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The impact of body image experiences: Development of the Body Image Quality of Life Inventory
Abstract
Substantial research confirms that body image affects multiple aspects of psychosocial functioning, yet there is no direct assessment to quantify its impact on an individual's quality of life.
In the present study, the Body Image Quality of Life Inventory was developed and empirically evaluated with 116 college women.
This 19-item assessment was internally consistent and stable over a 2- to 3 week period. It converged significantly with multiple measures of body image evaluation and investment and with body mass. The results further revealed that women in the sample reported more positive than negative consequences of their body image for various domains of life. The implications of these findings and directions for continued validation of this unique measure are considered.
... In addition to physical and mental health consequences, research also highlights adverse life impacts of body image concerns. As a result of feeling unhappy or ashamed of their appearance, adolescents may avoid certain activities both inside and outside of school/work, such as participating in class, playing sports, or attending social events (Cash et al., 2005;Cash & Fleming, 2002;Halliwell et al., 2014;Mehra et al., 2022). Whilst this avoidance may provide immediate relief from any potential distress, it can also have the paradoxical consequence of reinforcing body image concerns and limiting life experiences that benefit individual development and psychological wellbeing (Atkinson & Diedrichs, 2021;Cash et al., 2005;Cash & Fleming, 2002). ...
... As a result of feeling unhappy or ashamed of their appearance, adolescents may avoid certain activities both inside and outside of school/work, such as participating in class, playing sports, or attending social events (Cash et al., 2005;Cash & Fleming, 2002;Halliwell et al., 2014;Mehra et al., 2022). Whilst this avoidance may provide immediate relief from any potential distress, it can also have the paradoxical consequence of reinforcing body image concerns and limiting life experiences that benefit individual development and psychological wellbeing (Atkinson & Diedrichs, 2021;Cash et al., 2005;Cash & Fleming, 2002). In India, withdrawal from life activities and events can be perceived particularly negatively, given Indian society's collectivistic nature and the importance placed on peer relations and social approval (Akosah-Twumasi et al., 2018;Bowker & Raja, 2011). ...
... Measures of body image and eating pathology were selected to assess their associations with the BILD-Q and provide evidence on the nomological network of the measure. The BESAA was selected based on the existing evidence indicating body image concerns have negative life impacts among adolescents both inside and outside of work/school (Cash et al., 2005;Cash & Fleming, 2002;Halliwell et al., 2014). The EDE-Q was selected based on studies indicating a positive association between eating pathology and body image concerns in India (Ganesan et al., 2018;. ...
... Despite the well-proven role of body image in binge eating [16], there is still a lot to study about the various facets of this construct, which may differently impact the onset of binge eating symptoms in adolescents. Therefore, the present study aimed to explain binge eating symptoms in adolescents within the multidimensional model of body image [15], with a specific focus on two understudied components: the impact of body image on life quality [21] and the coping strategies activated to face body image concerns [22]. ...
... Regarding the first component, body image is expected to potentially influence individuals' quality of life by interfering with their psychosocial functioning across a wide range of situations, such as: social, intimate, and sexual relationships, family interactions, or relationships at school or work [21]. Multiple studies have shown that a more positive impact is perceived by people with higher body appreciation, while a more negative impact is perceived in presence of body dissatisfaction [23,24]. ...
... Body image impact on quality of life The Body Image Quality of Life Inventory (BIQLI; [21]; Italian validation by [28]) is a 19 item questionnaire assessing the perceived impact of body image on quality of life. The items investigate different domains of psychosocial functioning (i.e., school, work, peers, family, intimate partners) in which individuals may perceive positive, negative or neutral effects of their body image, in the form of cognitive and emotional experiences (sample item: "My feelings about my appearance affect…my experiences at work or at school"). ...
Purpose: The role of body image in adolescent binge eating is widely confirmed, albeit the various facets of this relationship are still mostly unexplored. Within the multidimensional body image framework, this study hypothesized the indirect effects of three body image coping strategies (positive rational acceptance, appearance fixing, avoidance) in the expected relationship between the perceived impact of body image on individuals' quality of life and binge eating symptoms.
Methods: Participants were 715 adolescents aged 15-21 years (49.1% girls) recruited in Italian schools. An anonymous self-report online survey was administered. A multiple mediation model was tested.
Results: A more positive perceived impact of body image on quality of life was a negative predictor of adolescents' binge eating, controlling for individual levels of body satisfaction. Three indirect effects were found in this relationship: on one hand, the positive body image impact reduced binge eating via increasing positive rational acceptance (M 1), and via reducing avoidance (M 2); on the contrary, the positive body image impact also enhanced binge eating via increasing appearance fixing (M 3).
Conclusions: The body image impact on quality of life can be alternatively protective-when adaptive coping is solicited, and maladaptive strategies are reduced-or a risk factor, which may increase binge eating by soliciting appearance fixing.
... To explain this, it may be depicted that mindfulness reduces distraction, adjusts attention, leads to self-adjustment and listening to the body, and in a way, increases selfcompassion and reduces self-judgment in overweighed and obese individuals. Furthermore, sexual satisfaction and function are increased by the improved quality of life in these individuals (41). ...
... Additionally, the more positive the body perception of individuals with overweight and obesity, the higher their quality of life. These findings are supported by the results of the previous studies which realized positive body perception is associated with a higher quality of life (41,42). ...
Objectives: This study aimed to examine the efficacy of acceptance, mindfulness, and compassion (Kg-free) on obese and overweight women diagnosed with metabolic syndrome components. Materials and Methods: In this randomized controlled trial, 52 obese and overweight women with body mass index (BMI) ≥25 were evaluated in two intervention and control groups, The intervention was implemented weekly. Triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), fasting blood sugar (FBS), blood pressure (BP), BMI, and waistline measurements thyroid tests were assessed measured as the main outcome, and life-quality and sexual function improvement as its secondary outcome in pre, post and follow-up phase. Results: The study results indicated that the acceptance, mindfulness, and compassion (Kg-free) protocol was effective on the BMI, waistline, TG level, BP (systolic and diastolic index), quality of life, and sexual function in women with overweight and obesity, but fasting BP and HDL level did not significant (d=0.001–0.50; significant at the 0.001 level). Conclusions: The present trial was carried out aiming to examine the efficacy of group intervention based on acceptance, mindfulness, and compassion on obese and overweighed women and its effect on the components of metabolic syndrome, including the waistline, BMI, BP, FBS, TG, HDL, the quality of life, and the sexual function. Our results showed that group intervention based on acceptance, mindfulness, and compassion could reduce the BMI of the individuals in the intervention group compared to the control group. Moreover, the present study provided further evidence that this intervention bears an essential part in the psychological interventions for individuals struggling with overweight and obesity.
... Individuals with BDD experience substantial impairment in quality of life across multiple domains, which generally correlate with BDD symptom severity. The most frequently reported measures of quality of life in individuals with BDD are general measures such as the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item, Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36)152 , the Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire (Q-LES-Q)153 , the Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS)154 , and the Body Image Quality of Life Inventory (BIQLI)155 . People with BDD may have lower mental health-related quality of life than the general population, patients with type II diabetes mellitus or myocardial infarction, or patients with psychiatric disorders such as depression, OCD, anxiety disorders, eating disorders, bipolar disorder, or schizophrenia156 . ...
... People with BDD may have lower mental health-related quality of life than the general population, patients with type II diabetes mellitus or myocardial infarction, or patients with psychiatric disorders such as depression, OCD, anxiety disorders, eating disorders, bipolar disorder, or schizophrenia156 . Similarly, one study 157 reported a more negative impact of BDD on quality of life than anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa, measured with the BIQLI instrument155 . A high proportion of people with BDD are not currently working (36%) or not in school (32%)156 . ...
Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is an obsessive-compulsive disorder-related psychiatric condition characterized by an intense preoccupation with perceived physical flaws that are not observable by others. BDD affects ~2% of the adult population but is underdiagnosed, partly owing to limited clinician awareness, and undertreated, partly due to limited access to treatment. Research on the aetiology of BDD is scarce but likely involves an interplay between genetic and environmental factors. A few studies suggest functional and structural brain differences (compared with controls) in the regions involved in visual and emotional processing, although firm conclusions about the pathophysiology of the disorder cannot be made at this stage. Diagnosis requires the presence of repetitive behaviours or mental acts typically aimed at checking, correcting or concealing perceived flaws. The disorder typically has its onset before 18 years of age, with a female preponderance in youth but no major gender disparity in adults. Quality of life is markedly impaired across multiple domains and suicide risk is considerable. Evidence-based treatments include cognitive behavioural therapy and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Future research should focus on understanding the biological and environmental factors that increase the risk of BDD, and on improving access to effective treatments, thereby addressing a critical gap in care for this often misunderstood and overlooked disorder.
... The BIQLI has 19 items and is rated on a 7-point scale ranging from − 3 = 'very negative effect' to 0 = 'no effect' to + 3 = 'very positive effect. ' Sample items included the impact of one's body image on: "My interactions with people of my own sex;" "My interactions with people of the other sex;" and "My day-to-day emotions'' [18], with higher scores indicating higher body image. Original developers of the scale found high reliability (.95; [18]), which was consistent with the reliability found in the present study (.95). ...
... ' Sample items included the impact of one's body image on: "My interactions with people of my own sex;" "My interactions with people of the other sex;" and "My day-to-day emotions'' [18], with higher scores indicating higher body image. Original developers of the scale found high reliability (.95; [18]), which was consistent with the reliability found in the present study (.95). ...
Background
Pregnancy is a time of great change for women, both mentally and physically. For any pregnant woman, this time of change can be difficult as the woman needs to constantly adapt to the rapidly changing body. This change could be especially challenging for a woman who has previously struggled with symptoms of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), which cause individuals to perceive part(s) of their body as particularly ugly or deformed, creating distress that affects several areas of functioning. These distorted perceptions have been associated with low self-reported functioning in physical and psychological areas. The present study assessed the effects of BDD symptoms on the physical and psychological functioning of pregnant women at different points throughout their pregnancy.
Methods
During July 2021 through April 2022, one hundred and fifty-eight women were recruited from various mothers’ Facebook groups, women’s centers across a city in Southern Texas, and through Prolific. The sample consisted of women in their first, second and third trimesters, as well as women three months postpartum. Information about the presence of BDD symptoms, quality of life, and body image was collected.
Results
We found that women in their second trimester possess the highest quality of life compared to women in their first trimester, third trimester or postpartum. Women with high BDD symptoms have lower quality of life and lower body image compared to women with low BDD, especially for those in their first or third trimesters.
Conclusions
These findings illustrate the necessity of targeted interventions and support for pregnant women, especially those with BDD symptoms, in order to promote their well-being throughout pregnancy and postpartum.
... This table further presents the frequency of how many times a given code has been applied and in how many interviews it was mentioned. (5) or "I can't go down. I can de nitely go up. ...
... The women's exposure to situations where they felt their body size was advantageous led to positive experiences with their body size. On the contrary, situations where it was felt that the body size was of disadvantage caused negative experiences with their body size, which may indicate body dissatisfaction (Cash & Fleming, 2002). The negative experiences on a social level stand out as the women report pressure and expectations by their environment. ...
Background
Non-communicable diseases are an increasing threat in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), and overweight and obesity are affecting people across all socioeconomic groups. Some studies suggest that big body sizes may be perceived as desirable among women in SSA and that high prevalences of obesity and overweight are especially present in low soccioecnomic societies. This study explores the role of socio-economic factors in the perception of the ideal body among Kenyan women and whether perceptions and beliefs about the ideal body should be considered relevant when targeting the prevention of obesity and overweight.
Method
In-depth interviews were conducted with 8 Kenyan women with varying educational backgrounds, aged between 21 and 48, using a qualitative study design. The interviews were conducted in December 2022 and January 2023 in Nairobi, audio-recorded, transcribed and analysed through qualitative content analysis and a coding system using deductive and inductive codes.
Results
The participants reported that conclusions about a person’s health and wealth status are drawn based on different body sizes. Furthermore, traditional views about the ideal body size, societal pressure, as well as the women’s own experience with their body size play a role in the perception of an ideal body.
Conclusion
Small-sized women desire to gain weight as society may view them as weak and sick. Big-sized women aim to reduce weight primarily due to health complications. Nevertheless, traditionally, a big-sized woman is considered strong and wealthy, creating external pressure on women to fulfil this body image—these findings emphasise traditional aspects in designing culturally sensitive prevention and intervention methods to address overweight and obesity.
... Большее значение означает лучшее восприятие тела и более высокий уровень удовлетворенности качеством жизни. BIQLI ценен для количественной оценки того, как восприятие образа тела людьми влияет на широкий спектр сфер жизни, включая самоощущение, социальное функционирование, сексуальность, эмоциональное благополучие, питание, физические упражнения, уход за собой и т. д. [19,20]. ...
... Приложение 4.Оценка образа тела и качества жизни (BIQLI, Body Image Quality of Life Inventory)[19] ...
Introduction. Cutaneous Lupus Disease Area and Severity Index (CLASI) and its modified version, the Revised Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus Disease Areas and Severity Index (R-CLASI) are tools for quantifying skin and mucosal lesions in patients with both cutaneous lupus erythematosus and its systemic variant. Evaluation of the scales of activity and skin damage in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is associated with the need to stratify their quantitative characteristics. The Cutaneous Lupus Disease Area and Severity Index (CLASI) and its modified version the Revised Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus Disease Area and Severity Index (R-CLASI) are a tool for quantifying skin and mucosal lesions in patients with both cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE) and its system version.
Objective. To validate the indexes of objective assessment of skin activity and damage CLASI and R-CLASI in the Russian cohort of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and compare it with dermatological assessments of the quality of life.
Material and methods. The study included 55 patients with SLE with various types of skin and mucosal lesions, the median age was 30.0 [26.0; 40.0] years, the duration of the disease was 7.0 [3.0; 14.0] years. To assess the active (reversible) lesion and irreversible skin damage, the CLASI and R-CLASI indexes were used, for the general assessment of activity and damage in SLE, the SLEDAI-2K and SLICC/ACR DI were used.
Results . The most common variant of skin lesions in patients with SLE is acute cutaneous lupus erythematosus (ACLE) – 45%, as well as alopecia, which occurs in 62% of cases. The median activity index for CLASI was 5.0 [2.0; 11.0], and R-CLASI was 7.0 [3.0; 18.0]; the median damage index for CLASI was 5.0 [2.0; 11.0], and R-CLASI was 2.0 [0.0; 7.0]. A significant relationship was revealed between the medians of CLASI and R-CLASI scores depending on the degree of activity according to SLEDAI-2K (Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index) and the damage Index (DI) in SLE (SLICC/ACR DI, Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics/American College of Rheumatology Damage Index) when recalculating these indexes only for skin and mucous lesions. According to the ROC analysis, the CLASI and R-CLASI skin activity and damage indices showed high sensitivity (CLASI activity index – 98%, R-CLASI – 93%, CLASI and R-CLASI damage index – 91%) and specificity (CLASI activity index – 64%, R-CLASI – 71%, CLASI and R-CLASI damage index – 86%).
Conclusion . To assess the severity of skin and mucosal lesions in patients with SLE in the Russian Federation, it is reasonable to use the CLASI and R-CLASI indices. The CLASI and R-CLASI indices reflect the level of activity and severity of skin lesions, with higher values of these indices indicating more severe skin lesions and a significant impact on the overall well-being of SLE patients. Patients with high values of these indices often experience feelings of embarrassment, discomfort, difficulty in performing daily tasks, and limitations in social life. To assess the severity of skin and mucous lesions in patients with SLE in the Russian Federation, it is advisable to use the CLASI and R-CLASI indexes.
... Body image disorder can show itself in different ways in a person's life. This dissatisfaction with the body image can be manifested in ineffective perceptions, cognitions, emotions and behaviors that can affect a person's daily behavior and quality of life [51]. Following the feeling of dissatisfaction with the body image and the creation of a negative self-concept, a person will demand a change in his body image so that he can bring his real body image closer to his ideal body image [52]. ...
