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The relationship of self-esteem and body esteem in women with and without eating disorders
Abstract
We investigated the predictive utility of three dimensions of body esteem in explaining self-esteem in samples of eating-disordered (ED) and nonclinical women.
Participants comprised 74 ED women and 103 female university students. All women completed questionnaires measuring body esteem and self-esteem and all provided information on height and weight. We ran hierarchical multiple regression analyses with self-esteem as the outcome variable and participant status (clinical or non), body mass index (BMI), body esteem, and interaction terms as predictors.
The main finding was a Body Esteem x Participant Status interaction involving the attribution dimension of body esteem. Specifically, among ED women, the higher their body esteem attribution (i.e., the more they endorsed items such as "I think my appearance would help me get dates"), the higher their self-esteem; whereas this relationship was not found among the students.
Our results contribute to an emerging profile of ED patients as highly socially sensitive.
... Negative self-image (Bruch, 1973;Casper, Offer & Ostrov, 1981;Lask, 2000;Palazzoli, 1974) and low self-esteem (Beumont, 2002;Silvera, et al., 1998;Silverstone, 1990) have been suggested to be typical of eating disorders, and a number of studies have found eating disorder patients to be characterised by more negative self-image compared to normal controls (Button, Sonuga-Barke, Davies & Thompson 1996;Casper et al., 1981;Erkolahti, Saarijarvi, Ilonen & Hagman, 2002;Geller et al., 1998;Johnsson, Smith & Amner, 2001;Lilenfeld et al., 1998;Mendelson, McLaren, Gauvin & Steiger, 2002;Sanftner & Crowther, 1998;Schupak Neuberg & Nemeroff, 1993;Sheppy, Friesen & Hakstian, 1988;Steinhausen & Vollrath, 1993;Strauss & Ryan, 1987;Wonderlich, Klein & Council, 1996). Other research suggests that low selfesteem may be a risk-factor for the development of eating disorders (Button et al., 1996;Cervera et al., 2003;Fairburn, Cooper, Doll & Welch, 1999;Fairburn, Doll, Welch, Hay, Davies & O'Connor, 1998;Fairburn, Welch, Doll, Davies & O'Connor, 1997;Ghaderi, 2003;Lilenfeld et al., 1998;Miotto, De Coppi, Frezza, Rossi & Preti, 2002;Ross & Wade, 2003;Vohs, Bardone, Joiner, Abrahamson & Heatherton, 1999). ...
... Divergent methods for measuring self-image have been used. Some methods have been based on a single dimension only, such as is the case with the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES), which has been used in a number of studies on self-image in eating disorders (Mendelson et al., 2002;Steinhausen & Vollrath, 1993;Zaitsoff et al., 2002). In a study by Sassaroli and Ruggiero (2005) using the two-dimensional Self-liking and Competence Scale (SLCS), low self-esteem and perceptions of parental criticism were associated with symptoms of eating disorders in stressful situations. ...
... Few studies have included other important diagnostic categories, such as patients with EDNOS or BED. Those reports that have examined EDNOS or BED (Geller et al., 1998;Mendelson et al., 2002) have investigated only a small number of patients recruited from a single tertiary treatment centre. Since EDNOS may comprise as much as half of all patients seeking treatment for eating disorders (Fairburn & Harrison, 2003;Fairburn & Walsh, 2002), a large proportion of cases may have been ignored. ...
... Nine negative items were reverse scored. Mendelson et al. [55] found a solution for three factors: attribution, weight, and appearance. The first factor, appearance, refers to general feelings about appearance (items 7 * , 9 * , 11 * , 13 * , 21 * , and 23), and the second-factor weight refers to satisfaction with weight (items 4 * , 8, 10, and 18 * ), while the thirdfactor attribution refers to the perception of the evaluation attributed by others to one's body (items 2, 5, 12, 20; [54]). ...
... A repeated measures ANOVA was performed on a Linear Mixed Model (LMM), which included Condition (i.e., Baseline, Egocentric and Allocentric) as a fixed effect and BE score (BES_Tot) as a covariate. This is because of the possible impact esteem with own body might have on body image [55,57]. ...
The multifaceted nature of body experience, encompassing affective, cognitive, and perceptual components, plays a critical role in the development and persistence of conditions such as anorexia nervosa (AN). Recent research attempted to address such disturbance to improve therapeutical effectiveness, using mirror exposure (ME) and body-swapping (BS) techniques in immersive virtual reality (VR). Procedures from a third-person perspective—as mirror-like experiences—were primarily used to address bodily cognitive and affective components, whereas first-person ones—as BS—were used to correct distorted body perception. This study investigated the effect of spatial reference frame on body self-consciousness and body perception during BS. Data revealed two main findings: Even though embodiment was significantly enhanced when participants engaged with a virtual body from a first-person viewpoint, both egocentric and allocentric perspectives influenced body size estimation (BSE), suggesting that both spatial perspectives critically form and sustain body self-perception. We discussed predictive coding theory to explain spatial perspective influence on body experience, highlighting the potential therapeutic benefits of incorporating first and third-person perspectives on body illusions (BIs) for more effective interventions targeting body-related disturbances.
... In a study with adolescents, it was observed that those with eating disorders had lower social and physical self-esteem compared to those without eating disorders (Gila et al., 2005). Another study concluded that women with eating disorders had lower self-esteem levels than women without eating disorders (Mendelson et al., 2002). Research by Krauss and colleagues indicated that low self-esteem is considered a risk factor for developing eating disorders, highlighting a mutual interaction between self-esteem and eating disorders (Krauss et al., 2023). ...
... Thus, hypothesis 4 was confirmed. There are studies focused on the relationship between eating disorder and self-esteem (Gila et al., 2005;Krauss et al., 2023;Mendelson et al., 2002) and eating disorder and psychological well-being (de Vos et al., 2018;Doll et al., 2005;Farello et al., 2023). Nevertheless, no research that examines eating disorders, psychological well-being, and self-esteem simultaneously has been found. ...
This study aimed to examine the mediating role of self-esteem between eating disorder symptoms and psychological well-being in emerging adults. The study group consists of 272 individuals, aged 18–29, 183 [67.3%] females and 89 [32.7%] males. Socio-demographic data form, anthropometric measurements, Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q-13)-Short Form, Psychological Well-Being Scale and Self-Liking/Self-Competence Scale were used as data collection tools. The proposed model was tested using bootstrapping and structural equation modeling. The results showed a significant and positive relationship between self-esteem and psychological well-being (r=.76, p
... We focused on AI color cosmetics in this research. A previous study by Javornik et al. (2021) shed a light on the role of appearance self-esteem in influencing the ideal-actual attractiveness gap toward AR mirrors, a form of FET; however, body esteem, as one of the most important domains of self-esteem (Mendelson et al., 2002), was ignored in their study. Our research contributed to the discussion by examining the relationship between body esteem and AI color cosmetics usage. ...
... Body esteem is also linked to a person's sense of self-worth (Yim and Park, 2019). Mendelson et al. (2002) argued that body esteem was one important domain of self-esteem. While girls with high self-esteem are generally satisfied with the way they look, girls with low self-esteem, on the other hand, are frequently dissatisfied with their physical appearance and even lack confidence in it (Cribb and Haase, 2016). ...
Purpose
The recent advancements in smartphone technology and social media platforms have increased the popularity of artificial intelligence (AI) color cosmetics. Meanwhile, China is a lucrative market for various foreign beauty products and technological innovations. This research aims to investigate the adoption of AI color cosmetics applications and their electronic word-of-mouth (e-WOM) intention among Chinese social media influencers. Several key concepts have been proposed in this research, namely body esteem, price sensitivity, social media addiction and actual purchase.
Design/methodology/approach
An online questionnaire design was used in this research. A combination of purposive sampling and snowball sampling of AI color cosmetics users who are also social media influencers in China yields 221 respondents. To analyze the data, this research employs Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) method via SPSS and AMOS software. A 2-step approach, Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), is implemented to prove the hypotheses and generate the results.
Findings
1) Social media addiction is a positive predictor of AI color cosmetics usage, (2) AI color cosmetics usage is a positive predictor of actual purchase, (3) actual purchase is a positive predictor of e-WOM intention and lastly, (4) there is a full mediation effect of actual purchase.
Originality/value
This research draws on the uses and gratification (U&G) theory to investigate how specific user characteristics affect Chinese social media influencers' adoption of AI color cosmetics, as well as how this may affect their decision to purchase branded color cosmetics and their e-WOM.
... According to ANRED, more than half of teen girls are currently dieting, or believe they should be dieting (ANRED; Anorexia Nervosa & Related Eating Disorders, 2018). Anorexia nervosa prevalence for teen girls is approximately 1 percent; while bulimia nervosa affects about 4 percent of college-age females (ANRED, 2018).Body dissatisfaction has been identified for decades (Strober & Yager, 1989) as a contributing factor to the increase in eating disorders, particularly on college campuses and havinglow self-esteem feelings (Mendelson, McLauren, Gauvin, & Steiger, 2002;Mable, Balance, & Galgan, 1986). Studies have established that women who have eating disorders are likely to display significantly less personal self-esteem than their non-eating disordered counterparts (Mendelson et al., 2002;Rudd & Lennon, 2000). ...
... Anorexia nervosa prevalence for teen girls is approximately 1 percent; while bulimia nervosa affects about 4 percent of college-age females (ANRED, 2018).Body dissatisfaction has been identified for decades (Strober & Yager, 1989) as a contributing factor to the increase in eating disorders, particularly on college campuses and havinglow self-esteem feelings (Mendelson, McLauren, Gauvin, & Steiger, 2002;Mable, Balance, & Galgan, 1986). Studies have established that women who have eating disorders are likely to display significantly less personal self-esteem than their non-eating disordered counterparts (Mendelson et al., 2002;Rudd & Lennon, 2000). Having low self-esteem was identified as a risk factor for displaying body image issues and disturbances in eating habits (Paxton et al., 1999), while weight fluctuations were hypothesized as creating unstable levels of self-esteem (Striegal-Moore, McAvay, & Rodin, 1986). ...
... It has been found that eating disorders can be derived from both genetic predisposition, suggested by observation that certain traits of personality "run in families" (Klump, Miller, Keel, McGue, & Iacono, 2001;Wade, Martin, Tiggemann, Abraham, Treloar, & Heath, 2000), such as low self-esteem (Mendelson, McLaren, Gauvin, & Steiger, 2002) or perfectionism (Halmi et al., 2000;Bulik, Tozzi, Anderson, Mazzeo, Aggen, & Sullivan, 2003), and environmental risk factors, some of which concern adverse experiences before the onset of such disorders, similarly to other mental disorders, such as sexual abuse or abandonment (Neumark-Sztainer, Story, Hannan, Beuhring, & Resnick, 2000;Molinari, 2001). Prospective meta-analysis studies state that perfectionism, in particular, would seem to be a risk and maintenance factor for bulimia disease and for eating disorder (Fairburn, 1997); in fact, perfectionism could make individuals vulnerable to episodes of uncontrollable binge eating (Hawkins & Clement, 1984). ...
