cause acidification of urine [42][43]. ...
In view of the continued screening of biological activities of seaweeds, Gracilaria dura (Ag.) J.Ag., the most common red seaweed species along Hare island, Thoothukudi in the south east coast of Tamil Nadu, India was identified to study the diuretic effect on mice. The plant materials were air dried, powdered and methanol extract at the dose of 200mg/kg and 400mg/kg body weight administered to mice. Methanol crude extract showed remarkable diuretic activity in both doses from 1 hour to 4 hour as compared to the standard drug furosemide by increasing the total urine output and increased excretion the total Sodium, Potassium and Chloride levels. The present study has been provided the confirmation for the diuretic activity of Gracilaria dura (Ag.) J.Ag. which could partly provided to its medicinal purposes also.
... In addition there was no alkalization of urine. These data indicate that they were not acting as potassium sparing diuretics [23,24]. The methanol crude extract was unlikely to be acting as thiazide diuretics. ...
... These characteristics strongly suggested that the methanol crude extract was acting as loop diuretic. Loop diuretics inhibit the Na + , K + , and Clco-transporter system in the thick ascending loop of nephron, thereby increasing natriuresis and kaleuresis and also cause acidification of urine [23,24]. ...
Seaweeds have valuable secondary metabolites that have an important role for the biological activities. In the present study, the screening of diuretic activity of Gracilaria corticata J.Ag. collected from Hare island, Thoothukudi in the south east coast of Tamil Nadu, India was analyzed. Dried powder plant materials were subjected to methanol extract at the dose of 200mg/kg and 400mg/kg body weight. Methanol crude extract showed potential significant diuretic activity in both doses from 1 hour to 4 hour as compared to the standard drug furosemide. The present study has been provided the evidence for the diuretic activity of Gracilaria corticata J.Ag. which could partly contribute to its ethno medical use.
... More recently, Marczal et al. (1997) studied the phenol ether components of the diuretic effect of parsley. Also, in rat in vivo and in vitro experiments, Kreydiyyeh and Usta (2002) found that parsley extracts increased the urine output/ day by inhibiting Na + -K + -ATPase, thus leading to an increased K + concentration in the kidney lumen that leads to an osmotic water flow into the lumen and diuresis. ...
... The German Commission E has accepted the use of parsley for the treatment of kidney stones (Charles, 2004), most likely because the consumption of parsley tea can increase urine output, although it is recommended not to exceed three cups of parsley seed tea a day (Kreydiyyeh and Usta, 2002). ...
... Parsley extract was reported to produce a diuretic effect and good antioxidant activity[70] [71]. Parsley has anti-inflammatory and probable immune boosting properties make it relevant to the traditional treatment of urinary tract infection, nephritis, cystitis and prevention of renal stones formation. ...
... Parsley has anti-inflammatory and probable immune boosting properties make it relevant to the traditional treatment of urinary tract infection, nephritis, cystitis and prevention of renal stones formation. Parsley increases diuresis by inhibiting the Na + /K + -ATPase pump in the kidney, thereby enhancing sodium and water excretion while increasing potassium re-absorption[71] ...
Nephrotoxicity is one of the most common kidney problems and occurs when the body is exposed to a drug or toxin. Natural sources of antioxidants may serve as a vital source of potentially useful new compounds for the development of an effective therapy to combat a variety of kidney problems. Natural antioxidants have a variety of biochemical actions such as inhibition of reactive oxygen species production, scavenging of free radicals. The present review aims to summarize the recent articles which studied some of the nephrotoxic agents, and alleviation of nephrotoxicity using of some natural products possess antioxidant properties. Our review show the oxidative damage and renal disorders induces in human and experimental animals by nephrotoxic agents such as gentamicin, alcohol, nicotine, adenine, glycerol, ethylene glycol, sodium nitrite, mercuric chloride, AlCl3, lead acetate, carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), furosemide, carbendazim, diazinon, heat stress, and γ-radiation. Also, nephrotic disorders caused in diabetic rats, patients, cirrhotic ascetic patients, and ischemia-reperfusion. Administration of natural sources of antioxidants such as curcumin, garlic, fenugreek, parsley, peppermint, pomegranate, propolis, olive leaves, rosemary, and sesame attenuated both physiological and histopathological alterations induced in the kidney by the nephrotoxic agent and certain diseases. The nephroprotective effect of the former natural sources of antioxidants may be due to the enhancement of antioxidant activity and inhibition of tissue lipid peroxidation. It can be concluded that administration of curcumin, garlic, fenugreek, parsley, peppermint, pomegranate, propolis, olive leaves, rosemary, and sesame showed a remarkable kidney protection against nephrotoxic agents, and diseases induced renal dysfunctions in human and experimental animals. So, the present study recommended that the consumption of these natural sources of antioxidants may be useful for human exposure to nephrotoxic agents and patients who suffer from renal diseases. Further studies are necessary to elucidate the exact mechanism of protection of renal disorders and potential usefulness of these natural sources of antioxidants as a protective agent against nephropathy induces by toxic agents and diseases in clinical trials.
... The samples were diluted (1:5 in deionized water) and urine pH and Na + and K + concentrations were measured using ion selective microelectrodes according to the manufacturer's protocol (Lazar Re-search Laboratory, Inc, Los Angeles, CA, USA). Total amounts of each electrolyte were quantified for each 6 h sample using the formula: 5×diluted sample concentration (μEq/ml) × total volume (ml) of sample [14]. ...
... This inhibition reduces apical cellular N+ reabsorption, decreases K+ secretion, increases intercellular K+ concentration, and consequently passively inhibits passive K+ across tight junctions. Parsley inhibits the Na+ and K+ pumps, thereby decreasing Na+ and K+ reabsorption, which results in osmotic fluid passage into the lumen and diuresis (Kreydiyyeh, 2002). In an experiment with rats, it was found that after ingestion of parsley seed extract, a greater amount of urine volume was eliminated in 24 hours compared to the control group that drank only water. ...
Medicinal plants, which are widely used in the treatment of many diseases in folk medicine, are alternative treatment approaches that allow to overcome the limitations of modern treatments such as high treatment costs and difficulty in accessing health services. In addition to their traditional uses, the World Health Organization (WHO) also recommends the use of medicinal plants as alternative applications, especially in countries where have limited access to modern medical facilities. Limitations on the methods used in the treatment of lower urinary tract diseases such as urinary tract infection and urolithiasis in both human and veterinary practice (high treatment cost, low tolerability, development of antibacterial resistance, etc.) have brought the use of natural products of herbal origin within the scope of supportive/complementary treatment approaches. Although the mechanism of action of medicinal plants in the treatment of lower urinary tract diseases is not clearly known, studies have shown that they increase the glomerular filtration rate; and they can be complementary alternatives to conventional treatment due to their anti-lithogenic, antibacterial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Patients that referred to with one or more of the symptoms of urinary system diseases such as polyuria, pollakiuria, dysuria, stranguria, anuria, hematuria, urinary incontinence constitute the case group of one of the first three systemic diseases most frequently brought to the clinic. Failure to intervene in the diseases shaped in the lower urinary system in a timely manner causes negative consequences such as the disease becoming chronic, the progression of the disease to the upper urinary system in progressive cases, and a decrease in the quality of life. Complementary products used in addition to medical treatment are sometimes used for prophylactic purposes. In this context, many supplements have been prescribed for different diseases in small animal practice in recent years. In this review, it is aimed to convey current developments about medicinal plants, which are used effectively within the scope of supportive treatment practices in lower urinary system diseases of cats and dogs, to veterinary clinical practice.
... Some studies report that parsley contains phenolic compounds that are partly responsible for antioxidant activities. 36 In addition, an experimental study on rats showed that the consumption of parsley seed extract significantly increased the urinary volume of the animals, which confirms the diuretic effect of the plant, possibly influencing BP. 37 Some plants are used by the older population to prevent or reduce AH, including shellflower (Alpinia speciosa), chayote (Sechium edule), and lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus). 38 The present study showed a predominant report of the use of other plants (53.2.0%), other than those considered hypotensive, used as teas to help control BP, such as lemon balm, chamomile, rosemary, mint, cotton leaf, carqueja, passion fruit, avocado leaf, boldo, congonha de bugre, stonebreaker, aloe, and grape leaf. ...
Introdução: A hipertensão arterial acomete 60,9% dos idosos brasileiros. Dentre os fatores que influenciam a pressão arterial, estão o uso abusivo de sal, alcoolismo, ingestão excessiva de alimentos gordurosos, baixa ingestão de frutas e verduras e a obesidade. Objetivo: Avaliar a influência de hábitos alimentares e aspectos sociodemográficos no controle da pressão arterial de idosos hipertensos, por gênero, cadastrados nas Estratégias de Saúde da Família do município de Diamantina-MG. Método: O estudo foi realizado através de entrevista com 327 idosos hipertensos, com idade 60 anos ou mais, de ambos os gêneros, entre 2018 e 2020. Foram aferidas altura, peso da massa corporal total e pressão arterial. Resultados: O predomínio foi do gênero feminino (62,1%), faixa etária de 60-69 anos (55,7%), cor parda (56,0%), que sabem ler (85,9%), com renda de até um salário-mínimo (56,0%), pressão arterial classificada como pré-hipertensão (39,8%) e sobrepeso (40,1%). Houve maior prevalência de idosos com pressão arterial elevada (63,0%) e que não possuem o hábito de ler rótulos dos produtos. Conclusão: A maioria dos hábitos alimentares avaliados não apresentou relação significativa com o controle da PA dos idosos hipertensos, quanto ao gênero. Houve relação entre o hábito de ler os rótulos dos produtos e gênero. Os aspectos sociodemográficos, como gênero/renda, e gênero/saúde, como IMC, possuem relação significativa. Recomendam-se futuras pesquisas que visem ao acompanhamento dos idosos hipertensos, após implantação de medidas de educação em saúde, para avaliar e monitorar sua eficácia no controle da pressão arterial dessa população.