... Thereby, it will affect the degree of self-objectification of individuals. The body image states scale (BISS) compiled by Cash et al. was used to measure this variable [24]. This scale had 6 items. ...
The emergence of new social media platforms has significantly influenced adolescent mental health through their engagement in selfie-related behaviours. This paper uses xiaohongshu as a research platform to explore the impact of users’ selfie-related behaviour on their body satisfaction and self-identity on social media. This study employed a questionnaire-based survey to examine 60 xiaohongshu users, aged 19-59, utilizing the selfie-posting frequency scale, self-viewing scale, verbal commentary on physical appearance Scale, body Image states scale, and body surveillance subscale. The results show that selfie editing and posting, selfie viewing, and positive appearance-related commentary positively affect body satisfaction, while negative appearance-related commentary negatively affect body satisfaction. There is no statistically significant association identified between body satisfaction and self-objectification. Adolescents’ psychological issues are influenced, in part, by their selfie-related activities within social networking environments. However, a mindful and rational engagement with these platforms can foster self-identity and contribute to the positive development of youth mental health.
... Factors Associated with Body Image Concern. Furthermore, Cash and Fleming (2002) argued that multiple factors affect an individual's body image, such as media, familial, and interpersonal influences that lead to body dissatisfaction. Traditionally, women have been the focus of concern about body image (Stout & Frame, 2004). ...
... The women's exposure to situations where they felt their body size was advantageous led to positive experiences with their body size. On the contrary, situations where it was felt that the body size was of disadvantage caused negative experiences with their body size, which may indicate body dissatisfaction [37]. The negative experiences on a social level stand out as the women report pressure and expectations by their environment. ...
Background
Non-communicable diseases are an increasing threat in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), and overweight and obesity are affecting people across all socioeconomic groups. Some studies suggest that big body sizes may be perceived as desirable among women in SSA and that high prevalence of obesity and overweight are especially present in low socioeconomic societies. This study explores the role of socioeconomic factors in the perception of the ideal body among Kenyan women and whether perceptions and beliefs about the ideal body should be considered relevant when targeting the prevention of obesity and overweight.
Method
In-depth interviews were conducted with 8 Kenyan women with varying educational backgrounds, aged between 21 and 48, using a qualitative study design. The interviews were conducted in December 2022 and January 2023 in Nairobi, audio-recorded, transcribed and analysed through qualitative content analysis and a coding system using deductive and inductive codes.
Results
The participants reported that conclusions about a person’s health and wealth status are drawn based on different body sizes. Furthermore, traditional views about the ideal body size, societal pressure, as well as the women’s own experience with their body size play a role in the perception of an ideal body.
Conclusion
Small-sized women desire to gain weight as society may view them as weak and sick. Big-sized women aim to reduce weight primarily due to health complications. Nevertheless, traditionally, a big-sized woman is considered strong and wealthy, creating external pressure on women to fulfil this body image—these findings emphasise traditional aspects in designing culturally sensitive prevention and intervention methods to address overweight and obesity.
... For the purpose of this review, body image was conceptualised as emotional, cognitive, perceptual and behavioural components of individuals' relationships with their own body and/or its parts (Cash, 2012;Cash & Fleming, 2002). This includes both positive and negative body image. ...
The rapidly growing body of research investigating media influence on body image in Latin America has not been previously comprehensively synthesised. We systematically reviewed studies of the relationships between media use/influence, body image, and sociocultural appearance ideals in Latin America (CRD42021254607). We searched PsycINFO/Medline, Pubmed, Web of Science, ERIC, Scopus, ProQuest Dissertations, SciElo, and LILACS for quantitative and qualitative peer-reviewed articles and doctoral theses in English, Spanish, and Portuguese. Research conducted in Latin America, published 1991–2023, measuring a) media use/influence, and b) body image or appearance ideals was included. 68 articles met inclusion criteria, and quality appraisal concluded that most were of medium/high quality. A narrative review found consistent quantitative relationships, stronger in women than men, between media use/internalisation of media ideals and both body dissatisfaction and thinner appearance ideals. In contrast, participants in qualitative studies acknowledged media influence on their body image, but perceived greater influence from family and peers. Limitations included a predominance of cross-sectional research from Brazil and Mexico with adolescents and young adults. Additional longitudinal, experimental, and interventional work from elsewhere in Latin America is needed, recruiting more diverse samples and assessing more culturally salient appearance aspects (e.g., skin tone and hair texture).
... People who are more satisfied with their bodies reported greater satisfaction with life (Frederick et al., 2016). Also other studies showed that feelings about own's body have an impact on overall quality of life (Cash & Fleming, 2002;Peplau et al., 2009). This construct was measured using Satisfaction with Life Scale (Diener et al., 1985), a 5-item scale designed to measure global cognitive judgments of one's life satisfaction (Cronbach alpha .87). ...
This study investigates the role of eye tracking in detecting bias in body image studies, focusing on Instagram. Combining eye tracking with a questionnaire, it hypothesized a partial discrepancy between declarations and eye tracking, which is confirmed by the obtained results. Psychometric scales assessing well-being were additionally employed, uncovering correlations solely with eye tracking variables rather than declarations regarding body shape preferences. The eye-tracking data offered fresh insights into participants' avoidance strategies and attention to subjectively unattractive areas when viewing very slim silhouettes. Furthermore, they tend to reveal lower self-esteem among individuals potentially internalizing societal beauty ideals. The exploratory study implies that weight-related Instagram content might affect participants' psychological well-being, with eye tracking potentially uncovering biased attention to attention-capturing body areas. This paper may provide valuable insights for further research on body image, well-being, and the influence of social media on it.
... Positive body image not only affects the psychological aspect but also directly influences the execution and performance of exercise, promoting balance in physical, emotional, psychological, and spiritual abilities [43][44][45]. Conversely, negative body image may lead to tension and anxiety, thereby adversely affecting exercise performance [46][47][48]. Additionally, positive self-perceptions may inspire individuals to engage more actively in physical activity, thereby enhancing physical fitness levels; conversely, negative body image may serve as a barrier to participating in physical activity, hindering physical fitness improvement. ...
Purpose
To explore the impact of mobile social media on the psychological well-being of Chinese international students and analyze the mechanisms of influence to enhance their overall psychological health and social interactions in a foreign environment.
Methods
Convenience sampling was employed, using questionnaires on Mobile Social Media, Psychological Resilience, Body Image, Health Goal Setting, Physical Activity Level, and Mental Health Status as measurement tools. Data were gathered from 378 Chinese international students across 33 universities in South Korea, including Kangwon National University, Myongji University, Kunsan National University, Seoul National University, and Chonbuk National University. Confirmatory factor analysis, correlation analysis, common method bias testing, and chain mediation effect analysis were conducted using SPSS and AMOS 23.0.
Results
Mobile social media has significant indirect effects on the mental health of international students through various factors: psychological resilience and physical activity level (effect ‘adg’ = 0.080, 95% CI [0.029, 0.144]), body image and physical activity level (effect ‘beg’ = 0.122, 95% CI [0.044, 0.247]), and health goal setting and physical activity level (effect ‘cfg’ = 0.255, 95% CI [0.123, 0.428]).
Conclusion
The study shows that mobile social media benefits the mental health of Chinese international students by enhancing psychological resilience, physical activity, body image perception, and health goal setting. Collaboration between educational institutions and social media platforms is recommended to promote physical activity among international students. This collaboration can involve sharing encouraging messages, joining health communities, setting goals, and providing accessible exercise resources. Utilizing mobile apps or social media for tracking progress and goal-setting can also improve self-management skills.
... Another instrument which is used to evaluate the quality of life and the impact that body image might have over it was the Body Image Quality of Life Inventory (BIQLI) by Cash & Fleming (2002), in its Spanish (Jáuregui-Lobera & Bolaños-Ríos, 2011) and Turkish version (Demiralp et al., 2015). Orbach & Mikulincer (1998) was used twice, as well as Physical Self-Perception Profile (PSPP), developed and initially validated by Fox and Corbin (1989); and the Physical Self-Inventory (PSI-25) by Ninot et al. (2000) adapted from the Physical Self-Perception Profile by Fox & Corbin (1989). ...