... Another important evidence in relation to factors that seem to promote the development and maintenance of possible eating disorders relates to the impulsivity dimension (IR, EDI-2) (Braet et al., 2007;Kessler, Hutson, Herman, & Potenza, 2016), which shows significantly lower mean values in the MS group than the other two groups; as it can be seen from literature (Wang & Borders, 2018), it could represent a protective factor for such disorders. In addition, as well as the MD group (see below), the MS group appears to be characterized by a high sense of perceived self-efficacy and selfesteem (Mendelson et al., 2002); even in this case, we hypothesize that such dimensions could be good predictors for a more appropriate eating behavior. ...
This study aims to evaluate the personality features that seem to be predictor of eating disorders in relation to perceived levels of self-esteem, self-efficacy and concern about their physical appearance, in a sample consisting of 90 students, aged 19 to 23, attending three different study courses of the University of Catania: Medicine, Psychology and Motor Science. The following psychological tests were used: Eating Disorder Inventory-2; Body Shape Questionnaire; Generalized Self-Efficacy Scale; Self-Esteem Scale. Data analysis shows that Psychology-group seems to orientate its interest and concerns toward individual and social skills and to use the ability to recognize and respond accurately to emotional states. Motor Science-group seems to direct their attention mainly toward body aspects; moreover, it seems to be characterized by a high sense of perceived self-efficacy and self-esteem. Finally, the characterizing factor for Medicine-group seems to be self-esteem, where subjects show highest scores, confirming the protective role of this domain. In Conclusion, the three groups seem to possess different qualities and abilities that reflect to some extent the personal choice to undertaken a particular path of study; this would seem to have a close relationship with the type of eating behavior that each individual performs in his daily life.
... Mangweth et al. (2004) found that males with disordered eating had a lower current body mass index (BMI) compared with their counterparts without disordered eating. Mendelson, McLaren, Gauvin, and Steiger (2002) reported that women with clinically diagnosed eating disorders had a lower BMI than their non-eating disorder counterparts. However, Brown, Schiraldi, and Wrobleski (2009) found that young adults with disordered eating had a higher BMI than their counterparts without disordered eating. ...
... In the present study, DE respondents had similar body weight status as compared to their NDE counterparts. A previous study by Mendelson et al. (2002) found that women with disordered eating had a lower BMI than their counterparts without disordered eating. ...
Background: Disordered eating, body dissatisfaction, and social media use are increasingly common among university students. This cross-sectional study aimed to compare social media use, body image, and body weight status between disordered eating (DE) and non-disordered eating (NDE) university students.
Materials and Methods: There were two phases of data collection. In Phase I, a total of 505 university students (22.6% males and 77.4% females) with a mean age of 21.26 ± 1.41 years from three randomly selected faculties in UPM were screened for disordered eating using the Eating Attitude Test (EAT-26). Sociodemographic background and anthropometric measurements including weight, height, waist circumference, and body fat percentage of respondents were measured. In Phase II, those respondents with DE were matched with those without DE by sex, age, and ethnicity. They answered an online survey on body image and social media use.
Result: Out of 505 university students in Phase I, 21.8% were engaged in DE with no sex difference observed (χ2=0.738, p=0.390). In Phase II, 106 DE respondents were matched with 106 NDE respondents. No significant differences were found in body image, social media use (duration, volume, frequency, engagement, selfie sharing, photo investment, and photo manipulation) and body weight status between DE and NDE groups. However, DE respondents reported to have a significantly higher frequency of selfie-taking as compared to NDE respondents (t=-2.338, p=0.020).
Conclusion: High prevalence of disordered eating was observed in this study. The contribution of social media use to disordered eating needs to be further studied.
... De plus, une faible estime de soi explicite est associée aux différentes sous-échelles de l'Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI), soit la boulimie, la recherche de la minceur et l'insatisfaction corporelle (Shea & Pritchard, 2007). De même, plusieurs études se sont penchées sur la relation entre l'estime de soi explicite et l'insatisfaction corporelle et montrent un lien positif entre ces deux variables (Fabian & Thompson, 1989;Henriques & Calhoun, 1999;Mendelson, McLaren, Gauvin, & Steiger, 2002). Parmi ces études, l'une d'entre elles a également permis de montrer qu'en comparant un groupe de femmes souffrant de TCA à un groupe contrôle, le groupe de femmes souffrant de TCA présente une estime de soi explicite plus faible que le groupe contrôle. ...
... Parmi ces études, l'une d'entre elles a également permis de montrer qu'en comparant un groupe de femmes souffrant de TCA à un groupe contrôle, le groupe de femmes souffrant de TCA présente une estime de soi explicite plus faible que le groupe contrôle. De même, les femmes présentant une estime de soi plus faible affichent plus d'insatisfaction corporelle (Mendelson, et al., 2002). Ainsi, les résultats concernant l'estime de soi explicite chez les TCA sont assez clairs et convergents, démontrant qu'une faible estime de soi explicite est retrouvée chez cette population. ...
Cette étude vise l’approfondissement du lien entre l’estime de soi explicite et implicite, l’estime corporelle et les attitudes alimentaires en comparant 58 femmes atteintes de troubles des conduites alimentaires (TCA) à 54 femmes ayant un trouble anxieux et 96 femmes provenant d’un groupe contrôle. Les résultats montrent que le groupe TCA rapporte davantage d’attitudes alimentaires dysfonctionnelles et d’insatisfaction corporelle. Il présente l’estime de soi explicite et implicite les plus faibles. Chez les TCA, bien que l’estime de soi explicite s’avère le meilleur prédicteur des construits à l’étude, l’estime de soi implicite ajoute une contribution indépendante signifiant l’importance de s’y attarder.
... Considering prior research on the eff ects on levels of women's body-and self-esteem of attractive models (Grabe et al., 2008;Groesz, Levine & Murnen, 2002;Polivy & Herman, 2002;Henderson-King & Henderson-King, 1997;Irving, 1990;Joshi, Herman & Polivy, 2004;Solomon et al. 2008;Halliwell, Dittmar, 2004;Halliwell, Dittmar & Howe, 2005;Bessenoff , 2006;Jalees & Majid, 2009), one could also expect a signifi cant moderating eff ect of people's chronic level of esteem (Higgins & Brendl, 1995). Th at is, based on people's chronic level of body-and self-esteem, they could be diff erently infl uenced by external primes and specifi cally, by diff erent bodysizes of (female) endorsers (Mendelson, et al. 2002;Mathes & Kahn, 1975;Martin et al. 2007;Harrison & Cantor, 1997). For example, a meta-analytic review of Groesz et al. (2002) showed that based on 25 studies, the body image of females was signifi cantly more negative aft er viewing thin models (especially for younger female participants) than aft er viewing images of either average body-size or 'plus' body-size models (a signifi cant eff ect size was found d = -.31). ...
... Finally, for every respondent, self-esteem (based onRosenberg, 1965; α = .92; 77.0%) and body esteem (a 2-item 7-Likert scale based on the body esteem-appearance scale, based onMendelson et al. 2002; r = .68), gender and age were measured. ...
Many studies have shown that attractive endorsers are more successful in creating positive attitudes towards advertisements than their less attractive counterparts. This paper focuses on the attractiveness of the body-sizes of the endorsers. In a first study ‘ideal’ body-sizes of female and male endorsers are investigated in an experiment with different photo-shopped endorsers. The results of these findings are used in two further experiments in which the influence of endorsers’ body-sizes on the effectiveness of print advertisements are investigated. Generally, endorsers with ideal body-sizes are the most effective. However, the results show that this ‘general’ rule does not always hold and that personal characteristics of the previewer, notably his/her body esteem, gender and the sex of the audience have an important significant impact on the advertising effectiveness of the ‘ideal’ body-size endorsers.
... The self-esteem of body dissatisfied women is dependent on the degree importance they place on their body and attaining social standards of attractiveness (Mendelson, McLauren, Gauvin, & Steiger, 2002;Patrick et al., 2004;Schutz et al., 2002;White, Langer, Yariv, & Welch, 2006). Contingent self-esteem, or the tendency to base self-worth on meeting some standard or objective in one's environment, is associated with the inclination to engage in appearance-based social comparisons and body dissatisfaction (Patrick et al., 2004). ...
... Women with eating disorders are highly attuned and sensitive to both external and social factors within their environment (Mendelson et al., 2002). Empirical evidence demonstrates that body image self-discrepancy differentiates women who engage in social comparisons frequently from those who do not (Bessenhoff, 2006). ...
... Similarly, body esteem refers to an overall evaluation of an individual toward his/her physical appearance, with high body esteem indicating positive self-evaluation toward physical appearance and low body esteem indicating negative selfevaluation toward physical appearance (Mendelson et al., 1996). In past research, although global self-esteem and body esteem sometimes are interchangeably to describe subjective feelings of oneself, they are considered to be different conceptual constructs (Mendelson et al., 2002). Body esteem is identified as an important predictor of global self-esteem, but what to extent body esteem will determine one's global self-esteem depends on a variety of factors, such as age, gender, and even race (Henriques and Calhoun, 1999;Tyler et al., 2008). ...
Background
Prior literature suggests that fitness posts exposure on social media increases female body image concerns. However, little research has been conducted to examine the effect of fitness posts exposure on female body esteem.
Objective
Given that, two studies were conducted to investigate how fitness posts exposure on social media exerted an influence on female body esteem.
Method and results
By using a questionnaire survey (n = 270), we in Study 1 measured participants’ frequency of fitness posts exposure on social media, body esteem, body surveillance, and appearance contingent self-worth. The results showed that fitness posts exposure was significantly and positively related to female body esteem, and body surveillance played a mediating role between them. And this mediation was further moderated by appearance contingent self-worth. Simple slope analysis showed that fitness posts exposure had a significantly positive prediction on body surveillance at the high level of appearance contingent self-worth, but the prediction of fitness posts exposure was not significant at the low level of appearance contingent self-worth. Study 2 was a lab experiment, in which we randomly assigned 180 female undergraduates to the fitness-appearance exposure condition, the fitness-performance exposure condition, and the travel image exposure condition. Then, we asked participants to report body surveillance and body esteem. The results showed that participants in the fitness-appearance exposure condition reported higher body surveillance and lower body esteem than participants in the other two conditions. Consistent with Study 1, Study 2 revealed the mediating role of body surveillance between exposure condition and body esteem.
