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Digestibility and energy value of non-starch polysaccharides in young chickens, ducks and geese, fed diets containing high amounts of barley
Abstract
The purpose of the present investigation is to compare the ability of chickens, ducks and geese to digest and utilise a diet containing a relatively large amount of barley (40%) rich in beta-glucan (18 g kg(-1)) and NSP (137 g kg(-1)) of which 35 g kg(-1) were soluble non-starch polysaccharides (NSP). The diets were offered to the birds (50 chickens, 40 ducks and 30 geese) in the period from hatching to 42 days of age. The digestibility of NSP was measured during the last week of the growth period using chromic oxide as an indigestible marker. Emphasis was on total NSP, soluble and insoluble NSP and their constituent sugar residues (rhamnose, fucose, arabinose, xylose, mannose, galactose, glucose and glucuronic acid). The degradation of NSP to short chain fatty acids (SCFA) was determined in the small intestine, caeca and large intestine. Although significant differences were found between species to the extent of degradation of individual soluble, insoluble and total NSP residues in the small intestine and caeca, the overall apparent digestibility of total NSP was similar (39-42%). On the basis of the digestibility of the NSP sugar residues and the formation of SCFA in the gut, the energy value of NSP was estimated on 2.8, 3.2 and 2.7 kJ g(-1) NSP ingested (P>0.05) in chickens, ducks and geese, respectively. On average, NSP contributed approximately 3.5% of metabolisable energy (ME) in the three poultry species.
... StärkePolysacchariden in Getreide Ein in der Geflügelernährung gut untersuchtes Phänomen ist die antinutritive Wirkung insbesondere der wasserlöslichen Nicht-Stärke-Polysaccharide (NSP), welche die Zähflüssigkeit (Viskosität) des Darminhalts erhöhen, die Nährstoffresorption im Dünndarm stören und so eine erhöhte Nährstoffverfügbarkeit im Dickdarm (Blinddärme und Enddarm) bewirken, die zu gravierenden Veränderungen der Mikrobiota führen kann (Jamroz et al. 2002;Jozefiak et al. 2004;van Immerseel et al. 2004;Collett 2012). Besonders junges Geflügel ist für diese negativen Effekte anfällig (Jamroz et al. 2002). ...
... StärkePolysacchariden in Getreide Ein in der Geflügelernährung gut untersuchtes Phänomen ist die antinutritive Wirkung insbesondere der wasserlöslichen Nicht-Stärke-Polysaccharide (NSP), welche die Zähflüssigkeit (Viskosität) des Darminhalts erhöhen, die Nährstoffresorption im Dünndarm stören und so eine erhöhte Nährstoffverfügbarkeit im Dickdarm (Blinddärme und Enddarm) bewirken, die zu gravierenden Veränderungen der Mikrobiota führen kann (Jamroz et al. 2002;Jozefiak et al. 2004;van Immerseel et al. 2004;Collett 2012). Besonders junges Geflügel ist für diese negativen Effekte anfällig (Jamroz et al. 2002). Die Vermehrung von Krankheitserregern, wie dem Bakterium Clostridium perfringens, kann in der Folge schwere Darmentzündungen verursachen (van Immerseel et al. 2004;Collett 2012). ...
... Die Vermehrung von Krankheitserregern, wie dem Bakterium Clostridium perfringens, kann in der Folge schwere Darmentzündungen verursachen (van Immerseel et al. 2004;Collett 2012). Den geringsten NSP-Gehalt (gesamt, löslich) weisen Mais und Sorghumhirse auf, gefolgt von Weizen, während Hafer, Triticale, Gerste und besonders Roggen höhere Konzentrationen aufweisen (Jamroz et al. 2002;van Immerseel et al. 2004;Collett 2012;Jeroch 2019b). Deshalb sind antinutritive NSP-Effekte bei roggenhaltigen Futtermischungen besonders deutlich ausgeprägt (Jeroch 2019b). ...
Zusammenfassung Teil 2 ___________________________________________________________________________________
Der zweite Teil eines umfassenden Überblicks über die Auswirkungen der Wasservogel-Fütterung behandelt die Folgen für die Gesundheit der Wasservögel. Weit überwiegend werden Brot und ähnliche Backwaren verfüttert. Die Auswirkungen auf die Gesundheit wilder Wasservögel sind kaum erforscht. Erkenntnisse aus der Geflügelhaltung zeigen jedoch, dass Schäden möglich bzw. wahrscheinlich sind: Eine überwiegende Ernährung von Brot und Getreide führt zu einem Mangel an essenziellen Aminosäuren, Vitaminen, Mineralstoffen und Rohfaser, ein übermäßiger Verzehr von Roggenbrot oder -körnern wegen des hohen Gehalts an löslichen Nicht-Stärke-Polysacchariden zu antinutritiven Effekten und zu einer Schädigung der Mikrobiota und Darmentzündungen.
Der Salzgehalt von Brot ist so hoch, dass er im Alleinfutter für Hühnerküken zu erheblichen Verlusten führen würde. Süßes kann Verdauungsstörungen verursachen, wobei für Küken bereits in manchen Broten und Brötchen zu viel Zucker enthalten ist. Verschimmelte Nahrung kann sehr schädlich sein. Weitere mögliche Schäden sind durch Experimente mit kontrolliert gefütterten wilden Wasservögeln (v.a. Stockenten)
belegt: Stockenten-Küken, die sich überwiegend von pflanzlicher Nahrung wie Brot und Getreide ernähren, geraten aufgrund eines Mangels an tierischem Eiweiß in Lebensgefahr,
weil sie und ihr Gefieder dann kaum wachsen und sie leicht auskühlen. Einseitige Ernährung mit rohfaserarmem Futter führt schnell zu Verkleinerungen der Verdauungsorgane und einer beschleunigten Darmpassage der Nahrung, sodass
Anpassungen an die Verdauung natürlicher Nahrung verloren gehen und Probleme bei Lebensraumwechseln drohen. Jungvögel sind anfällig für Schäden durch Salz, da sie es im Gegensatz zu adulten Entenvögeln nur sehr eingeschränkt ausscheiden können. Inwieweit Wasservögel in freier Wildbahn eine Fehlernährung durch die zusätzliche Aufnahme natürlicher Nahrung ausgleichen, ist nicht bekannt. Beobachtungen von Ornithologen und Tierärzten legen nahe, dass es durch den Rohfasermangel im Brot bei massiver Fütterung zu erheblichen Verdauungsstörungen kommt. Weiterhin
besteht aufgrund von Beobachtungen an Futterplätzen wilder Wasservögel der Verdacht, dass die Fütterung mit Brot und Getreide bei jungen Gänsen, Halbgänsen und Schwänen ein zu schnelles Wachstum der Handschwingen verursacht und so Kippflügel begünstigt. Weil eine Fütterung von Wasservögeln unnötig ist und wegen der vielen möglichen nachteiligen Folgen sollte nur selten und mit sehr geringen Mengen artgerechter Nahrung an geeigneten Plätzen gefüttert werden. Eine Fütterung von Jungvögeln muss vollständig
unterlassen werden. __________________________________________________________________________________
Schlussfolgerungen aus beiden Teilen der Arbeit __________________________________________________________________________________
Der erste Teil der Arbeit (Weirich 2020) zeigt, dass Experten die Fütterung wilder Wasservögel als überflüssig einschätzen, weil diese in geeigneten Lebensräumen
genug natürliche Nahrung finden. Sie hat aber eine Bedeutung für Menschen, insbesondere für Kinder, die den Kontakt mit den Tieren genießen und die einzelnen
Arten kennenlernen können. Dadurch kann die Tierliebe und eine Bereitschaft zugunsten wilder Tiere eigene Nachteile in Kauf zu nehmen gefördert werden, was langfristig auch für die wilden Wasservögel positive Folgen hätte. Diesen Vorteilen der Fütterung stehen
jedoch erhebliche Nachteile entgegen, wie beispielsweise Verschmutzungen von Parkanlagen, Eutrophierungen kleiner stehender Gewässer, Belastungen der
Wasserqualität von Badegewässern, eine Vermehrung von Ratten, die Eier und Jungvögel erbeuten, Veränderungen des Verhaltens der Wasservögel und vermutlich
eine Störung ihrer natürlichen Selektion.
Dieser zweite Teil der Arbeit zeigt, dass je nach Art und Umfang der verfütterten Nahrung negative Auswirkungen auf die Gesundheit der Wasservögel möglich bzw. wahrscheinlich sind. Keinesfalls sollten verschimmelte, stark gesalzene oder gesüßte Nahrungsmittel verfüttert werden. Eine Verabreichung von Roggenbrot und -körnern sollte ebenfalls vollständig unterlassen werden, um mögliche antinutritive Effekte und Darmentzündungen durch den hohen Gehalt an wasserlöslichen Nicht-Stärke-Polysacchariden zu vermeiden. Eine massive Fütterung mit Brot oder Getreide sollte unterbleiben, weil andernfalls Verkleinerungen der Verdauungsorgane, Veränderungen der Mikrobiota und Entzündungen des Darms durch Rohfasermangel ebenso möglich erscheinen, wie Mangelerkrankungen durch zu geringe Gehalte an Aminosäuren, Vitaminen und Mineralstoffen. Junge wilde Wasservögel sollten niemals gefüttert werden, weil sie für alle aufgezählten Probleme besonders anfällig sind und es zu ernährungsbedingten Fehlentwicklungen kommen kann.
In der notwendigen Schutzgüterabwägung zwischen der Freude der Menschen an der Fütterung und der Umweltbildung von Kindern einerseits und den zahlreichen möglichen Nachteilen für die Wasservögel, ihre Lebensräume und nicht fütternde Parkbesucher erscheint dem Autor folgender Kompromiss vertretbar: Wer nicht ganz auf die Fütterung verzichten möchte, sollte nur selten und ein paar Meter abseits des Wassers
mit artgerechtem Futter (z.B. Weizenkörner, Salat) in sehr geringen Gesamtmengen (z.B. eine halbe Hand voll) und einzelnen, schnabelgerechten Portionen füttern, sodass nichts liegen bleibt. Dies sollte nur an Orten geschehen, wo die Fütterung erlaubt und weniger problematisch ist (z.B. an großen Flüssen). Eine Fütterung junger Wasservögel muss dabei vollständig unterlassen werden. Die verbreitete Tradition, kleinen Kindern beizubringen, an Parkteichen Enten mit Brot zu füttern, sollte durch diese Maßnahmen abgelöst werden. Zur Begründung eines Fütterungsverbots sollte auf die
Argumente zurückgegriffen werden, die für die Menschen vor Ort nachvollziehbar und im Idealfall auch durch Untersuchungen belegbar sind. Da unter den fütternden Personen Menschen sind, die sich mit viel Engagement für wilde Tiere einsetzen möchten und über
umfangreiches Wissen aus eigenen Beobachtungen verfügen, sollten sich Wissenschaftler und Natur- und Tierschutzverbände darum bemühen, diese Menschen zu
gewinnen und ihnen Wege aufzuzeigen, wie sie wilden Tieren und ihren Lebensräumen wirklich helfen können.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Weirich O 2021: Effects of feeding waterbirds – useful arguments for nature and animal protection associations, authorities and interested birdwatchers. Part 2: Effects of feed and food on waterfowl health. Vogelwarte 59: 129–143.
This second part of a comprehensive overview of the effects of waterbird feeding examines the consequences for the health of waterbirds. Mostly bread and similar bakery products are fed. The effects on the health of wild waterbirds have hardly been
researched. However, findings from poultry farming show that damage is possible or likely: A predominant diet of bread and cereals leads to deficiencies in essential amino acids, vitamins, minerals and crude fibre; excessive consumption of rye bread
or grains leads to antinutritional effects and damage to the microbiota and intestinal inflammation because of the high content of soluble non-starch polysaccharides. The salt content in bread is so high that it would cause significant losses of chicken chicks if their complete feed contained so much salt. Sweets can cause digestive disorders, with some breads and rolls already containing too much sugar for chicks. Mouldy food can be very harmful. Other possible harm has been documented in experiments with control-fed wild waterfowl (especially Mallards Anas platyrhynchos): Mallard chicks, which feed mainly on
vegetarian food such as bread and cereals, are in mortal danger due to a lack of animal protein because they and their plumage then hardly grow and they cool down easily. An unbalanced diet low in crude fibre quickly leads to a reduction in the size of the digestive organs and an accelerated intestinal passage of food, so that adaptations to the digestion of natural food are lost and problems after habitat changes might occur. Young birds are susceptible to salt damage because, unlike adult ducks, they
can excrete it only to a very limited extent. To what extent waterfowl in the wild compensate for malnutrition by consuming additional natural food is not known. Observations by ornithologists and veterinarians suggest that the lack of crude fibre in
bread leads to considerable digestive irritations when fed on a massive scale. Furthermore, based on observations at feeding sites of wild waterfowl, there is a suspicion that feeding bread and cereals to young geese, sheldgeese and swans causes the primaries to grow too quickly, thus favouring the occurrence of ‘Angel Wings’. Because feeding waterfowl is unnecessary and because of the many possible adverse consequences, feeding should be done only infrequently and with very small amounts
of species-appropriate food in appropriate places. Feeding of young birds must be completely refrained from.
... Exogenous enzymes (NSPase) are used as an attempt to overcome problems caused by increased levels of NSP in broiler diets and to enhance digestibility and consequently broiler performance (Campbell & Bedford, 1992;Choct & Kocher, 2000;Cowieson et al., 2006;Polovinski-Horvatović et al., 2015;Glamočić et al., 2012). However, while some feeds contain ____________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 118 out on three poultry species fed with a diet containing 137 g/kg NSP showed that 3.7% of the energy of the total amount of ME was derived from NSP fraction (Jamroz et al., 2002). The diet containing different grains (triticale, rye and wheat) most significantly affected the extent of fermentation in the cecum, but also fermentation in the upper parts of the digestive tract, while the effects of xylanase on the fermentation processes was mainly in the lower part of the digestive tract (Jozefiak et al., 2007). ...
... The Van Soest procedure (Van Soest et al., 1991) obtains three fiber fractions, NDF (neutral detegent fiber), ADF (acid detergent fiber) and hemicelluloses (NDF-ADF), while only NDF corresponds to dietary fiber. Certain authors investigating the effects of fiber and the effects of exogenous enzymes acting on NSP on the digestion of nutrients estimated digestibility of fiber fraction through digestibility of NDF, ADF and hemicellulose (Vukić Vranješ et al., 1994;Jamroz et al., 2002;Ao et al., 2009;Zhang et al., 2010;Nian et al., 2011). However, some parts of soluble NSP are lost through dissolution during the aqueous treatment. ...
... The process of digestibility of protein is largely completed by the end of the distal part of the ileum, while for digestibility of fiber the important part is going through the lower part of the digestive tract where fibers are a source for microbial fermentation. Moreover, in certain cases, when fiber digestibility was determined in the ileum, for single or all fractions of NSP, some researchers found negative values for digestibility (Jamroz et al., 2002). This can be accounted for by the fact that increased amount of dietary fiber in poultry is connected with increased frequency of antiperistaltic movements as an attempt of the organisms to prolong the exposure of fiber to the process of digestion (Sаcranie et al., 2005) causing accumulation of this fraction and receiving negative values of digestibility for fiber fraction or NSP. ...