Purpose: The aim of this systematic review was to identify the most used measuring tools for assessing body image in the dancing context conclude which are most suitable in this field. Methods: Articles were gathered from databases up to March 7th, 2023. Primary studies were eligible if they assessed body image in adult dancers. Results: Eighty-eight studies were included. In qualitative studies, interviews were the most common tool. In quantitative studies, more than thirty scales were identified, but only seventeen were found at least twice, including silhouette scales and questionnaires. Only two scales were specifically designed for dancers and neither of them is commonly used. Conclusion: Stunkard Scale, in-depth interviews, Body Appreciation Scale and Body Shape Questionnaire are the most used instruments. Qualitative methods offer relevant information to comprehend body image. Quantitative methods are useful, although silhouette scales offer a binary view of bodies and genders and should be reevaluated.
... The impact of his image on daily life was assessed by the Body Image Quality of Life Inventory. 15 The score was -8 before transplantation and +40 two years after the transplantation. ...
Background
Arm transplantation has been proposed as a valid therapeutic option for arm amputees. A bilateral arm transplantation including reconstruction of the left shoulder was performed on January 13, 2021 in Lyon (France).
Methods
The recipient was a 48-year-old man with bilateral amputation at proximal arm level on both sides following an electric shock in 1998. He had received a liver transplant in 2002. The donor was a 35-year-old man. On the right side, the donor humerus was fixed on the remaining 9-cm-long proximal stump, and was reinforced with the donor fibula in an intramedullary fashion. On the left side, the whole donor humerus (including the humeral head) was transplanted with reconstruction of the gleno-humeral joint, including a suspension ligamentoplasty. The immunosuppressive protocol was based on antithymocyte globulins as induction therapy, and tacrolimus, steroids and mycophenolate mofetil as maintenance therapy.
Results
Good bone healing and a well-positioned ligamentoplasty on the left side were achieved. At 2 years, the recipient was able to flex both elbows, and wrist extension, finger flexion, and extension were appreciated on both sides. Intrinsic muscle activity was detectable by electromyography during the eighth posttransplant month, and sensitivity was recovered. The patient is satisfied with his autonomy in some daily activities, but his greatest satisfaction is the recovery of his body image.
Conclusions
These results confirm that it is possible to propose this transplantation to proximal-level arm amputees. The patients’ information about risks and limits as well as their compliance and determination remain important prerequisites.
... The first mechanisms operate through low self-esteem and self-efficacy. Younger women with high body dissatisfaction tend to have low self-esteem and self-efficacy and therefore are less motivated and more reluctant to explore vocational options (Cash & Fleming, 2002). Furthermore, low self-esteem and self-efficacy could restrict the occupations that these women choose for themselves. ...
Women’s body dissatisfaction is negatively associated with mental health and career-related outcomes. Despite the high prevalence of body dissatisfaction and dieting among younger South Korean adults, this relationship and its underlying mechanism remain underexamined. Therefore, we examined South Korean female college students’ body dissatisfaction, perceived gender discrimination, belief in a just world (BJW), and career-choice pessimism by testing a moderated mediation model. Body dissatisfaction was negatively related to BJW, but only at medium and high levels of perceived gender discrimination. Furthermore, we found support for a moderated mediation effect in which BJW mediated the relationship between body dissatisfaction and career-choice pessimism, but only at medium and high levels of perceived gender discrimination. These findings highlighted the relevance of body dissatisfaction and BJW to understand Korean female college students’ career-choice pessimism in the context of gender discrimination.
... Appearance distress encompasses the adverse emotions, dissatisfaction and unease that individuals experience in response to their appearance, including the presence of acne (Cash, 2002). Acne-specific appearance-related distress encompasses worries about its visibility, severity, and impact on one's selfimage (Magin et al., 2006). ...
This study was designed to investigate the relationship between fear of negative evaluation and inferiority complex in university women with acne problems. Study also explored the mediating role of appearance distress between the variables. A correlational survey research designed was employed to execute the research. Data was collected through purposive sampling and the sample was of university women (n= 220) with acne problem. The tools for the study were ‘Brief Version of the Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale (Leary,1983), Appearance Anxiety Inventory Scale (David Veale, 2011), COMPIN Scale (Djordje Ceklija, 2017) for Inferiority Complex. For data analysis, Partial least square-structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) was applied via statistical software, i.e. Smart-PLS (version-4 M4). The measurement model showed high reliability and validity and the structural model revealed positive and significant direct and indirect effect of appearance distress between the fear of negative evaluation and inferiority complex among women having acne problem. Practical and societal implications have been discussed for the women having acne, counselors and clinicians.
... Furthermore, it has been linked to producing several psychological benefits and high levels of positive affect, by enabling the individual to maintain a favorable attitude and confidence about oneself. Cash and Fleming [9] reported that women who are dissatisfied with their appearance, body shape and size have a low SE. In contrast, women who have a high SE are more likely to have a positive evaluation of their body [7]. ...
Objective
Intuitive eating is an eating behavior that has recently come to use mainly in the young population. Knowing that the Lebanese cultural diet differs from other countries, the purpose of this study was to investigate if there is a relationship between self-esteem, interoceptive awareness, and motivation for healthy eating in a sample of Lebanese adults using a Latent Profile Analysis approach.
Design
Cross-sectional study.
Setting
Lebanese governorates.
Participants
359 Lebanese participants enrolled in this study (mean age: 22.75 ± 7.04 years, 40.1% males), through convenience sampling in several Lebanese governorates. Participants were asked to fill anonymously the following scales: The Intuitive Eating Scale (IES-2), the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, the Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness Scale (MAIA), and the Motivation for Healthy Eating Scale (MHES).
Results
Our findings revealed four profiles: profile 1 (n = 67; 18.66%) characterized by high SE and intermediate interoceptive awareness and motivation for healthy eating; profile 2 (n = 86; 23.97%) presented high SE, interoceptive awareness, and motivation for healthy eating; profile 3 (n = 86; 23.96%) characterized by high SE, interoceptive awareness, and motivation for healthy eating; class 4 (n = 108; 30.08) described by low SE, intermediate interoceptive awareness, and motivation for healthy eating One-way analysis of variance did not observe a significant difference between the four profiles based on intuitive eating (F = 1.810; p = 0.145; ɳp2 = 0.015).
Conclusions
Among a sample of Lebanese people, four profiles of interoceptive awareness, motivation for healthy eating, and self-esteem were observed, with no difference concerning intuitive eating.
... Body image encompasses cognitive and affective aspects, which corroborates the importance of emotional self-regulation to mitigate the effects that a discrepancy between the ideal self and the real self can cause, as well as on the positive conception of your body image [43]. In this way, adaptive emotional development is a protective factor against concerns about appearance [44] with negative and maladjusted emotions and cognitions associated with negative body perception and patients suffering, which may have impact QOL and interpersonal relationships [45]. It is thus suggested that satisfaction with body image is associated with greater emotional clarity and the adoption of regulated emotional strategies [46]. ...
... Furthermore, this finding corroborates Neff's (2003) argument that one's kindness and understanding toward oneself is adversely affected by his/ her negative self-evaluations such as failure and lack of self-worth. Self-esteem, which is a predictor of self-compassion, has also been associated with body appreciation; hence, the higher a woman's dissatisfaction with her physical appearance, the lower positive feelings towards herself (Cash & Fleming, 2002). In a study on attitudes toward eating, Adams and Leary (2007) observed that the participants were less understanding toward themselves when they ate forbidden food. ...