... Furthermore, some diuretic indices such as natriuretic, kaluretic, and saluretic were calculated to hypothesize the mechanism of such diuretic action and the results supported that the tested samples mechanistically are as like loop diuretic drugs (Table 3). Some earlier scientific reports published that loop diuretics exert their action by modifying natriuresis and kaluresis through inhibition of Na + /K + /Cl − symporter in the nephron's loop of Henle [5,36]. Clinically, loop diuretics are prescribed for treating or managing patients with salt and water overload (pulmonary edema, cardiac edema, hypertension, etc.) [37]. ...
Background:
Avicennia officinalis is a medicinal plant that has traditionally been used as a diuretic, anti-infective, and antiasthmatic. Our investigation was designed to explore the diuretic and laxative potentials of different fractions of this plant's bark extract as well as the identification of possible drug candidates for the activity.
Methods:
Collected bark was extracted in ethanol and fractionated in different polar and nonpolar solvents, i.e., water, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane. Phytoconstituents were identified following the published protocols and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In the diuretic test, Na+ and K+ ions were measured using a flame photometer whereas the Cl- ion content was measured by titrimetric method against AgNO3. In the laxative test, feces amount and consistency were also measured. Molecular docking analysis was conducted using the "Vina Wizard" program in PyRx-Python Prescription 0.8.
Results:
Phytochemical analysis indicated that alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, glycosides, and terpenoids were detected in the most bioactive crude extracts, whereas alkaloids, terpenoids, saponins, and gums were found in bioactive n-hexane fraction and steroids, glycosides, and terpenoids were found positive in chloroform fraction. Almost all the fractions demonstrated a dose-dependent increment of stool production with a soft consistency; however, the chloroform fraction was found to be the most active (p < 0.001). The crude extract and n-hexane fractions significantly increased (p < 0.01) the urinary output at the dose of 200 and 400 mg/kg. The concentrations of Na+, K+, and Cl- in collected urine were found to be more compared with the control group. The GC-MS analysis identified seven compounds in bioactive n-hexane fraction (phenolic and ester-type mainly) whereas seven other compounds (acidic and ester-type mainly) were identified in chloroform fraction. In molecular docking, two drug candidates of this extract (2,4-bis(2-phenylpropan-2-yl)phenol and 2-[4-[2-(dimethylamino)-2-oxo-1,1-diphenylethyl]phenyl]-2-phenylacetic acid) showed excellent binding affinity with the receptor compared with furosemide.
Conclusion:
A. officinalis bark might be a potential source of bioactive compounds for treating hypertension, edema, and constipation.
... 천연물은 다양한 생리활성 성분들이 있어서 수렴, 항염 등의 효과를 나타낸다 (Ody, 1995). 또한, 천연물은 다양한 원인에 의 해서 발생하는 활성산소에 대하여 피부 보습, 항염, 항균 등에 대한 효과가 입증되어 비누와 같은 화장품에 사용되고 있다 (Asano et al., 1994;Kreydiyyeh & Usta, 2002 ...
Gyeongsangnam-do possessed various sightseeing attractive place. We purposed to manufacture tourist hand-made soap expressing nine sightseeing attractive place. The nine place were sunrise of Ganjeolgot, Mongdol beach of Gangdong, whale sea-travel line, Daewangam park, simnidaebat field-milky way, national garden of Taehwa river, mallard duck pot of Usisan, hanging bridge of Daewangam and cheonma tomb. The other seven soaps were made by method of melt and pour except for hanging bridge of Daewangam by method of cold process and cheonma tomb by short time process. To express art in soap, seven soaps were made by embedding techniques except for mallard duck of Usisan and cheonma tomb using transparency techniques. Sunrise of Ganjeolgot expressed symbolically sunrise and hope mailbox. Mongdol beach of Gangdong expressed black gravel field and white breaking tide. Whale sea-travel line expressed contrastively blue sea and flock of pink dolphins. Daewongam park expressed harmonically green pine and blue sea possessing special rocks. simnidaebat field-milky way expressed as bamboo farm shining and breaking under night light. National garden of Taehwa river expressed harmonically life and nature. Mallard duck of Usisan expressed notably mallard duck using gray and brown color grounding in white color. Hanging bridge of Daewangam expressed hanging bridge crossing blue sea and green Daewangam. Cheonma tomb expressed big green tomb and horses. These tourist hand-made soap can be applied develop new tourist products based on old tourist products.
... 14,16 Among calcium stone promoters, hypocitraturia a and hypercalciuria are two of the most prominent urinary disorders (Proofread and check, please). 17 Citrate inhibits renal calculi development through binding to calcium (Ca), rendering it unable to combine to phosphate or oxalate and, thus; preventing the crystallization process. 18 ...
Kidney stones are among the oldest and most widespread urinary tract ailments, impacting people all over the globe with a high recurrence rate. The mechanism of kidney stone formation includes events such as urine supersaturation, aggregation, retention, nucleation, and growth of crystals in the cells of the renal tubular epithelium. Kidney stones may cause extreme pain and blockage of urine flow. They are usually treated with synthetic drugs and extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) as well as a variety of medications that may cause several adverse effects. The remaining stone fragments and the risk of infection following ESWL are severe problems in the treatment of kidney stones. Recently, despite the emergence of synthetic drugs, medicinal plants have been recognized and utilized in many nations due to their safety profile, efficiency, cultural acceptance, and fewer side effects than synthetic drugs. Medicinal plants are used in different cultures as a reliable source of natural remedies. The aim of this review is to provide comprehensive information about traditionally used antiurolithiatic plants as well as their scientifically proven pharmacological activities, their primary chemical ingredients, and potential mechanisms of action, such as analgesic, astringent, demulcent, diuretic activity, antioxidant activity, inhibition of the inflammatory process, nucleation inhibition, crystallization inhibition, inhibition of crystal aggregation, reducing hyperoxaluria, reducing stone size, and reducing urine supersaturation.
... Kreydiyyeh and Usta, [44] evaluated the diuretic effect of P. crispum, a member of the Apiaceae family, popularly known as 'salsinha' or 'parsley', The aqueous extract of seeds of P. crispum promoted an increase in the volume of urine after 24 h, compared to the control group (animals that drank only water). It has been demonstrated that P. crispum reduces the activity of Na + -K + ATPase in the homogenates of the cortex and Chem. ...
Several exotic plants (non‐native) are used in Brazilian traditional medicine and are known worldwide for their possible diuretic actions. Among the wide variety of plants, standing out Achillea millefolium L., Camellia sinensis L. Kuntze, Crocus sativus L., Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn., Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) A.W. Hill, Taraxacum officinale (L.) Weber, and Urtica dioica L., whose effects have already been the subject of some scientific study. In addition, we also discussed other exotic species in Brazil used popularly, but that still lack scientific studies, like the species Arctium lappa L., Carica papaya L., Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don, Centella asiatica (L.) Urb, Citrus aurantium L., and Persea americana Mill. However, generally, clinical studies on these plants are scarce. In this context, different plant species can be designated for further comprehensive studies, therefore, promoting support for developing an effective medicine to induce diuresis.
... Similarly, the effect of Fr.Aq on Na + and Cl excretion, and urine output was significantly increased as dose treated to experimental mice scaled up. On the other hands, the diuresis induced by the Fr.Aq of A. remota at maximal dose is strong with intensity similar to that of FRSD and accompanied by marked increases in both urinary Na + and Cl levels indicating the increased saluresis like that of loop diuretic drugs [40]. Further, FRSD has modest CAI (carbonic anhydrase inhibitors) properties [41,42]. ...
The present study was evaluated the in vivo diuretic activity of fractional extracts of A. remota in albino mice. The dried aqueous crude extracts were subjected to soxhlet extraction by n-butanol, methanol and water solvents. The mice were randomly divided into eleven groups with 8 mice in each. All fractions were administered orally at doses of 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg to adult male mice, and the positive and negative controls were treated with furosemide (10 mg/kg, p.o) and the vehicle distilled water (2 ml/100 gm of body weight) respectively. The diuretic effect of the extracts was evaluated by measuring urine volume, urinary electrolytes and urinary pH. The result indicates that aqueous and methanolic fractions at 1000 mg/kg dose produced significant (p<0.001) increase in urine output and electrolyte excretion (p<0.001) when compared to control. Additionally, potassium sparing activity (27%, p<0.05) and high natriuretic index (2.7-3.03) were produced by the n-butanol fraction relatively even if it showed minimal effect on urine output. Therefore, from the present study it may be concluded that the compounds present in methanolic and aqueous fraction are responsible for diuretic activity. This finding together with previous results on the aqueous crude extracts provides a quantitative basis for developing a new diuretic medicine from A. remota plant.
... Due to the presence of many essentials compounds, it is utilized as a diuretic, hypertensive, hypotensive, carminative, stomachic, nervine, abortifacient, emmenagogic, and nutritive agent (Robbers and Tyler, 1999;Kreydiyyeh and Usta, 2002;Soysal, 2004). The characteristic odor of parsley is due to the presence of monoterpene hydrocarbons, mainly β -phellandrene, pmentha-1,3,8-triene, 4-isopropenyl-1-methylbenzene, and terpinolene (Díaz-Maroto et al., 2002). ...
Parsley leaves (Petroselinum crispum L.) weighing 100 ± 0.09 g were dehydrated from moisture content of 82.24 ± 0.07% to 10.01 ± 0.02 % (wet basis) using the microwave (MD), convective (CD), solar oven (SOD), sun (SD) and natural (ND) drying. Drying in MD, CD, SOD, SD, and ND was completed at 18±1.15, 61±0.58, 255±10, 330±5.29, and 1530±11.55 min, respectively. The energy consumption of MD and CD was measured as 0.213±0.009 and 0.427±0.015 kWh, respectively. In microwave drying, 700 W microwave output power was applied while convective drying was used with 50°C temperature and 1m/s air velocity. The sun and solar oven drying processes were carried out under the same conditions at the same time. The average temperature of the system during the solar oven drying was 81.7±1.5°C whereas the airflow in the system was 0.5 m/s. The data obtained from the experiments were also modeled using twelve different thin-layer drying equations, and thus the theoretical data were obtained. According to these theoretical data, the best model in the microwave and natural drying was Alibas's equation while the most suitable model in the solar and convective drying was modified Henderson and Pabis's model. On the other hand, it was seen that the best model in the solar oven drying was the Page equation. As a result, considering both quality and drying parameters, it was determined that MD and SOD were the most suitable method for drying of parsley leaves.