NSP (non-starch polysaccharides) are a large group of compounds, which vary greatly in their chemical structure and properties. They are linked with the use of some of the alternative proteins or energy feed ingredients in broiler nutrition. Exogenous enzymes which act on NSP are sometimes in broiler production with the purpose of increasing digestibility of nutrients and consequently increasing broiler performance in production. This paper will attempt to review changes occurring in the digestive tract as a result of the use of feed with NSP soluble and insoluble in water, and the effect of NSPase on them, in terms of how an animal organism is burdened or helped to overcome the problems.
... The separation of solid and soluble digesta fractions in the chicken GIT, may complicate digestion studies, particularly, but not exclusively, when fiber degradation is the matter of interest [26] . Unrealistic high ileal and cecal digestibility values for NSP, sometimes exceeding total tract digestibility [8,16,26,38] , clearly indicate that that the traditional marker method maybe inadequate to measure fiber degradation along the GIT in chicken. In future research, a dual phase marker system combined with mathematical modelling of digesta flow pathways, quantitative digesta collection, and stable isotope methods can be helpful to keep track of fiber fractions along the GIT [39] . ...
... The use of such enzymes can facilitate degradation of specific NSP structures, when either appropriate enzyme activities are lacking or when time is limiting their full operation. Although such enzymes are traditionally added to reduce the viscosity of the digesta matrix for cereal-based diets, also the [8] ; Jørgensen et al., 1996 [3] ; Meng et al. 2006 [13] ; [15] ; Petterson and Ǻman, 1989 [16] ; Slominski et al., 1994 [17] ; and Slominski and Campbell, 1990 [20] ; de Vries et al., 2014 [21] ; and de Vries et al., unpublished [24] . fermentability of the fiber fraction can be affected. ...
... Coefficients of apparent total tract digestibility (CATTD) of non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) in chickens for diets with varying in NSP solubility (soluble to total NSP ratio). Data from:Jamroz et al., 2002 ...
Although the importance of dietary fibers to contribute to the nutrient supply in chickens is rather limited, fibers may interfere with the digestion of other nutrients through their effects on physicochemical properties of the digesta, thereby influencing nutrient accessibility, bulking properties, microbial activity, gut physiology and function, endogenous secretions, and flow of digesta through the GIT. Recent literature highlights the importance of dietary fibers for the regulation of digesta flow in the upper digestive tract, mainly through a prolonged retention of digesta in the gizzard. Furthermore, fiber may also be important for the regulation of digesta transit in other GIT segments. High fiber diets promote the separation of solid and liquid digesta and the amount of fiber directed to the ceca, seems to be influenced by fiber properties, as particle size and solubility.
... 600 and 745 units/kg and protease at 500 units/kg) produced NSP ileal digestibility of ∼50% (Yin et al., 2001), which is lower than DC for S-NCP and DC for I-NCP in SBM-based diet observed in the present study. Jamroz et al. (2002) have also reported a lower ileal NSP digestibility of 46% in chickens fed a diet contain-ing barley, wheat, and SBM as major ingredients. The higher total tract DC values (0.6 to 0.7) obtained in the present study could be due to the relatively higher digestible nature of the NCP portion of NSP from corn and SBM compared to barley and wheat with SBM. ...
... A 3% increase in ME in 3-week-old birds fed a corn-SBM based diet supplemented with endoxylanase, amylase, and protease enzymes has also been observed by Cowieson and Ravindran (2008). Jamroz et al. (2002) have previously reported that older 42-day-old birds obtain 3.5% of ME from the NSP fraction when chickens, geese, and ducks were fed barley, wheat, and SBM diets. ...
... The presence of feed enzymes in poultry diets has been reported to increase solubilization of NSP components (Olukosi et al., 2015). The negative DC values for soluble fraction observed could possibly indicate the solubilization of I-NSP (Jamroz et al., 2002). Sugar residues in S-NCP fraction in feed and digesta were detected in low quantities that could cause DC values to be determined imprecisely, especially when considering individual sugar residues. ...
An initial study profiled non-cellulosic polysaccharide (NCP) levels in feed ingredient samples—corn, soybean meal (SBM), whole soybean, and distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS). A separate NCP digestibility assay was performed in broilers at day 21 (grower phase) and day 42 (finisher phase) fed corn-soy based diets with and without composite enzymes (phytases, multi-carbohydrases, and proteases). Negative control (NC), NC + composite enzymes (NC+E), and positive control (PC) diets were tested. Negative control and NC + E diets were isocaloric, 3,020 kcal/kg ME at grower phase and 3,026 kcal/kg ME at finisher phase. Positive control diet was formulated to meet the Cobb standard nutrient specifications. Diets, pooled digesta, and excreta samples from all treatment diets were collected from 21- and 42-day-old birds and NCP content analyzed as soluble NCP (S-NCP) and insoluble NCP (I-NCP) fractions. Digestibility coefficient (DC) values were determined for all dietary treatments for both the feeding periods. Results from the ingredient analysis showed NCP levels of ∼7 to 10% in corn samples, ∼8 to 11% in SBM samples, ∼11 to 14% (including pectin level) in whole soybean, and ∼12 to 17% in DDGS samples, suggesting variation (P < 0.05) in NCP levels existed within ingredient samples. Digestibility assays showed that enzyme treated (NC + E) diet improved DC values at day 21 from 6 to 10 units and 6 to 9 units for ileal and total tract collection, respectively, for I-NCP fraction (P < 0.05) compared to DC values for NC or PC diets. The ileal DC values at day 42 were not different between treatment diets (∼0.6) but total tract DC values improved 9 to 11 units for broilers fed NC + E diet compared to NC or PC diets. Higher DC values for S-NCP were observed for all treatments for both feeding periods (∼0.7—ileal and ∼0.8—total tract) compared to DC values for I-NCP. Overall, the use of supplemental enzymes in corn-soy-based diets showed improvement in total NCP digestion.
... Modern commercial poultry are sensitive to changes in dietary fibre content and composition, due to their high feed-intake and high production rates (Daş et al. 2014;Graham and Åman 1991;Jamroz et al. 2002). These birds are fed very nutrient and energy dense diets, with focus almost entirely on meeting the energy and amino acid requirements when formulating. ...
... Although climate and geography can alter the NSP composition, it is primarily the genotype that is responsible for substantial differences in NSP level; for example, Izydorczyk et al. (1991) showed that genotype directly influenced the arabinose:xylose ratio, molecular weight and structure of arabinoxylan in wheat. Widely varying results between batches of the same ingredient suggests care should be taken when formulating diets taking into consideration NSP content (Jamroz et al. 2002;Maharjan et al. 2019;Morgan 2019). As with all nutrients, the optimum scenario would be to analyse NSP in the feed ingredients prior to formulation. ...
The contribution of dietary fibre in feed ingredients is still inadequately accounted for during feed formulation, despite extensive evidence of its impact on bird performance, litter quality and digestibility of other nutrients, and its high level in plant-derived feed ingredients. True dietary fibre is defined as the total quantity of non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) and lignin. In contrast to other nutrients, NSP vary substantially in composition, both among different feed ingredients and among batches of the same ingredient. Consequently, NSP display variable characteristics in final feeds. NSP have traditionally been recognised as anti-nutritive, through their impact on digesta viscosity and as a nutrient diluent in poultry rations. However, more recently, there is growing interest in their capacity to stimulate gastrointestinal function, improve gut health and act as a source of energy, partially via prebiotic properties. Recent developments in methods for measuring NSP have increased precision when estimating the dietary fibre component of feed ingredients and diets, yet there is still a lack of application of NSP values in both research and industry diets for poultry. Determining the fate of fibre post-ingestion is challenging, due to the complexity of its structural components and limited understanding about how fibre interacts with other dietary nutrients within the intestinal tract environment. The aim of this review is to highlight the importance of considering NSP values when formulating poultry rations, based on evidence from scientific studies presenting the direct impact dietary NSP has on gastrointestinal health and bird performance.
... Dietary fiber has received little attention in poultry nutrition for many years. It is well known that dietary fiber can contribute significantly to the nutritive value of diets both directly as an energy source (Jamroz et al., 2002 andJorgensen et al., 1996) and indirectly through its effects on digestive and metabolic processes (Annison, 1993;Choct et al., 1996;Smits et al., 1997;Smits et al., 1998;Smits et al., 2000 andMontagne et al., 2003). ...
... Next to cellulose, chitin is the second-most prevalent bioactive polysaccharide on the earth (Joseph et al., 2021). It is commonly recognized that dietary fiber may give animals with nutritional value by supplying energy (Varel and Yen, 1997;Jamroz et al., 2002). Dietary fiber indirectly enhances immune system and gastrointestinal health (Jha and Leterme, 2012;Jha et al., 2010;Pieper et al., 2008). ...
Alternative protein source discovery is one of the main objectives of all researchers in the nutrition field because the world population is increasing rapidly. Insects are currently on top of the list of alternative protein sources. Grasshoppers and locusts meals are from that category. Grasshoppers and locusts, commonly consumed in insect-eating communities, are among the most promising insects as food and feed. Therefore, this review aims to summarize available data on their nutritional composition including crude fibre (2.5-17.7%), chitin (4-11%), crude ash (1.8-6.7%), crude protein (16.6-77.3%), crude fat (2.6-54.9%), and energy (157-527 kcal/g) of grasshoppers varying between these ranges. The essential amino acids (AA) profile reflects methionine (0.9-3.9%), lysine (2.9-7.1%), threonine (1.6-5.3%), leucine (4.6-12.7%), tryptophan (0.4-3.2%), and valine (4.1-0.2%). The fatty acids (FA) profile is oleic acid (3.4-40.9%), linoleic acid (0.8-45.6%), linolenic acid (1.4-13.1%), and lauric acid (0.3-1.3%). The polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) (17.5-67.4%) and saturated FA (SFA) (22.1-56.8%) are present in the range quoted in brackets. The PUFA content richness is beneficial for human consumption. The huge diversity in the chemical composition of grasshoppers is mainly due to the substrate chemical composition on which grasshoppers propagate. Some allergic reactions have been reported in the literature, but the removal of wings, legs, and antennae overcame the allergenicity problem. In conclusion, this review summarizes the nutritional composition of grasshoppers and locusts in scientific literature.
... However, methanogenic microorganisms are present in the ceca of chickens [18,19]. Moreover, there is fermentation of non-starch carbohydrates in the small intestine, ceca and cecum of poultry ( [20], reviewed: [21]). These reports are consistent with methane being generated in the gastro-intestinal tract of poultry. ...
Animal agriculture is providing high quality protein to the World’s growing population. There have been increases in the production globally of meat, eggs and milk, for instance, between 2000 and 2020. In the cases of chicken meat, eggs, buffalo and dairy cattle milk, the increases in production exceeded the growth in human population. Along with production, there are multiple negative environmental impacts; namely the following: (1) the greenhouse gases (GHG) methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O); (2) total ammonia (NH3) nitrogen (TAN), (3) particulate matter (PM) namely PM10, PM2.5 and PM1 adversely affecting public health, (4) hydrogen sulfide and other noxious sulfur compounds and (5) eutrophication and acidification. Enteric fermentation in ruminants, and to a less extent pigs, are the major sources of direct emissions of CH4. It is assumed that CH4 generation from enteric fermentation is minimal in poultry. However, this requires further study. Manure is an indirect source of GHGs. Products from ruminants (meat and milk) have the highest intensities of GHG and poultry products (meat and eggs) have the lowest intensities of GHG. Pig meat is intermediate. There are similar relative rankings of intensities for eutrophication and acidification. A series of strategies are proposed to address the environmental impacts of poultry and livestock production.
... It has been proposed that the viscous NSPs (i.e., β-glucan and arabinoxylan) are responsible for the poor feeding value of rye, oats, barley and some varieties of wheat for poultry since high digesta viscosity may be responsible for impaired digestion and absorption of nutrients and FI reduction 4 . Numerous researchers have reported increased growth and improved FCR as a consequence of NSP enzymes inclusion in animal diets based on barley, especially for poultry 3,18 . In starter and grower periods, BW of broilers fed diets with enzyme were significantly (P<0.05) ...
... also in agreement with the findings reported by Garcia et al. (2008). Numerous researchers have reported increased growth and improved FCR because of NSPs enzymes inclusion in animal diets based on barley, especially for poultry (Almirall et al., 1995;Jamroz et al., 2002). The improvement that occurred in FCR may result from improvement in the use of metabolizable energy and digestibility of fat, protein and carbohydrates. ...
This study was conducted to investigate the effect of four commercial multi-enzymes on the performance, meat yield, water intake, litter moisture and jejunal digesta viscosity of chicks fed wheat/barley based diet. A total of 195 1-d-old male broiler chicks (Ross 308) were allocated to 5 treatment groups, with 3 replicates per treatment group and 13 birds per replicate pen and all data were analyzed in a randomized complete block design. During the starter period, feed conversion ratio (FCR) was significantly (P < 0.05) decreased by only enzymes A, B and D. Moreover, FCR was significantly (P < 0.05) decreased by all enzymes in grower and entire periods. The relative weight of the breast as proportion of live weight was significantly (P < 0.05) decreased by only enzyme A. The relative weight of the abdominal fat as proportion of live weight was also significantly (P < 0.05) increased by enzyme D. Enzyme supplementation decreased viscosity of jejunal contents of chicks at day 28, but only enzymes A and D reduced significantly (P < 0.05) the viscosity of jejunum compared to control diet. In conclusion, there were similar improvements on FCR of birds fed diets with enzyme supplementation and choice preference of enzyme supplementation has to be base on its economic value.
... This suggests that the application of DFs is a potential way to influence SCFAs concentration. The SCFAs enhance beneficial microbial populations to regulate endogenous enzymatic activities and produce more energy and carbon for IECs [61], thus contributing to maintaining mucosal integrity, immunity, and health of broilers, geese, and ducks [3]. Therefore it is important to highlight the potential role of specific types and sources of DFs that can be used in manipulating the commensal bacterial populations which specifically induce the synthesis of SCFAs. ...
The maintenance of poultry gut health is complex depending on the intricate balance among diet, the commensal microbiota, and the mucosa, including the gut epithelium and the superimposing mucus layer. Changes in microflora composition and abundance can confer beneficial or detrimental effects on fowl. Antibiotics have devastating impacts on altering the landscape of gut microbiota, which further leads to antibiotic resistance or spread the pathogenic populations. By eliciting the landscape of gut microbiota, strategies should be made to break down the regulatory signals of pathogenic bacteria. The optional strategy of conferring dietary fibers (DFs) can be used to counterbalance the gut microbiota. DFs are the non-starch carbohydrates indigestible by host endogenous enzymes but can be fermented by symbiotic microbiota to produce shortchain fatty acids (SCFAs). This is one of the primary modes through which the gut microbiota interacts and communicate with the host. The majority of SCFAs are produced in the large intestine (particularly in the caecum), where they are taken up by the enterocytes or transported through portal vein circulation into the bloodstream. Recent shreds of evidence have elucidated that SCFAs affect the gut and modulate the tissues and organs either by activating G-protein-coupled receptors or affecting epigenetic modifications in the genome through inducing histone acetylase activities and inhibiting histone deacetylases. Thus, in this way, SCFAs vastly influence poultry health by promoting energy regulation, mucosal integrity, immune homeostasis, and immune maturation. In this review article, we will focus on DFs, which directly interact with gut microbes and lead to the production of SCFAs. Further, we will discuss the current molecular mechanisms of how SCFAs are generated, transported, and modulated the pro-and anti-inflammatory immune responses against pathogens and host physiology and gut health.