Especially women, due to cultural and societal expectations, are less responsive toward erotic stimuli when they are engaged with neutral and distractive thoughts and emotions. Focusing on a task-irrelevant context during sex adversely affects functioning. Therefore, this study aims to explore the pathway from body appreciation to sexual self-consciousness in women in Turkey and Azerbaijan. In addition, the mediating role of self-compassion on this path was also explored in the study. A total of 643 women agreed to participate in the study, which included 343 women from Turkey (Age M = 32.30, SD = 8.67, range 18-58) and 300 women from Azerbaijan (Age M = 30.96, SD = .93, range 18-58). Structural equation modeling was used to test the mediating relationship between the variables. The results demonstrated that body appreciation predicts self-compassion and sexual self-consciousness in both samples and self-compassion predicts sexual self-consciousness. Furthermore, self-compassion has a mediating role in the relationship between body appreciation and sexual self-consciousness. Body satisfaction can increase women's self-acceptance and self-compassion despite their shortcomings. The higher the self-compassion, the more women can focus on sex without being distracted.
... 2 Body image has received increasing empirical and clinical attention 3,4 in part because of the high prevalence of body-image concerns especially among females in Western societies. 5,6 A negative body image can result in adverse psychosocial consequences for both sexes, including disordered eating, 7 social anxiety, 8 impaired sexual functioning, 9 poor self-esteem, 10 and diminished quality of life 11 . Quite a number of researchers equates these terms with "body or body-image dissatisfaction" including any displeasure with one or more aspects of one's body or one's overall physical attractiveness. ...
Background: The people have been bestowing importance on body shape and its mould of beauty from theancient times. However, it varies within and between societies according to their perceptions, socio-culturalmilieus, biological and mental predispositions, environmental causes, etc. Such human fancy on their idealbody image is still being differed between sexes, person to person, urban to rural, young to old, etc.Aims and Objective: To identify the impact of age and residence of women on their ideal body image interms of multidimensional body-self relation scores of Manipuri women, India.Method: The present study is based on a primary sample of 388 Manipuri women and its size was estimatedon the prior information i.e.,mean±SD = 2.67±26.81 of body image with an allowable error of 2.7 at 95%degree of precision. A well-validated Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire (MBSRQ),developed by Brown A, Cash, Mikulka (1990) is administered as tool of the study and its scores are ascribedby the two important predictor’s viz., age and residence.Results: It is found that all the means of multidimensional body-self relation scores are very highlysignificantly varied (P< 0.01) over the four age groups except for health evaluation scores (P=0.057). Urbanwomen have better scores in nine body-self relation (appearance evaluation score, appearance orientationscore, fitness evaluation score, fitness orientation score, health orientation score, illness orientation score,BASS score, self-classified score, and perceived dating partner score) out of the ten relations consideredthan that of their counterpart rural women while it is just reverse in health evaluation score.Conclusion: The result highlights that age of the woman as well as her residence have definitely certain roletowards the regulation of their multidimensional body-self relations.
... The BIQLI assesses how much an individual body image influences their life quality. Each item is answered on a 7 point likert scale by the subjects [30]. Participants score their level of agreement with 19 statements regarding how their body image impacts them on a scale of − 3 (very negative influence) to + 3 (extremely positive effect). ...
Background
Eating disorders are strongly associated with body image concerns. Eating disorders tend to significantly impact the current and future health and quality of life of affected persons, their caregivers, and society. As body image is based on a social construct of ideal body image, it is essential to evaluate it in its cultural context.
Methods
The current study explored the relationship among body image perception, perceived stress, eating disorder behaviour and quality of life among female medical students (n = 777). Measurements included Body Shape Questionnaire, Body Image Quality of Life Inventory, Eating Attitudes Test-26 and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. Multivariate analysis was conducted.
Results
There was a significant correlation between eating disorder behaviour and perceived body shape, body image, quality of life and self-esteem among our study participants. We also found eating disorder status was significantly associated with BMI, perceived body shape, quality of life and self-esteem.
Conclusions
This is of clinical implication to female medical students and healthcare professionals to engage early in primary and secondary prevention of eating pathologies. Increasing awareness of these facts among female students can help identify at-risk students and help them seek timely medical help.
... Body dissatisfaction (BD), defined as the discrepancy between the ideal and actual body [11], has been reported to occur in many Latin American populations [9,22,47,71,75]. BD is associated with an increased risk of obesity [59], low self-esteem [16], depression, and eating disorders [53,66,76]. ...
Background
Body dissatisfaction (BD) is a growing concern in Latin America; reliable and culturally appropriate scales are necessary to support body image research in Spanish speaking Latin American countries. We sought to validate a Latin-American Spanish version of the Body Esteem Scale for Adolescents and Adults (BESAA; Mendelson et al. 2001).
Methods
The BESAA was translated, culturally adapted, and validated in a sample of adults in Colombia (N = 525, 65% women, Mage 24.4, SD = 9.28). We assessed factor structure (using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and exploratory structural equation model (ESEM)), internal reliability (using Cronbach’s alpha and omega), validity (using the Body Appreciation Scale BAS and Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire SATAQ), test–retest stability in a small subsample (N = 84, using Intraclass correlations ICC) and measurement invariance across gender. To evaluate the generalizability of the scale, we assessed reliability, validity, and factor structure in a second sample from rural Nicaragua (N = 102, 73% women, Mage 22.2, SD = 4.72), and assessed measurement invariance across Nicaraguan and Colombian participants.
Results
The scale showed good internal reliability and validity in both samples, and there was evidence of adequate test–retest stability in the Colombian sample. EFA showed a three-factor structure with subscales we labelled ‘appearance-positive’, ‘appearance-negative’ and ‘weight’, that was confirmed using CFA and ESEM in the Colombian sample. Measurement invariance was confirmed across the Colombian and Nicaraguan samples, and across gender within the Colombian sample.
Conclusion
The Latin-American Spanish version of the BESAA (BESAA-LA) appears to be a psychometrically sound measure with good reliability, validity and invariance across gender and countries. These results support the use of this scale to measure body satisfaction/dissatisfaction in Latin American adult populations.
... Kavramsal olarak iki boyutta ele alınan beden algısının birinci boyutu değerlendirme sürecini içeren "beden memnuniyeti"; diğer boyutu ise bireyin görünümünü ve toplumun bireyin görümüne yönelik oluşturduğu standartları benimseme olan "yatırım" boyutudur. Cash ve Fleming (2002) bireyin sosyal ilişki içinde olduğu diğer insanlara yönelik öz güveniyle, bazı yeme ve cinsel davranışlarıyla, spora yönelik tutumlarıyla ve duygusal olarak daha dengeli birey olmalarıyla beden algısı boyutları arasında ilişki olduğuna değinir. ...
Bu çalışmanın temel amacı, benlik yapısı ve duygu düzenleme güçlüğünün beden algısıyla ilişkisinde şişmanlık hakkında konuşma değişkeninin aracı rolünün incelenmesidir. Öncelikle Şişmanlık Hakkında Konuşma Ölçeği'nin uyarlama çalışması yapılmış ve örneklemini 18-40 yaş arasındaki 444 kadın oluşturmuştur. Uyarlama çalışmasında Beck Depresyon Ölçeği, Vücut Algısı Ölçeği, Yeme Tutum Testi-Kısa Formu, Yaşam Doyumu Ölçeği ve Şişmanlık Hakkında Konuşma Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Açımlayıcı Faktör Analizi (AFA) bulgularına göre Şişmanlık Hakkında Konuşma Ölçeği'nin altı maddeden oluşan tek faktörlü yapısı dikkate alınmıştır. Doğrulayıcı Faktör Analizi (DFA) ile tek faktörlü yapı desteklenmiştir. Geçerlilik analizi sonuçları incelendiğinde, şişmanlık hakkında konuşmanın depresyon, yeme tutumu ile pozitif yönde ilişkili olduğu; vücut algısı ve yaşam doyumu ile negatif yönde ilişkili olduğu bulunmuştur. Ana çalışmanın örneklemini ise 18-40 yaş arasında 691 kadın oluşturmuştur. Duygu Düzenleme Güçlüğü Ölçeği-Kısa Form, Görünüme Yönelik Sosyal Tutumlar Ölçeği, Gözden Geçirilmiş Özerk-İlişkisel Benlik Ölçeği ve Şişmanlık Hakkında Konuşma Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Betimsel analizler sonucunda, şişmanlık hakkında konuşma, duygu düzenleme güçlüğü ve beden algısı alt boyutlarının yaş grupları açısından farklılık gösterdiği görülmüştür. Ayrıca tek yönlü ANOVA analizi sonucuna göre şişmanlık hakkında konuşmanın benlik yapılarına göre farklılaştığı bulunmuştur. Aracılık analizi sonucunda; önerilen ilk modelde duygu düzenleme güçlüğü ile beden algısı arasında şişmanlık hakkında konuşmanın kısmi aracı rolü olduğu görülmüştür. Benzer şekilde, özerk benlik ile beden algısı arasında şişmanlık hakkında konuşmanın kısmi aracılık ettiği, ancak ilişkisel benlik ile beden algısı arasında ise anlamlı bir ilişki bulunmamıştır. Bulgular literatür ışığında tartışılmıştır.