... This plant is distributed mainly in the Mediterranean regions, western Asia and several European countries [37,38]. As a complementary/alternative treatment, parsley and its extracts were used to treat various renal diseases [39][40][41]. The anti-urolithiasis of P. crispum was demonstrated in rat, as the results showed the ability of parsley extracts to prevent precipitation of calcium oxalate, urine supersaturation, and urinary protein excretion. ...
Introduction: Kidney stone is a major public health problem. Over 5% of the population is affected by kidney stones, with causes a lifetime risk of transmitting renal lithiasis of about 8 to 10%.
Objective: The goal of our study is the attitude and awareness of lithiasis patients regarding the use of medicinal plants in eastern Morocco.
Methods: We carried out a study on lithiasis patients to retrospectively identify medicinal plants used in this disease, using a pre-established questionnaire. The study was carried out from 10 December 2017 to 28 February 2018.
Results: Our survey describes several medicinal plants used to treat renal lithiasis in eastern Morocco. Most patients used Herniaria hirsuta L., Zea mays L., Urtica dioica L., and Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Fuss. This preliminary study showed that the first reason to use medicinal plants in half of lithiasis patients is to calm the pain and expel the stones. The primary source of plant use information is oral tradition. However 67% of lithiasis patients are unaware of the harmful and toxic effects that can appear.
Conclusion: Medicinal plants must, like medicines, comply with strict requirements and standard rules of use to which only the specialist in herbal medicine can respond and sensitize people to the dangers of irrational consumption of medicinal plants.
... The leaves, roots and seeds of parsley are diuretic, reduce the release of histamines and scavenge skin aging free radicals (Richmond and Mackley, 2000). Parsley, due to its constituents apiole and myristicin, is believed to have a diuretic effect because diuretics would increase the flow of urine, this might help the body to wash out bacteria as well as stones (Kreydiyyeh and Usta, 2002). Medical uses of parsley are spasmolytic, diuretic, emmenagogue, expectorant, antirheumatic and antimicrobial properties (Barnes et al., 2002). ...
... The key active compounds of P. sativum are various phenolics, including avonoids such as apigenin and appinin, and these compounds have a range of biological properties, including diuretic activities (68). In addition, Kreydiyyeh and Usta (70) suggest that aqueous parsley seed extract has a diuretic effect, and the mechanism of action of parsley seems to be mediated by through an inhibition of the Na + -K + pump that would lead to a reduction in Na + and K + reabsorption leading thus to an osmotic water ow into the lumen, and diuresis. In other experiments, Alyami and Rabah (71) report no signi cant difference in urine volume, nor the pH, sodium, chloride, potassium, magnesium, urea, creatinine, uric acid or citric acid composition of urine, nor any inhibition of urinary tract stone formation following the consumption of parsley leaf tea. ...
Background
This manuscript contains the results of Podkarpackie Voivodeship (Poland) ethnomedical studies on the treatment of urinary tract diseases using wild and cultivated plants. The study concerns plants mainly used for the supportive treatment of urinary tract infections, urolithiasis and benign prostatic hyperplasia. In this present study, we aim to collect and assess the ethnomedicinal potential of plants used in Podkarpackie Voivodeship (Poland) to treat urological diseases.
Methods
This article is based on interviews with fourteen recognized traditional healers (urban areas) and nine informants (rural areas) living in the south-eastern region of Poland - Podkarpackie Voivodeship. The survey took place between November 2019 and January 2021. For each plant mentioned in herbal remedies, polish name, part used, mode of preparation, and their properties, according to the healers and informants, were recorded.
Results
For the analysis, 123 species that belong to 43 families were selected. The most common families used to treat urinary diseases in Podkarpackie herbal medicine are the Compositae (18 species), Rosaceae and Apiaceae (11 species in each), Leguminosae (9 species), and Ericaceae (6 species). Of the species listed, Apium graveolens L., Arctium lappa L., Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng., Elymus repens (L.) Gould, Juniperus communis L., Matricaria chamomilla L., Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Fuss, Solidago virgaurea L., Urtica dioica L., and Viola tricolor L. were the most frequently mentioned. Most plants are used in multicomponent blends, which are given in the form of infusions or decoction. The described plants have mainly antiseptic, diuretic, spasmolytic and anti-inflammatory properties.
Conclusions
The results of the research described in this paper indicate that herbal treatment of urinary tract diseases is still used in Poland in the Podkarpackie Voivodeship. It is mainly used by people who do not want to use allopathic medicine, especially antibiotics. They are both inhabitants of large cities and villages. The latter often because of the multi-generational tradition, prefer self-healing.
... However, there's no study in the literature showing cinnamon's effectiveness on obesity treatment. Similarly, the diuretic effect of parsley and cherry stalk (25,26) and laxative effect of senna (27) were reported, but there is no clinical study showing their impact on fat loss. Although there is some finding revealing that rosemary might have a positive effect on obesity treatment, data is very limited and conducted in an animal model (28). ...
Obesity treatment is a long-term challenge that requires a constant change in lifestyle and behaviors. Therefore, patients are usually interested in methods promising rapid weight loss. In this study, we aimed to determine the frequency of herbal product use by overweight and obese individuals for weight management. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 464 individuals admitted to an endocrinology clinic in a hospital in Turkey. Socio-demographic status, medical history, and information about herbal product usage were recorded by researchers using a data collection form. The percentage of participants using herbal products for weight loss, was determined as 24.1% (n:112). Herbal product users were younger and had higher body mass index compared to non-users (p<0.01, for each). Gender and marital status were also related to herbal product use, and it was higher in women and singles (p<0.05, for each). The most preferred products were mixed herbal teas (50.9%), green tea, parsley, and cinnamon. Herbalists (56.3%) and local markets (24.1%) were the most popular places to buy herbal products. A large proportion of patients (88.4%) did not inform health professionals about their herbal usage. Using herbal products for weight management is common among overweight and obese individuals in Turkey. Therefore, it may be suggested that health professionals should monitor the use of these products and patient-physician communication about herbal medicine should be strengthened.
... However, Jassim (2013), showed the protective effect of parsley on kidney damage induced by valproic acid and anti-hepatotoxic activities at the dose 200 mg/kg. It has been also demonstrated that Parsley serves as a diuretic and is beneficial to the kidneys (Kreydiyyeh and Usta, 2002). Similarly, we demonstrated here that our Parsley's extracts did not affect kidney function parameters (UREA, CREA). ...
Ethnopharmacological relevance
Since the dawn of time, medicinal and aromatic plants (AMPs) represent a precious heritage for humanity, especially in developing countries, who exploit their virtues in traditional pharmacopoeia to cope with health problems such as diabetes, kidney stones, ulcer, and digestive disorders. Petroselinum sativum Hoffm. belongs to Apiaceae family. It is traditionally used to treat arterial hypertension, diabetes, cardiac disease, renal disease, and recently reported as a plant endowed with a female anti-infertility effect.
Aim of the study
This study aims to evaluate the in vivo effect of hydro-ethanolic extract and polyphenols of Petroselinum sativum Hoffm. on cholesterol, protein and estrogen levels, and characterize the chemical composition of polyphenolic fraction. In addition, acute toxicity and anti-inflammatory activity of tested extract was also investigated.
Materials and Methods
Chemical composition of polyphenolic fraction was determined using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Diode-Array Detection (HPLC-DAD). First, toxicological investigations including sub-acute toxicity were performed by measuring animals’ weights daily for four weeks. Afterwards, histopathological examination of livers and kidneys, and serum assay of ASAT and ALAT were also checked. Next, the acute in vivo anti-inflammatory study of the hydro-ethanolic extract and polyphenols of Petroselinum sativum Hoffm. versus Indomethacin was conducted. Furthermore, we evaluated the estrogenic effect of its hydro-ethanolic extract and the polyphenolic fraction following biochemical assays for the determination of proteins, cholesterol and estrogen levels.
Results
The results revealed the presence of some phenolic compounds mainly ferulic acid, gallic acid and quercetin. Petroselinum sativum Hoffm. extracts also showed no evidence of hepatotoxicity nor nephrotoxicity, with remarkable anti-inflammatory activity, as well as a significant estrogenic effect compared to negative control.
Conclusion
This study provides a scope of the potential use of Petroselinum sativum Hoffm. extracts in counteracting female infertility issues.
... In the first study, 24-hour UV was significantly increased compared with placebo (12.8 vs 10.9 mL). 52 Similar results were reported in the second study. 53 ...
Context
The impact of food and drinks on body fluid metabolism is of direct clinical relevance but current evidence remains fragmented.
Aim
Synthesize current evidence on the role of food and drinks in urine production.
Methods
Systematic review as per PRISMA guidelines using MEDLINE and EMBASE databases (completed October 2019). Studies reporting on the effect of food, food constituents, and drinks on urine production were included. Two authors performed an independent extraction of relevant articles using predetermined datasets and completed quality‐of‐study indicators.
Results
A total of 49 studies were included, of which 21 enrolled human subjects, and 28 were clinically‐ relevant animal studies (all of which utilized rodent models). The included studies were determined to be of variable quality. High dietary sodium, as well as wine, spirits, high‐caffeine coffee, and caffeinated energy drinks, increased urine production in human studies. Decreased urine production was associated with low dietary sodium and consumption of milk, orange juice, and high‐salt/high‐sugar drinks. In animal models, a variety of fruits, vegetables, herbs, spices, and honey were associated with increased urine production.
Conclusion
Current evidence suggests that although several types of food and drinks may impact body fluid metabolism, the quality of the data is variable. Urine production appears to be influenced by multiple factors including composition (i.e., moisture, macronutrients, and electrolytes), metabolite load, and the presence of specific diuresis‐promoting substances (e.g., caffeine, alcohol) and other bioactive phytochemicals. Future research is needed to support current evidence and the physiologic mechanisms underlying these findings.