... Since the laboratory analyzes commonly used to determine the NSP fraction [10,11] are labor-intensive and time-consuming, other kinds of analysis that are simpler and quicker are applied. The first one is the Van Soest and Wine analysis [12], which is a faster and less labor-intensive solution that is typically performed when determining the fiber in the feed for ruminants (detergent dietary fiber). ...
The purpose of the experiment was to determine the effect of oat hull on the performance and morphometric measurements of the gastrointestinal tract, and to correlate the results of these measurements with the type of the determined dietary fiber in feed and the number of microorganisms. The Asp method is simpler and quicker than non-starch polysaccharide analysis, and can give quick information in the analysis of fiber fractions (soluble and insoluble) in the component or in a diet, and also related the obtained results with the performance of broiler chickens. The utilization of oat hull in the amount of 1% of the diet of broiler chickens results in the highest body weight on the 28th day of life (p < 0.05) in comparison to the group not receiving oat hull in the diet and with a 3% share of this structural component. Oat hull in the diet of broiler chickens in the amount of 1% also reduces the total length of the intestines (p < 0.05), compared with the share of 0 and 3%. The soluble fiber contained in the grains of barley and wheat has an influence on the higher metabolic weight of the glandular stomach of broiler chickens compared to the birds receiving corn grain in their diet. Barley grain and oat hull in the amount of 3% significantly (p < 0.01) increase the weight of gizzards. The increase in the weight of the proventriculus (r = 0.392), gizzard (r = 0.486) and duodenum (r = 0.657) was positively correlated with the growth of E. coli bacteria in the crop. The opposite effect in the case of negative correlation was determined in the case of the duodenum and E. coli count (r = −0.593).
... Poultry caecal microbiota is able to break down cellulose and other indigestible carbohydrates and produce short-chain fatty acids, thus generating energy that eventually becomes available to the host. Annison et al. (1968) found that short-chain fatty acids provide up to 11% of metabolisable energy for adult chickens, while newer studies estimated that energy derived from fermentation in the caecum is between 3% and 5% of total energy requirements (Choct et al. 1996;Jørgensen et al. 1996;Jamroz et al. 2002). The microbiota reaches a state of maturity and usually stabilises around the third week of age and varies depending on the genetic background of the birds and management factors (Svihus et al. 2013). ...
Maize, the most common energy feed ingredient in poultry diets, has a high starch proportion in the grain endosperm, ranging from 65 to 75% in various hybrids. The rate and extent of digestion are major determinants of maize starch nutritive value. Starch digestion follows the first-order kinetics, and according to the digestibility kinetics, starch can be divided into rapidly digestible (RDS), slowly digestible (SDS), and resistant starch (RS). Different intrinsic and extrinsic features of maize grain affect the rate and extent of starch digestibility. Differences in starch granule composition, such as amylose-to-amylopectin ratio, crystallisation, association with lipids and zeins, as well as shape, size and presence of surface pores affect starch digestibility kinetics. More so, an important factor affecting digestion is grain processing. Particle size affects feed intake, the passage of bolus and susceptibility to enzyme-starch binding, while hydrothermal processing leads to starch gelatinisation. However, too high temperatures can lead to RS formation. This review summarises the available literature data on factors identified as crucial in the digestibility kinetics of maize starch.
... Oat hull (OH) is a source of insoluble fibre that can improve daily body gain in broiler chickens when high amounts of wheat or barley rich in non-starch polysaccharides are used in feed, especially in young chickens [22][23][24]. In terms of broiler chicken nutrition, oat hull and fibre solubility affect the microflora status in the crop and small intestine due to the retention time and the content of cellulose in the crop and gizzard, which can cause decreases in the crop and gizzard pH, thus creating a barrier for pathogenic bacteria such as Salmonella sp., C. perfringens, and enterotoxigenic strains of the E. coli or Eimeria species [9,25,26]. ...
Simple Summary: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the addition of oat hull (0-3%) and high amounts of cereal grains to the diets of broiler chickens in terms of the development of the upper gastrointestinal tract, and individual microbial counts in the crop and ileum, and the effect of dietary fibre fractions on microbial changes from the beak to the ileum. The addition of 3% oat hull increased the weights of the proventriculus and gizzard, thereby improving the gizzard barrier function. The presence of dietary fibre and hemicelluloses in diets increased the total aerobic microbial count and Lactobacillus spp. bulk in the crop. The presence of insoluble dietary fibre in the diet decreased the total aerobic microbial count and increased the E. coli count in the crop. In the ileum, insoluble dietary fibre decreased the E. coli count and soluble dietary fibre decreased the total combined yeast and mould count. Abstract: This study aimed to determine the effect of the addition of oat hull (0-3%) and high amounts of cereal grains to the diet of broiler chickens in terms of the development of the upper gastrointestinal tract, individual microbial counts in the crop and ileum, and the effect of dietary fibre fractions on microbial changes from the beak to the ileum. In the 28 d trial, 162 one-day-old Hubbard Flex male chickens with an average body weight of 44.5 g were randomly allocated to 27 metabolic cages. The experiment consisted of a randomised, one factorial ANCOVA design composed of a covariate with two ANOVA factorial designs containing nine treatments (3 × 3): three sources of cereal grains (maize, wheat, and barley, with a minimum amount of 500 g · kg −1 , each with nine replications) and three levels of oat hull (0, 1, and 3%, each with nine replications). At the end of the study, 81 chickens (9 in each treatment) were slaughtered to determine the weight of the individual organs and characterise the intestinal microbiota. The application of 3% oat hull to the cereal diets increased the weight of the proventriculus and the gizzard (6.3 and 27.3 g, respectively) in comparison to diets without the addition of this structural component (6.0 and 23.7 g). Higher crop counts of total aerobic microbes (6.29 log CFU · g −1) and Lactobacillus spp. (4.05 log CFU · g −1) were observed in diets containing wheat grain compared with maize (4.62 and 3.55 log CFU · g −1 , respectively). The main reason for the microorganism's growth (p < 0.05) was the amount of soluble dietary fibre and hemicelluloses present in the diet: total aerobic microbial count (respectively r = 0.918 and r = 0.816) and Lactobacillus spp. (respectively r = 0.416 and r = 0.442). Barley diets decreased (p < 0.05) E. coli counts in the ileum (2.69 log CFU · g −1) vs. maize and wheat diets (3.41 and 3.45 log CFU · g −1 , respectively), mainly due to the increase in the amount of insoluble dietary fibre in the diet (r = −0.462). Reduced total yeast and mould counts in the ileum were also observed (p < 0.05) in connection with the presence of soluble dietary fibre and hemicelluloses in diets (r = −0.397 and −0.398, respectively). Citation: Wróblewska, P.; Hikawczuk, T.; Sierżant, K.; Wiliczkiewicz, A.; Szuba-Trznadel, A. Effect of Oat Hull as a
... Unlike readily digestible starches, non-starch polysaccharides (NSPs) may pass undigested to the caecum because of their high structural variability as an enzymatic substrate (10). The ceca, paired blind pouches emerging at the junction of the ileum and colon, are anoxic microbial habitats that host the highest microbial loads and species diversity in the chicken GI tract and are the primary site for carbohydrate fermentation into short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and gases (11,12). Other functions performed by this understudied organ include water and electrolyte exchange (13) and, based on the presence of cecal tonsils containing avian immunoglobins as well as B and T cells, non-digestion related immunological roles (14,15). ...
In chickens, early life exposure to environmental microbes has long-lasting impacts on gastrointestinal (GI) microbiome development and host health and growth, via mechanisms that remain uncharacterized. In this study, we demonstrated that administrating a fecal microbiome transplant (FMT) from adults to day-of-hatch chicks results in significantly higher body mass of birds and decreased residual feed intake (RFI), implying enhanced feed efficiency, at 6 weeks of age. To assess the potential mechanisms through which FMT affects adult bird phenotype, we combined 16 S rRNA gene amplification, metagenomic, and comparative genomic approaches to survey the composition and predicted activities of the resident microbiome of various GI tract segments. Early life FMT exposure had a long-lasting significant effect on the microbial community composition and function of the ceca but not on other GI segments. Within the ceca of 6-week-old FMT birds, hydrogenotrophic microbial lineages and genes were most differentially enriched. The results suggest that thermodynamic regulation in the cecum, in this case via hydrogenotrophic methanogenic and sulfur-cycling lineages, potentially serving as hydrogen sinks, may enhance fermentative efficiency and dietary energy harvest capacity. Our study provides a specific mechanism of action through which early-life microbiome transplants modulate market-relevant phenotypes in poultry and, thereby, may represent a significant advance toward microbiome-focused sustainable agriculture.
... This suggests that the application of DFs is a potential way to influence SCFAs concentration. The SCFAs enhance beneficial microbial populations to regulate endogenous enzymatic activities and produce more energy and carbon for IECs [61], thus contributing to maintaining mucosal integrity, immunity, and health of broilers, geese, and ducks [3]. Therefore it is important to highlight the potential role of specific types and sources of DFs that can be used in manipulating the commensal bacterial populations which specifically induce the synthesis of SCFAs. ...
The maintenance of poultry gut health is complex which depends on the intricate balance among diet, the commensal microbiota, and the mucosa, including the gut epithelium and the superimposing mucus layer. Changes in microflora composition and abundance can confer beneficial or detrimental effects on fowl. Antibiotics have devastating impacts on altering the landscape of gut microbiota, which further leads to the resistance of or spread the pathogenic populations. By eliciting the landscape of gut microbiota, strategies should be made to break down the regulatory signals of pathogenic bacteria. The optional strategy of conferring dietary fibers (DFs) can be used to counterbalance the gut microbiota. DFs are the non-starch carbohydrates indigestible by host endogenous enzymes but can be fermented by symbiotic microbiota to produce short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). This is one of the primary modes through which the gut microbiota interact, and communicate with the host. The majority of SCFAs are produced in the large intestine (particularly in the caecum), where they are taken up by the enterocytes or transported through portal vein circulation into the bloodstream. Recent shreds of evidence have elucidated that SCFAs affect the gut and modulate the tissues and organs either by activating G-protein-coupled receptors or affecting epigenetic modifications in the genome through inducing histone acetylase activities and inhibiting histone deacetylases. Thus in this way, SCFAs vastly influence poultry health by promoting energy regulation, mucosal integrity, immune homeostasis, and immune maturation. In this study, we will focus on DFs, which directly interact with gut microbes and lead to the production of SCFAs. Further, we will discuss the current molecular mechanisms of how SCFAs are generated, transported, and modulated the pro-and anti-inflammatory immune responses against pathogens and host physiology and gut health.
... In addition, the poor ileal and total tract starch digestibility observed at d 14 in birds fed the low sNSP diets could be attributed to production of high molecular weight viscous AX, from insoluble NSP degradation, exceeding their hydrolysis rate in the gastrointestinal tract in this treatment group. The NSP digestibility values in this study were lower than those presented by Jamroz et al. [48] and Zhang et al. [49], but higher than those seen by Meng et al. [50], probably due to differences in diet composition, such as source of fat and quality of wheat, and bird age. ...
This study evaluated the effect of dietary soluble non-starch polysaccharides (sNSP) on performance and nutrient utilisation in broilers from d 0 to 35. Cobb 500 broilers (n = 480, 80 birds per treatment) were fed either wheat- or corn-soybean meal-based diets formulated to contain either a high, medium, or low sNSP content, in a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement, fed as Starter (d 0–14) and Grower (d 14–35). Birds fed the low sNSP level presented greater BWG at d 0–14 and lower feed intake at d 14–35 compared to birds fed the medium sNSP level (p < 0.005). At d 14, birds fed the high sNSP level presented greater ileal and total tract starch digestibility and total tract sNSP degradability and insoluble NSP degradability, compared to feeding the low sNSP level. At d 35, total tract DM and metabolisability of gross energy was greater in birds fed the medium sNSP level compared to those fed the high or low sNSP level (p < 0.005). Generally, bird performance and nutrient utilisation was greater in birds fed the corn-based diets compared to the wheat-based diets. These results illustrate that dietary sNSP level and composition influences bird performance and nutrient digestibility.
... Polysaccharides like cellulose, starch, and xylan are natural polymers derived from plants, while collagen (gelatin), chitosan or chitin, hyaluronan, heparin sulfate, and chondroitin sulfate are derived from animals (Liu et al. 2017). Polysaccharides are one of the most popular biopolymers in edible applications due to their advantages of nontoxicity, edibility, digestibility, biocompatibility, biodegradability, and renewability (Cardoso 2014;Dickinson 2017;Jamroz et al. 2002;Saha et al. 2017). Moreover, polysaccharides have a wide range of molecular properties in structure, weight, solubility, and carried charges, which are important for them to be fabricated into biopolymer-based rotary forcespun fibers for edible applications. ...
Over recent years, nanofibers have been developed to be edible materials due to their superior properties. The large-demanded nanofibers for edible applications encourage researchers to develop further various methods for producing nanofibers. One of the methods is rotary forcespinning (RFS) that offers a huge potential to yield nanofibers with large-volume capacity and low-cost productivity compared with the other ones. This review provides recent advances on rotary forcespun nanofibers with emphasizing on basic principles of the RFS method and the essential factors affecting the produced nanofibers. The prospects of rotary forcespun nanofibers for edible applications, including food encapsulation, nutraceutical and drug delivery, edible coatings or films, and food packaging, are also elaborated. Possible challenges and future directions of the utilization of RFS method to produce nanofibers for edible applications are also discussed.
... These increases may be due to the elimination of most non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) in SPC, which improves the starter nutritional absorption capacity of broilers [26]. In the pre-cecal section of the gastrointestinal tract, soluble NSP may increase the viscosity of the gastrointestinal content, which may disturb the secretion of endogenous enzymes and bile acids, causing morphological changes in the intestine and reducing the digestibility of nutrients [27]. This may result in poorer growth and performance of birds [28]. ...
Soybean meal (SBM) is high in antinutritional factors (ANFs), which is not conducive to the starter growth of broilers. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of soy protein concentrate (SPC) in starter diet on growth performance, carcass traits, meat quality, immune organ indices and blood biochemical indices of broilers. A total of 384 1-day-old Arbor Acres (AA) male broilers (46.05 ± 0.37 g) with similar body weight were randomly divided into 4 groups with 8 replicates in each group and 12 broilers in each replicate. The experiment was divided into three phases: in starter phase (1–10 d), birds were fed a corn-SBM-based basal mash diet (control) and the basal diet was supplemented with SPC at 4% (SPC4), 8% (SPC8), 12% (SPC12). In the grower phase (11–21 d) and the finisher phase (22–42 d), the birds in all four treatment groups were fed the same diets. The results showed that the body weight was significantly increased in the SPC8 and SPC12 groups of broilers at 10 d and 42 d (p < 0.05). The average daily gain was significantly increased in the SPC12 group of broilers at 1–10 d and 1–42 d (p < 0.05). The average daily feed intake was significantly increased in the SPC8 and SPC12 groups of broilers at 1-10 d (p < 0.05). The feed conversion rates at 1–42 d (p = 0.055) tended to decline in the SPC12 group. The carcass yield and the thymus indices were significantly increased in the SPC12 group of broilers at 42 d (p < 0.05). Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)/ aspartate aminotransferase (AST) tended to decline in SPC12 group at 10 d (p = 0.055) and total protein (TP) tended to increase in the SPC12 group at 42 d (p = 0.080). The contents of total cholesterol (T-CHO) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) were significantly elevated in the SPC12 group of broilers at 42 d (p < 0.05). In conclusion, dietary inclusion of 12% SPC as a starter diet can be recommended due to the positive effects on broilers.