Conclusion
Fitness posts exposure produces a negative influence on female body esteem via the mediation of body surveillance, and this pattern is more obvious among women with high appearance contingent self-worth. Appearance-relevant content involved in fitness posts, rather than pure fitness performance, harms female body esteem.
... Why some women may be high-risk is unclear. The physical, sexual, and psychosocial symptoms of the menopausal transition-such as changes in body composition, reduced libido, and loss of selfidentity-may serve to heighten the risk of eating disorders, including in those women who have no history of eating disordered cognitions or behaviors, by inducing/exacerbating body dissatisfaction and lowering self-esteem (Mendelson et al., 2002). With the onset of these specific symptoms, women may perceive their appearances as departing from Western cultural beauty ideals of youth, thinness, and femininity (Slevec & Tiggemann, 2011). ...
Objective
Experiences of menopause and quality of life during menopause can vary extensively among women. While menopause has been associated with negative impacts on eating and body image, it is unclear to what extent quality of life differs by eating disorder risk status. The aim of this study was to explore how menopause symptoms and quality of life differ between those women at high‐ or low‐risk of an eating disorder and the potential protective role of body appreciation.
Method
This cross‐sectional survey study explored differences in menopausal quality of life, body appreciation, and body dissatisfaction among women classified as high‐ or low‐risk of an eating disorder as part of a wider survey on aging, health, and psychological complaints during midlife. Participants were 255 females aged between 40 and 60 years. Participants were classified as high‐risk and low‐risk of an eating disorder based on Eating Attitudes Test‐26 (EAT‐26) scores. Differences between groups on the Menopause‐Specific Quality of Life Questionnaire (MENQOL), Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ‐16), and Body Appreciation Scale–2 were analyzed. The predictive relationship between menopausal quality of life and body appreciation was also explored.
Results
Participants in the high‐risk group (n = 111) reported significantly poorer menopausal quality of life compared to the low‐risk group (n = 144), scoring significantly higher on the sexual, physical, and psychosocial subscales of the MENQOL. The high‐risk group also had significantly greater body dissatisfaction and less body appreciation than the low‐risk group. Overall, menopausal quality of life was a significant predictor of body appreciation.
Discussion
Women with greater eating disorder risk may be faring less well with menopause. Treating and preventing menopause‐related eating disorders will benefit from interventions aimed at not only reducing body dissatisfaction, but actively bolstering body appreciation and supporting the sexual, physical, and psychosocial aspects of the menopausal transition.
... This instrument does not assess athletes' perception of their body image (body esteem) and does not assess their overall self-esteem, but only their satisfaction with their athletic performance and their perceived athletic skills. Some studies show that low body esteem is a risk factor for the development of ED (60)(61)(62). Thus, self-esteem may not have emerged as significantly associated with drive for thinness behaviors and attitudes given the omission of the body esteem dimension. ...
Introduction
Professional and student-athletes are at risk of developing symptoms of eating disorders (ED), including drive for thinness and muscularity due to personal risk factors (e.g., low self-esteem) and sport-specific characteristics (e.g., sport requirements). However, limited studies have focused on ED symptoms among NextGen athletes (identified in Canada as élite or relève) who compete at the provincial, national, and international levels but are not yet part of national teams. As such, they have access to fewer financial resources and support from their sport federations, which can create additional stress for these athletes. The present study aimed to identify personal risk factors and types of sports associated with (a) drive for thinness and (b) drive for muscularity in NextGen athletes.
Methods
These athletes (n = 254) aged between 14 and 25 years old completed an online questionnaire. Perfectionism, self-esteem in sport, drive for thinness, and drive for muscularity were, respectively, assessed by the Multidimensional Inventory of Perfectionism in Sport, the Sport State Self-Esteem Scale, the Eating Attitude Test-26, and the Drive for Muscularity Scale. Other personal risk factor (e.g., athletic status) were measured using in-house questions. Each personal risk factor was included in two multiple linear regressions, respectively, to determine which factors were most associated with drive for thinness and drive for muscularity.
Results
Analyses revealed that perfectionist aspirations during training were linked to a stronger desire for thinness. In addition, not being in school or not having a job were also linked to a stronger desire for thinness. Several variables were found to be associated with a greater desire for muscularity: being a male athlete, playing team sport, weight category sport or endurance sport (as opposed to esthetic sport), having elite status, being less satisfied with one’s current sporting performance and having higher perfectionist aspirations during training.
Discussion
This study offers initial insights into the factors influencing EDs among NextGen athletes, which provides a foundation for deeper exploration and the creation or modification of targeted interventions. These findings can guide sport organizations in creating guidelines and programs to better support the next generation of national athletes (e.g., create programs to help athletes maintain investments outside).
... Body esteem can be a critical component of body image and self-esteem (31,32). Its disruption can lead to considerable distress and impact quality of life (33) The presence of body esteem disturbances in BPD and MD patients might suggest that they are risk factors for these psychiatric disorders. ...
Background: The disruption of body esteem is associated with distress and may be linked to psychiatric disorders such as Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) and Major Depression (MD). Existing studies have primarily focused on body satisfaction as a unified concept, without delving into specific body areas or functions. Early Maladaptive Schemas (EMSs) are observed in individuals with BPD and MD. So far little is known about their potential influence on body esteem, particularly within the context of MD or BPD. This study aims to investigate the satisfaction levels pertaining to different body areas and the influence of EMSs on body esteem BPD patients and MD patients.
Methods: Our study included 31 patients diagnosed with BPD (25 women), 27 diagnosed with MD (17 women) and 25 healthy individuals (HC, 16 women) (Mage was between 29 and 33 for each groups). The SCID-5-PD and MINI was used to assess psychiatric disorders. Body esteem was measured by using an extended version of Body Esteem Scale. EMSs were measured by using Young Schema Questionnaire. Short Form 2.
Results: Regarding EMS domains and general body esteem, all groups differed significantly from each other, except in Overvigilance, where BPD differed from MD and HC. Regarding body functions, BPD group differed from MD and HC groups. For the head, BPD patients and HCs differed from each other. Regarding the upper body HCs differed from the psychiatric patients.
Following the identification of schema domains and their correlation with body variables, significant findings emerge within the BPD and MD groups. In the BPD group, Enmeshment exhibits a notable inverse association with general body esteem and body functions. Conversely, within the MD group, Entitlement displays a marked positive correlation with general body esteem. Furthermore, Vulnerability to Harm in the BPD group and Failure to Achieve in the MD group potentially contribute to disturbances in body esteem.
Conclusions: Our study suggests that both BPD and MD patients experience disturbances in body esteem. Specifically, in patients with BPD, perceptions of body functions are significantly affected. Furthermore, within both disorders, specific EMSs can be identified, which are related to impairments in body esteem.
... Body image disturbance (BID) is a common term that is used when disturbances related to any body image dimensions are there. (Menzel, Krawczyk, & Thompson, 2011)Studies done in BID plays a vital role in evaluation relative to other body image (Cash, Melnyk & Hrabosky, 2004), (McLaren & Gauvin, 2002).The common body dissatisfaction among women can be explained from a socio-cultural perspective, which 140 ...
The purpose of the current study was to investigate the association between body shape, intimacy and sexual satisfaction in the life of married females. It has been hypothesized that there is a significant relationship of body shape, intimacy and sexual satisfaction of married females. Also with respect to the duration of marriage, impact of body shape, intimacy and also sexual satisfaction has been analyzed. Sample of 293 married females, with age range of 25-28(M=1.96, SD=.1714) years was chosen through convenient purposive sampling technique. Scales used are Body Shape Satisfactions Scale, Personal Assessment of Intimacy in relationship scale (PAIR) and Sexual Satisfaction Scale. Correlation is used through statistical analysis on data through Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS -25). The findings of the current research revealed that there is significant weak negative correlation of body shape satisfaction with sexual satisfaction in married females (r=-.20 p=0.01); body shape satisfaction with personal intimacy (r=-.232 p=0.01) and a positive moderate correlation of sexual satisfaction with personal intimacy (r=.694 p=0.01). The results also show that there is no significant difference between body shape satisfaction and years of marriage of married females however, there is a significant correlation between years of marriage and sexual satisfaction, also shows the significant relationship of Body shape, intimacy and sexual satisfaction may result in dysfunctional and dissatisfying sexual experiences and the study suggests that incorporating body image intervention into therapy for sexual problems may be useful.
... In addition, low levels of BE are found at this developmental stage (Bucchianeri et al., 2013;Holmqvist et al., 2007;Mak et al., 2012), especially among adolescents with a higher weight status (Moradi et al., 2020;Sagar & Gupta, 2018;Sander et al., 2021;Voelker et al., 2015). As low BE is related to psychological problems such as anxiety, depression, body shame, low self-esteem, and disordered eating (Bornioli et al., 2021;Forbes et al., 2012;Mendelson et al., 2002;Rousseau et al., 2015;Sander et al., 2021), it is of utmost importance to accurately assess BE during adolescence through culturally suitable assessment instruments. While several measures have been developed to assess body image in the Spanish population (Botella et al., 2009;Jáuregui & Bolaños, 2011), certain BE scales have not shown adequate psychometric properties in the Spanish adolescent population (Jorquera et al., 2005). ...
Background
“How do I perceive my own body?“ is a central question during adolescence, which addresses the subjective assessment of body image, called Body Esteem. Although concern about body esteem increases during adolescence, there is a lack of psychometrically validated measures to assess it specifically among Spanish adolescents.
Objective
This study aims to validate the Body-Esteem Scale for Adolescents and Adult populations (BESAA), a widely used measure of body esteem across cultures, among the Spanish adolescent population.
Methods
The cross-cultural adequacy and acceptability of the Argentinian-Spanish version by Forbes et al., (2012) were pilot tested and the questionnaire was completed by 1,258 students (Mage = 15.56). Next, several psychometric analyses were carried out: exploratory (AFE) and confirmatory (CFA) factorial structure, convergent and discriminant validity, nomological validity, internal consistency, and temporal reliability.
Results
The AFE and CFA supported a reduced Spanish version of the BESAA of 14 items (BESAA-S) and maintained the original three-factor structure (BE-Weight, BE-Appearance, and BE-Attribution subscales). The BESAA-S showed acceptable internal consistency and strong test-retest reliability. Discriminant validity between subscales was appropriate, and convergent validity was appropriate except for the BE-Attribution subscale. Nomological validity was supported through significant correlations with body appreciation, general self-esteem, sociocultural attitudes towards appearance, and disordered eating symptoms. Body esteem was negatively associated with weight status.