... The diuretic effect of Petroselinum crispumhas long been documented in traditional medicine (13). More recently studied found that, Petroselinum crispum extracts increased the urine output/ day by inhibiting Na±-K±-ATPase, thus leading to an increased K± concentration in the kidney lumen that leads to an osmotic water flow into the lumen and diuresis (14).Petroselinum crispumused for treatment of the kidney stone(15). ...
Petroselinum crispumis a herb belonging to the Apiaceae family,it has been usually used for the management of many inflammatory disease due to many pharmacological effects of corticosteroid with a strong anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant properties (ex. dexamethasone), it is famous to cause side effects. It was clearly observed that dexamethasone could induced liver renal and increase the lipid profile in mice. The Petroselinum crispum methanol extract was prepared by soaking of 200 g of each of the pure dry in 1 liter of 90% methyl alcohol with shaking for 5 days, The selected animal groups (eight animals per each group) were grouped as follows Positive control group 1, negative control group 2, group 3 (10%) Petroselinum crispum treated and group 4 (20%). Petroselinum crispumtreated group it was found that Petroselinum crispumhas a clear ant atherosclerosis and a potent liver protection effects.
... As controls, we tested spearmint (Mentha spicata), tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus), wheatgrass (Triticum aestivum), and Italian parsley (Petroselinum crispum neapolitanum), which are not traditionally used or generally considered to act as hypotensives (53,54). We also tested curly parsley (Petroselinum crispum), which may have hypotensive properties arising from diuretic effects, but which would not be expected to act via vascular KCNQ5 channels and is thought to instead involve inhibition of renal Na + /K + ATPases (55,56). After removing the methanol from each sample to leave aqueous solutions, we screened for KCNQ5 activation by a 1/100 dilution of each of the extracts using 2-electrode voltage clamp electrophysiology of KCNQ5 expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes. ...
Significance
Botanical folk medicines have been used by diverse human populations and cultures for several millennia. Many are still in use today, but the underlying molecular mechanisms often remain elusive. Here we report the discovery of a molecular mechanism linking diverse plant extracts used traditionally to lower blood pressure (hypotensives). All of the hypotensive plants tested activated the KCNQ5 vascular-expressed potassium channel, whereas nonhypotensives did not. For one hypotensive plant, we describe discovery of the active small molecule (aloperine) and demonstrate that it KCNQ-dependently relaxes blood vessels. The discovery opens up a new source of potential therapeutic drugs and explains the mechanism behind folk hypotensive medicines used by diverse populations for thousands of years.
... Seudomonas crispum oil demonstrated significant protective activity against zearalenone induced reproductive toxicity and significantly improved testosterone level, sperm count and sperm motility and inhibited germ cells chromosomal aberrations. Aqeoues extract of pseudomonas hortense seeds exhibited diuretic effect and inhibited Na + , K + ATPase activity in kidney cortex and medulla [32]. ...
Parsley (Petroselinum crispum) is a biennial herb belongs to the carrot family (Apiaceae). It has been cultivated throughout the world and used for thousands of years for food flavoring, essential oil applications and in traditional medicines. Mostly parsley contains apiole, myristicin, α-pinene, β-pinene and elemicin contents. The extent of each of these chemical constituents varies depending on the type of species or cultivars as well as cultivation conditions such as soil type, weather, irrigation, pruning and other horticultural practices. Parsley is an essential component of several industrial applications that range from food to cosmetics to pharmaceutical products. More uses and applications of parsley by-products are continuously added. Further research on maximizing yield per hectare and optimum preservation and oil extraction methods are needed, particularly in the developing world where parsley leaf and flower harvesting and post-harvesting processing methods are much traditional.
... crispum oil demonstrated significant protective activity against zearalenone -induced reproductive toxicity and significantly improved testosterone level, sperm count, sperm motility and inhibited germ cells chromosomal aberrations [39]. Aqeoues extract of Pseudomonas hortense seeds exhibited diuretic effect and inhibited Na+-K+ ATPase activity in kidney cortex and medulla [40]. ...
... The decrement of serum uric acid level also might be caused by the diuretic or uricosuric effect of parsley. Kreydiyyeh and Usta (2002) reported that parsley possess diuretic effect by mediating through an inhibition of the Na + -K + pump with the presence of two substances which are apiol and myristicin. The mechanism of action of this effect is by promoting the excretion of uric acid through urine. ...
Elevated level of uric acid in the blood is recognized to increase the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases and other metabolic disorder including kidney stone. This research was aimed to investigate whether supplementation of parsley can attenuate the increases in serum uric acid, the decreases in total antioxidant status, and the structures damages of liver and kidney in oxonate-induced hyperuricemic rats. Basically, 36 male rats were randomly divided into six groups. The rats were injected with potassium oxonate intraperitoneally at day 1, 3 and 7 to induce hyperuricemic in rats. The treatment with three dosages of parsley (3.5 g/kg/day, 7.0 g/kg/day and 10.5 g/kg/day) was started at day 8 until day 14. The results showed that there was significant reduction of serum uric acid level in all hyperuricemic groups after the treatment. The highest reduction was seen at dose of 7.0 g/kg/day parsley, followed by 3.5 g/kg/day parsley and 10.5 g/kg/day parsley, respectively. There was no significant difference in total antioxidant status in all the treatment and control groups. Liver lesion scores were reduced in rats fed with the three dosages of parsley while kidney lesion was reduced only in rats fed with 7.0 g/kg/day parsley. In conclusion, the present study demonstrates the potential of parsley in reducing the elevated level of uric acid as well as improving renal and hepatic damages caused by hyperuricemia.
... Wright et al. [6] reported that about hundreds of medicinal plants and its extracts were successfully investigated for their diuretic property. The most successful and most potential diuretic medicinal plant genus includes Spergularia purpurea, Petroselinum sativum, Foeniculum vulgare and Hibiscus sabdariffa [7][8][9][10]. These medicinal plants contain secondary metabolites (alkaloids, phenolics and flavonoids etc.) which might be responsible for diuretic activity [11,12]. ...
Background
Medicinal and aromatic plants exhibit important pharmacological activities to human. The present study evaluates the diuretic activity of aqueous extract of Merremia emarginata (MEAE).
Methods
Female Wistar albino rats were used for diuretic activity in vivo studies. Urinary hippuric acid of treated animal group was successfully quantified by RP-HPLC. UPLC-MS/MS is used for the identification of important bioactive compound in MEAE.
Results
Diuretic activity was confirmed through analyzing the disparity in total volume and diuretic markers (total sodium and potassium concentration of urine) which was compared to normal group rats. MEAE plays a crucial role for inducing diuretics without side effects such as glycosuria or proteinuria. This activity was significantly high (p < 0.05) compared to control group rats and diuretic responsible polyphenolic compound chlorogenic acid was identified in MEAE through RP-HPLC and UPLC-MS/MS.
Conclusion
Hippuric acid is a byproduct of chlorogenic acid and reported to be responsible for inducing diuretics. Secondary metabolites such as chlorogenic acid and their byproducts might be responsible for diuretic activity. Hippuric acid can act as a diuretic agent as well as it could be used as a biomarker to detect the polyphenolics induced diuretic activity. M. emarginata can act as an excellent diuretic agent, without causing any harmful side effects.
... In addition there was no alkalization of urine. These data indicate that they were not acting as potassium sparing diuretics [17,18]. The methanol crude extract was unlikely to be acting as thiazide diuretics. ...
Seaweeds are known to contain a wide variety of chemical compounds, many of the compounds have commercial applications in pharmaceutical, medical, cosmetic, nutraceutical, food and agricultural industries. In the present study, the screening of diuretic activity of Chaetomorpha litorea Harvey collected from Koothankuzhi coast in the south east coast of Tamil Nadu, India was analyzed. Dry powdered plant materials were subjected to methanol extract at the dose of 200mg/kg and 400mg/kg body weight. Methanol crude extract showed potential significant diuretic activity in both doses from 1 hour to 4 hour as compared to the standard drug furosemide. The results showed for the first time that Chaetomorpha litorea Harvey exhibited significant diuretic activity, a property that could lead to the application in one of many useful healthcare or related products as well as in chemoprevention of the diseases.
... (5) Parsley ( Petroselinum sativum L.) which belong to Umbelliferae family and considered as medicinal plant used in traditional medicine for urinary tract, stones and infection. (6,7) It's used as diuretic (8) and for the prevention and treatment of kidney gravel. (9) Phytochemical analysis of parsley plant showed the presence of flavonoids, carotenoids, ascorbic acid, myristicin, apiole, terpenoids and coumarins, plathalides and tocopherol. ...
Phytochemical investigation and urinary tract infection (UTI) treatment of parsley seeds, fennel seeds, and corn silk were studied. The aim of this study was conducted to investigation the best method of extraction on total extract, with preliminary screening of phytochemical compounds of parsley seeds (Petroselinum sativum), fennel seeds (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) and corn silk (Zea mays L.) to treat urinary tract diseases. The parts of each plant were extracted by two different methods, hot method by using distilled water and cold method was done by maceration with 90% ethanol at room temperature. In both methods the extract was dried under reduced pressure by rotary evaporator. Preliminary investigation of phytochemical compounds was done by using alkaline reagent test for flavonoids, foam test for saponins, terpenoids test for terpenoids, fehling's reagent for reducing sugar and Dragendroff's reagent for alkaloids. The qualitative identification was done by TLC. The results showed that the percentage yields of crud extracts by boiling with distilled water were higher than that obtained from cold maceration with 90% ethanol. The percentage of phytochemical components, flavonoids, saponins, reducing sugar, terpenoids and alkaloids of water extracts were higher than that in ethanolic extracts. The effect of extracts in the treatment of UTI displayed that the combination of three plants water extracts were stronger than ethanolic extract. Based on our knowledge this is the first study on the effect of extracts from P. sativum, F. vulgare, and Z. mays in the treatment of UTI. ﻟﻠﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻭﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﻼﺹ ﻁﺮﻳﻘﺘﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻮﻧﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﻬﺎﺏ ﻋﻼﺝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ
... (5) Parsley ( Petroselinum sativum L.) which belong to Umbelliferae family and considered as medicinal plant used in traditional medicine for urinary tract, stones and infection. (6,7) It's used as diuretic (8) and for the prevention and treatment of kidney gravel. (9) Phytochemical analysis of parsley plant showed the presence of flavonoids, carotenoids, ascorbic acid, myristicin, apiole, terpenoids and coumarins, plathalides and tocopherol. ...