... This provides a relatively favorable environment for the establishment of fermentative microbiota in the upper gut, which may not typically reside there in high numbers [6,7]. Moreover, fermentation occurring at the site of the upper gut is not beneficial for the host, as it yields relatively low amounts of energy compared to typical enzymatic digestion and nutrient absorption by the host [28]. Jørgensen et al. [29] reported that NSP fermentation could only contribute up to 3-4% energy of ME intake. ...
Many fibrous ingredients incorporated in poultry feed to reduce production costs have low digestibility and cause poor growth in poultry. However, all plant-based fibers are not equal, and thus exert variable physiological effects on the birds, including but not limited to, digestibility, growth performance, and microbial fermentation. Several types of fibers, especially oligosaccharides, when supplemented in poultry diets in isolated form, exhibit prebiotic effects by enhancing beneficial gut microbiota, modulating gut immunity, boosting intestinal mucosal health, and increasing the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) in the gut. Recently, poultry producers are also facing the challenge of limiting the use of antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) in poultry feed. In addition to other alternatives in use, exogenous non-starch polysaccharides digesting enzymes (NSPase) and prebiotics are being used to provide substrates to support the gut microbiome. We also conducted a meta-analysis of different studies conducted in similar experimental conditions to evaluate the variability and conclusiveness in effects of NSPase on growth performance of broilers fed fibrous ingredients. This review presents a holistic approach in discussing the existing challenges of incorporating high-fiber ingredients in poultry feed, as well as strategies to fully utilize the potential of such ingredients in improving feed efficiency and gut health of poultry.
... High fiber is a component of nonstarch polysaccharide (NSP) known as the primary material digested or fermented by intestinal bacteria. The fermentation of NSP breakdown products produces shortchain volatile fatty acids (SCFAs) (Jamroz et al. 2002), absorbed by the mucosa and catabo lized. ...
The diversity of intestinal bacteria in geese correlates with environmental conditions, rearing methods, and consumed feeds. The intestinal bacteria composition is useful for the absorption of nutrition, improving the metabolism, and may be related to the immune system. This study was conducted to examine the intestinal bacteria composition and the diversity of maintained goose in aviaries and barns. This research was an observational exploratory. Five geese were taken purposively from local breeders in Gunungpati District, Semarang City. A total of 5 g of intestinal contents from each sample was used for microbial genome isolation. Then, the genome was amplified to collect 16S rRNA gene region V3-V4. The amplicons were then sequenced using the next generation sequencing (NGS) method (Illumina high-throughput sequencing; paired-end reads) and analyzed using QIIME2 to identify bacterial species. In addition, GC-MS was performed to identify and measure fatty acid contents in the intestinal. The results showed that both rearing and caged goose contained nine phyla of intestinal bacteria. The number of intestinal bacteria of barn geese (SU) reached 32,748 Operational Taxonomy Units (OTU); higher than aviary geese (SK), which was 11,646 OTU. The intestinal bacteria community in barn geese was approved by Phylum TM7 (Saccharibacteria candidate) (53.18%), followed by Firmicutes (32.51%) and Bacteriodetes (5.42%). Whereas on SK Firmicutes was compiled 49.3 4% of total OTU, TM7 (S. candidate) up to 21.17%, and Actinobacteria up to 15.99 %. The abundance of TM7 may contribute to high 9,12-octadecadienoic acid production, while Firmicutes was related to the high production of oleic acid. Based on these data, the reared geese had a more abundant diversity of bacteria than the caged one.
... Carbohydrates undigested in the upper GIT, mainly oligosaccharides, are fermented in the large intestine of poultry by the cecal bacterial ecosystem (Juskiewicz et al., 2002;Patterson and Burkholder, 2003). The main products of fermentation are SCFAs, mostly acetate, propionate and butyrate (Jamroz et al., 2002;Karl-Lilienthal et al., 2005). ...
This study investigated differences in the architecture of intestinal mucosa, digestive and fermentation processes in laying hens fed diets in which soybean meal (SBM) was replaced with increasing levels of yellow lupine seeds (YL) for 16 weeks. Two hundred twenty-four Lohmann Brown hens aged 32 weeks were placed in battery cages and were assigned to four dietary treatments (56 replicates in each, 1 hen per replicate). Diets containing 100, 200 or 300 g/kg YL (YL100, YL200 and YL300, respectively) were compared with a control soybean-wheat-based diet (YL0). Diets containing YL did not negatively affect the key variables of hens performance. Increasing dietary inclusion levels of YL caused a linear increase in duodenal mucosa thickness (P = 0.046), crypt depth (P = 0.016) and villus height (P = 0.066). In the jejunum, a quadratic effect of YL inclusion was noted for mucosa thickness (P = 0.021) and crypt depth (P = 0.007), with the lowest values in groups YL100 and YL200. The dietary YL significantly decreased the weight of the small intestine with digesta vs. YL0. Dietary treatments had no effect on the hydration, pH and viscosity of the small intestinal contents or the weight of cecal tissue and contents. Dietary YL treatments linearly increased the dry matter content of cecal digesta (P = 0.029), and decreased cecal pH (P = 0.028) and ammonia concentrations (P = 0.001). Dietary YL led to a linear increase in the activity of microbial enzymes, including α-glucosidase, α- and β-galactosidase, α-arabinopyranosidase and β-xylosidase (all P < 0.001), whereas no differences were found in the activity of β-glucosidase and β-glucuronidase. Increasing dietary inclusion levels of YL linearly decreased the concentrations of total short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in the small intestinal digesta (P = 0.040), and increased SCFA levels in the cecal contents (P = 0.043).
Dietary treatments had no influence on the apparent digestibility coefficients of nutrients as well as nitrogen retention. No significant differences were observed in the majority of the analyzed blood biochemical and enzymatic parameters. Dietary YL, despite its higher content of non-starch polysaccharides (NSPs) and raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs) in comparison with the SBM-based diet, can be regarded as a valuable dietary component for laying hens due to the fact that it induces positive changes in the fermentation processes in the ceca.
... Their anaerobic degradation would generate mainly SCFAs as discussed earlier (e.g., [26,32]). The SCFAs formed are beneficial to the host in at least two ways: (1) SCFAs may enter the blood stream, thus contributing partly (3-5%) to the energy requirements of the chickens [32,33], and (2) SCFAs decrease the pH of the intestinal environment, thus inhibiting potential pathogens, decreasing the solubility of bile acids, increasing indirectly the absorption of minerals, and reducing ammonia absorption by the protonic dissociation of ammonia and other amines (see the review by Wong et al. [34]). Therefore, lysozyme supplementation may play an important role in maintaining intestinal function and health by promoting the populations that produce SCFAs. ...
Lysozyme is known to eliminate intestinal pathogens in poultry and improve their growth performance. However, whether it can replace antibiotic growth promoters without the associated risk of the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains is not known, and the effects of lysozyme supplementation on the composition, biodiversity, and function of the chicken gut microbiota remain unclear. Here, we used the 16S rRNA gene and ITS fragment Illumina sequencing combined with transcriptomic analysis to address this issue. A total of 400 1-d-old Di Gao chicks were allocated randomly to five groups, each consisting of four replicates (20 birds/group). The chicks were fed a starter (1–21 d) and a grower (22–42 d) diet supplemented with 0 (control), 40 (LYS40), 100 (LYS100), or 200 ppm (LYS200) lysozyme, or 400 ppm flavomycin as an antibiotic control for 6 weeks. Lysozyme administration did not contribute significantly (P > 0.05) to the growth of the broiler chickens. No significant (P > 0.05) differences in the diversity and composition of the bacterial and fungal communities in the cecal microbiota of chickens in the different diet groups were found. However, lysozyme supplementation led to a significant (P < 0.05) enrichment of genes involved in the synthesis/degradation of bacterial outer membranes and cell walls, cross-cell substrate transport, and carbohydrate metabolic processes, thus possibly promoting the cecal microbiota carbon and energy metabolism. Bacteroides contributed 31.9% of glycoside hydrolase genes (17,681–24,590), 26.1% of polysaccharide lyase genes (479–675), 20.7% of carbohydrate esterase genes (3,509–4,101), 8.8% of auxiliary activity genes (705–1,000), 16.2% of glycosyltransferase genes (5,301–6,844), and 13.9% of carbohydrate-binding module genes (8838–15,172) identified in the cecal samples. Thus, they were the main players in the breakdown of non-starch polysaccharides in the cecum, although Parabacteroides, Alistipes, Prevotella, Clostridium, Blastocystis, Barnesiella, Blautia, Faecalibacterium, Subdoligranulum, Megamonas, Eubacterium, Ruminococcus, Paenibacillus, Bifidobacterium, Akkermansia, and other bacteria also participated.
... Therefore, the more highly substituted and hence complex AX, were found at the level of the feces as the broiler ages. Furthermore, these high total tract digestibilities are in agreement with a number of studies, showing that non-enzyme supplemented birds are able to partly digest high fiber contents of the diets (Jamroz et al., 2002;Zhang et al., 2014). However, the microbiota seem to invest more in solubilizing WU-AX than fermenting the more complex wheat AX polysaccharides, as indicated by the negative total tract WE-AX digestibilities over all ages. ...
Endoxylanases are frequently used in cereal-based broiler feeds to improve the nutritional quality of the feed. It is hypothesized that the age of broilers and the age-related development of their intestinal microbiota influence the efficacy of these enzymes. Hence, the objective of this study was to identify possible age-related changes in arabinoxylan (AX) digestion in the different parts of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of broilers. A feeding trial was performed with 240 1-day-old chicks (Ross 308) receiving a wheat-based feed containing no supplemented endoxylanase. Digesta samples from every section of the GI tract were collected at 5, 10, 15, 21, 28, and 35 d of age and analyzed for AX content, AX digestibility, intestinal viscosity, and microbial endoxylanase and arabinofuranosidase activities. In the first 2 wk, the microbiota were able to solubilize a part of the water-unextractable arabinoxylan (WU-AX), thereby increasing intestinal viscosity and water-extractable arabinoxylan (WE-AX) concentrations in the GI tract. In these young birds, WU-AX and WE-AX with low arabinose to xylose ratios were able to enter the caeca but were not yet extensively fermented by the caecal microbiota as indicated by the high caecal AX concentrations at 5 and 10 d (P < 0.01). Establishment of a more mature microbial community at 3 wk of age resulted in a further increase in both the solubilization of WU-AX and fermentation of WE-AX at the ileum and caecum (P < 0.10). Furthermore, the increase in AX degrading enzyme activities with age denotes the high AX degrading capacity of the caecal microbiota. Finally, a total tract AX digestion of 24% was achieved at slaughter age (day 35). Our results clearly indicate that the capacity of intestinal microbiota to degrade AX in the hindgut increases as the broiler ages. This suggests that the benefits of endoxylanase supplementation of broiler feeds depend on the interaction of the intestinal microbiota and AX present in the GI tract at specific broiler ages.
... Although dietary fiber (DF) is abundantly present in common feedstuffs, its concentration in monogastric animal diets has increased proportionally with the increased incorporation of coproducts. It is well-known that DF can contribute nutritional value to animals, directly by providing energy (1,2) and indirectly by improving gut health and immune function (3)(4)(5)(6). Yet, DF has historically been considered as an antinutritional factor due to its negative impacts on nutrient utilization (4,7). ...
Animal performance, feed efficiency, and overall health are heavily dependent on gut health. Changes in animal production systems and feed regulations away from the use of antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) have necessitated the identification of strategies to optimize gut health in novel and effective ways. Among alternatives to AGP, the inclusion of dietary fibers (DF) in monogastric diets has been attempted with some success. Alternative feedstuffs and coproducts are typically rich in fiber and can be used in the diets to reduce feed costs and optimize gut health. DF are naturally occurring compounds with a diverse composition and are present in all plant-based feedstuffs. DF stimulate the growth of health-promoting gut bacteria, are fermented in the distal small intestine and large intestine to short-chain fatty acids and have beneficial effects on the immune system. Maternal DF supplementation is one novel strategy suggested to have a beneficial programming effect on the microbial and immune development of their offspring. One mechanism by which DF improves gut health is through maintenance of an anaerobic intestinal environment that subsequently prevents facultative anaerobic pathogens from flourishing. Studies with pigs and poultry have shown that fermentation characteristics and their beneficial effects on gut health vary widely based on type, form, and the physico-chemical properties of the DF. Therefore, it is important to have information on the different types of DF and their role in optimizing gut health. This review will provide information and updates on different types of DF used in monogastric nutrition and its contribution to gut health including microbiology, fermentation characteristics, and innate and adaptive immune responses.
... It has been estimated that in chickens, microbial fermentation of NSPs to SCFAs supplies additional energy in the amount of 2.8 kJ/g NSPs, i.e., approximately 3.5% of the birds' requirement for metabolisable energy (Jamroz et al., 2002). In the present experiment, increased SCFA production in the caeca did not improve the growth performance of turkeys, which have been described in detail elsewhere (Przywitowski et al., 2016). ...
This study evaluated the effects of dietary replacement of soybean meal (SBM) with graded levels of faba bean (FB) seeds with high or low tannin content (HT or LT) on the gastrointestinal function and growth performance of turkeys at 13–18 weeks of age. Hybrid Converter turkeys were distributed into 7 treatments corresponding to 7 different finisher diets: a control wheat-soybean meal-based (FB0) diet and experimental diets where SBM was partially replaced with HT or LT seeds at 100, 200 and 300 g/kg. Each treatment comprised 210 turkeys, with seven replicate pens and 30 birds per pen. The LT treatment decreased jejunal crypt depth (vs. FB0; P = 0.049) and the experimental factors had no significant effect on the analysed caecal histological parameters. In comparison with the FB0 diet, diets containing HT and LT FB contributed to an increase in the total bacterial counts (P = 0.001 and P = 0.033) and Bacteria domain (P = 0.001 and P = 0.060), and a decrease in the counts of Bacteroides (P = 0.002 and P = 0.013). Diets containing LT FB reduced the abundance of Salmonella bacteria, relative to the FB0 diet (P = 0.011) and diets with HT FB (P = 0.023). The LT treatment decreased the counts of total bacteria and Bacteria domain (P = 0.005), in comparison with the HT treatment. The highest ileal short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentrations were observed in response to the LT200 diet. LT diets stimulated increased SCFA production in the caeca, relative to the FB0 diet (P = 0.022), and the opposite effect was noted when HT and SBM dietary treatments were compared. In comparison with HT diets, LT diets led to a desirable increase in the concentrations of all major fatty acids (acetic, propionic and butyric) in the caecal contents. It can be concluded that FB seeds enhanced fermentation processes in the gastrointestinal tract of turkeys. In comparison with HT FB, LT seeds improved selected parameters of intestinal function, including a decrease in the counts of Salmonella bacteria (P = 0.023), increased SCFA production (including butyrate; P = 0.001), and a decrease in the pH of intestinal digesta (P = 0.105). In conclusion, both LT and HT FB seeds, the latter containing up to 7.1 g/kg tannins, can be included in finisher turkey diets at up to 300 g/kg as a safe and effective substitute for SBM.