The aim of this research was to examine the relationship between attachment styles,
social appearance anxiety, and eating attitudes in professional dancers who are seen as a risk group for eating disorders, and the non-dancer comparison group. The sample size of the research consisted of 383 participants between the ages of 18 and 79 (159 were professional dancers and 224 were non-dancer group participants). Demographic Information Form, Three-Dimensional Attachment Styles Scale, Social Appearance Anxiety Scale, and Eating Attitude Test Short Form (EAT-26) were given to the participants via online forms. Independent Sample T-Test, Pearson Correlation,
Simple Linear Regression, and Mediator analysis were used to test the hypothesis.
According to the results of the conducted analysis, professional dancers’ eating
attitudes were more distorted when contrasted with the non-dancer group and the Body Mass Index (BMI) scores of professional dancers were significantly lower than those of the non-dancer group. For both dancer and non-dancer groups, insecure attachment styles (avoidant and anxious attachment) and social appearance anxiety were positively correlated with eating attitudes. Anxious attachment, and social appearance anxiety predicted eating attitudes positively. Social appearance anxiety had a mediator role in the relationship between anxious attachment style and eating attitudes for both groups. However, in the relationship between avoidant attachment style and eating attitudes, social appearance anxiety had a mediator role for professional dancer group but not for non-dancer group. The results showed that professional dancers are under more risk in terms of disordered eating attitudes. Also, insecure attachment styles and social appearance anxiety contribute to disordered eating attitudes.
Aesthetic plastic surgery allows for the reshaping of the human body. Most research on aesthetic surgery has focused primarily on improving self-confidence. In this study, we aimed to assess the visual perception, body appreciation, body image quality of life, and satisfaction with life among aesthetic surgery patients, and compare these outcomes with those of healthy controls.
A total of 57 aesthetic surgery patients and 56 healthy controls, with no history of psychiatric disorders, were included in the study. All participants completed the Motor-Free Visual Perception Test (3rd Edition), the Body Appreciation Scale (BAS), the Body Image Quality of Life Inventory (BIQLI), and the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS). Participants with a history of psychiatric disorders and the surgeon’s own revision patients were excluded.
MVPT-3 scores were significantly lower in aesthetic surgery patients compared to healthy controls. Additionally, as the number of operations increased, MVPT-3 scores decreased. A similar trend was observed between MVPT-3 and BIQLI/BAS scores, where lower body image quality and appreciation were associated with reduced visual perception scores. Interestingly, satisfaction with life was not significantly affected.
Evaluating visual perception in patients seeking multiple surgeries may help prevent negative outcomes and contribute to more positive surgical experiences.
This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266.
Objective
This national study aimed to estimate the prevalence of the transgender and gender‐diverse identity and to assess the level of gender congruence, body dissatisfaction and quality of life among patients with eating disorders in Denmark.
Method
Patients with eating disorders were compared to a matched non‐clinical comparison group. The survey included the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire and assessment of body dissatisfaction, gender congruence and quality of life.
Results
In total 568 patients with eating disorders and 538 individuals from the non‐clinical comparison group were included. The prevalence of individuals identifying as transgender or gender‐diverse was 4.50% ( n = 20) among patients with eating disorders, and 6.23% ( n = 23) in the non‐clinical comparison group ( p ‐value = 0.276). The transgender and gender‐diverse individuals with eating disorders showed no statistically significant differences in eating disorder symptomatology compared to the cisgender individuals with eating disorders; however, they reported significantly more body dissatisfaction, less gender congruence and lower quality of life.
Conclusion
The prevalence of transgender and gender‐diverse individuals did not differ between patients with eating disorders and the non‐clinical comparison group; however, transgender and gender‐diverse individuals with eating disorders may be characterised by pronounced body dissatisfaction and low quality of life.
This study quantitatively investigates the impact of AI-generated content on self-esteem and body image among students in the Punjab region of Pakistan. Utilizing a structured questionnaire distributed to a sample of 600 students, the research aimed to quantify the effects of AI-generated imagery on self-esteem levels, assess the relationship between exposure to such content and body image satisfaction across demographic groups, and evaluate the role of social comparison as a mediating factor. Employing validated scales such as the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, Body Image Scale, and Social Comparison Scale, the study found significant negative correlations between exposure to AI-generated content and both self-esteem and body image satisfaction, with social comparison emerging as a crucial mediator in these relationships. The findings underscore the need for awareness and interventions aimed at mitigating the negative effects of digital media consumption on psychological well-being.
The Korean wave has developed into a popular culture in the global community, especially adolescents in the last two decades. Cultural programs that include idols/bands, movies, dramas, variety shows, and webtoons are in great demand. The image of Korean women can influence adolescents' perceptions of ideal body shapes and eating behaviors. This study aims to analyze correlations between Korean culture viewing habits with body image and eating behavior among adolescents in West Java. This research is a cross-sectional study, conducted in West Java during April 2023 using the online structured questionnaire. The total subjects of this research were 467 adolescents. The results of the study stated that the subjects in this study were women (81.2%), college students (66.6%), Korean show enthusiasts (66.6%), Kpop enthusiasts (68.3%), Kdrama enthusiasts (77.5%), and webtoon enthusiasts (50.3%). Most of them thought that Korean idols were attractive (96.4%), and sometimes they want theirs body shape as their idols (46.5%). There were differences in body image and eating behavior among K-show (p=0.046 & p=0.039), Kpop (p=0.048, p=0.027, p=0.024, & p=0,000), and Kdrama enthusiasts (p=0.026) but there were no differences between enthusiasts of webtoon. Our findings show the Korean wave culture is one of the causes of adolescents experiencing body dissatisfaction, which is an important predictor of eating problems. Awareness of the importance of positive body image and healthy weight control behavior concepts is necessary.
Introduction
Social media usage carries risks of negative impacts on one’s perception of physical attractiveness, especially among adolescents who are developing their self-image. These findings suggest that targeted interventions focusing on attention-seeking behaviors may be effective in addressing appearance-related anxieties among adolescents.
Methods
We employed Bayesian analysis with Markov Chain Monte Carlo algorithms on survey data from 11,926 middle school students in China.
Findings
Our findings indicate that while the amount of daily social media usage does not significantly correlate with appearance concerns, the desire for social media attention through interactions such as liking, commenting, and sharing shows a clear positive association. Female adolescents exhibit a higher degree of concern about their physical appearance compared to males. Additionally, behaviors aimed at improving perceived physical attractiveness, such as exercising and using skin-whitening products, are positively associated with increased appearance concerns.
Discussion
These findings suggest that targeted interventions focusing on attention-seeking behaviors may be effective in addressing appearance-related anxieties among adolescents.
This research contributes to the ongoing discussion on the impact of influencer content exposure on individuals’ body perception. Two crucial aspects distinguish our study: firstly, our investigation centers on adolescents, a group actively shaping their beliefs and highly susceptible to body image messages. Secondly, we specifically examine sponsored influencers' posts designed to persuade, a factor often unclear to children and adolescents. Presenting the findings of a survey study conducted among 1,055 Spanish adolescents aged 11 to 17, we explore how body image concerns related to fitfluencers influence the connection between body image self-discrepancy, body satisfaction, and exercise intention. Our study reveals that girls, but not boys, with greater body image self-discrepancy, experience heightened body image concerns when exposed to sponsored fitspiration content posted by influencers, subsequently leading to decreased body satisfaction. Notably, these body image concerns also positively contribute to health-based exercise motivation. By focusing on adolescents and sponsored influencer content, our research provides valuable insights into the complexities of body image perceptions and motivations for exercise.