Phytochemical investigation and urinary tract infection (UTI) treatment of parsley seeds, fennel seeds, and corn silk were studied. The aim of this study was conducted to investigation the best method of extraction on total extract, with preliminary screening of phytochemical compounds of parsley seeds (Petroselinum sativum), fennel seeds (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) and corn silk (Zea mays L.) to treat urinary tract diseases. The parts of each plant were extracted by two different methods, hot method by using distilled water and cold method was done by maceration with 90% ethanol at room temperature. In both methods the extract was dried under reduced pressure by rotary evaporator. Preliminary investigation of phytochemical compounds was done by using alkaline reagent test for flavonoids, foam test for saponins, terpenoids test for terpenoids, fehling's reagent for reducing sugar and Dragendroff's reagent for alkaloids. The qualitative identification was done by TLC. The results showed that the percentage yields of crud extracts by boiling with distilled water were higher than that obtained from cold maceration with 90% ethanol. The percentage of phytochemical components, flavonoids, saponins, reducing sugar, terpenoids and alkaloids of water extracts were higher than that in ethanolic extracts. The effect of extracts in the treatment of UTI displayed that the combination of three plants water extracts were stronger than ethanolic extract. Based on our knowledge this is the first study on the effect of extracts from P. sativum, F. vulgare, and Z. mays in the treatment of UTI. ﻟﻠﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻭﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﻼﺹ ﻁﺮﻳﻘﺘﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻮﻧﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﻬﺎﺏ ﻋﻼﺝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ
... (5) Parsley ( Petroselinum sativum L.) which belong to Umbelliferae family and considered as medicinal plant used in traditional medicine for urinary tract, stones and infection. (6,7) It's used as diuretic (8) and for the prevention and treatment of kidney gravel. (9) Phytochemical analysis of parsley plant showed the presence of flavonoids, carotenoids, ascorbic acid, myristicin, apiole, terpenoids and coumarins, plathalides and tocopherol. ...
Phytochemical investigation and urinary tract infection (UTI) treatment of parsley seeds, fennel seeds, and corn silk were studied. The aim of this study was conducted to investigation the best method of extraction on total extract, with preliminary screening of phytochemical compounds of parsley seeds (Petroselinum sativum), fennel seeds (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) and corn silk (Zea mays L.) to treat urinary tract diseases. The parts of each plant were extracted by two different methods, hot method by using distilled water and cold method was done by maceration with 90% ethanol at room temperature. In both methods the extract was dried under reduced pressure by rotary evaporator. Preliminary investigation of phytochemical compounds was done by using alkaline reagent test for flavonoids, foam test for saponins, terpenoids test for terpenoids, fehling's reagent for reducing sugar and Dragendroff's reagent for alkaloids. The qualitative identification was done by TLC. The results showed that the percentage yields of crud extracts by boiling with distilled water were higher than that obtained from cold maceration with 90% ethanol. The percentage of phytochemical components, flavonoids, saponins, reducing sugar, terpenoids and alkaloids of water extracts were higher than that in ethanolic extracts. The effect of extracts in the treatment of UTI displayed that the combination of three plants water extracts were stronger than ethanolic extract. Based on our knowledge this is the first study on the effect of extracts from P. sativum, F. vulgare, and Z. mays in the treatment of UTI. ﻟﻠﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻭﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﻼﺹ ﻁﺮﻳﻘﺘﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻮﻧﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﻬﺎﺏ ﻋﻼﺝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ
... Generally, it is useful in cases of cystitis, menstrual, indigestion, a diuretic, and the secretion of bile from the liver, also it dissolves the accumulated fats and natural laxative, increases the vitality and activity of the body. As for the syrup has a large force to ease the pain of the kidneys and remover of gallstones and soothing for colic colon and stomach (Kreydiyyeh and Usta, 2002), as well as it removes muscle pain. In Egypt, curly parsley cultivation began in the early last decade, as several European varieties were imported in order to meet the export specifications in terms of the quality and the color of fresh and dry leaves, as well as the storage ability of fresh leaves ( Pereira et al., 2015 andMoustafa et al., 2016). ...
... Todas as partes da planta têm sido utilizadas pela população contra problemas digestivos, renais, uterinos (MINIJA;THOPPIL, 2003), como poderoso diurético e agente antiinfeccioso destas vias (OJALA et al., 2000;KREYDIYYEH;USTA 2002). Avanços, relativamente rápidos, têm ocorrido na área de pesquisa de atividade antimicrobiana, na qual novos agentes vêm sendo testados para eventual emprego na terapia de infecções, visto que muitas espécies microbianas, principalmente as bactérias, tornaram-se resistentes a muitos agentes disponíveis atualmente no mercado (BRESOLIN; CECHINEL FILHO, 2003). ...
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Introdução: Extratos de ervas que são largamente empregadas na culinária têm se tornado comum em meio à população como opção de cura para as mais diversas doenças. Infusos das partes aéreas, sementes e raízes da Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Fuss, da família das Apiáceas, mais conhecida como salsa ou salsinha, tem sido utilizado popularmente nos últimos tempos como
potente diurético, laxativo e agente antiinfeccioso das vias urinárias. Objetivos: Os objetivos deste estudo foram determinar, por screening fitoquímico, os principais metabólitos presentes nos extratos aquoso e hidroalcoólico de raízes de P. crispum, determinar o teor de fenólicos totais presentes nesses extratos e avaliar a concentração inibitória mínima dos mesmos frente a Escherichia coli e Staphylococcus aureus por meio de método in vitro. Metodologia: Para tal fim foram utilizadas raízes obtidas na cidade de
Guarapuava– PR, coletadas na época do outono, provenientes de sementes de Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Fuss. Resultados: Os resultados da prospecção fitoquímica foram somados ao doseamento dos compostos fenólicos e a atividade antimicrobiana dos extratos foi baseada na presença destes compostos, uma vez que a literatura atribui aos mesmos a capacidade bactericida e/ou bacteriostática dos extratos. Conclusão: Desta forma, os experimentos forneceram dados essenciais para estudo de novos antimicrobianos, uma vez que são necessárias pesquisas neste sentido para que tratamentos inovadores e de baixo custo estejam
a disposição da população em geral.
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... These beneficial activities could be due to its bioactive constituents, including flavonoids, carotenoids, coumarins, tocopherol, and ascorbic acid [55]. Parsley and its extracts have been used potentially as a complementary/alternative treatment for various renal diseases [55][56][57]. P.crispum has been used as a promising anti-urolithiasis remedy. Its ethanolic extract prevented the nucleation and precipitation of calcium oxalate, urine supersaturation, and urinary protein excretion in a rat model of calcium stone formation [27]. ...
Kidney stones are one of the oldest known and common diseases in the urinary tract system. Various human studies have suggested that diets with a higher intake of vegetables and fruits play a role in the prevention of kidney stones. In this review, we have provided an overview of these dietary plants, their main chemical constituents, and their possible mechanisms of action. Camellia sinensis (green tea), Rubus idaeus (raspberry), Rubia cordifolia (common madder), Petroselinum crispum (parsley), Punica granatum (pomegranate), Pistacia lentiscus (mastic), Solanum xanthocarpum (yellow-fruit nightshade), Urtica dioica (stinging nettle), Dolichos biflorus (horse gram), Ammi visnaga (khella), Nigella sativa (black-cumin), Hibiscus sabdariffa (roselle), and Origanum vulgare (oregano) have received considerable interest based on scientific evidence. Beside these dietary plants, phytochemicals—such as catechin, epicatechin, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, diosmin, rutin, quercetin, hyperoside, and curcumin—as antioxidant dietary phyto-phenols were found to be effective for the prevention of urolithiasis (the process of stone formation in the urinary tract). The main underlying mechanisms of these dietary plants and their isolated phytonutrients in the management of urolithiasis include diuretic, antispasmodic, and antioxidant activity, as well as an inhibitory effect on crystallization, nucleation, and aggregation of crystals. The results as presented in this review demonstrate the promising role of dietary plants and phytophenols in the prevention and management of kidney stones. Further investigations are required to confirm the safety and efficacy of these compounds.
The aim of this work was to evaluate diuretic activity of the ethanol extract of Euphorbia hirta leaves and elucidate the possible mechanism of its action. The diuretic activity was studied on male albino rats in comparison to furosemide as a standard drug. Two doses of E. hirta extract (300 and 600 mg/kg) were administered and the urinary volume and electrolyte (Na+, K+) concentrations were measured. Results showed that administration of the ethanol extract of E. hirta led to significantly increased urinary volume and excretion of urinary electrolytes such as sodium, potassium and chloride in 24 h urine compared to that for normal animals. Among the two selected doses, 600 mg/kg body weight exhibited higher diuretic activity level than 300 mg/kg dose. Although both these levels were statistically significant when compared to control in respect of all parameters, these levels were lower compared to the standard drug. Hence, the ethanol extract of E. hirta exhibited a dose dependent diuretic activity. Upon the isolation and identification of active compounds from E. hirta ethanol extract, it was found that lupeol and quercetin were the major constituents responsible for the diuretic activity in rats. The present study confirmed validity of the ethnopharmacological use of E. hirta as a diuretic agent under experimental conditions studied.