Citation: Wróblewska, P.; Hikawczuk, T.; Szuba-Trznadel, A.; Wiliczkiewicz, A.; Zinchuk, A.; Rusiecka, A.; Laszki-Szcząchor, K. Effect of Triticale Grain in Diets on Performance, Development of Gastrointestinal Tract and Microflora in Crop and Ileum of Broiler Chickens. Microorganisms 2024, 12, 1239. https://doi. Abstract: The purpose of the research was to determine the effect of the use of a diet containing 30% triticale grain. In an experiment lasting 28 days, 180 one-day Ross-308 chickens (sex ratio 1:1) with an average initial body weight in treatment of 44.6 g were randomly assigned to 30 metabolic cages/replications, 6 birds in each. To compare the results between treatments, a one-way ANOVA was used with uneven replication numbers. The control group (I) received a standard diet containing maize and soybean meal. In the other treatments, 30% of different cereals were used: II-wheat, III-barley, and IV-triticale. Significant differences in body weight (BW) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were observed on the 4th day of the life of broiler chickens (p < 0.05). Differences were determined between the control group (90.7 g BW and 1.32 kg of feed/kg BWG in the case of FCR) and birds receiving barley (93.0 g BW and 1.29 kg of feed/kg BWG in the case of FCR), compared to chickens fed diets with a 30% share of wheat grain (86.2 g BW and 1.53 kg feed/kg BWG in the case of FCR) and triticale (86.6 g BW and 1.53 kg feed/kg BWG in the case of FCR). Later, the differences in performance of birds between treatments did not occur (p > 0.05). In the nutrition of broiler chickens, control or 30% of the triticale diet caused a significant reduction (p < 0.01) of the number of Escherichia coli (E. coli) in the crop of broiler chickens (0 log cfu/g), compared to birds obtaining feed with 30% of wheat (1.78 log cfu/g). The diet containing triticale also reduced the number of E. coli (p < 0.05) within the ileum (0.78 log cfu/g) compared to chickens obtaining barley grain in the diet (2.12 log cfu/g). As a result of the use of triticale grain (p < 0.05), the total length of the bird intestines (199.64 cm) was compared to 30% of barley grain (209.76 cm). The increase in the length of the large intestine of broiler chickens in treatments was positively correlated (r = 0.613, p < 0.05) with the number of Lactobacillus sp. in the ileum. Triticale increased the pH in the crop of broilers chickens. The research results indicate that triticale, after longer storage, can be used in amounts of 30% of the diet without significant effect on the performance of broiler chickens, with a reduction in E. coli in crop in comparison with wheat and in ileum with barley.
The gastrointestinal tract of broilers is susceptible to oxidative stress induced by heat stress (HS) and diet, which can be mitigated by the supply of exogenous vitamins and antioxidants. The aim of this study was to compare the extent of the effects of cyclic HS, and high levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (HP) on gut health. It also aimed to investigate whether additional supplementation with vitamins E, C and selenium (HA) is required to support gut health under these conditions. In the present study, 192 one-day-old male Ross 308 broilers were randomly divided into eight experimental groups. Exposure to HS and HP significantly (p < 0.001) decreased villus height and villus-to-crypt ratio in the duodenum, while no differences were observed in the jejunum and ileum. In addition, oxidative stress in the liver, indicated by increased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, was increased in the HP groups (p < 0.0001), while the HA groups had a positive effect on lowering MDA levels. The results confirm that cyclic HS and HP induce oxidative stress that damages the structure of intestinal morphology and that supplementation with HA could be a potential approach to mitigate the negative effects of these stressors.
The poultry gastrointestinal tract is a complex organ that harbors a wide array of microorganisms. The poultry gastrointestinal tract comprises several compartments, including the crop, gizzard, proventriculus, small intestine, colon, and paired ceca. Each of these compartments differs to varying extents in physiological function and their respective roles in the digestion of diets. Not surprisingly, they also differ in the microbial communities that they harbor. With the introduction of 16S rDNA microbiome sequencing, the ability to identify and characterize individual members of the respective gastrointestinal microbial populations has markedly increased. The response of these microbial consortia to the expansive level of nutrients potentially available from complex diets fed to broilers and layers can be elucidated by identifying not only which indigenous microorganisms are involved but also their functional role in hydrolysis, fermentation, and interactions with other members of the microbial community. In addition, factors such as their interaction with the immune system are now becoming more apparent. This review covers the poultry gastrointestinal tract and includes a discussion on the activities and functions of the resident microbial populations.
Livestock products are formed as the result of conversion of feed substances into the animal’s body. During a lifetime the accretion and partitioning of nutrients by alive organisms lead to the process of growth and development. Development, by definition, may include physical growth, however, it involves the improvement in both structural and functional complexity. The growth is usually quantitative, whereas development is fundamentally qualitative.
Nutrition has a quite profound effect on growth and development as ingested nutrients contribute to and become incorporated into not only the structural components of animals, but they are also key players in the physiological and biochemical formation of tissues and organs (McFarland, 2003). The increase in body weight during growth is imperatively determined by protein synthesis. The protein content of the diet (with a particular amino acid pattern called “ideal protein”) in relation to the dietary energy is the main factor determining the amount of fat deposited – up to a certain point the greater the protein-to-energy ratio, the lower the fat content in the animal’s body.
Taking into consideration biological and physical laws, an understanding of the matter and energy flows and their partitioning in the animal body over time can be improved. A living organism constantly interacts and, thus, exchanges matter and energy, with its environment as energy may appear in different forms, i.e., heat (Guggenheim, 1967). Like all energy transformations, the energy consumption and expenditure by the animal organism are subjected to the laws of thermodynamics. Those state that, firstly, the energy content of the universe is constant, i.e., translated into the practical terms of daily animals’ diets: energy consumed equals energy expended plus energy stored. And, secondly, in the living systems, energy and mass are controlled by each other. Progressively, mass becomes energy and energy becomes mass, and this process of energy transduction takes place through metabolism, in particular catabolism and anabolism (Bawden and Robinson, 2015).
Being a central and integral part of the scientific methods, mathematical modeling of individuals may be adequate for expressing and understanding growth and mechanisms behind it. Models can be used as simplifications of reality by means of representations of applying concepts with structuring data and prior knowledge (i.e., operational models and research models). Thus, by being constructed in different ways and representing biological functions at different levels, models design and help an observer to understand how the system works and to predict its behaviour (Danfær, 1991; Frigg and Hartmann, 2006; France and Kebreab, 2008). By describing nutrient flows and thus the animal response to certain circumstances, the nutritional models can be used to simulate an individual animal or group responses to different nutritional regimens (Black, 2014). Prediction of animals’ growth based on modelling of feed utilization process or, conversely, while defining the nutrients requirements of the expected growth and providing the necessary amount and quality of nutrients, is one of the most important preconditions for the sustainable and economical manufacturing of high-quality animal products (Babinszky et al., 2019). Hence, modelling is a high-potential tool gaining more and more application not only in research but also in practice nowadays.
Three experiments were carried out to verify the effects of the enzyme phytase, alone or combined with an enzyme complex, in diets deficient in available phosphorus (AP), calcium (Ca), and metabolizable energy (ME) on broiler performance, ME, and dietary amino acid digestibility. A total of 1,538 male Cobb 500 broilers were allocated to the three experiments, each of which consisted of five treatments: positive control (PC; basal ration); negative control 1 (NC1; PC minus 0.15% of AP, 0.16% of Ca, and 68 kcal kg-1 ME); negative control 2 (NC2; PC minus 0.15% of AP, 0.16% of Ca, and 101 kcal kg-1 of ME); NC1 plus phytase; and NC2 plus phytase plus enzymatic complex. Body weight gain (WG) and feed intake were measured from 1-21 days and from 1-42 days, and the corrected feed conversion rate (FCR) for mortality was calculated. In the second and third experiments, the apparent ME corrected for nitrogen balance (AMEn) and standardized digestibility of amino acids, respectively, were determined, for the diets supplemented with phytase and the enzymatic complex. In the first experiment, enzyme supplementation increased (p < 0.05) WG at 21 days and 42 days relative to the negative controls. Phytase inclusion improved (p < 0.05) FCR at the initial phase compared to the NC1 diet. In the second experiment, enzyme supplementation did not affect (p > 0.05) AMEn. In the third experiment, both enzyme treatments improved (p < 0.05) the digestibility of amino acids in the supplemented diets compared to the deficient diets. Supplementation with phytase and carbohydrases preserves the performance of broilers fed diets deficient in AP, Ca, and ME and improves amino acid digestibility.
Prebiotics may confer a health benefit to multiple host species (e.g., pigs and humans), probably, in part, through increasing concentration of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in the gut. However, in broiler chickens, a discrepancy of the results among controlled trials exists as to whether prebiotic supplementation can increase concentration of SCFAs in the gut. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the overall effect size of prebiotic supplementation on the concentration of SCFAs in the ceca of broiler chickens, and to explore sources of heterogeneity of the results among the included studies. The study outcomes were standardized mean difference (SMD) of the concentrations of total SCFAs, acetate, propionate, and butyrate. The relevant citations were retrieved from PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Titles and abstracts of the retrieved citations were screened for possible eligibility. Then, full-texts of eligible articles were assessed for data extraction. A random effects model was used for estimating the overall effect size and for all other meta-analyses. Subgroup meta-analysis was used to assess heterogeneity of the results regarding three sources: type of prebiotics, rearing system, and breed of broiler chickens. Meta-regression analysis was used to determine the association between duration of prebiotic application and SCFA concentrations. Sensitivity analysis was conducted to determine robustness of the results. Risk of bias of the included studies was also assessed. Of 391 citations, 22 studies were included in the meta-analysis. Although prebiotic supplementation significantly increased the concentration of propionate (SMD = 0.29, [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.01 to 0.56, P = 0.040]) and that of butyrate (SMD = 0.69, [95% CI, 0.37 to 1.01], P < 0.001), high heterogeneity was observed for the pooled estimate of those outcomes. Types of prebiotics and rearing system were identified as sources of heterogeneity of the results. Some of the included studies remarkably influenced the pooled estimate of the outcomes. In conclusion, more availably related trials are required to confirm a health benefit from prebiotic supplementation on the concentration of SCFAs in broiler chickens.
Ducks, when raised under grazing system, search their feed by scavenging. A combination of feed sources of floral and faunal origin along with fallen grains provides a near balanced feed for the ducks. However, when reared under semi-intensive and intensive farming systems, scientific feeding and nutrition are very important. Ducks have very fast growth rate during early juvenile life compared to chicken. Feed or energy restriction is followed during growing period to produce lean carcass with more breast and leg muscles, as they have tendency to deposit body fat. The factors like growth rate, composition of body, and production status determine nutrients requirements. There is a scope to reduce dietary protein through supplementation of critical amino acids lysine and methionine. Ducks are more susceptible poultry species to aflatoxins. The poor quality and quantity of protein and energy deficiency exacerbates the deleterious effect of aflatoxins. Although ducks can be fed dry or wet mash or pellets, they prefer wet mash due to difficulties in swallowing. The ducks are having habit of eating and drinking alternatively. The droppings of ducks are watery; therefore provision of water and feed must be in tandem to manage wet litter conditions. Ducks are sensitive to imbalances of nicotinic acid and available phosphorous in the feed. They are also sensitive to sudden changes in their diets and the quality of drinking water.KeywordsDuck nutritionFeed additivesFeeding of ducksNutrient requirements
The digestive tract is important for nutrient digestion and absorption, but it is also the largest immunological organ in the body protecting against exogenous pathogens. The digestive system in birds has adaptations designed to facilitate flight, and the length is shorter in most birds relative to mammals. This chapter describes the anatomy and physiology of the digestive tract in wild and domesticated birds showing also similarities or differences in comparison to gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of mammalian species. Anatomy of components of the digestive tract and accessory organs such as pancreas or liver is described in details. Physiological properties of GIT including motility, secretion of enzymes and digestion, absorption of nutrients, minerals, and vitamins are also presented. Moreover, the age-related effects on gastrointestinal function are characterized. The GIT microbiota composition and its role is also described. In addition, the role of GIT as intestinal barrier separating the external environment from the host is presented in this chapter.
Cereal grains are main component of birds’ diet. They contain non – starch
polysaccharides (NSP), which can cause problems depends of level of solubility and influence on digestive processes in gastrointestinal tract. The main actions of NSP are decrease of digestibility and absorption of nutrients in jejunum and ileum. High amount of cereals in concentrate mixture, more than 50 % can cause antinutritive
action of soluble NSP: arabinoxylans present in wheat and β – glucans in barley grain. One of solutions for this problem is addition to the concentrate mixture celulotic – lignine complexes (as a source of insoluble fiber) which can balance amount of soluble and insoluble fiber in diet of birds. Oat hull is such ingredient. Those complexes play also second important role in preparation and initial decomposition of nutrients to further digestion in lower part of gastrointestinal tract. Addition oat hull affect on normal development of gizzard and prevent against proventriculus dilatation which can be caused by excessive pulverization of concentrate mixture or amount of crude
fiber in diet lower than 3 % by utilization in concentrate mixture soya bean meal with decreased amount of crude fiber.
The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of essential oil mixture supplemented in drinking water on antioxidant capacity and intestinal health in geese. One hundred eight chicks (which were 3 days old) were randomly allocated to 3 groups and each group was allocated to 6 subgroups. Research groups have been as follows: C (Control; without supplementation); E1 (0.4 ml/L
essential oil mixture supplementation) and E2 (0.8 ml/L essential oil mixture supplementation). The duration of the experiment was 13 weeks. In the first 4 weeks of the trial, the animals were fed for the chick period. In the last 9 weeks of the trial, geese were fed in the pasture under the conditions of Kars province. In the 4th week and at the end of the experiment, GSH exhibited a linear response (P=0.008 and P=0.004, respectively). However, MDA, GSH, SOD, GPx, CAT, nitric oxide, ceruloplasmin, albumin, total protein and globulin were not affected. At the end of the experiment, acetic acid, butyric acid, isocaproic acid and total short-chain fatty acid concentrations were linearly affected with the gradued level of essential oil mixture. There were no significant differences in propionic acid, isobutyric acid, valeric acid, isovaleric acid, caproic acid and BCFA concentrations. In conclusion, water containing essential oil
mixture in geese can be used to improve antioxidant capacity and intestinal health.
Ducks can be used to reduce local pest insect and water plant populations. Pet waterfowl generally produce acceptable noise levels in urban environments. One of the best known characteristics of many waterfowl is their strong imprinting behavior. Waterfowl are gentle animals and tolerate the presence of humans and other nonpredatory animals well. Several poultry organizations have set standards that define class, breed and more for domestic ducks and geese. There are many factors that go into energy needs for animals including health status, reproductive activity, age, species, breed, strain, environmental conditions, activity level, stressors, and more. Young poultry, including ducks, seem to be sensitive to the anti‐nutritional effects of non‐starch polysaccharides. Several methods of pest waterfowl control have been used. These methods include capturing and relocating birds, euthanasia, and use of chemical contraceptives. Domestic ducks and geese are well‐known for their high egg production.
• Broiler chicks are frequently deprived of food up to 72 h due to uneven hatching rates, management procedures and transportation to farms. Little is known about the effect of delayed feeding due to extended hatching times on the early neonatal development of the caeca. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the developmental changes and effects of a 48-h delay in feed access immediately post-hatch (PH) on the caeca.