Evidence suggests that yoga can be used as an intervention to improve body image. This systematic review evaluates the evidence of the efficacy of yoga in improving body image among adults. Authors followed PRISMA guidelines, searching Pubmed, Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane, CINHAL, PsycInfo, and grey literature up to December 2, 2023 and identifying 446 unique records. Eligibility criteria included English-language, peer-reviewed studies with quantitative data on adult populations. Twenty-nine studies were eligible for inclusion and were evaluated for methodological quality using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluations (GRADE) approach. Interventions focused solely on yoga varied in length, frequency, and style. Our synthesis revealed that yoga is associated with improved body satisfaction and appreciation, as well as reduced body dissatisfaction, across diverse adult populations, including those with clinical or subclinical levels of body dissatisfaction. Most low- and moderate-quality studies reported significant improvements, and some suggested a dose-response relationship. However, the evidence is limited by methodological weaknesses, such as a lack of blinding and inadequate reporting. Despite these limitations, findings support yoga as a promising intervention for improving body image in adults. Future research should aim for methodologically rigorous studies that use validated outcome measures and more inclusive populations.
Bu araştırma, sternotomi skarına bağlı beden algısı ölçeğinin geliştirilmesi
amacıyla yapılmıştır.
Metodolojik nitelikteki bu araştırmanın evrenini İstanbul ili Anadolu yakasında
bulunan bir üniversitenin Göğüs Kalp ve Damar Cerrahisi Eğitim ve Araştırma
Hastanesi’nde sternotomi ile ameliyat olan hastalar, örneklemini ise aynı üniversitenin
23 Aralık 2020–23 Haziran 2021 tarihleri arasında polikliniğe kontrole gelen, ameliyatın
üzerinden en az 3 ay geçmiş sternotomi skarı olan 150 hasta oluşturmuştur.
Araştırma verilerinin toplanmasında Hasta Tanıtım Formu ve Sternotomi Skarına Bağlı
Beden Algısı Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Verilerin analizleri IBM SPSS Statistics V25.0 ve
IBM AMOS istatistik paket programları kullanılarak değerlendirilmiştir. Araştırma
verilerinin değerlendirilmesinde tanımlayıcı istatistikler, içerik analizi için uzman görüşü
alınmış olup yapı geçerliliği için açıklayıcı ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizi yapılmıştır.
Ölçeğin dil ifade uygunluğu 0,965, içerik uygunluğu 0,961 olarak bulunmuştur.
Açıklayıcı faktör analizi sonucuna göre; ölçeğin KMO değeri 0,810 ve Bartlett’in
küresellik testi değerleri Χ²=1980,9, p<0,001’dir. Ölçeğin toplamda açıkladığı varyans
değeri %58,350 olarak hesaplanmış ve 23 maddeden oluşan 4 faktörlü yapı elde
edilmiştir. Ölçekteki tüm maddelerin toplam korelasyon değerleri 0,20’nin üstünde,
Ölçeğin toplam iç tutarlılığının değerlendirilmesinde Cronbach’s Alpha kat sayısı 0,868,
test tekrar test puanları r=0,810;p<0,001 ve r=0,998; p<0,001 arasındadır. Doğrulayıcı
faktör analizine göre Χ2/df =1,681, RMSEA=0,068, NFI=0,842, CFI=0,923 değeri
hesaplanmış ve ölçeğin iyi uyum gösterdiği sonucu elde dilmiştir.
Bu araştırmada Sternotomi Skarına Bağlı Beden Algısı Ölçeği bireylerin
sternotomi skarına bağlı beden algısı düzeyini ölçecek geçerli ve güvenilir ölçek olduğu
sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Ölçek sternotomi skarı olan bireylerin beden algısını
değerlendirmede kullanılabilir.
Culture affects individuals’ perceptions and experiences of their bodies. In order to provide the most effective solutions to body image-related issues, it is necessary to understand cultures and their influences on body image in various populations. This paper focuses on the effects of culture on body image. Therefore, a systematic literature search following PRISMA guidelines was performed in the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases, yielding 2064 articles published between 1990 and 2023. After applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, 54 articles were selected. Our findings showed a strong influence of culture on body image, highlighting the impact of societal expectations on individuals’ mental well-being. Western cultures, with their preference for thinness, differ from non-Western ideals. The findings also showed the impact of regional variations within the same culture and society on body image. Furthermore, the study found that the young demographic, especially females, is the most vulnerable to body image issues; however, emerging research within our review also indicates a growing concern among males. This study underscores the necessity of culturally considering interventions to address body image issues, which are integral to improving mental health concerns like body dissatisfaction, eating disorders, depression, low self-esteem, and anxiety.
The present research delves into the intricate connections among body shaming, emotion regulation, and life orientation among college students, aiming to uncover their impact on emotional well-being and life outlook. Body shaming, recognized as a prevalent societal issue, poses significant challenges to individuals' mental health. By employing surveys and assessments, data were collected from 100 college students (comprising 50 men and 50 women) using snowball sampling methods. The questionnaire utilized in the study assessed various aspects including body image perceptions, emotion regulation strategies, and life orientation. Results from the analysis revealed a noteworthy positive correlation between body image, emotion regulation, and life orientation. Specifically, individuals with positive body perceptions demonstrated enhanced emotional regulation skills and a more optimistic outlook on life. However, it's noteworthy that while optimism significantly influences life orientation, it doesn't necessarily correlate directly with a positive body image. These finding challenges conventional beliefs and underscores the importance of recognizing individual differences in body image perception. By deepening our understanding of these intricate relationships, targeted interventions can be developed to bolster college students' mental well-being. Recognizing the complexity of body image and its links to emotion regulation and life outlook can inform the development of more effective strategies to address societal pressures and combat body shaming within educational settings. Overall, this research contributes significantly to the discourse on mental health promotion, advocating for a holistic approach to supporting individuals through psychological challenges. By shedding light on the interconnectedness of body shaming, emotion regulation, and life orientation, this study paves the way for more comprehensive interventions aimed at fostering resilience and well-being among college students and beyond.
Beauty especially for women, is important in the modern world. Physical identity in
disabled people is different from others. The present study was conducted to identify the
feminine identity and body image in blind girls. It follows a qualitative approach and
interpretive phenomenological method. The field of investigation was blind girls in
Tehran. The participants were 19 students of Tehran University who were selected by
available targeted sampling. The data were obtained through a semi-structured interview
and analyzed by Colaizzian coding. According to the findings, female identity from the
perspective of the participants includes three general categories: dimensions of
femininity, femininity of the blind, and body image. Female identity has inner, physical,
and social dimensions. The femininity of the blind is formed concerning social roles,
communications, acceptability, and social activity. In the attitudinal dimension of body
image, attention to appearance and satisfaction with it were rated high by the
participants. In the perceptual dimension, beauty was not recognized as a criterion of merit, except in short-term relationships. As a result of the findings, the female identity of blind girls is similar to others in the inner dimension; But visual impairment and its consequences have caused the female identity of blind girls to be formed in a physical and social dimension different from other girls and bring challenges for them.
This study aimed to present the structural model of appearance management based on self-compassion with the mediating roles of external shame and body image dissatisfaction. The method of the present study was correlation analysis based on structural equation modeling. The statistical population consisted of female students residing in the dormitory of Bu-Ali Sina University in Hamedan. Among them, 400 individuals were selected randomly. They filled out the Self-Compassion Scale (SCS), Others As Shamer Scale (OAS), Body Image Concern Inventory (BICI), and Body Management Scale (BMS). Since 23 individuals did not fill out the questionnaires, the 377 completed questionnaires were examined through structural equation analysis. The results of structural equations indicated that all of the direct and indirect relationships were significant; thus, all the variables had pairwise relationships. On the other hand, external shame had a significant mediating role in the relationship between self-compassion and appearance management (z =-3.32, p < 0.01). In other words, self-compassion, due to the mediation of external shame, can predict appearance management. In addition, body image dissatisfaction had a significant mediating role in the relationship between self-compassion and appearance management (z =-4.03, p < 0.01). Hence, self-compassion, due to the mediation of body image dissatisfaction, could predict appearance management. Following the results, it can be concluded that self-compassion, with the mediating roles of external shame and body image dissatisfaction, can predict appearance management. These variables can be considered to modify body management.