O uso das plantas em forma de chá como alternativa de cura ou alívio de enfermidades é realizado desde a antiguidade. As plantas medicinais produzem diversos metabólitos secundários que possuem potencial terapêutico, que são objetos de estudos fitoquímicos, os quais explicam esses constituintes. A hipertensão arterial sistêmica é considerada um dos maiores problemas de saúde pública, muitos pacientes hipertensos controlados fazem uso de chás como coadjuvantes nesse tratamento. Com isso o objetivo desse artigo de revisão bibliográfica é buscar na literatura estudos pré-clínicos comprovando a ação diurética e hipotensora das plantas: Equisetum arvense, Phyllanthus niruri e Petroselinum crispum, a fim de estudar os mecanismos, as toxicidades e a interação dessas ações com a morbidade controlada por medicamentos alopáticos. A revisão foi realizada nas bases de dados: Portal de Periódicos da CAPES, ScienceDirect, Scielo, PubMed, Cochrane, MedLine e GoogleScholar, onde 44 artigos foram selecionados e se distribuem por todo o conteúdo do artigo. Com esse artigo podemos explicar a população que o natural nem sempre é seguro, pois as três plantas estudadas possuem mecanismos de ação, que ainda podem não estar elucidados, como é o caso da cavalinha, mas que comprovam a atividade diurética e hipotensora das plantas. Sendo assim, sugerimos que se o paciente hipertenso controlado resolver fazer o uso dessas plantas como coadjuvante, ele deve ser observado por um profissional, o qual o acompanhará de forma individual, para saber orientar de forma a trazer apenas os benefícios dessa associação sem causar riscos ao paciente.
The present study was conducted aiming to find out the concordance between vegetative growth and yield production, phytochemical compounds, volatile oil and molecular genetic (RAPD-and ISSR-PCR) characteristics of two varieties of parsley the plain leaf type (sspneapolitanum, Danert) and the curly leaf type (sspcrispum) were cultivated at the Experimental Farm of Agriculture Faculty, Cairo University. The highest oil percentage of fresh parsley herb obtained from the plain leaf type (sspneapolitanum, Danert) in the first and second seasons inin the three cuts. Comparing the curly cultivar, the plain leaf cultivar of parsley was superior in producing higher yield of herb than curly cultivar. GC analysis of the volatile oil prepared by hydrodistillation from aerial parts of parsley, the major constituents of curly leaf type (sspcrispum) essential oil were Myristicin (15.05%), 2-Allyl-4-methyl phenol (10.15%), Isolongipholene (8.59%) and β-Caryophyllene (6.43%). In the volatile oil of (sspneapolitanum, Danert) the major compounds were Myristicin (12.65%), 2-Allyl-4-methyl phenol (10.77%), Apiol (9.5%) and Isolongipholene (9.45%). Generally, the high quality was observed in plain-leafed parsley if compared to curly leafed parsley, which had higher phytochemical contents (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids, β-Carotene, flavonoids, phenols, total antioxidant capacity, free radical scavenging activity and vit C.). For molecular study Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) was performed which was efficient in detecting polymorphism and genetic variation within and between the two parsley varieties. In RAPD analysis, 5selected primers displayed a total of 76 amplified fragments, in which 49fragments were found to be useful as cultivar specific markers.. The number of total amplified fragments scored per primer ranged from 13 (primer OP-C12) to 18 (primer OP-B07). The tested ISSR primers generated variable banding patterns. 4selected primers displayed a total of 60 amplified fragments, in which 26 fragments were found to be useful as cultivar specific markers. The results indicated thatplain leafed parsley demonstrated higher quality than curly-leafed. [Omnia F. Abou El-Leel, Khaled A. Emam and Heba M. M. Ibrahim. Genetic study, chemical composition and volatile oil of two parsley cultivars (Petroselinumcrispum L.) Used in botanical gardens and cultivated under Egyptian conditions.. Nat Sci 2017;15(11):83-94]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167 (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature. 11.
Chronic inflammation is caused by an over-expression or lack of control of the normal protective mechanisms and has been linked to heart disease, osteoporosis, cognitive decline and Alzheimer's, type-2 diabetes and arthritis. Current medications include treatment with steroids that reduce inflammation or swelling. Long-term use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs can cause several side effects and in extreme cases can cause severe haemorrhage and renal effects. There are other various anti-inflammatory nutrients which reduce the level of these biomarkers. The polyphenols show significant anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and anti-DNA damaging effects. Anti-inflammatory foods such as whole grains, fruits and vegetables, which provide valuable antioxidant polyphenols, resveratrol, lycopene, phytosterols, curcuminoids, quercetin, epigallocatechin gallate, phenolic acids, alleviates inflammation, as well as strengthening the immune system. The present chapter would thus focus on the phytochemicals of nutraceutical importance for combating inflammation naturally.
In the 1990s we published Ethnoveterinary Medicine (EVM) research in veterinary journals for the first time. Many of the plants used were either considered weeds or were not considered at all. The lack of scientific research on the plants being published resulted in Dr. Duke’s Ethnobotanical database being utilised to fill in the scientific gaps. This chapter reports on the plants used for urinary and other problems in pets. Cushings /hyperadrenocorticism was treated with ginkgo leaf (Ginkgo biloba). Benign prostatic hyperplasia in dogs was treated with saw palmetto (Serenoa repens) fruit. Aphanes arvensis, Hydrangea arborescens and Urtica dioica were used as kidney tonics. The understudied plants parsley-piert (Aphanes arvensis) and Hydrangea arborescens were evaluated using Dr. Duke’s ethnobotanical database.
Objectives:
Assess whether an ancient text on herbal medicine accurately characterizes a class of herbal diuretics.
Design:
The Greek text of Dioscorides De materia medica was assessed for herbs stated to have diuretic activity, and then modern research was sought to determine how accurate the ancient assessment of these herbs was.
Results:
Of the 105 plants cited as having diuretic activity by Dioscorides, 56 (53.3%) genuses are confirmed as being diuretic in animal or human research. For another 38 (36.2%) genuses, no research related to diuresis could be identified. Six (5.7%) genuses had mixed results in modern research, whereas a mere 5 (4.8%) genuses were shown to not have diuretic activity. Considering the 67 genuses that were investigated, 56 (83.6%) were confirmed.
Conclusion:
This analysis confirms that Dioscorides was accurate in determining the diuretic nature of herbs, raising the possibility that he was right about other therapeutic suggestions concerning herbs he made. For the remaining herbs that have not been assessed for diuretic effect, it is not yet known if Dioscorides was accurate. Our findings suggest that the 38 herbs Dioscorides categorized as diuretics that have not been studied for diuretic function are candidates for research in this regard.
The aqueous extract of Parsley (Petroselinum crispum) were investigated for anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activity at the doses of 2 , 5 , and 10 g/kg, of body weight. The experimental paradigms used were carrageenan, dextran, histamine induced pedal edema and cotton pellet induced granuloma for anti-inflammatory activity, while hot plate and acetic acid induced writhing methods were used to assess analgesic activity. Yeast-induced hyperpyrexia was used to evaluate the antipyretic activity. In acute phase inflammation, a maximum inhibition 50.6% (P < 0.05), 51.1% (P < 0.05) and 52.3% (P < 0.05) were noted at the dose of 10 g/kg after 3 h of treatment with methanol extract of Parsley (Petroselinum crispum) in carrageenan, dextran and histamine induced pedal edema , respectively. In the chronic model (cotton pellet induced granuloma) , the parsley (10 g/kg) and standard drug (Indomethacin 10 mg/kg) showed decreased formation of granuloma tissue by 51.8% (P < 0.05) and 56.6% (P < 0.05) , respectively. The extract also produced significant (P < 0.01) analgesic activity in both paradigms. In addition, the aqueous extract of parsley potentiated the morphine and aspirin induced analgesia. A significant (P < 0.01) reduction in hyperpyrexia in rat was also produced by the extract. This study exhibits that methanol extracts of leaves of parsley possess anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activities.
Context: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the number one cause of death globally, responsible for over 17 million (31%) deaths in the world. Novel pharmacological interventions may be needed given the high prevalence of CVD.
Objective: In this study, we aimed to find potential new sources of cardiovascular (CV) drugs from phylogenetic and pharmacological analyses of plant species that have experimental and traditional CV applications in the literature.
Materials and methods: We reconstructed the molecular phylogeny of these plant species and mapped their pharmacological mechanisms of action on the phylogeny.
Results: Out of 139 plant species in 71 plant families, seven plant families with 45 species emerged as phylogenetically important exhibiting common CV mechanisms of action within the family, as would be expected given their common ancestry: Apiaceae, Brassicaceae, Fabaceae, Lamiaceae, Malvaceae, Rosaceae and Zingiberaceae. Apiaceae and Brassicaceae promoted diuresis and hypotension; Fabaceae and Lamiaceae had anticoagulant/thrombolytic effects; Apiaceae and Zingiberaceae were calcium channel blockers. Moreover, Apiaceae, Lamiaceae, Malvaceae, Rosaceae and Zingiberaceae species were found to possess anti-atherosclerotic properties.
Discussion and conclusions: The phylogeny identified certain plant families with disproportionately more species, highlighting their importance as sources of natural products for CV drug discovery. Though there were some species that did not show the same mechanism within the family, the phylogeny predicts that these species may contain undiscovered phytochemistry, and potentially, the same bioactivity. Evolutionary pharmacology, as applied here, may guide and expedite our efforts in discovering sources of new CV drugs.
This chapter discusses the four modes of potassium (K) transport that have been identified in tubule cells: (1) the active ATPase-dependent Na–K exchange pump in the basolateral cell membrane, (2) the passive leak conductance of K, (3) the cotransport system of sodium (Na), chloride and K, and (4) electroneutral K chloride cotransport. They are ultimately responsible both for variable transepithelial net K transport and for maintaining cell K at optimal levels. It is, however, the unique segregation of these transport mechanisms to the two limiting barriers, the apical and basolateral cell membranes, that allows the control and regulation of both cell K homeostasis and transepithelial K movement. Whether K is secreted or reabsorbed across the renal tubule depends critically upon the apical cell membrane. The low K permeability of the brush-border membrane of proximal tubule cells minimizes leakage of K ions into the lumen. The regulation of K transport is mediated by the activation of specific renal and extrarenal stimuli acting on both basolateral and apical K transport mechanisms. The effective interaction of transport events between the basolateral and apical cell membrane safeguards the constancy of cell K content and cell volume of tubule cells despite large fluctuations of net transport of K and Na ions.