Conclusions
This study presents a culturally appropriate, shortened Spanish BESAA as a reliable instrument for body esteem assessment among Spanish speaking adolescents.
... Findings that the self-concept and body image improve with treatment, but remain unchanged without treatment, highlight the importance of self/ body concept disturbances as a core psychological problem in severe AN. This link between self-esteem and body esteem in women with eating disorders, was not found in healthy women (Mendelson et al., 2002). Indeed, internal rewards, the wish for a sense of self-respect, power and independence raising self-esteem have been described to play a decisive role in the fixation on weight loss in AN (Garner and Bemis, 1982;Serpell et al., 1999;Brockmeyer et al., 2013). ...
Anorexia nervosa (AN), a disorder of voluntary food restriction leading to severe weight loss in female adolescents, remains an enigma. In particular, the appropriation of the starved thin body into the self-concept in AN is a process insufficiently researched and still poorly understood. Healthy humans undergoing starvation experience a slowing of movements and avoid voluntary exercise. By contrast, AN tends to be not infrequently associated with voluntary, sometimes excessive and/or compulsive exercise. Such deliberate exercise, not reported in starvation, seems to be facilitated by an increased urge for movement and physical restlessness, particular to AN. The increased urge to move would reflect spontaneous daily activity, the energy expended for everything that is not sleeping, eating, or voluntary exercise. Our hypothesis is that the starvation-induced increased urge to move and restlessness may promote the development of AN. Reversal of the fasting state, by either high caloric food or by leptin administration, would be expected to reduce restlessness and the increased urge to move along with improvement in other symptoms in AN. This review explores the idea that such restless activation in AN, in itself and through accelerating body weight loss, might foster the integration of the starving body into the self-concept by (1) enhancing the person’s sense of self-control and sense of achievement and (2) through invigorating proprioception and through intensifying the perception of the changing body shape. (3) Tentative evidence from studies piloting leptin administration in chronic AN patients which support this hypothesis is reviewed. The findings show that short term administration of high doses of leptin indeed mitigated depressive feelings, inner tension, intrusive thoughts of food, and the increased urge to be physically active, easing the way to recovery, yet had little influence on the patients’ personal commitment to remain at a low weight. Full recovery then requires resolution of the individuals’ personal unresolved psychological conflicts through psychotherapy and frequently needs specialized treatment approaches to address psychiatric co-morbidities. AN might be conceptualized as a hereditary form of starvation resistance, facilitated by the effects of starvation on fitness allowing for an exceptionally intense personal commitment to perpetuate food restriction.
... Body esteem is the dimension of self-esteem that primarily focuses on an individual's perception of and attitude towards their weight and appearance [33]. Problems with body-/self-esteem are well reported for patients with eating disorders (mainly anorexia and bulimia nervosa) [34,35], while increased sensation-seeking has been found to be a predictor of increased alcohol consumption, especially in university students [36]. It was found that poor body esteem and higher sensation seeking were significant predictors of 'Drunkorexic' behaviours. ...
Purpose: The current study investigated the prevalence of compensatory behaviours (caloric restriction, increased exercise and bulimic tendencies) in response to alcohol consumption (also known as Drunkorexia) in students, non-students and previous students, as well as beginning to understand the presence of possible predictors of these behaviours (body esteem, sensation seeking).
Previous research has almost extensively focused on students, suggesting that Drunkorexia may be associated with the university lifestyle.
Methods: A volunteer sample of students, non-students and previous students (n=95) completed the Compensatory Eating and Behaviours in Response to Alcohol Consumption Scale, a questionnaire which measures overall Drunkorexia engagement. The participants also completed the Body Esteem Scale for Adolescents and Adults Scale (BESAA) and the Brief Sensation Seeking Scale (BSSS) to investigate predictors of Drunkorexia.
Results: The results indicated that there was no significant difference in Drunkorexia engagement and behaviours between students, non-students and previous students. It was also found that both low body esteem and high sensation seeking tendencies were significant predictors of Drunkorexia; specifically, the appearance esteem factor of the BESAA and the disinhibition factor of the BSSS.
Conclusions: Findings suggest that Drunkorexia is also present outside of student populations, and therefore, future interventions and research should include non-students in samples. In addition, findings support the idea that Drunkorexia cannot be classified solely as an eating disorder or a substance abuse disorder. As a result of this, further research should be conducted to fully understand why this complex behaviour exists.
... Beden saygısının yeme bozuklukları ile sıkı ilişki içinde olduğu görülmektedir (7)(8)(9)(10). Özellikle anoreksia nervoza gibi ince bir bedene kavuşma idealinin takıntılı ve öz-yıkımla sonuçlanan bir biçimde gerçekleştirilmeye çalışıldığı bozukluklarda, bireylerin kilolarından memnun olmadıkları ve beden saygılarının düşük olduğu iyi bilinmektedir. ...
... 22−24 Additionally, studies which focused on the relationship between self-esteem and bodily dissatisfaction, showed a positive correlation between these two variables. 25,26 A decrease in self-esteem contributes to poorer body image in young adult men and women 27,28 and bulimic symptoms in women. 23 Self-esteem can thus be considered as a major determinant of one's body image. ...
This case study aims to explore the link between bulimia nervosa, low self‒esteem and insecure attachment through the experience of a bulimic young woman with symptoms of anxiety, who engaged in three years of psychodynamic psychotherapy. Based on the literature which underlines that eating disorders are usually manifested in people with insecure attachment patterns and low self‒esteem, we used Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis in order to examine the experience of this woman. The sessions were recorded and were analysed in four different stages. Firstly, we focused on the transcript and studied it in terms of content and use of language, by making initial notes in order to study the way she contextualized her experience and the phrasing she used to describe it. Secondly, we returned to the transcript and extracted emerging themes from the initial notes and the woman’s narrative. In the next stage, our goal was to examine the emerging themes and detect the conceptual similarities and links that we found. We attempted to establish a thematic structure that would allow us to highlight converging ideas. Lastly, once the text has been analysed and studied thoroughly, a final table is produced that summarises the significant themes, as they have arised from our analysis, and they are discussed in relation to existing literature.
... Thus, they are very distressed and have low self-esteem. In one study, women with eating disorders scored much lower on both self-esteem and body-esteem measures than healthy women (Mendelson, McLaren, Gauvin & Steiger, 2002). As such, there may be a connection between the predominantly sophomore sample of this study and eating disorders acting as an extraneous variable. ...
... Reliable and clinically significant changes were also computed 102 using reliability data and clinical cut-off points from previous work. 103 ...
Background
Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a severe psychiatric condition and evidence on how to best treat it is limited.
Objectives
This programme consists of seven integrated work packages (WPs) and aims to develop and test disseminable and cost-effective treatments to optimise management for people with AN across all stages of illness.
Methods
WP1a used surveys, focus groups and a pre–post trial to develop and evaluate a training programme for school staff on eating disorders (EDs). WP1b used a randomised controlled trial (RCT) [International Standard Randomised Controlled Trial Number (ISRCTN) 42594993] to evaluate a prevention programme for EDs in schools. WP2a evaluated an inpatient treatment for AN using case reports, interviews and a quasi-experimental trial. WP2b used a RCT (ISRCTN67720902) to evaluate two outpatient psychological therapies for AN. WP3 used a RCT (ISRCTN06149665) to evaluate an intervention for carers of inpatients with AN. WP4 used actimetry, self-report and endocrine assessment to examine physical activity (PA) in AN. WP5 conducted a RCT (ISRCTN18274621) of an e-mail-guided relapse prevention programme for inpatients with AN. WP6 analysed cohort data to examine the effects of maternal EDs on fertility and their children’s diet and growth. WP7a examined clinical case notes to explore how access to specialist ED services affects care pathways and user experiences. Finally, WP7b used data from this programme and the British Cohort Study (1970) to identify the costs of services used by people with AN and to estimate annual costs of AN for England.
Results
WP1a: a brief training programme improved knowledge, attitudes and confidence of school staff in managing EDs in school. WP1b: a teacher-delivered intervention was feasible and improved risk factors for EDs in adolescent girls. WP2a: both psychological therapies improved outcomes in outpatients with AN similarly, but patients preferred one of the treatments. WP2b: the inpatient treatment (Cognitive Remediation and Emotional Skills Training) was acceptable with perceived benefits by patients, but showed no benefits compared with treatment as usual (TAU). WP3: compared with TAU, the carer intervention improved a range of patient and carer outcomes, including carer burden and patient ED symptomatology. WP4: drive to exercise is tied to ED pathology and a desire to improve mood in AN patients. PA was not increased in these patients. WP5: compared with TAU, the e-mail-guided relapse prevention programme resulted in higher body mass index and lower distress in patients at 12 months after discharge. WP6: women with an ED had impaired fertility and their children had altered dietary and growth patterns compared with the children of women without an ED. WP7a: direct access to specialist ED services was associated with higher referral rates, lower admission rates, greater consistency of care and user satisfaction. WP7b: the annual costs of AN in England are estimated at between £45M and £230M for 2011.
Conclusions
This programme has produced evidence to inform future intervention development and has developed interventions that can be disseminated to improve outcomes for individuals with AN. Directions for future research include RCTs with longer-term outcomes and sufficient power to examine mediators and moderators of change.
Trial registration
Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN42594993, ISRCTN67720902, ISRCTN06149665 and ISRCTN18274621.
Funding
This project was funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Programme Grants for Applied Research programme and will be published in full in Programme Grants for Applied Research ; Vol. 5, No. 16. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information.
... 32 Os instrumentos mais usados em estudos populacionais são os questionários e as escalas de silhueta, devido à sua praticidade de aplicação e correção. 33 Nas pesquisas nacionais, o instrumento mais aplicado é o BSQ. 17,19,25,27 Este fornece uma avaliação contínua e descritiva das insatisfações da imagem corporal em populações clínicas e não clínicas. ...
O objetivo deste estudo é identificar os construtos do conceito imagem corporal presentes nos discursos dos adolescentes e relacioná-los à produção nacional. Para tanto, desenvolveu-se um estudo exploratório transversal com adolescentes, em uma instituição particular de ensino do ABC paulista. Aplicou-se uma entrevista semi-estruturada, utilizando-se a técnica do Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo, embasada no conceito das Representações Sociais. A tabulação dos dados ocorreu por meio da utilização de três figuras metodológicas: idéia central, expressões-chave e o Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo. Nos depoimentos de 121 jovens, foram registradas 200 expressões-chave que foram agrupadas em seis idéias centrais: 1) aspecto afetivo (31,5 %); 2) aspecto cognitivo (29,5 %); 3) aspecto descritivo (20,5 %); 4) "normal" (9,0 %); 5) aspecto comportamental (8,50 %) e 6) dependente da situação (1,0 %). Conclui-se pelos Discursos do Sujeito Coletivo que o conceito de imagem corporal é multidimensional, apresentando-se de forma equilibrada quanto aos aspectos afetivo, cognitivo e descritivo. Em pesquisas envolvendo o tema imagem corporal, é necessário esclarecer qual o aspecto a ser avaliado, para assim optar-se pelo melhor instrumento.