• After hatch, birds (Ross 708) were randomly divided into two treatment groups (n=6 battery pen/treatment). One group (early fed; EF) received feed and water immediately after hatch, while the second group (late fed; LF) had access to water but had delayed access to feed for 48 h. Contents averaging across all regions of the caeca were collected for mRNA expression as well as for histological analysis at -48, 0, 4 h PH and then at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 14 days PH.
• Expression of MCT-1 (a nutrient transporter), Cox7A2 (related to mitochondrial function) IgA, pIgR, and ChIL-8 (immune function) genes was affected by delayed access to feed that was dependent by the time PH. Expression of immune and gut barrier function related genes (LEAP2 and MUC2, respectively) was increased in LF group. There was no effect of feed delay on expression of genes related to mitochondrial functions in the caeca, although developmental changes were observed (ATP5F1B, Cox4|1). Caecal mucus and muscle thickness were affected by delayed access to feed during caeca development.
• The data suggested a limited effect of delayed feed access PH on the developmental changes in caecal functions. However, the caeca seemed to be relatively resistant to delayed access to feed early PH, with only a few genes affected.
This study evaluated the effects of barley inclusion and glucanase supplementation on the productive performance and digestive function in laying ducks. The experiment used a randomized design with a 5 × 2 factorial arrangement of 5 graded levels of barley (0%, 15%, 30%, 45% and 60%) with or without 1.5 g/kg β-1,3-1,4-glucanase (15,000 U/kg). During the experimental period of 120 d, the weight and total number of eggs within each pen were recorded daily, and egg quality was determined every 4 wk. At the end of the experiment, 3 randomly selected ducks within each replicate were sacrificed, then duodenal digesta and jejunal mucosa was collected. Dietary inclusion of barley had no effects on egg production, daily egg mass or FCR, but supplementation with glucanase improved egg production and FCR (P < 0.01). Barley did not affect feed intake of laying ducks, but glucanase tended to increase feed intake (P = 0.09). Neither barley nor β-glucanase had effects on the egg quality variables, except for yolk color score, which was decreased with increasing barley supplementation. Glucanase, but not barley, increased the activity of chymotrypsin and amylase in duodenal digesta. Barley inclusion affected the activity of alkaline phosphatase and maltase in jejunal mucosa (P < 0.05), but β-glucanase had no effects on the activity of these brush border enzymes. Barley inclusion increased the glucan content in duodenal digesta, but supplementation of glucanase to barley-based diet reduced digesta glucan content and reduced total volatile fatty acids and increased the proportion of acetic acid in cecal contents. The results indicate that, without glucanase, the optimal dietary barley level in the diets of laying ducks is about 13% for maximal production performance; glucanase supplementation of the barley diets improved production performance, probably through enhancing digestive function.
The cecal microbiota plays important roles in host food digestion and nutrient absorption, which may in part affect feed efficiency (FE). To investigate the composition and functional differences of cecal microbiota between high (n=30) and low (n=29) feed conversion ratio (FCR; metric for FE) groups, we performed 16S rRNA gene sequencing and predicted the metagenome function using PICRUSt in yellow broilers. The results showed that the two groups had the same prominent microbes but with differing abundance. Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria were three prominent bacterial phyla in the cecal microbial community. Although there were no differences in microbial diversity, compositional differences related to FCR were found via linear discriminant analysis (LDA) effect size; the genus Bacteroides had a significantly higher abundance (LDA >2) in the high FE (HFE) group than in the low FE (LFE) group. Furthermore, genus Bacteroides had a negative FCR-associated correlation (P<0.05). Oscillospira was positively correlated with Bacteroides in both groups, whereas Dorea was negative correlated with Bacteroides in the HFE group. Predictive functional analysis revealed that metabolic pathways such as “starch and sucrose metabolism”, “phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis”, and “carbohydrate metabolism” were significantly enriched in the HFE group. The relatively subtle differences in FE-associated cecal microbiota composition suggest a possible link between cecal microbiota and FE. Moreover, Bacteroides may potentially be used as biomarkers for FE to improve growth performance in yellow broilers.
Objective:
This study was conducted to investigate the synergistic effect of exogenous multienzyme and phytase on growth performance, nutrients digestibility, blood metabolites, intestinal microflora, and morphology in broilers fed corn-wheat-soybean meal diets.
Methods:
A 2×2 factorial design was used in this study. Four dietary treatments consisted of i) basal diets (corn-wheat-soybean meal based diets without multi-enzyme and phytase), ii) basal diets with phytase (0.05%), iii) basal diets with exogenous multi-enzyme (0.05%), and iv) basal diets with exogenous multi-enzyme including phytase (0.05%). A total of 480 broiler chickens (Ross 308 - one day old) were weighed and allotted to thirty-two cages (15 birds per cage), and chicks were randomly allocated to four dietary treatments.
Results:
The body weight gain and feed conversion rate were improved by supplementation of exogenous multi-enzyme containing phytase during the finisher period (p<0.05). The birds fed diets with exogenous multi-enzyme containing phytase had a significantly greater digestibility of dry matter, gross energy, crude protein, calcium, and phosphorus compared with birds fed non-supplemented diets (p<0.05). The chickens fed diets with exogenous multi-enzyme containing phytase showed a higher concentration of Ca and P in the serum (p<0.05). The population of Lactobacillus spp., Escherichia coli, and Clostridium were not affected in the ileum and cecum of chickens fed enzyme-supplemented diets. The dietary supplemental exogenous multi-enzyme containing phytase showed a significant improvement in villus height, crypt depth, and villus height and crypt depth ratio, compared to basal diets or dietary supplemental phytase (p<0.05).
Conclusion:
The supplementation of the exogenous multi-enzyme containing phytase synergistically improved the growth performance, nutrients digestibility, and villus height of the small intestine of broiler chickens fed a corn-wheat-soybean meal based diets.
It is now well established that exogenous enzymes improve the nutritive value of cereal-based diets for monogastric animals. However, the exact biological mechanisms that underpin an improvement in animal performance and health has only recently started to be clarified. Here, we revise a range of different studies that provide a clear picture for the different mechanisms used by carbohydrate-degrading enzymes to improve the nutritive value of cereal-based diets for poultry and pigs. These findings are valuable contributions to optimize the large-scale use of enzymes in animal nutrition and provide the base for a widening of applications of exogenous enzymes in different areas of the veterinary sciences.
An experiment in broilers was conducted to investigate the effect of olive (Olea europea) leaves and marigold (Calendula officinalis) petal extract supplementation on oxidative stress, characteristics of intestinal contents, and on the morphology of the small intestine. Oxidative stress was induced by a n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids rich diet. 1-day-old male broiler chickens, Ross 308, were housed in a deep litter system. After the first 21 days, animals were randomly divided into three groups of 16 animals in two replicates and fed, until slaughter on day 39, a diet that contained 7% linseed oil. Control diet (Cont) remained unsupplemented, while both experimental diets were supplemented with olive leaves (OliveEx) or marigold petal (MarigEx) extracts. Oxidative stress was evaluated in blood and liver by measuring markers of lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde (MDA), isoprostanes), rate of DNA damage in lymphocytes and in blood (comet assay, 8-hydroxy-2’deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG)), and activity of antioxidant and liver enzymes in blood. In different parts of the intestine, levels of short chain fatty acids (SCFA), and viscosity of intestinal contents were measured, and the health of the gastrointestinal tract was assessed using histological measurements. OliveEx significantly (p < 0.05) decreased the MDA and 8-OHdG concentration in plasma, and the level of ethanoic acid in small intestinal contents and total SCFA in caecum, indicating improved oxidative status and increased microbial activity in the intestine. MarigEx significantly (p < 0.05) decreased the rate of lymphocyte DNA damage and the crypt depth in duodenum, indicating potentially beneficial effects on the immune system and the health of the small intestine. In conclusion, dietary OliveEx and MarigEx supplementation improved some markers of oxidative stress and intestinal health. However, positive effects could be more pronounced in more unfavorable environmental conditions or in cases of diseases, but further studies are needed.
Lignocellulose is a constituent of plant cell walls and might be used as a fiber source in poultry nutrition. The current study investigated the impact of increasing dietary levels of lignocellulose on performance, nutrient digestibility, excreta DM, intestinal microbiota, and bacterial metabolites in slow growing broilers. At an age of 10 wk, 60 male broilers of an intercross line (New Hampshire × White Leghorn) were allocated to cages and fed isoenergetic and isonitrogenous diets containing 0.8% (LC1), 5% (LC2), or 10% (LC3) lignocellulose. After 23 D of feeding, broilers were killed and digesta samples of ileum and excreta analyzed for nutrient digestibility and DM. Cecal contents were analyzed for microbial composition and metabolites. Broiler performance was not affected by feeding dietary lignocellulose. LC3 fed broilers showed reduced ileal digestibility of protein compared to chickens fed LC1 (P = 0.003). Moreover, increasing levels of dietary lignocellulose reduced apparent digestibility of organic matter and gross energy (P
The present study aims to investigate the histological, histochemical and electron microscopic changes of the caecal proximal part of Japanese quail during both pre- and post-hatching periods starting from the 2nd embryonic day (ED) until four weeks post-hatching. On the 2nd and 3rd ED, the primordia of caeca appeared as bilateral swelling on the wall of the hindgut. On the 7th ED, the lamina propria/submucosa contained the primordia of glands. On the 8th ED, rodlet cells could be observed amongst the epithelial cells. On the 9th ED, the caeca began to divide into three parts with more developed layers. With age, the height and number of villi increased. On the 13th ED, immature microfold cells (M-cells) could be identified between the surface epithelium of the villi. The caecal tonsils (CTs) appeared in the form of aggregations of lymphocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells and different types of leukocytes. Telocytes and crypts of Lieberkuhn were observed at this age. On hatching day, the crypts of Lieberkuhn were well-defined and formed of low columnar epithelium, goblet cells, and enteroendocrine cells. Post-hatching, the lumen was filled with villi that exhibited two forms: (1) tongue-shaped villi with tonsils and (2) finger-shaped ones without tonsils. The villi lining epithelium contained simple columnar cells with microvilli that were dispersed with many goblet cells, in addition to the presence of a high number of intra-epithelial lymphocytes and basophils. Moreover, the submucosa was infiltrated by numerous immune cells. CD3 immunomarker was expressed in intraepithelial lymphocytes, while CD20 immunomarker showed focal positivity in CTs. In conclusion, the caecal immune structures of quails at post-hatching were more developed than those in pre-hatching life. The high frequency of immune cells suggests that this proximal part may be a site for immunological surveillance in the quail caecum. The cellular organisation of the caecum and its relation to the immunity was discussed.
The current investigation was carried out to record the final stages of the development of both middle and distal parts of quail ceca,
Coturnix coturnix japonica to understand the role of ceca in digestion, immune system, and absorption. The cellular and subcellular struc-
tures, including epithelial cell height, microvillus surface area, the proportion of goblet cells, the thickness of muscle layer, and cecum diam-
eter showed great variations during the development. An undeveloped smooth muscularis mucosa was observed for the first time on the
ED5. Primordia of glands were observed on the ED7. On the ED15, the middle part exhibited two shapes of mucosal villi: tongue-shaped
villi and U-shaped. The plicae and crypts of Lieberkühn were demonstrated on the hatching day. The lymphatic tissues appeared in the wall
of both parts of the ceca at the 4 weeks of age. Scanning electron microscopy revealed a great difference in the mucosal surface between
different regions. Telocytes were observed in-between the muscle fibers and formed a network during the post-hatching period. Because
of fermentation and other bacterial or chemical processes that have been shown to occur in the ceca, this study supports two hypotheses:
the cecal development is related to diet and the cecal epithelium act as a site for primary absorption of nutrients or for re-absorption of
electrolytes or amino acids derived from the urine.
This volume of the International Journal of Pharmacology, Phytochemistry and Ethnomedicine outlines the latest scientific findings dealt with evaluation of the neuropharmacological activities of Wild Indigo (Baptisia australis R.Br.) roots methanol extract; estimation of the antioxidant capabilities of Dennettia tripetala Baker f. fruits in preventing liver and kidney damage in rats influenced by one dose of Carbon tetrachloride; investigation of the content of phenol compounds and flavonoids obtained from “Chemlali” olive leaf (Olea europaea L.) collected in Algeria with following assessment in vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the phenolic extracts as well as analysis of the amount of phenolic compounds in red currant (Ribes rubrum L.) berries and raspberries (Rubus idaeus L.) by an optimized HPLC method; study of different dietary sources of non-starch polysaccharides impact on growth traits, physiological and immune responses and also gene expression of intestinal GLUT2 in chickens; exploration of the range of physiological parameters in experimental breast cancer induced by intermammary administration of N-Methyl-N-Nitrosourea in Wistar rats; examination of the effects of D-002 (beeswax alcohols) on the esophageal histological changes in rats with duodeno-esophageal reflux esophagitis.
In addition several reviews are delivered in this volume. First mini-review observes the herbicide Atrazine disruptive influence on human metabolism, reproduction, immune system, cell division. The second review is devoted to the standard pharmacological approaches and alternative medicine for prevention of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy. The last mini-review shows recent discoveries of flavonoids and diarylheptanoids for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases
The effect of dietary rye (0, 200, 400 and 600 g/kg substituting for wheat) and pentosanase concentration (0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 g/kg) on weight gain, molecular weight distribution of soluble carbohydrates in the intestinal lumen and lumenal viscosity in broiler chicks was investigated. A 4 x 6 factorial design was used with four replicates per treatment and six birds per replicate pen. Diets were fed from 1 to 19 d of age, at which time body weight, food intake and intestinal viscosity and molecular weight distribution of carbohydrate complexes in proximal and distal gut sections were determined. Weight gain and food conversion efficiency (FCE) improved with increasing pentosanase and decreasing rye concentration. Intestinal viscosity, which rose as digesta passed from the proximal to distal small intestine, fell with pentosanase addition and decreasing rye concentration. Intestinal viscosity, which correlated positively with reduced weight gain and FCE, was in turn correlated with the lumenal concentration of soluble high-molecular-weight carbohydrates (HMC, greater than 500 kDa), which constituted less than 15% of the total lumenal carbohydrate concentration. The arabinose and xylose content of the HMC increased with increasing rye concentration, suggesting that HMC composition in addition to concentration may determine intestinal viscosity. The results indicate that pentosanase isolated from rye by extraction methods may not be representative of those released by digestion.
1. To assess their possible anti-nutritive activity wheat pentosans were isolated from a milling by-product and added at graded levels to a sorghum-based broiler chicken diet. 2. A water-insoluble pentosan preparation (WIP, 720 g arabinoxylan/kg) caused a depression of apparent metabolisable energy (AME) of 1.63 MJ/kg DM at the highest level of inclusion (41.9 g/kg). Broilers maintained on this diet showed significant growth depression and a decrease in feed conversion efficiency. 3. A water-soluble pentosan preparation (WSP, 520 g arabinoxylan/kg) showed less anti-nutritive activity. 4. In a second experiment the AME of rice (pearled), maize, sorghum, wheat, triticale, barley and rye was determined. The AME values obtained were highly correlated (r = -0.98, P less than 0.001) with the summed levels of pentosans and beta-glucans found in the cereals. 5. It was concluded that the pentosans of wheat possess anti-nutritive activity when present in broiler diets and that similar polysaccharides may influence the nutritive value of other cereals.