A Practical, Authoritative CompendiumThis handbook catalogs 365 species of herbs having medicinal or folk medicinal uses, presenting whatever useful information has been documented on their toxicity and utility in humans and ani-mals. Plants from all over the world - from common cultivars to rare species - are included in these 700 pages. The toxicity of these species varies, but the safety of each has been formally or informally questioned by the Food and Drug Administration, National Cancer Institute, Department of Agriculture, Drug Enforcement Administra-tion, or Herb Trade Association. Easy-to-Locate Facts and FiguresDesigned to enable fast access to important information, this hand-book presents information in both catalog and tabular forms. In the catalog section, plants are presented alphabetically by scientific name. (The index permits you to locate an herb by its common name.) A detailed sketch of the chief identifying features accompa-nies most catalog entries. For each species the following information, as available, is presented and referenced: Family and colloquial namesChemical contentUses and applications - present and historicalProcessing, distribution, and economic potentialToxicological agents and degree of toxicityPoison symptoms in humans and animalsTreatment and antidotes References to original literature Five Tables of Accessible DataGiven a plant species, you can easily determine its toxins; or, given a toxin, you can discover which plants contain it. These and other data are presented in convenient tabular formats as appendixes to the handbook. Other information contained in these tables include toxicity ranking and other toxicity data (as applicable), such as mode of contact, organs affected, and lethal dose; and proximate analyses of selected foods. These tables are titled: Medicinal Herbs: Toxicity Ranking and PricelistToxins: Their Toxicity and Distribution in Plant GeneraHigh Plant Genera and Their ToxinsPharmacologically Active PhytochemicalsProximate Analyses of Conventional Plant Foods
Intracellular potassium activity (a
K
i
) was measured in control conditions in mid-cortical rabbit proximal convoluted tubule using two methods: (i) by determination of the K+ equilibrium potential (E
K) using Ba2+-induced variations in the basolateral membrane potential (V
BL) during transepithelial current injections and (ii) with double-barrel K-selective microelectrodes. Using the first method, the meanV
BL was –48.53.2 mV (n=16) and the meanE
K was –78.44.1 mV corresponding to aa
K
i
of 68.7mm. With K-selective microelectrodes,V
BL was –36.61.1 mV (n=19),E
K was –64.01.1 mV anda
K
i
averaged 40.61.7mm. While these lastE
K andV
BL values are significantly lower than the corresponding values obtained with the first method (PP
K =V
BL –E
K) is not significantly different for both techniques (30.13.3 mV for the first technique and 27.61.8 mV for ion-selective electrodes). This suggests an adequate functioning of the selective barrel but an underestimation ofV
BL by the reference barrel of the double-barrel microelectrode. Such double-barrel microelectrodes were used to measure temporal changes ina
K
i
and
K in different experimental conditions where Na reabsorption rate (J
Na) was reduced.a
K
i
was shown to increase by 12.22.7 (n=5) and 14.14.4mm (n=5), respectively, whenJ
Na was reduced by omitting in the luminal perfusate: (i) 5.5mm glucose and 6mm alanine and (ii) glucose, alanine, other Na-cotransported solutes and 110mm Na. In terms of the electrochemical driving force for K exit across the basolateral membrane,
K, a decrease of 5.42.0 mV (Pn=5) was measured when glucose and alanine were omitted in the luminal perfusate while
K remained unchanged whenJ
Na was more severely reduced (mean change =–1.72.1 mV, NS,n=5). In the latter case, this means that the electrochemical driving force for K efflux across the basolateral membrane has not changed while both the active influx through the Na–K pump and the passive efflux in steady state are certainly reduced. If the main pathway for K transport is through the basolateral K conductance, this implies that this conductance must have decreased in the same proportion as that of the reduction in the Na–K pump activity.
In vivo microperfusion techniques were employed in anesthetized rats to determine whether K secretion by renal distal tubules requires the presence of Na in luminal fluid, and, if it does, in what concentration range do changes in Na concentration have the most effect. In a first series of experiments Na in perfusion fluid was replaced at constant Cl with tetramethylammonium (TMA). When the perfusion fluid Na concentration was reduced from 96 or 34 mM to 10 or 3 mM, K secretion was reduced by 50-60% and transepithelial voltage ( VTE ) was reduced by 40-60%. In a second series of experiments, in which NaCl was replaced with urea, perfusion fluid Na concentration again was reduced to 3 mM, and K secretion and VTE were reduced. In a third series of experiments, Na was replaced with rubidium. The reduced K secretion could not be explained solely by changes in electrical driving forces. The results indicate that some luminal Na (half-maximal concentration approx 10 mM) is necessary to permit K secretion to proceed at a normal rate. Considering prior measurements of luminal Na concentration in rat distal tubules, it is unlikely that changes in luminal Na concentration play an important role in regulating the rate of distal K secretion.
The proximal tubule model of this laboratory [Am. J. Physiol. 250 (Renal Fluid Electrolyte Physiol. 19): F860-F873, 1986] has been updated to examine proposed pathways for Cl- transport. Two additional buffer pairs have been added, i.e., HCO2-/H2CO2 and NH3/NH4+. At the luminal cell membrane Cl-/HCO2- and Cl-/HCO3- exchange are considered as pathways for Cl- entry, whereas at the peritubular membrane, Cl- exit occurs by either Na(+)-2HCO3-/Cl- exchange or K(+)-Cl- cotransport. Calculations with this model indicate that absolute proximal reabsorption of both Na+ and Cl- are critically dependent on the rate of luminal Na+/H+ exchange. In contrast, increases in the coefficient for Cl-/HCO2- exchange have little impact on overall Cl- flux, but, by enhancing base secretion, limit the depression of end-proximal HCO3-. Model calculations confirm those of Preisig and Alpern (J. Clin. Invest. 83: 1859-1867, 1989) showing that their measured value of luminal membrane H2CO2 permeability is inadequate to sustain the transcellular Cl- flux as Cl-/HCO2- exchange. Conversely, with sufficiently high H2CO2 permeability, luminal Cl- uptake is enhanced along the tubule, as HCO2- secretion and luminal acidification increase luminal H2CO2 to values severalfold greater than in glomerular filtrate. At the basolateral membrane, the thermodynamic driving force across the Na(+)-2HCO3-/Cl- exchanger is small. Although its contribution to steady-state Cl- exit may be less than the K(+)-Cl- cotransporter, the Na(+)-2HCO3-/Cl- exchanger can be a mechanism by which cytosolic acidification enhances peritubular Cl- transport, when luminal acidification enhances luminal Cl- uptake. A simulation is presented in which impermeant replacement of luminal Na+ leads to enhanced convective Cl- flux across the tight junction and alkalinization of the lateral interspace. In this setting, cytosolic Cl- depletion via the Na(+)-2HCO3-/Cl- exchanger may mimic luminal membrane Na(+)-Cl- cotransport.
Intracellular potassium activity (alpha Ki) was measured in control conditions in mid-cortical rabbit proximal convoluted tubule using two methods: (i) by determination of the K+ equilibrium potential (EK) using Ba(2+)-induced variations in the basolateral membrane potential (VBL) during transepithelial current injections and (ii) with double-barrel K-selective microelectrodes. Using the first method, the mean VBL was -48.5 +/- 3.2 mV (n = 16) and the mean EK was -78.4 +/- 4.1 mV corresponding to alpha Ki of 68.7 mM. With K-selective microelectrodes, VBL was -36.6 +/- 1.1 mV (n = 19), EK was -64.0 +/- 1.1 mV and alpha Ki averaged 40.6 +/- 1.7 mM. While these last EK and VBL values are significantly lower than the corresponding values obtained with the first method (P less than 0.001 and P less than 0.01, respectively), the electrochemical driving force for K transport across the basolateral membrane (microK = VBL-EK) is not significantly different for both techniques (30.1 +/- 3.3 mV for the first technique and 27.6 +/- 1.8 mV for ion-selective electrodes). This suggests an adequate functioning of the selective barrel but an underestimation of VBL by the reference barrel of the double-barrel microelectrode. Such double-barrel microelectrodes were used to measure temporal changes in alpha Ki and microK in different experimental conditions where Na reabsorption rate (JNa) was reduced. alpha Ki was shown to increase by 12.2 +/- 2.7 (n = 5) and 14.1 +/- 4.4 mM (n = 5), respectively, when JNa was reduced by omitting in the luminal perfusate: (i) 5.5 mM glucose and 6 mM alanine and (ii) glucose, alanine, other Na-cotransported solutes and 110 mM Na. In terms of the electrochemical driving force for K exit across the basolateral membrane, microK, a decrease of 5.4 +/- 2.0 mV (P less than 0.05, n = 5) was measured when glucose and alanine were omitted in the luminal perfusate while microK remained unchanged when JNa was more severely reduced (mean change = -1.7 +/- 2.1 mV, NS, n = 5). In the latter case, this means that the electrochemical driving force for K efflux across the basolateral membrane has not changed while both the active influx through the Na-K pump and the passive efflux in steady state are certainly reduced. If the main pathway for K transport is through the basolateral K conductance, this implies that this conductance must have decreased in the same proportion as that of the reduction in the Na-K pump activity.
The present paper examines the effects of reduced transepithelial Na transport (JNa) on membrane electrophysiological parameters in proximal convoluted tubules and the possible role of cytosolic calcium concentration ([Ca]i) in the regulation of basolateral membrane K conductance (GK). When JNa was reduced by elimination of glucose and alanine and replacement of 100 mM sodium with N-methyl-D-glucamine from the luminal perfusate, basolateral membrane potential (VBL) hyperpolarized transiently by 12.6 mV and the ratio of apical to basolateral membrane resistance (RA/RBL) doubled. The apparent transference number for K at the basolateral membrane (GK/Gcell) decreased from 0.13 to 0.08 in the first 4 min following reductions in JNa. The elimination of Na-alanine and Na-glucose cotransport was responsible for the initial hyperpolarization and increase in RA/RBL, whereas the resultant decrease in the cellular concentrations of glucose and alanine, together with the reductions in GK, could elicit the secondary VBL depolarization. Measurement of [Ca]i with the fluorescent probe fura-2 during reductions in JNa revealed that [Ca]i increased by an average of 12%, a value very similar to the average reduction in cellular volume (13%) measured using morphometric techniques. The observation that [Ca]i increased while GK was decreasing is inconsistent with the effect of [Ca]i on putative basolateral Ca-activated K channel. We believe that [Ca]i changes passively (at least in the first few minutes) in response to a decrease in cell volume occurring as a consequence of reductions in JNa and that some as yet unidentified volume-sensitive mechanism is responsible for the regulation of GK.