... A meta-analysis found that both young women and men were equally concern about good body images and also self-esteem significantly related body image (O'Dougherty et. al., 2010;Mendelson et al., 2002) . Therefore, young people were motivated to exercise in order to lose weight and to look good. ...
Physical inactivity is becoming a global epidemic and lead to many diseases. This cross-sectional study tried to
investigate knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) regarding exercise among married and single person
attending gymnasium and recreational parks. Furthermore, this study tried to look for factors associated with
regularity of exercise and to find association between knowledge and attitude on practice of exercise. A total of
103 participants aged above 18 years old were purposely selected to answer an interview-guided questionnaire.
Likert scale was used for participants to answer the questionnaire on KAP and the total score for each knowledge,
attitude and practice was computed to find the associations using SPSS. The mean age of the respondent was
25.34 years (SD=5.699). Knowledge was not significantly associated with practice (r=0.071, p=0.475). There
was also no significant correlation between practice and attitude score (r=0.006, p=0.510). Therefore, there is no
association between knowledge and attitude on practice of exercise. Besides that, endurance exercise like
jogging, cycling and walking was a respondent’s choice as their exercise routine. Other than that, there are
significant associations between factors of gender (p=0.014), marital status (p<0.001) and age (p=0.005) with
regularity of exercise. This study found that single person is more regularly doing exercise than married people.
Regularity of exercise could be influenced by motivation. Therefore, relevant policies and campaigns might be
able to change and boost people towards practicing exercise regularly in Malaysia.
... A meta-analysis found that both young women and men were equally concern about good body images and also self-esteem significantly related body image (O'Dougherty et. al., 2010;Mendelson et al., 2002) . Therefore, young people were motivated to exercise in order to lose weight and to look good. ...
Coronary Heart Disease refers to a group of closely related syndrome caused by imbalance between the myocardial oxygen demand and the blood supply. It is the single most common cause of death in economically developed countries, including the United States and Europe. Hypercholesterolemia is considered as one of the most common modifiable risk factors of CHD. Men are more commonly affected than women until the fifth decade, after which time the frequency of CHD is similar in both sexes. Other risk factors are hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and smoking. This was a cross-sectional study in demonstrating the pattern of the lipid profile (Total Cholesterol (TC); Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL-C); High Density Lipoprotein (HDL-C) and Triglyceride levels (TG) among the CHD patients admitted in the hospital. Most of the CHD patients had the total cholesterol level high, and among them 25.6% were Malay. Malays were the highest in the optimal range (<3.0mmol/L) with 20.9% and HDL level within the normal range (1.2-1.8mmol/L) by 22.2% (34). Most of the CHD patients had the TG level within normal range ( < 1.5mmol/L) but among them 19.9% were Malays. This study had demonstrated that Malays were mostly affected by heart disease (HD) followed by Chinese and Indians, and the incidence was twice as high as in men compared to women.
... Yet, there is reason to consider other individual-differences variables in addition to negative affectivity. Specifically, a number of studies have also shown that having low global self-esteem may play a key role in the development of eating disturbances (e.g., Barker & Bornstein, 2010;Dunkley & Grilo, 2007;Fitzpatrick, Lesser, Brandenburg, & Lesser, 2011;Gual et al., 2002;O'dea, 2004), with findings from some studies pointing to the potential value of looking at more specific facets of self-esteem (e.g., appearance-based esteem; Geller et al., 1998;Mendelson, McLaren, Gauvin, & Steiger, 2002). ...
In the present study, we looked at sex differences in negative affectivity and contingencies of self-worth as predictors of eating disturbances (viz., drive for thinness, bulimic symptoms, and body dissatisfaction) in a South Asian American sample of 97 females and 83 males. Females, compared with males, were found to report greater self-worth involving others' approval, appearance, academic competition, and greater drive for thinness and body dissatisfaction. Results of conducting hierarchical regression analyses indicated that for females, negative affectivity accounted for significant variance in each of the three eating disturbance outcomes. Furthermore, the inclusion of contingencies of self-worth was found to account for additional unique variance in eating disturbances within this group. In contrast, regression results obtained for males generally failed to support the utility of a prediction model of eating disturbances involving negative affectivity and contingencies of self-worth. Implications of the present findings for understanding sex differences in eating disturbances in South Asian Americans are discussed.
... It should also be noted that BE-Attribution was the domain least subject to change across time. Mendelson, McLaren, Gauvin, and Steiger (2002) argued that the evaluations of the self that individuals attribute to other people may be a trait more than a state. Indeed, the developmental trajectory of BE-Attribution resembles that of trait self-esteem, which has been identified to be "quite stable and increasing steadily from age 14 onwards" (Birkeland et al., 2012, p. 50). ...
This study examines the long-term development of different domains of body esteem (BE), the most salient domain of adolescents' global self-esteem. The 11-year longitudinal study of Swedish youths, covering ages 10–21, showed that BE undergoes significant change from late childhood to young adulthood, with growth curve models revealing different developmental paths between domains and across gender. For girls, general appearance esteem and weight esteem decreased in the early adolescent phase and then stabilized. For boys, similar patterns were evident, but weight esteem was subject to change also in late adolescence. The third BE domain, appearance-evaluations ascribed to others, displayed a distinct developmental trajectory. This was the only domain where no gender differences were noted in terms of mean levels. It was also the only domain that demonstrated positive increases over time. Findings from the present long-term study contribute to a more coherent picture of the development of BE from late childhood and into young adulthood.
... Over the last two decades the interest of researchers turned to exploring the role of exercise in improving mental health of these populations since a significant increase in people who suffer from psychiatric disorders was noticeable (Rossler, Salize, VanOs & Riecher-Rossler, 2005). Studies found that these patients were unhappy with their body functions and appearance Tucker, Bigler & Chelune, 1981) exhibiting high levels of depression (Jones, Hansen, Moskvina, Kingdon, & Turkington, 2010;Kunikata, Shiraishi, Nakajima, Tanioka, & Tomotake, 2011) and lower levels of self-esteem due to the negative image concerning the importance of their body appearance and weight that produces further negative emotions (Connors & Casey, 2006;Mendelson, McLaren, Gauvin & Steiger, 2002). ...
The aim of this study was to examine the effect of an exercise program on improving self-image and self-esteem of thirty (30) patients with schizophrenia. The sample was separated randomly in three groups of 10 individuals, that is, a control group, an exercise observation with tokens group (experiment group A) and an actual exercise with tokens group (experiment group B). Data from patients with schizophrenia collected using the Body-Cathexis Scale and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale which were selected and administered to participants prior and after the application of the exercise program. The 8 weeks duration of the exercise program was conducted combining physical activity with behavioristic treatment so as to promote exercise behavior and minimize drop out risk. The results reported that the physical activity program had positive effects in experiment group B participants compared to those of the experiment group A and control group as felling more vigorous and with higher self-esteem, leading to an improved personal care and less social limitations.
... Over the last two decades the interest of researchers turned to exploring the role of exercise in improving mental health of these populations since a significant increase in people who suffer from psychiatric disorders was noticeable (Rossler, Salize, VanOs & Riecher-Rossler, 2005). Studies found that these patients were unhappy with their body functions and appearance Tucker, Bigler & Chelune, 1981) exhibiting high levels of depression (Jones, Hansen, Moskvina, Kingdon, & Turkington, 2010;Kunikata, Shiraishi, Nakajima, Tanioka, & Tomotake, 2011) and lower levels of self-esteem due to the negative image concerning the importance of their body appearance and weight that produces further negative emotions (Connors & Casey, 2006;Mendelson, McLaren, Gauvin & Steiger, 2002). ...
The aim of this study was to examine the effect of an exercise program on improving self-image and
self-esteem of thirty (30) patients with schizophrenia. The sample was separated randomly in three groups of
10 individuals, that is, a control group, an exercise observation with tokens group (experiment group A) and
an actual exercise with tokens group (experiment group B). Data from patients with schizophrenia collected
using the Body-Cathexis Scale and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale which were selected and administered to
participants prior and after the application of the exercise program. The 8 weeks duration of the exercise
program was conducted combining physical activity with behavioristic treatment so as to promote exercise
behavior and minimize drop out risk. The results reported that the physical activity program had positive
effects in experiment group B participants compared to those of the experiment group A and control group
as felling more vigorous and with higher self-esteem, leading to an improved personal care and less social
limitations.
... Over the last two decades the interest of researchers turned to exploring the role of exercise in improving mental health of these populations since a significant increase in people who suffer from psychiatric disorders was noticeable (Rossler, Salize, VanOs & Riecher-Rossler, 2005). Studies found that these patients were unhappy with their body functions and appearance Tucker, Bigler & Chelune, 1981) exhibiting high levels of depression (Jones, Hansen, Moskvina, Kingdon, & Turkington, 2010;Kunikata, Shiraishi, Nakajima, Tanioka, & Tomotake, 2011) and lower levels of self-esteem due to the negative image concerning the importance of their body appearance and weight that produces further negative emotions (Connors & Casey, 2006;Mendelson, McLaren, Gauvin & Steiger, 2002). ...
The aim of this study was to examine the effect of an exercise program on improving self-image and self-esteem of thirty (30) patients with schizophrenia. The sample was separated randomly in three groups of 10 individuals, that is, a control group, an exercise observation with tokens group (experiment group A) and an actual exercise with tokens group (experiment group B). Data from patients with schizophrenia collected using the Body-Cathexis Scale and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale which were selected and administered to participants prior and after the application of the exercise program. The 8 weeks duration of the exercise program was conducted combining physical activity with behavioristic treatment so as to promote exercise behavior and minimize drop out risk. The results reported that the physical activity program had positive effects in experiment group B participants compared to those of the experiment group A and control group as felling more vigorous and with higher self-esteem, leading to an improved personal care and less social limitations.