A series of experiments was designed to analyze the antinutritive compound(s) in rye that depress nutrient utilization; these
were found to be mainly associated with the rye flour fraction. The bran fraction, however, more effectively depressed feed
intake than the flour fraction. A starch-rich isolate, which contained most of the antinutritive activity from rye, as well
as a protein-rich isolate devoid of activity, were prepared from the flour. Treating the starch-rich isolate of rye flour
with .1 N NaOH stabilized the antinutritive factor. Centrifugation of the NaOH isolate produced four fractions. The supernatant fraction
contained considerable quantities of water-soluble and highly viscous pentosans and was the only fraction that significantly
depressed nutrient utilization. Increasing additions of the water soluble fraction to a control diet resulted in nearly proportionate
decreases in the retention of dry matter and fat. An ethanol fractionation produced an ethanol-insoluble precipitate that
contained a two-fold increased concentration of the water-soluble pentosans and demonstrated a two-fold increase in antinutritive
activity. These results support the hypothesis that the rye antinutritional compounds are viscous pentosans.
A method is reported for the measurement of non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) from plant foods. NSP are the major components of “dietary fibre.” The polysaccharides are divided into cellulose and non-cellulosic material and the constituent sugars are determined by gas-liquid chromatography. Starch is removed, after gelatinisation, by incubation with hog pancreatic α-amylase together with pullulanase. The enzyme preparations are shown to be specific for the hydrolysis of α-1,4- and α-1,6-glucosidic bonds, and not to affect NSP. The starch-free material is then analysed by three separate but complementary procedures: (A) hydrolysis with 1 M sulphuric acid after solubilisation of cellulose with 12 M sulphuric acid; (B) hydrolysis with 1 M sulphuric acid; and (C) extraction with phosphate buffer at pH 7 and 100 °C, solubilisation of cellulose with 12 M sulphuric acid and then hydrolysis with 1 M sulphuric acid. Neutral sugars are measured by gas-liquid chromatography as alditol acetates and uronic acids by a colorimetric method. Starch made resistant to α-amylase digestion by food processing is identified by additional steps in procedure B, and measured as “resistant starch.” Procedure A gives total NSP and procedure B neutral non-cellulosic polysaccharides. A value for cellulose is obtained as the difference between glucose measured in procedures A and B. Procedure C gives NSP insoluble in phosphate buffer at pH 7. Soluble NSP is the difference between total NSP and insoluble NSP. Results for the NSP analysis of selected foods are given.
A crude extract with a high proportion of pectic substances was prepared from rye. This was fed to chicks in two studies to determine if rye pectic substances are responsible for the growth depression of chicks fed rye. The growth of chicks was significantly (P greater than .01) depressed when fed a diet containing this extract. Addition of penicillin to the diet improved the growth of chicks. Increasing the concentration of the extract in the diet produced an incremental depression in weight gain. The intestines of chicks fed this extract contained large quantities of gas that were reduced by penicillin supplementation. These results suggest that rye pectic substances may be responsible for the growth depression of chicks fed rye.
The present study was undertaken to provide detailed information about the effect of fibre source (pea fibre, wheat bran or oat bran) at inclusion levels of 0, 187 and 375 g/kg diet on the development of the digestive tract, nutrient digestibility and energy and protein metabolism in broiler chickens. Heat production was measured using open-air-circuit respiration chambers. Diets with increasing levels of pea fibre decreased the DM in droppings and increased excreta output (2.5-fold) relative to DM intake. Adaptation to increased dietary fibre levels included increases in the size of the digestive system, with pea fibre exerting a stronger impact than wheat bran or oat bran. The length of the intestine, and particularly the length and weight of the caecum, increased with the fibre level. The digestibility of all nutrients also decreased with increasing fibre level. The decrease in the digestibility in relation to NSP for the three fibre sources was bigger for oat bran (0.0020 per g dietary NSP) than for pea fibre and wheat bran (0.0014 and 0.0016 per g dietary NSP) indicating that the cell walls in oat bran (aleurone and subaleurone) had a significant negative effect on the digestibility of cellular nutrients, i.e. protein and fat. The degradation of the NSP constituents was far lower in chickens than found in other animal species such as pigs and rats, thus supporting the view that chickens do not ferment fibre polymers to a great extent. Excretion of organic acids (mainly lactic acid and acetic acid) accounted for up to 2% of metabolizable energy (ME) intake with the highest excretion for the high-fibre diets. H2 excretion was related to the amount of NSP degraded and indicated higher microbial fermentation with increasing fibre levels. The chickens' feed intake responded to a great extent to dietary ME concentration but expressed in terms of metabolic body size (W0.75) ME intake was depressed at the high fibre levels. Dietary NSP was able to explain between 86% (oat bran) and 96% (pea fibre) of the variation in ME concentration. The amount of energy available from fermentation of NSP appears to reach a maximum of 42 kJ/d independent of fibre source and level. Expressed in relation to ME intake the NSP fermentation contributed 3-4%. With increasing fibre intake the partitioning of retained energy between body protein and body fat changed in favour of protein.
Two experiments were conducted with 270 growing geese fed complete diets differing in the source and content of carbohydrates and structural fractions. The experimental diets contained similar levels of crude fibre provided by different proportions of one of the following components: corn (50%), dried grass (20%), oats (65%), beet pulp (31%), rye (50%), barley (60%), field bean, pea or rapeseed meal (20% each). The level of the crude fibre in the experimental diets was twice as high as in the control diet. The digestibilities of the structural fractions in the smali and large intestine were determined with the indicator method. Morphological changes in the walls of intestine were examined in birds slaughtered at 1 and 2 h after feeding. Feeding diets containing large proportions of components rich in cellulose and hemicellulose such as oats, beet pulp and dried grass caused an increase on the thickness of the wall mainly on the muscular part of the small and large intestine. Longer villi were observed in the large intestine of birds fed the diet which contained beet pulp. Feeding a large proportion of rye containing pentosans resulted in an increase on the thickness of the mucous wall; feeding a diet containing rapeseed meal resulted in a decrease on the thickness of the intestinal wall. Small differences were found between the extent of digestion of structural substances in the two parts of the intestine. Cellulose was digested, depending on the composition of the diet, by 20 to 40%, ADF by 18 do 38% and hemicellulose by 40 to 57%.
Two experiments with 216 young fattening chickens, ducks and geese, kept in cages, in the period of 20 - 59 days of their life were performed. Standard mixture for group 1 contained as a basal component maize at 64 %. In mixture for group 2 barley at amount of 63 % was used and in mixture for group 3 the grain components were wheat (33 %) and rye (30 %). The crude protein contents in all mixtures were similar (18.9 - 19.2 %) and the metabolizable energy amounted at mean 11.8 MJ/kg. The levels of β-glucan were in mixture 1 6.3, in mixture 2 27.5 and in mixture 3 7.8 g/kg, the arabinoxylans levels were 21.1, 35.8 and 47.3 g/kg, respectively. The apparent digestibility of fibre fractions, pH and the concentrations of volatile fatty acids (VFA) in intestinal digesta were estimated. The NDF-fractions were digested by chickens at 17 - 34 %, the ADF of 0 - 7 % and hemicellulose at 28 - 52 %. In the ducks these values were as follows: 15 - 22 %, 0 - 7 % and 23 - 32 %, respectively. The digestibility of fibre fractions in geese was better than in the other species and amounted 16 - 32 %, 0 - 10 % and 29 - 41 %, respectively. Concentrations of the VFA in small intestine varied in the examined species at 7.8 trough 25.5 mmol/kg, in colon 12.8 through 42.3 mmol/kg and in caecum 105 through 195 mmol/kg of digesta. The highest levels of VFA have been determined in intestine of geese. The share of acetic acid in total VFA amounted in small intestine at 87 - 95 %, in the colon at 77 - 90 % and in caecum 45 - 60 %. Share of propionic acid changed from 2 - 6 % in small intestine through 12 - 20 % of total VFA in caecum. The species of poultry considerably influenced some parameters of digestibility and fermentation process more than the kind of grains used. Lower values of the fibre fractions digestibility coefficients were determined in the ducks. Production of VFA in intestinal lumen was higher in the ducks and geese than in chickens.
A simple and quantitative method for the determination of (1→3) (1→4)-β-D-glucan in barley flour and malt is described. The method allows direct analysis of β-glucan in flour and malt slurries. Mixed-linkage β-glucan is specifically depolymerized with a highly purified (1→3) (1→4)-β-D-glucanase (lichenase), from Bacillus subtilis, to tri-, tetra- and higher degree of polymerization (d.p.) oligosaccharides. These oligosaccharides are then specifically and quantitatively hydrolysed to glucose using purified β-D-glucosidase. The glucose is then specifically determined using glucose oxidase/peroxidase reagent. Since barley flours contain only low levels of glucose, and maltosaccharides do not interfere with the assay, removal of low d.p. sugars is not necessary. Blank values are determined for each sample allowing the direct measurement of β-glucan in maltsamples.α-Amylasedoes not interfere with the assay. The method issuitable for the routineanalysis of β-glucan in barley samples derived from breeding programs; 50 samples can be analysed by a single operator in a day. Evaluation of the technique on different days has indicated a mean standard error of 0–1 for barley flour samples containing 3–8 and 4–6% (w/w) β-glucan content.
Three experiments were conducted to study the effect of heat and acid treatment of rye and wheat on the response of broiler chicks to dietary pentosanase. In exp. 1, autoclaving rye greatly potentiated the growth response to dietary pentosanase (P < 0.01) while producing little or no effect without enzyme. Acid treatment (0.2 N HCl) alone, or in conjunction with autoclaving, improved the performance of broilers fed rye but did not enhance the enzyme response. Examination of the pentosan content or viscosity of treated rye indicated no substantial effect of autoclaving, although some breakdown of pentosan was apparent in the presence of acid. A second experiment confirmed the enzyme potentiating effect of autoclaving in broilers fed rye (cv. Musketeer and Kodiak) and wheat. The response to dietary enzyme was greater for rye than wheat. Viscosity determinations of intestinal contents indicated that autoclaving enabled the dietary pentosanase to reduce viscosity to a greater extent than that achievable with enzyme alone. In exp. 3, Musketeer rye subjected to commercial heat-processing procedures gave a similar response to that observed with autoclaving, although differences in effectiveness were seen. Pelleting alone (without enzyme supplementation) resulted in improved weight gain and feed conversion of chicks fed rye. Both pelleting and micronizing, but not steam-flaking, resulted in a greater response (P < 0.10) to dietary pentosanase. Key words: Broiler chicks, rye, pentosanase, heat treatment
In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde die Verdaulichkeit der Nichstärkepolysaccharide (NSP) einer Ration mit hohen Anteilen an Mais und Weizen (Kontrollration) mit der eines hohen Anteils an Triticale (Triticale-Ration) beim Geflügel verglichen. Dazu wurden jeweils zwei verschiedene genetische Herkünfte von Hähnchen (Messa- und Vedette-Hybriden), Enten (Barbarie und Mulard) sowie Gänsen (Landaise 1 und Landaise 2) verwendet. Zusätzlich sollte untersucht werden, ob die Verdaulichkeit der NSP in der Triticale-Ration durch Zusatz eines Enzymzusatzes (Roxazyme) gesteigert werden kann. Die beiden Basisrationen waren isonergetisch und isonitrogen; sie enthielten im Mittel 11,3 MJ ME/kg und 22,5% Rohprotein. Die Gehalte an NSP waren in beiden Rationen ähnlich.
Die Art der Ration wie auch der Enzymzusatz hatten bei allen drei Geflügelarten sichtbaren aber keinen signifikanten Einfluß auf die Entwicklung der Körpermasse. Die Verdaulichkeit der gesamten NSP war insgesamt relativ hoch. Enten und Gänse wiesen dabei aber insgesamt etwas höhere Verdaulichkeitswerte (um 60%) auf als Hähnchen (um 55%). Xylose als Bestandteil von NSP war dabei deutlich schlechter verdaulich als alle anderen Zucker als Bestandteile von NSP. Im Mittel der drei Geflügelarten waren die NSP der Kontrollration geringfügig schlechter verdaulich als die der Triticale-Ration (55 vs. 60%). Der größte Unterschied zeigte sich hierbei bei der Xylose als Bestandteil der NSP. Die Ergenbnisse waren für die einzelnen Geflügelarten und genetischen Herkünfte weitgehend übereinstimmend. Der Enzymzusatz erbrachte insgesamt keine verbesserte Verdaulichkeit der NSP in der Triticale-Ration mit Ausnahme für Xylose die von Enzymen signifikant gesteigert wurde
A total of 115 samples representing 38 different feedstuffs was analysed for carbohydrates and lignin. The samples were analysed for low-molecular weight (LMW) sugars by high-performance liquid chromatography, starch, fructan and mixed linked β(1 → 3;1 → 4)-D-glucan by colorimetry, total, soluble and insoluble non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) by gas-liquid chromatography and lignin by gravimetry. For all but alfalfa meal, almost quantitative recovery of carbohydrates and lignin was obtained with a deviation between calculated and analysed values of less than 2 g kg−1 dry matter. The correlation between calculated and analysed values was 0.985 (P < 0.0001).The concentration (g kg−1 dry matter) of LMW-sugars varied from 5 g kg−1 and up to 137 g kg−1 with the lowest values found in cereal substitutes, whole grain cereals and by-products while the protein concentrates in general had the highest content of LMW-sugars (57–137 g kg−1). Starch was the main polysaccharide in whole grain cereals where it varied from 468 g kg−1 in oats to 690 g kg−1 in maize, in cereal by-products (93–902 g kg−1) and in tapioca (768 g kg−1). In contrast, the concentration of starch was low in all protein concentrates but peas and faba beans. The lowest levels of NSP and lignin were found in maize flour (NSP, 21 g kg−1; lignin, 4 g kg−1) and the highest levels in oat hull meal (NSP, 503 g kg−1; lignin, 148 g kg−1). There was also a significant variation in NSP and lignin in protein concentrates with the NSP value varying from 189 g kg−1 in faba beans to 451 g kg−1 in white lupins and with lignin varying from 12 g kg−1 in white lupins to 133 g kg−1 in sunflower cake. Grass meal, alfalfa meal and sugar beet fibre had in general high concentrations of NSP and lignin with values in grass and alfalfa meals of NSP: 329–426 g kg−1 and lignin: 128–169 g kg−1 and in sugar beet fibre 779 g kg−1 and 35 g kg−1, respectively.
Zwei Versuche wurden gleichzeitig mit sieben Tage alten männlichen Hybridküken der mittelschweren Messa 243- Henne bzw. Vedette-Hybrid; Barbarie (Carina mouschata) bzw. Mulard Entenküken sowie Landaise 1. 2. Gösseln durchgeführt. Die Tiere wurden in drei Behandlungsgruppen (insgesamt 27 Käfigen) eingeteilt. Die Haltung erfolgte in Batterie-Käfigen bei den gleichen Licht- und Haltungsbedingungen.
Den Tieren wurden semi ad libitum Futtermischungen angeboten, in die als Getreide 54% Mais und Weizen (I) bzw. 40% Triticale (II) eingesetzt wurden. Die berechneten Inhalte an Pentosanen in den Mischungen betrugen entsprechend 27,9 bzw. 32,8 g/kg und der β-Glukane 6,2 bzw. 6,1 g/kg. Der Rohproteingehalt betrug im Mittel 22,5%, die Konzentration an umsetzbarer Energie betrug 11,2–11,4 MJ/kg. Den Tieren aller Spezies wurden die Kontrollfuttermischung (I), die Versuchsfuttermischung (II) bzw. die Versuchsmischung mit 200 ppm Roxazyme Zulage (III) verabreicht.