Dexamethasone has been reported to stimulate Na-K-ATPase activity in the medullary thick ascending limb of adrenalectomized animals within a few hours. The present study was aimed at characterizing the mechanism of this action by investigating the stimulatory effect of the hormone in vitro. Dexamethasone (10(-8) M) added in vitro to segments of the medullary thick ascending limb of Henle's loop, which were microdissected from adrenalectomized rats, restored in a dose-dependent manner the depressed Na-K-ATPase activity within one h of incubation. This stimulation of Na-K-ATPase was inhibited by cycloheximide and actinomycin D. Dexamethasone also stimulated the component of oxidative metabolism coupled to sodium transport. These results, which confirm previous in vivo observations, demonstrate that dexamethasone-induced stimulation of Na-K-ATPase is a direct tubular action of the hormone mediated by protein synthesis. They suggest that this short-term effect of dexamethasone corresponds to the stimulation of sodium reabsorption by the dilution segment.
When the proximal tubule epithelium is represented as cellular and lateral intercellular (LIS) compartments, the presence of a paracellular pathway can render the overall phenomenologic equations quite an indirect representation of intraepithelial transport processes. 1) Active sodium transport into the LIS may create a hypertonic region that drives water movement from lumen to peritubular blood, i.e., a term for active water transport may appear in the overall transport equations. The correlate of this uphill water flux is a solute polarization effect, such that the measured epithelial water permeability is less than that of the cell membranes. 2) Basolateral uptake of potassium by the cell may lower the LIS concentration and promote diffusive entry of K across the tight junction. Even without cellular uptake of K from the lumen, the epithelial transport equations may contain a term for active K reabsorption. The solute polarization correlate is a low epithelial reflection coefficient that does not represent a convective flux of K through a specific channel. 3) When there is convective flux of Na and Cl through the tight junction but none through the cell, then a fluid circuit around junction and cell may be present, even when net epithelial volume flux is absent. In this case, part of the net epithelial Cl flux must be represented in the overall transport equations as electroneutral Na-Cl cotransport.
An electrolyte model of an epithelium (a cell and a tight junction in parallel, both in series with a lateral interspace basement membrane) is analyzed using the formalism of nonequilibrium thermodynamics. It is shown that if the parallel structures are heteroporous (i.e., reflection coefficients for two ion species differ between the components), then a cross-term will appear in the overall transport equations of the epithelium. Formally, this cross-term represents an ion-ion interaction. With respect to the rat proximal tubule, data indicating epithelial ionic reflection coefficients less than unity, together with the assumption of no transcellular solvent drag, imply the presence of convective paracellular solute flux. This means that a model applicable to a heteroporous structure must be used to represent the tubule, and, in particular, the cross-terms for ion-ion interaction must also be evaluated in permeability determinations. A series of calculations is presented that permits the estimation of the Na-Cl interaction for rat proximal tubule from available experimental data. One consequence of tubule heteroporosity is that an electrical potential may be substantially less effective than an equivalent concentration gradient in driving reabsorptive ion fluxes.
The equations of mass conservation and electroneutrality are used to extend a nonequilibrium thermodynamic model of the rat proximal tubule epithelium to a representation of a 0.5-cm segment of tubule. The output of the tubule model includes the luminal profiles and absolute proximal reabsorption of Na, K, Cl, HCO3, HPO4, H2PO4, glucose, and urea, generated by the epithelial model. Transport rates and permeabilities, chosen in agreement with those of the rat, result in luminal glucose and bicarbonate depletion and a transition from an electronegative to positive lumen. Despite the development of significant transepithelial osmotic driving forces (a transepithelial glucose gradient and Cl-HCO3 asymmetry), intraepithelial solute-solvent coupling remains an important force for water reabsorption along the proximal tubule length. In particular, this means that when osmotic gradients that appear under free-flow conditions are used in the calculation of the epithelial water permeability, a substantial overestimate of this permeability will be obtained. A single first-order differential equation has been derived in conjunction with an approximate nonelectrolyte model of the proximal tubule that represents both coupled and gradient-driven water reabsorption. In the present work, this equation is shown to yield an accurate description of water transport by the comprehensive tubule model.
Two methods, the measurement of the response of the basolateral membrane potential (Vbl) of proximal tubule cells of Necturus to step changes in basolateral K+ concentration, and cellular cable analysis, were used to assess the changes in basolateral potassium conductance (GK) caused by a variety of maneuvers. The effects of some of these maneuvers on intracellular K+ activity (aiK) were also evaluated using double-barreled ion-selective electrodes. Perfusion with 0 mM K+ basolateral solution for 15 min followed by 45 min of 1 mM K+ solution resulted in a fall in basolateral potassium (apparent) transference number (tK), Vbl and aiK. Results of cable analysis showed that total basolateral resistance, Rb, rose. The electrophysiological effects of additional manipulations, known to inhibit net sodium reabsorption across the proximal tubular epithelium of Necturus, were also investigated. Ouabain caused a fall in tK accompanied by large decreases in aiK and Vbl. Lowering luminal sodium caused a fall in tK and a small reduction in Vbl. Selective reduction of peritubular sodium, a maneuver that has been shown to block sodium transport from lumen to peritubular fluid, also resulted in a significant decrease in tK. These results suggest that GK varies directly with rate of transport of the sodium pump, irrespective of the mechanism of change in pump turnover.
To identify nephron sites where renal potassium adaptation takes place, Na-K-ATPase was measured with a micromethod along the nephron of potassium-loaded mice. A possible role of aldosterone in this process was evaluated in K-loaded animals treated concurrently with pharmacologic doses of spironolactone. Animals fed a potassium-enriched diet for at least 2 wk excreted about 90% of ingested potassium in the urine, and fractional potassium clearance averaged 87 +/- 8%, compared with 13 +/- 2% in controls. Na-K-ATPase activity per millimeter tubule length increased by 225% in the cortical collecting tubule and by 177% in the medullary collecting tubule, but was not substantially affected in other nephron segments. Stimulation of Na-K-ATPase was identical in the cortical collecting tubule of K-loaded mice treated with spironolactone. These results indicate that chronic potassium loading in the mouse results in an adaptive increase potassium loading in the mouse results in an adaptive increase in Na-K-ATPase in the collecting tubule and suggest that this nephron segment is the major site of potassium adaptation in this species. This effect appears to be independent of aldosterone.
Sodium absorption and K secretion were measured in isolated perfused rabbit cortical collecting tubules. To increase the range of transport rates some tubules were dissected from rabbit pretreated with DOcA. K secretin was unaffected by varying axial volume flow from 4 to 15 nl/min. K secretion was, however, correlated with transepithelial voltage and Na absorption. The Na:K transfer ratio was 1.35. In tubules dissected from normal rabbits, K secretion was almost eliminated by reducing Na concentration in the lumen to near 0 and was unaffected by varying luminal Na concentration from 30 to 145 mM. These data, together with other experimental results reported by several investigators, are consistent with a model for K secretion that places the rate-limiting step at the Na-K pump located on the basolateral membrane. The apical (luminal) membrane appears to be highly permeable to K.
In vivo microperfusion techniques were used to evaluate whether changes in luminal fluid flow rate affect late distal tubule transepithelial voltage (VTE) and to determine whether flow-dependent changes in K secretion by the renal distal tubule of the rat that we observed previously could be attributed to changes in electrical driving forces. Results showed that increasing the perfusion rate from 6 to 26 nl/min of solutions containing either 94, 46, or 15 mM sodium and 2 mM potassium caused VTE to become 10-12 mV less lumen negative. Since increasing perfusion rate decreases VTE, a flow-dependent voltage change is not responsible for the effect of increasing luminal flow rate to increase distal K secretion. To evaluate the possible contribution of changes in luminal Na and K concentrations to the flow-dependent changes in VTE, the effects of changing either Na or K concentration at constant flow rate were examined. These studies showed that 1) changes in luminal Na concentration within the physiological range (44-94 mM) have no detectable effect on VTE; 2) increases in luminal K concentration within the physiological range (5-16 mM) significantly increase VTE; and 3) the flow-dependent depolarization of VTE is primarily caused by flow-dependent changes in luminal K concentration.
1. We have previously assessed the contributions of diffusion and convection to net potassium reabsorption in the rat proximal convoluted tubule (PCT). The present study was conducted to evaluate the role of active transport in convective potassium reabsorption by measuring the transepithelial potassium reflection coefficient (sigmaK) in the presence and absence of cyanide in anaesthetized rats previously prepared for in vivo microperfusion. 2. Osmotic water permeability (Pf) was measured in double-perfused tubules (lumen and peritubular capillaries) by manipulating the applied transepithelial osmotic gradient between -30 and +40 mosmol (kg H2O)(-1) using raffinose added to or subtracted from luminal perfusates. Pf was unaffected by the presence of cyanide when the estimated dissipation of osmotic gradients along each tubule were taken into account. 3. The proportion of K+ (and Na+) convectively transported with water fluxes (i.e. sigmaK) was not affected by cyanide. In the absence of active transport and following correction for any diffusive component, sigmaK was 0.56 +/- 0.13, indicating substantial solvent drag which probably occurs via the paracellular pathway. 4. However, cyanide caused a reduction in net potassium flux over the entire range of fluid fluxes used in double-perfusion experiments. Subsequent single-perfusion experiments (tubule lumen only) using the specific K+-H+-ATPase inhibitor, SCH28080, failed to reveal any direct evidence for a primary active K+ transporting mechanism involved in K+ reabsorption in the PCT.
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