... Meta-analysis. Thirty-one studies (Bachner-Melman et al., 2007Beato et al., 2003;Berg et al., 2011;Blaase and Elklit, 2001;Blechert et al., 2011;Brytek-Matera, 2007;Ciccolo and Johnsson, 2002;Cockerham et al., 2009;Daley et al., 2008;de Zwaan et al., 1994;Dykens and Gerrard, 1986;Geller et al., 2000Geller et al., , 1998Hilbert et al., 2002;Jacobi et al., 2004;Kiezebrink et al., 2009;Leung and Price, 2007;McFarlane et al., 2001;Mendelson et al., 2002;Morrison et al., 2003;Napolitano et al., 2001;Paterson et al., 2011a, b;Paterson et al., 2007;Rosen and Ramirez, 1998;Sassaroli et al., 2008;Senra et al., 2007;Telch and Stice, 1998;Vanderlinden et al., 2009;Wilksch and Wade, 2004;Williams et al., 1993), which measured 'Self-Evaluation' through self-report questionnaires, are included in the forest plot shown in Fig. 8. One outlier, was identified (McFarlane et al., 2001) and was removed from the analysis. ...
... With regards to results, the existing data (Carretero, Raich, Sánchez, Rusiñol, and Sánchez, 2009;Mendelson, McLaren, Gauvin, and Steiger, 2002) show that body image is a predictive factor of self-esteem, though they are understood as distinct constructs. These authors, who studied the relationship between self-esteem and body image in 177 women with and without BORDA MAS et al. ...
El objetivo de este estudio ex post facto ha sido poner a prueba un modelo
estructural sobre el papel mediador de la autoestima y el perfeccionismo en la relación entre los rasgos de personalidad y los trastornos de la conducta alimentaria (TCA). La muestra estuvo compuesta por 155 mujeres (18 a 31 años): 93 cumplían criterios diagnósticos DSM-IV para alguno de los tipos de TCA, 31 formaron el grupo sintomático, con alto riesgo de padecer un TCA y 31, grupo no sintomático, no presentaban patología conocida y sin alteraciones de la conducta alimentaria. Los instrumentos de evaluación utilizados fueron el MCMI-II, EDI-2, EAT-40 y BSQ. Para el análisis de los datos se utilizó el método de estimación de máxima verosimilitud mediante el programa LISREL 8.71. El modelo estimado se ajustó satisfactoriamente. Los resultados confi rman la relación de los rasgos de personalidad esquizoide, paranoide, autodestructiva y límite con los TCA, el papel de la autoestima como principal variable mediadora en el efecto ejercido por ciertos rasgos de personalidad sobre los TCA y del perfeccionismo como variable mediadora del efecto del rasgo de personalidad límite sobre dichos trastornos y sobre la autoestima.
... Fisher (1990) defined body image as the psychological experience of one's own body while Davis (1997) stated that body image is the manner in which we view our body and the mental representation we have of it. Previous research has found that a positive body image is significantly related to greater selfesteem (Mendelson et al., 2002;Tiggemann and Wilson-Barratt, 1998), more positive self concept (Guiney and Furlong, 1999), lower incidence of depression (Ackard et al., 2002;Van den Berg et al., 2002), lower levels of body fatness (Cash, 1993;Duncan et al., 2002a) and lesser likelihood of the development of eating disorders (Hilbert et al., 2002;Lautenbacher et al., 1997). ...
This study assessed the relationship between children’s body image and physical activity and examined any variation in these variables. Two hundred and seventy seven British secondary school children aged 11 to 14 (mean age ± SD = 12.5 ± 0.8 years) participated in this study. Results indicated no significant relationships between body image and physical activity (all p> .05). Boys had higher body esteem scores than girls (p< .01), black children had higher body esteem scores than Asian children (p< .05) and a significant school year by gender interaction (p< .01) indicated that as school year increased body esteem increased in boys but decreased in girls. Boys and high socioeconomic status children also reported greater levels of physical activity than girls and low socioeconomic status children respectively.
... Among samples of rowers, Terry et al. (1999) found that depressed mood scores predicted 9% of the variance in EAT scores, whereby high scores on the EAT were associated with depressed mood. Both perfectionism and self-esteem have been linked to EDs (Hewitt et al., 1995; Hopkinson and Lock, 2004; Mendelson et al., 2002). It has been shown that individuals classified as perfectionists are preoccupied and dissatisfied with their body shape and weight (Ruggiero et al., 2003). ...
This study tested the hypothesis that male athletes who feel pressured to maintain a specific body weight present an elevated risk of subclinical eating disorders. Twelve judoists (19.5 ± 0.5 yr), fifteen cyclists (21.2 ± 2.8 yr) and seventeen non-competitive students matched for BMI and used as controls (21.8 ± 1.8 yr) were studied using the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26). The Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale, the Body Esteem Scale and the Profile of Mood States were also used to evaluate the relationships between eating disorders and psychological characteristics. Athletes completed the tests during their competitive period and controls completed the same scales at the same time. Scores obtained on EAT-26 differed significantly from the control group on EAT (p < 0.01), Dieting (p < 0.01), and Bulimia scores (p < 0.05). Sixty percent of the athletes used weight loss methods. Self-induced vomiting, use of laxatives and diet pills were reported by 4%, 10%, and 8.5% of them, respectively. Increasing exercise was the primary method used by controls to lose body weight. Athletes reported greater negative feelings about their physical appearance and their Body Weight Satisfaction than controls (p < 0.01, p < 0.05, respectively). Our results also showed that depression mood accounted for 73% of the variance in Bulimia scores and for 64% of the variance in Global EAT scores in athletes. Body-esteem Appearance and depression accounted for a significant proportion of the variance in Dieting scores. There was no difference in perfectionism and mood between athletes and controls. This study highlights that these athletes may tread a fine line between optimal competitive attitudes and detrimental health behaviors.
The purpose of this study is to analyze and investigate the effect of psychological factors on the willingness to use artificial intelligence makeup software, electronic word-of-mouth advertising by strengthening real purchases in cosmetics marketing among social media users. This research is based on the structural equation model in terms of its applied purpose and in terms of the method of collecting descriptive and correlational data. To achieve the research goal, a conceptual model based on the psychological characteristics of individuals is presented. The statistical population of the research is all social media users who use artificial intelligence makeup software. Based on the Morgan table, a minimum sample size of 384 people was determined for the aforementioned unlimited population and was selected using the convenience sampling method. The research data was also collected through a questionnaire. The questionnaire was distributed among 400 people from the statistical population and finally, 384 questionnaires were received without defects and their reliability was confirmed with composite reliability, homogenous reliability, and Cronbach's alpha indices. The convergent validity of the questionnaire was also confirmed through variance extraction and divergent validity using the Fornell and Locker criteria. The construct validity was also confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis. The conceptual model of the research was measured using path analysis in the structural part of the structural equation model and SmartPLS software.
Actual Purchase Addiction to Social Media Electronic Word-of-Mouth Advertising Negative Body Emage Price Sensitivity
https://asm.pgu.ac.ir/article_720004.html
https://asm.pgu.ac.ir/article_720004.html#:~:text=%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%8C%20%D9%87%D8%AF%D9%81%20%D8%A7%D8%B2%20%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%20%D9%85%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%87%20%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%84%20%D9%88%20%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%8C,%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C%20%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%DB%8C%20%D8%A7%D8%B2%20%D8%B7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%82%20%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AA%20%D8%AE%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AF%20%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%B9%DB%8C%20%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA.
Background: Humans have engaged in various beliefs, attitudes, actions, and medical procedures to enhance their physical attractiveness. This pursuit has led to several psychodermatological disorders, including charismaphobia, which is the fear of becoming unattractive. Objectives: Offering fresh perspectives to mental health practitioners and cosmetic dermatologists, the current study addresses a significant gap in knowledge by exploring the gender-specific dynamics of charismaphobia in relation to body esteem and self-esteem. Methods: The survey involved 879 conveniently selected participants, including both men (n = 261) and women (n = 618). The Charismaphobia Scale, Body-Esteem Scale, and Self-Esteem Scale were used, along with a demographic information questionnaire. Results: Women exhibited significantly higher levels of charismaphobia compared to men (Men = 52.53%; Women = 68.04%; P = 0.000; Cohen’s d = 0.710). Conversely, men demonstrated significantly greater body-esteem (Men = 80.03%; Women = 70.37%; P = 0.000; Cohen’s d = 1.040) and self-esteem (Men = 68.85%; Women = 53.69%; P = 0.000; Cohen’s d = 0.985) compared to women. A significant inverse correlation was identified between charismaphobia and both body-esteem (r = -.329; P < 0.01) and self-esteem (r = -.608; P < 0.01). In both men and women, self-esteem had a stronger impact on charismaphobia than vice versa (P < 0.01). The findings affirmed the greater relevance of self-esteem in influencing charismaphobia compared to body-esteem (P < 0.01). Conclusions: The current study highlights the unfair pressure placed on women to meet societal standards of beauty, explaining why charismaphobia is gender-specific. The study recommends embracing one's multifaceted identity, beyond physical appearance, to cultivate robust self-esteem and avoid the detrimental effects of charismaphobia. It emphasizes the fundamental roles of self-esteem and body-esteem in this process.
Background: Many experts agree that the Covid-19 pandemic and lockdown restriction have had an impact on relationships and eating habits in couples, but this hypothesis lacks evidence and empirical studies. Aim: The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between satisfaction with the couple's relationship, body self-esteem, and eating behaviors during the Covid-19 lockdown. Method: Three hundred and eighty-one subjects, aged between 18 and 60 years (M = 26.88; SD = 9.22), of whom 89.8% women, participated in the survey. The online assessment included: the Relationship Assessment Scale; the Multidimensional Self Concept Scale and the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire. Results: The results showed that the relationship and the levels of couple's satisfaction are independent of respect to body experience and eating behavior. On the contrary, bodily experience is negatively correlated with diet, weight, body shape, and restriction attempts. However, the eating style of couple showed a change during the quarantine period, both in healthy and at-risk of ED subjects. Conclusion: The psychological impact of Covid-19 and its lockdown has had profound repercussions on the subjective relationship with body and food but have apparently preserved stable and satisfying bonds. The importance of the study confirmed the primary relation between self and body's satisfaction in subjective dimensions of life.
Eating disorders, such as bulimia nervosa, develop at the crossroad of childhood and adulthood, between the mental and the somatic, the individual and the social. It is characterized by episodes of increased uncontrolled overeating followed by different types of compensatory behavior. The changes from physical, mental, and psychological aspect that occur in the young person – adolescent – affect the person’s bulimic behavior. The girl or boy who is strongly focused on the body shape and weight is not satisfied with the image of her/his own body, negative thoughts and emotions are present, and they strive for perfection; therefore, the failure to meet the highly set goals is compensated with an increased desire to eat and overeat, which fosters the pathological patterns of food-related behavior, such as bulimia nervosa. The negative self-image leads to low self-esteem, increased level of perfectionism, fear, anxiety, sadness, increased internal pressure and conflict, and body weight; therefore, the adolescent needs professional help and adequate nutritional, pharmacological, and psychological treatment.