In jedem Versuch wurden zwei Serien von Bilanzversuchen durchgeführt. Anschließend, wurden genau zwei Stunden nach dem Füttern aus jedem Käfig 4 Tiere ausgewählt, sofort geschlachtet, der Verdauungstrakt entnommen und der Chymus aus drei Darmsegmenten (Dünn-, Blind- und Dickdarm) jeweils separat gesammelt.
Die scheinbare Verdaulichkeit der Gerüstsubstanzen (NDF, ADF, Hemizellulose), die Konzentration der kurzkettigen Fettsäuren im Darminhalt (Dünn-, Blind- und Dickdarm), pH des Darminhalts, Anteil an Essig-, Propion- und Buttersäure in der Summe an KKFS wie auch Zahl der Mikroorganismen in verschiedenen Darmsegmenten bei jungen Hähnchgen, Enten und Gänsen wurden ermittelt.
Es wurde keine negative Wirkung der Verfütterung von Triticale Rationen bei Jungtieren der mittelschweren- bzw. Broiler-Hybriden wie auch Gänsen und Enten nachgewiesen. Der 40%-ige Anteil an Triticale übte einige Veränderungen in der Verdaulichkeit der Gerüstkohlenhydraten aus. Bei Messa Hybriden wurde eine um 21% bessere NDF-Verdaulichkeit erreicht. Hemizellulose wurde bei Hähnchen um 10–12% höher verdaut. Barbarie-Enten verdauen Gerüstsubstanzen besser als Mulardenten. Der Enzymeinsatz ruft eine etwa 3 bis 12%-ige Erhöhung der Verdauungskoeffizienten hervor.
Eine hohe Konzentration der KKFS wurde im Blinddarminhalt nachgewiesen, besonders hoch lagen die Werte bei Vedette-Hähnchen (bis zu 186 mmol/kg) und der Mulard-Enten (bis zu 188 mmol/kg). Bei Verfütterung der Triticale + Enzym-Diät vergrößerte sich bei allen Tierspezies die Bildung der KKFS, doch die Tendenz dieser Veränderungen war nich timmer klar. Nur bei Messa- bzw. Vedette 2 Hybriden und Landaise 2. Gänsen wurde durch den Enzymeinsatz eine intensive Synthese der KKFS verursacht.
Die Art der verfütterten Diät übte einen begrenzten Einfluß auf die Zahl der Mikroorganismen im Darminhalt aus. Im Dünndarm konnten niedrigere Werte als in den weiteren Segmenten des Darmtrakts ermittelt werden.
The nutritive value of nine barley varieties grown in three successive years on good quality clay soil and poor quality sandy soil were investigated. The barleys were subdivided into four spring feeding, three spring malting and two winter feeding varieties. Digestible energy (DE), true protein digestibility (TD), biological value (BV) and net protein utilisation (NPU) were determined in rats. DE was 1·3 % higher in spring malting compared to spring feeding varieties. The higher DE was accounted for by a higher starch and lower dietary fibre (DF) content. For all barleys DE varied from 73·1 to 83·1 %. This variation was attributed to the composition of the carbohydrate fraction. Dietary starch was positively correlated and total and insoluble DF (IDF) negatively correlated with DE content. The reason for the strong negative correlation with IDF to DE was that IDF accounts for most of the grain cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. These DF constituents are highly resistant to microbial degradation. In contrast, neither β-glucan nor SDF had any impact on DE. TD was affected by year and type of barley variety and BV by type of barley variety. However, the variation in TD was not correlated with any of the DF constituents. It is concluded that more detailed carbohydrate analyses would be informative in the estimation of metabolisable or net energy of feed and foodstuffs from chemical data.
Gas-Liquid chromatography (GLC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods were developed for quantitative analysis of oligosaccharides in protein-rich feedstuffs. A total of 18 meal or cake samples derived from soybean, cotton, sunflower, and rapeseed and two samples of field peas were studied. The most suitable extraction media was determined by using water or 50 % and 80 % (v/v) of alcohol (methanol or ethanol) on meal samples of soybean and cottonseed and a feed mixture (soybean meal/barley, 1:1 w/w). Excellent agreement was found between the HPLC and GLC results for sucrose and raffinose content, while the average value for stachyose was 0.4% (absolute units) lower with GLC compared to HPLC. Sucrose was the main sugar found in the protein-rich feedstuffs (3.00-7.59% of dry weight) but only a minor sugar in cottonseed (0.96-1.14%). Among the raffinose oligosaccharides, stachyose was predominant in soybean (3.94-4.62 % ) and rapeseed (0.94-1.52 % ), verbascose in field peas (1.69-2.90%), and raffinose in cottonseed (3.10-4.52%) and sunflower (1.53-2.48%). On the basis of the overall precision and the consistently higher value of stachyose obtained, HPLC should be the method of choice for the type of feed materials described here.
Der tierische Organismus verfügt über keine Verdauungsenzyme, um Polysaccharide mit β-glykosidischer Bindung zu hydrolysieren. Deshalb gelten Nichtstärke-Polysaccharide (NSP) als intestinal unverdaulich und können im tierischen Organismus lediglich durch mikrobielle Aktivität hydrolysiert und damit über die Bildung flächtiger Fettsäuren für das Tier nutzbar gemacht werden. Entscheidend für die energetische Ausbeute ist vor allem der Ort und das Ausmaβ der mikrobiellen Aktivität. Während beim Wiederkäuer das Verdauungssystem primär auf die mikrobielle Zerlegung des Futters ausgerichtet ist, ist die energetische Verwertbarkeit von NSP beim Schwein begrenzt (z.B. Müller und Kirchgessner 1983a; Kirchgessner und Müller 1991). In der Geflügelernährung werden faserarme Mischfutter eingesetzt, so daβ NSP bislang in der energetischen Bewertung von Futtermischungen, z.B. bei der Energieberechnung durch die WPSA-Formel nicht berücksichtigt werden. Vorangegangene Untersuchungen (JAMROZ et al. 1998a,b) zeigten allerdings, daβ NSP beim Geflügel etwa zur Hälfte durch Mikroorganismen abgebaut und in flächtige Fettsäuren überführt werden. Die vorliegende Arbeit verfolgte das Ziel, aus Messungen der Verdaulichkeit von NSP sowie der Bildung flächtiger Fettsäuren den energetischen Nutzen von NSP beim Geflügel abzuschätzen. Die Untersuchungen schlossen dabei drei verschiedene Spezies ein, nämlich Hähnchen, Enten und Gänse.
A pentosanase component of a crude enzyme product was concentrated and added to chick diets. Four levels of purity were examined: (a) the crude enzyme product, (b) a crude water extract, (c) a pentosanase purified using ion-exchange chromatography (non-bound fraction), and (d) residual pentosanase eluted with 0·4 M NaCl salt from the ion-exchange column (salt-eluted fraction). All preparations exhibited high viscosity-reduction capabilities when tested against a soluble pentosan preparation isolated from rye grain. The absence of arabinose release during rapid viscosity reduction of pentosan indicated that the non-bound pentosanase was an endoxylanase (1,4-β-D-xylan xylanohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.8) without -L-arabino-furanosidase activity. When added to broiler chick diets containing rye as the only cereal, all enzyme preparations significantly improved growth and feed conversion. At equivalent viscosity-reduction activity the non-bound pentosanase was less effective than other preparations, suggesting that multiple enzymes may be necessary to elicit maximum benefit. Alternatively, since the non-bound enzyme was less pH stable it may have lost activity in the acidic environment of the foregut.
Typescript. Thesis (M.S.)--University of Maryland. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
An experiment with ileostomized adult roosters was conducted to determine the ileal digestibility and urinary excretion of
D-xylose and L-arabinose. As a reference, D-glucose was included in the experiment. The sugars were tested at graded dietary
levels of 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, and 10.0%. Mean ileal digestibility of D-glucose and D-xylose was nearly 100%. Ileal digestibility
of L-arabinose decreased linearly (P<.05) with increasing dose level. The corresponding ileal digestibilities for L-arabinose
at dietary levels of 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, and 10.0% were 95.5, 93.6, 80.3, and 74.6%. Both pentose sugars were partly excreted in
the urine. The extent of this urinary excretion in percentage of intake increased linearly (P<.05) as the dietary level increased.
In roosters fed the 2.5% D-xylose diet, 7.2% of the D-xylose consumed appeared in the urine. This level increased to 20.2%
when roosters were fed a diet containing 10.0% D-xylose. Corresponding values for L-arabinose at these dietary inclusion levels
were 8.7 and 16.6%.
1. In the first experiment D-xylose, L-arabinose, D-galacturonic and D-glucuronic acids were fed ad libitum to young chicks for 2 weeks at 200 g/kg of diet and weight gains and food consumption were recorded. 2. L-arabinose and D-xylose did not depress food consumption in the first week but prolonged feeding caused food consumption to decrease and weight gain to be adversely affected. 3. D-galacturonic acid and D-glucuronic acid caused severe growth retardation as early as the first week of feeding, primarily because of voluntary starvation. 4. Apparent metabolisable energy values for the diets were obtained when chicks were 19 to 21 d of age and were 14.04 +/- 0.52, 12.03 +/- 0.61, 11.77 +/- 1.21, 11.68 +/- 0.34 and 11.66 +/- 0.45 KJ/g for the basal diet with glucose, xylose, arabinose, galacturonic and glucuronic acids respectively. 5. True metabolisable energy values for the diets were obtained from adult cockerels and were 15.07 +/- 0.16, 13.45 +/- 0.16, 13.12 +/- 0.37, 12.29 +/- 0.26 and 12.69 +/- 0.23 KJ/g for basal diet with glucose, xylose, arabinose, galacturonic and glucuronic acids respectively. 6. In the second experiment D-galactose, D-xylose, L-arabinose, D-galacturonic and D-glucuronic acid were fed ad libitum to young chicks for 3 weeks at 50 g/kg of diet and weight gains and food consumption were recorded. 7. Chicks grew and ate well on all diets. 8. The digestibilities of sugars and uronic acids were obtained by measurement of these constituents in diets and digesta using titanium dioxide as a marker. The digestibilities were 1.000 +/- 0.0, 0.997 +/- 0.002, 0.936 +/- 0.041, 0.628 +/- 0.103, 0.588 +/- 0.059, and 0.645 +/- 0.089 for D-glucose, D-galactose, D-xylose, L-arabinose, D-galacturonic and D-glucuronic acids respectively. 9. Both at 200 and 50 g/kg dietary inclusion there was noticeable caecal fermentation from L-arabinose, D-galacturonic and D-glucuronic acid. Only at 200 g/kg dietary inclusion did D-xylose produce significant evidence of caecal fermentation.
Synopsis The literature concerning crude fibre digestion and caecal function in poultry is briefly reviewed. Digestibility trials are described, in which cockerels are compared before and after caecectomy; these birds after caecectomy are also compared with normal intact ones of the same age. The trials showed a reduction in faecal dry matter after caecectomy, indicating that the caeca are active in absorption of water from the digesta. Faecal dry matter content seems to be more characteristic of the bird than of the food it eats. There was a reduction in the overall digestibility of dry matter in the food after caecectomy, and also in that of crude fibre, though the latter effect is dependent on the food being eaten and on its crude fibre content. Cellulose digestibility in a given bird was lowered, but the effect is not always evident between one bird and another, indicating that cellulose is digested bacterially in the caecum. No effect was found on pentosan and starch digestion.
The Uppsala methodology for rapid analysis and characterization of total dietary fiber, defined as the sum of dietary fiber polysaccharides (DFP) and Klason lignin, was studied. A sugar- and starch-free residue was prepared by treatment with a thermostable amylase and amyloglucosidase. Neutral DFP residues were quantified by gas chromatography as alditol acetates after acid hydrolysis of this residue, and the acid-insoluble fraction, Klason lignin, was determined gravimetrically. Uronic acid residues were quantified by decarboxylation of the original sample. The efficacy of the Uppsala methodology was tested with foods varying in fiber content and composition, including heat-treated samples. The present method allowed the analysis of up to 40 samples per week. It had good repeatability and coefficients of variation of 3-5% for the main fiber components. Fiber contents determined with the method were higher than those determined with a similar method that excludes Klason lignin and starch resistant to amylases but soluble in dimethyl sulfoxide and lower than those determined with an enzymatic/gravimetric method. Important aspects of fiber analysis, like enzyme purity and the recovery of soluble fiber on ethanol precipitation, also were investigated.
1. The effects of an indigestible soluble polysaccharide (carboxy methyl cellulose: CMC) on broiler performance (body weight gain, food and water intake) and on chyme characteristics (moisture content, viscosity, pH, osmolality and retention time) in broilers were studied. 2. In semi-synthetic diets 0, 5.0 and 10.0 g/kg of cellulose was replaced by CMC on weight basis. These diets were fed to male broilers from 3 to 5 weeks of age. 3. When 10.0 g/kg CMC was included in the diet, food intake and body weight gain were reduced, compared to the 0, and 5.0 g/kg CMC diets. Food:gain ratio and water intake were increased at each CMC concentration. The significant quadratic response showed an increased response per 5.0 g/kg dietary CMC at the higher CMC concentration. 4. The viscosity in the supernatant of the chyme was linearly increased in all intestinal segments by CMC. A quadratic increase was observed in the crop. In the lower ileum, differences between the 5.0 and 10.0 g/kg CMC diets were not significant. 5. CMC increased the mean retention time of chromium in the duodenum and in the upper jejunum, and reduced the maximal rate of marker excretion. The transit time (first appearance of the marker in the excreta), however, was significantly reduced at the highest CMC concentration. 6. The osmolality of the intestinal fluid decreased less as the chyme moved from the duodenum into the lower ileum, with increasing concentrations of CMC. 7. The ileal pH was reduced linearly by the CMC content of the diet. 8. Based on a higher moisture content of the chyme in the CMC-fed birds, and the higher jejunal and ileal osmolarities in those birds, it was concluded that the efficiency of both digestion and absorption was reduced by CMC inclusion in broiler diets.
The experiment comprised of 50 chickens, 40 ducks and 30 geese fed a diet containing 40% barley. Birds were kept in metabolic cages from 1 to 42 days of age. A balance trial was carried out during the last week of the bird's life and the apparent digestibility of nutrients was determined. At 21 and 42 days of age 12 animals per species were killed. The absolute length of intestines followed the live weight (LW) of the animals. In relation to metabolic LW (kg(0.67)), the total length was significantly higher in chickens and geese than in ducks at 21 days of age, but identical in the three species at 42 days of age. The absolute and relative weights of intestines were smaller in ducks than in chickens and geese both at 21 and 42 days of age. Dietary fibre was digested better by chickens than by ducks and geese (P<0.01). Ileal digestibility of total amino acids amounted to 76% in chickens, 69% in ducks (P>0.05) and only 56% in geese (P<0.01) with relatively low digestibility of methionine (70, 44 and 52%) and lysine (72, 57 and 41%), respectively. The overall tract-faecal digestibility of total amino acids was evaluated on the level of 86% for all three species and indicates a substantial hind gut synthesis of amino acids.
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