"The purpose of this study was to investigate how self-esteem of patients with eating disorders correlates with their eating attitudes, mood states, duration of illness, and BMI. Their self-esteem was also compared across the all eating disorders subtypes. Subjects were 103 females with eating disorders : 29 with anorexia nervosa, restricting type (AN-R) , 21 with anorexia nervosa, binge eating/purging type (AN-BP), 41 with bulimia nervosa, purging type (BN-P) , 8 with bulimia nervosa, nonpurging type (BN-NP) and 4 with eating disorder not otherwise specified (NOS) . The subjects' self-esteem was measured with Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) . Other variables were measured using Eating Attitude Test-26 (EAT), Bulimic Investigatory Test, Edinburgh (BITE) and Profile of Mood States (POMS) . Correlations between RSES scores, on the one hand, and EAT scores, BITE scores. POMS scores, duration of illness, and BMI, on the other, were calculated, using the Pearson's product-moment correlation coefficient and multiple logistic regression analysis. T-test was used to compare the RSES across the all subtype groups. The results showed that the RSES scores correlated significantly with EAT and BITE scores and all POMS subscales. However, there was no significant correlation between the RSES scores and duration of illness or BMI. When multiple regression analysis was used, the partial correlation between RSES scores and the EAT scores, POMS scores for vigor and confusion was pronounced. The RSES score was highest in the AN-R group, and lowest in the BN-NP group. The RSES score of the AN-R group was significantly higher than the AN-BP and BN-NP groups. The BN-P group showed significantly higher RSES score than the BN-NP group."
The objective of this study is to examine the effect of school knowledge about eating habits on adolescents’ self-esteem. Questionnaires were administered to 1336 high school students (843 girls and 493 boys) in Tokyo, Niigata, and Fukuoka. It was found that eating habits were significantly different by gender. However, an exploratory factor analysis indicated that the structures of boys’ and girls’ eating habits were the same. Factor analysis extracted four factors, which were labeled as “valuing every day meals,” “valuing body control,” “valuing favorite food,” and “valuing nutritional balance.” The results of one-way analysis of variance indicated that adolescents’ positive attitude toward home economics education was significantly related to boys’ higher self-esteem. Two-way analysis of variance showed that “valuing every day meals” and school knowledge about eating habits had an interaction effect on adolescents’ self-esteem. That is, the self-esteem of adolescents who valued every day meals but less knowledge about nutrition was low. Adolescents who had considerable knowledge about nutrition but did not value every day meals also had low self-esteem. When adolescents had knowledge about nutrition and favorable eating habits, their selfesteem was the highest. These results indicated that adolescents’ favorable eating behavior with school knowledge about eating habits are important for their self-esteem.
This study explored the roles of social appearance anxiety and emotional intelligence in the relationship between body esteem and eating-disorder risk among adolescents. A total of 2509 high-school students were sampled to participate in the study. Statistical methods mainly involved descriptive statistics, Bootstrapping, and structural equation modeling analyses. The results showed that social appearance anxiety partially mediated the relationship between body esteem and eating-disorder risk among adolescents; meanwhile, emotional intelligence moderated the effects of body esteem on social appearance anxiety and eating-disorder risk among adolescents.
The purpose of this study is to test a model linking children's self- esteem and body-image to eating attitude. This study employed a cross- sectional survey design. Survey data from 153 children in low income families (including Rosenberg's Self-esteem Scale, Body-Image Scale, and Eating Attitude Test) were used to test the model. The model was tested using path analysis techniques within structural equation modeling. The model fit indices suggested that the full mediation model adequately fit the data (χ 2 = 10.67, df = 5, p = .06, TLI = .95, CFI = .97, RMSEA = .07). Children's self-esteem had a positive direct effect on their body image, which in turn had a direct negative effect on eating attitude. The findings from this study demonstrate the fundamental importance of self-esteem linked to body image, and eating attitude and increasing the positive body image may be the key to children's eating disorder.
This study proposes an execution protocol for fashion therapy. Research on fashion therapy are limited and insufficient for the current need for the establishment of a fashion therapy theory. This study introduces cognitive behavior therapy, embodied cognition, and object relations theory as theories that underlie fashion therapy. A fashion therapy system model is provided based on the analysis of art therapy to explore its applicability to fashion therapy. The fashion therapy system model utilizes fashion items to managing pain and stress to better competence, encouragement and self-expression mechanisms to improve social, psychological, emotional and behavioral functions. In addition, 8 phases of the fashion therapy process (inquiry, forming rapport, assessment, goal-objective, observation, selection of strategy and design, practice, and the final evaluation and closing of fashion therapy) are suggested for developing a practical fashion therapy program. This study is to help overcome a negative perspective on fashion that provokes an excessive spending behavior and to make a practical contribution by creating more social value through fashion. The significance of the study is in the attempt to create an interdisciplinary approach of psychotherapy and fashion that can be extend into the fashion and textile discipline.
This study investigated the mediating role of body mass index (BMI) in the relationship between physical activity and body esteem in adolescents. Nine hundred and five Hong Kong Chinese students aged 12-18 years participated in a cross-sectional study in 2007. Students' BMI was computed as an indicator of their body composition. Their physical activity level and body esteem were examined using the Physical Activity Rating for Children and Youth (PARCY) and Body Esteem Scale (BES), respectively. Structural equation modelling was used to investigate the mediating effects of BMI and physical activity in predicting body esteem, with stratification by sex. The overall fit of the hypothesized models was satisfactory in boys (NFI = 0.94; NNFI = 0.88; CFI = 0.95; RMSEA = 0.07) and girls (NFI = 0.89; NNFI = 0.77; CFI = 0.91; RMSEA = 0.11). When BMI was considered as a mediator, higher physical activity had a significant negative total effect on body esteem in boys, but not in girls. The indirect effect of higher physical activity on body esteem via BMI was positive in boys, but negative in girls.
Regular physical activity may help overweight adolescents, especially boys, improve their body esteem. Kinesiologists and health professionals could explore the use of physical activity prescriptions for weight management, aiming at body esteem improvement in community health programs for adolescents. What is Known: •Among Western adolescents, negative body esteem is more pervasive in girls than in boys. •There are consistent findings of the association between higher body mass index and lower body esteem in adolescents, but the association between physical activity and body esteem are equivocal. What is New: •A negative association between body mass index and body esteem was found in both Hong Kong adolescent boys and girls. •The indirect effect of physical activity on body esteem via body mass index was positive in Hong Kong adolescent boys, but negative in girls.
Essstörungen stellen eine große Herausforderung an therapeutische und medizinische Behandler sowie an das gesamte Gesundheitssystem dar. Insbesondere besorgniserregend ist das immer häufigere und frühere Auftreten von subklinischen Symptomen von Essstörungen. Präventive Maßnahmen können hier ansetzen, um eine Ausweitung zu vollausgeprägten Essstörungen zu verhindern. So war die Zielsetzung dieser Studie die Konzeption und systematische Evaluation eines ambulanten Gruppenprogramms zur indizierten Prävention von Essstörungen unter Berücksichtigung der bisherigen Forschung zur Symptomatologie, Risikofaktoren, Therapie und Prävention von Essstörungen.
Im Rahmen einer Pilotstudie wurde das Gruppenprogramm für Mädchen und junge Frauen in seiner Durchführung an einer kleinen Stichprobe evaluiert. Die Ergebnisse dieser Pilotstudie deuteten darauf hin, dass durch die Teilnahme problematisches Essverhalten reduziert und Einstellungen zu Gewicht und Figur sowie das Selbstwertgefühl verbessert werden können. Aufgrund der Erfahrungen mit der Durchführung und den Rückmeldungen der Teilnehmerinnen wurden für die Überprüfung des Programms an einer größeren Stichprobe notwendige inhaltliche Änderungen vorgenommen.
Die Evaluation der Programmwirkung (Hauptstudie) erfolgte an einer Stichprobe von 36 Probandinnen anhand eines Prä-Posttest-Wartekontrollgruppen-Designs mit einem Follow-up nach sechs Monaten. Während sich direkt nach Beendigung des Präventionsprogramms tendenziell positive Veränderungen zeigten, konnten im Langzeitverlauf deutliche Verbesserungen im Essverhalten und in den Einstellungen zu Gewicht und Figur, im allgemeinen und körperlichen Selbstwertgefühl und im Wissen über Essstörungen und über gesunde Ernährung abgebildet werden. Es gelang mit dem Programm bei den Teilnehmerinnen die Entstehung einer vollausgebildeten Esstörung zu verhindern und das Selbstwertgefühl und persönliche Ressourcen zu stabilisieren und zu fördern.
This study verifies the direct and indirect causal relationship of sociocultural values related to appearance effect appearance evaluation, body area satisfaction, appearance orientation, and self-esteem that are variables involved in body images. This paper is expected to empirically support the information regarding the path and the relative influence among related-variables and their relational structures. A survey was conducted on 230 women from the ages of 20 to 29 who live in Daegu and Gyeongbuk areas. The data analysis was performed through programs such as AMOS 19.0 and SPSS 19.0 for Windows. The findings are as follows: First, Sociocultural values relating to appearance affect directly body image - appearance evaluation, body area satisfaction, and appearance orientation. Appearance evaluation and appearance orientation were influenced positively; however, body area satisfaction received egative effects. In addition, sociocultural values related to appearance exert relatively stronger influence on appearance orientation. Second, among body images, appearance evaluation and body area satisfaction directly effect self-esteem; however, appearance orientation did not show any direct influence. Appearance evaluation influenced relatively higher on self-esteem. Third, it appeared that appearance evaluation directly affected Appearance orientation. Forth, sociocultural values related to appearance affect self-esteem through body images-appearance evaluation, body area satisfaction, and appearance orientation - as mediators. This confirmed the mediator role of body image between sociocultural values related to appearance and self-esteem.
Psychological aspect is an important factor that needs to be taken into consideration in a weight management program for it to be successful and effective. This paper studies the psychological characteristics of the obese people.
Resumen
El presente trabajo explora la relación entre las variables de los Trastornos del Comportamiento Alimentario, la Autoestima y la Ansiedad Social. Se hipotetiza la existencia de una relación estadística significativa entre Trastornos en la Conducta
Alimentaria y Autoestima que, a su vez, sería indicadora de vulnerabilidad para el desarrollo de un Trastorno de Ansiedad Social. En este contexto se estudian las relaciones entre el Impulso a la delgadez y la baja Autoestima; la Desconfianza interpersonal y la Ansiedad social elevada; la Insatisfacción corporal, la baja Autoestima y la Ansiedad social elevada; la Sintomatología bulímica y la ansiedad
social elevada; Impulso a la delgadez, Conciencia interoceptiva y Ansiedad social elevada; etc.
Participaron en el estudio 587 estudiantes (40.7% varones y 59.3% mujeres) de cuatro centros de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria y Primer Curso de Bachillerato de Valladolid y Palencia, con edades comprendidas entre los 12 y 18 años (M = 15.23; DT= 1.58).
La falta de trabajos en este sentido y el interés en la búsqueda
comparativa de variables que posean poder predictivo al respecto de la ansiedad social son las dos razones que justificaron el presente estudio en población
adolescente.
PALABRAS CLAVE: Ansiedad Social, comportamiento alimentario, autoestima y adolescencia.
Abstract
The present study explores the relation between the next variables; eating disorder, self-esteem and social anxiety. Hypotheses are made on the existence of a significant statistical relationship between eating disorders and self-esteem that, as well, would be indicating a vulnerability of developing a social anxiety disorder.
Against this background the relations between Drive for thinness and Low Self-esteem; Interpersonal distrust and high social anxiety; Body dissatisfaction, low self-esteem and high social anxiety; Bulimia and high social anxiety; Drive for thinness, Interoceptive awareness and high social anxiety; etcetera are studied.
A hundred and eighty seven students (40.7% male and 59.3% female) from four compulsory Secondary Education centres (including the first year of secondary education) from Valladolid and Palencia took part in this study. Their age ranged between 12 and 18 years old (M = 15.23; SD = 1.58).
The lack of studies in this topic and the interest in the comparative search of variables with predictive value in relation to social anxiety are the two reasons that justified this study in adolescent population.
KEY WORDS: Social anxiety, nourishing behavior, self-esteem, adolescence.
Body image dissatisfaction during adolescence is common but not benign. School-based interventions have the potential for wide reach, but scalability of previous programmes is limited by a reliance on external facilitators.
To assess the acceptability, feasibility and efficacy of a teacher-delivered body image intervention.
A pilot clustered randomised controlled trial in which 16 classes of adolescent girls were allocated to a 6-session body image programme (n = 261), or usual curriculum control (n = 187) (registration: ISRCTN42594993).
Students in the intervention group had significantly improved body esteem and self-esteem and reduced thin-ideal internalisation. Effects for body esteem and thin-ideal internalisation were maintained for 3 months. There were no group differences for eating pathology, peer factors or depression. Acceptability, feasibility and efficacy varied between schools.
Teacher-delivered body image lessons have promise but further work is needed to increase efficacy and make interventions suitable across a range of schools.
This study used a 6- to 22-day experience-sampling procedure to test for hypersensitivity to social interactions in bulimic individuals. Ratings on daily social interactions, self-concepts, moods, and eating behaviors from 55 actively bulimic, 18 formerly bulimic, and 31 noneating-disordered women were obtained. Hierarchical linear modeling analyses showed negative social interactions to be associated with significant increases in self-criticism (SC) and deteriorations in mood in all participants. However, bulimic participants (active or in remission) showed larger increases in SC following negative social interactions than did normal eaters (and thus seemed to be hypersensitive to interpersonal experiences). Additional analyses indicated that binge episodes tended to be preceded by poorer than average social experiences, self-concepts, and moods and followed by deteriorations in self-concept, mood, and social perception. The authors discuss possible perpetuating influences of interpersonal sensitivity in bulimic syndromes.
This study investigated 3 broad classes of individual-differences variables (job-search motives, competencies, and constraints) as predictors of job-search intensity among 292 unemployed job seekers. Also assessed was the relationship between job-search intensity and reemployment success in a longitudinal context. Results show significant relationships between the predictors employment commitment, financial hardship, job-search self-efficacy, and motivation control and the outcome job-search intensity. Support was not found for a relationship between perceived job-search constraints and job-search intensity. Motivation control was highlighted as the only lagged predictor of job-search intensity over time for those who were continuously unemployed. Job-search intensity predicted Time 2 reemployment status for the sample as a whole, but not reemployment quality for those who found jobs over the study's duration. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Body esteem (BE) refers to self-evaluations of one's body or appearance. This article outlines a BE questionnaire for adolescents and adults that has 3 subscales: BE-Appearance (general feelings about appearance), BE-Weight (weight satisfaction), and BE-Attribution (evaluations attributed to others about one's body and appearance). The subscales have high internal consistency and 3-month test-retest reliability. Females scored lower than males on BE-Weight and BE-Appearance. BE-Weight was the only subscale uniquely related to weight, especially in females, with heavy individuals tending to be dissatisfied with their weight. BE-Appearance was the only subscale that consistently predicted self-esteem. BE-Appearance and BE-Weight covaried more with Neeman and Harter's (1986) Appearance subscale than with other self-esteem subscales; BE-Attribution covaried more with social self-esteem subscales than did BE-Appearance and BE-Weight.
Junior college students provided measures of self-esteem, body esteem, the importance attributed to three body-esteem domains (weight, appearance, and others' evaluations of one's appearance), and body mass index (BMI). Adolescents who thought weight was important tended to rate their global self-esteem, their appearance, and weight satisfaction low. For women, high BMI predicted low self-ratings of romantic competence. For individuals who regarded weight as important, high BMI predicted low global self-esteem and low self-evaluations of appearance. High BMI also predicted low self-ratings in the two other body-esteem domains, especially for women. Finally, regardless of the importance attributed to body-esteem domains, adolescents with positive feelings about their appearance had high global self-worth.
Optimism, personality, and coping styles may alter the effects of stressful events through appraisal and stress reduction. The 1999 Kosovo crisis offered an opportunity to test this proposition under real-life, traumatic stress conditions. Dispositional optimism, personality, and coping contributions were predicted based on geographical distance and degree of reported stress for 3 groups: Kosovar refugees, Albanian citizens helping the refugees in Albania, and Albanian immigrants living in the United States. Results showed Kosovars significantly higher on all stress measures, and on maladjustment. Reduced optimism and reduced control coping were related to higher levels of maladjustment. Pessimism and escape coping showed no relation to psychological adjustment. Resilience was related to a combination of higher optimism, extraversion, openness to experience, conscientiousness, and control coping, paired with lower neuroticism.
Three studies explored how youngsters' self-esteem and body esteem may be related to age, gender, and relative weight and to each other. Study 1 involved 379 8- to 12-years-olds and Study 2, 85 13- to 15-year-olds; Study 3 involved two samples (76 8- to 10-year-olds; 85 11- to 13-year-olds) tested twice over 2 years. Self-esteem was assessed with Harter's (1985b, 1988) Self-Perception Profile, which taps global self-worth and self-evaluations in specific domains. Body esteem was assessed with the Revised Body-Esteem Scale (Mendelson & White, 1993), which yielded two measures (BE-Appearance and BE-Weight). Generally, self-esteem was not related to relative weight, but was associated with feelings about one's appearance. Body-esteem measures were inversely related to relative weight (although only BE-Weight was uniquely so) and were also associated with global self-worth. Self-esteem and body esteem were stable over 2 years.
General psychopathology (i.e., personality disturbance, mood/affect dysregulation) has been identified as common and perhaps etiologically important in eating disorder (ED) patients. In this context, we examined a two-factor model of disordered eating which implicated the independent and interactive contribution of (a) general psychopathology (personality) and (b) eating-related psychopathology (body esteem) in explaining deviant eating patterns. A sample of 266 female college/university students (M age=22.1) and 76 women with a clinically diagnosed ED (M age=28.09) completed paper and pencil questionnaires of deviant eating patterns, body esteem, and personality pathology. First, a K-means cluster procedure revealed a compelling three-cluster solution among the nonclinical women based on deviant eating variables: «deviant eaters»(n=61), «restrainers» (n=92), and «nondeviant eaters» (n=103). The ED women were classified as Cluster 4; «clinical» (n=76). Second, to evaluate our two-factor model, multinomial logistic regression (MLR) was used with cluster membership as the outcome variable and the following variables as predictors: body esteem, personality pathology, and all two-way interactions. In addition to several significant main effects, three interaction terms were marginally significant: Body esteem appearance×Narcissism (P=.047), Body esteem weight×Narcissism (P=.044), and Body esteem attribution×Stimulus seeking(P=.051). The overall extent of correct cluster classification was 63%. These results indicate that the presence of both low body esteem and maladaptive personality, and the interactive operation of these two factors, seems to contribute to the likelihood of having an eating disorder, beyond the independent contribution of either factor alone. Results are considered in the context of etiological models in which general psychopathology presents a vulnerability factor in ED development.
Junior college students provided measures of self-esteem, body esteem, the importance attributed to three body-esteem domains (weight, appearance, and others' evaluations of one's appearance), and body mass index (BMI). Adolescents who thought weight was important tended to rate their global self-esteem, their appearance, and weight satisfaction low. For women, high BMI predicted low self-ratings of romantic competence. For individuals who regarded weight as important, high BMI predicted low global self-esteem and low self-evaluations of appearance. High BMI also predicted low self-ratings in the two other body-esteem domains, especially for women. Finally, regardless of the importance attributed to body-esteem domains, adolescents with positive feelings about their appearance had high global self-worth.
There are few topics so fascinating both to the research investigator and the research subject as the self-image. It is distinctively characteristic of the human animal that he is able to stand outside himself and to describe, judge, and evaluate the person he is. He is at once the observer and the observed, the judge and the judged, the evaluator and the evaluated. Since the self is probably the most important thing in the world to him, the question of what he is like and how he feels about himself engrosses him deeply. This is especially true during the adolescent stage of development.
This study used a 6- to 22-day experience-sampling procedure to test for hypersensitivity to social interactions in bulimic individuals. Ratings on daily social interactions, self-concepts, moods, and eating behaviors from 55 actively bulimic, 18 formerly bulimic, and 31 noneating-disordered women were obtained. Hierarchical linear modeling analyses showed negative social interactions to be associated with significant increases in self-criticism (SC) and deteriorations in mood in all participants. However, bulimic participants (active or in remission) showed larger increases in SC following negative social interactions than did normal eaters (and thus seemed to be hypersensitive to interpersonal experiences). Additional analyses indicated that binge episodes tended to be preceded by poorer than average social experiences, self-concepts, and moods and followed by deteriorations in self-concept, mood, and social perception. The authors discuss possible perpetuating influences of interpersonal sensitivity in bulimic syndromes.
- Steiger