Bu çalışmanın amacı, spor bilimleri fakültesinde okuyan öğrencilerin sosyal fiziksel kaygı düzeyleri ile egzersiz yapmaları arasındaki ilişkinin farklı değişkenler açısından incelenesi olarak, bu amaç doğrultusunda farklı üniversitelerde spor bilimleri fakültesinde beden eğitimi ve spor öğretmenliği, antrenörlük, spor yöneticiliği, rekreasyon ve spor bilimleri bölümünde okumakta olan 2018-2019 öğretim yılında 305 erkek ve 192 kız öğrenci olmak üzere toplamda 497 lisans öğrenimi öğrencilerin öğrenci oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmada, veri toplama aracı olarak Hart ve ark (1989), tarafından geliştirilmiş ve Türkiye’ye uyarlaması Mülazımoğlu Ballı ve Aşçı (2006) tarafından yapılan 12 madde ve iki alt ölçekten oluşan “sosyal fizik kaygı envanteri” kullanılmıştır. Verilerin analizinde öncelikle Kolmogorov-Smirnov testi uygulanmış olup, veriler normal dağılım gösterdiği (çarpıklık-basıklık değerleri) tespit edilmiştir. Bu bağlamada betimsel istatistikî yöntemler bağımsız gruplar için independent-T testi ve tek yönlü varyans analizi (Anowa) kullanılmıştır. Anowa testi sonucunda ortaya çıkan anlamlı farklılığın hangi gruplar arasında oluştuğunun tespiti için ise çoklu karşılaştırma (Post HOC) testlerinden olan Tukey testi kullanılmıştır. Sonuç olarak, ölçeğin fiziksel görünüm rahatlığı alt boyutunda yaş, akademik başarı, branş değişkeni arasında (p<0,05), ölçeğin olumsuz değerlendirme beklentisi alt boyutunda üniversite değişkeni arasında (p<0,05), ölçeğin toplam puan boyutunda yaş, akademik başarı, üniversite değişkeni arasında (p<0,05), Spor bilimleri fakültesinde okuyan öğrencilerin genel sosyal fizik kaygı puanlarının orta düzeyde olduğu tespit edilmiş olup, demografik bilgiler doğrultusunda öğrencilerin egzersiz yapmalarına bağlı olarak sosyal fizik kaygı puanlarının daha düşük çıktığı görülmüştür.
Anahtar kelimeler: Sosyal fizik kaygı, Spor bilimleri, Egzersiz
Background/Aims
Individuals with neurofibromatosis 1 may experience changes in their appearance due to physical manifestations of the disorders and/or treatment sequelae. Appearance concerns related to these physical changes can lead to psychological distress and poorer quality of life. While many neurofibromatosis 1 clinical trials focus on assessing changes in tumor volume, evaluating patients’ perspectives on corresponding changes in symptoms such as physical appearance can be key secondary outcomes. We aimed to determine whether any existing patient-reported outcome measures are appropriate for evaluating changes in appearance concerns within neurofibromatosis 1 clinical trials.
Methods
After updating our previously published systematic review process, we used it to identify and rate existing patient-reported outcome measures related to disfigurement and appearance. Using a systematic literature search and initial triage process, we focused on identifying patient-reported outcome measures that could be used to evaluate changes in appearance concerns in plexiform or cutaneous neurofibroma clinical trials in neurofibromatosis 1. Our revised Patient-Reported Outcome Rating and Acceptance Tool for Endpoints then was used to evaluate each published patient-reported outcome measures in five domains, including (1) respondent characteristics, (2) content validity, (3) scoring format and interpretability, (4) psychometric data, and (5) feasibility. The highest-rated patient-reported outcome measures were then re-reviewed in a side-by-side comparison to generate a final consensus recommendation.
Results
Eleven measures assessing appearance concerns were reviewed and rated; no measures were explicitly designed to assess appearance concerns related to neurofibromatosis 1. The FACE-Q Craniofacial Module—Appearance Distress scale was the top-rated measure for potential use in neurofibromatosis 1 clinical trials. Strengths of the measure included that it was rigorously developed, included individuals with neurofibromatosis 1 in the validation sample, was applicable to children and adults, covered item topics deemed important by neurofibromatosis 1 patient representatives, exhibited good psychometric properties, and was feasible for use in neurofibromatosis 1 trials. Limitations included a lack of validation in older adults, no published information regarding sensitivity to change in clinical trials, and limited availability in languages other than English.
Conclusion
The Response Evaluation in Neurofibromatosis and Schwannomatosis patient-reported outcome working group currently recommends the FACE-Q Craniofacial Module Appearance Distress scale to evaluate patient-reported changes in appearance concerns in clinical trials for neurofibromatosis 1-related plexiform or cutaneous neurofibromas. Additional research is needed to validate this measure in people with neurofibromatosis 1, including older adults and those with tumors in various body locations, and explore the effects of nontumor manifestations on appearance concerns in people with neurofibromatosis 1 and schwannomatosis.
Introduction. Modern psychological research requires constantly expanding the diagnostic apparatus which is transformed and supplemented depending on current issues of scientific and societal development. Among these diagnostic issues are problems associated with self-awareness and body awareness, with self-destruction and with human body boundaries, which underlie a person’s ideas about themselves. Materials and Methods. The 2022 study included 866 participants of both sexes, aged 13-41. Of these, 263 participants had various forms of deviant behavior, including self-destructive behavior. The control sample comprised several subgroups (respondents of different educational levels, age and lifestyle) and amounted to 603 people. Research methods included: specialized literature review, testing, and data interpretation and analysis. The study was based on the BIS created by I. Orbach and M. Mikulinser to study the emotional processes associated with a person’s attitude towards their body, as well as to identify markers of self-destructive and suicidal behavior. The mathematical statistics methods were as follows: principal component analysis with varimax rotation, Ward's method, and Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Results. The obtained results revealed that factor and cluster organization of the questionnaire confirm the original author’s version and allow using not only the integral indicator but also subscale components such as bodily care, self-acceptance, body protection, hostility towards one’s body, risk-taking, tactile comfort, and distance control, all allowing for a more differentiated approach to assessing various behavioral deviations. Cronbach's α coefficient analysis (0.831) also confirmed the reliability of the BIS. Conclusion. An initial check of the BIS by main psychometric indicators reveals a possibility of using its Russian version to assess both individual bodily experiences and attitudes towards one’s body as a whole.
Background
Massive weight loss after bariatric surgery often leads to psychological and physical dissatisfaction, resulting in an increased demand for body contouring surgery (BCS). As a result of these surgeries, Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQL) is improved. However, little is known about the impact of rectus plication during BCS on HRQL.
Methods
This multicenter prospective cohort study included post-bariatric primary BCS patients with a minimum follow-up period of 12 months between January 2016 and December 2019. Patients were divided into two groups based on plication status. Using the BODY-Q, a patient-reported outcome measure, HRQL was measured preoperatively and at least 12 months postoperatively. Six HRQL domains were investigated: Body image, physical function, psychological function, sexual function, social function, and physical symptoms.
Results
A total of 305 patients were included in this study: 201 of these patients (66%) did not undergo plication, while 104 patients (34%) did. HRQL improved significantly 12 months after BCS in all measured domains, regardless of plication status. Delta scores were significantly higher in the plication group in all HRQL domains. After adjusting for baseline score and other significant variables through multivariate linear regression, three scales remained significant: Body image ( P = 0.001), psychological function ( P = 0.035), and sexual function ( P = 0.035).
Conclusions
Three out of six domains showed significant improvement in HRQL after BCS with rectus plication, predominantly body image. Preoperative counseling and surgical planning could benefit from this information. The long-term effects of rectus plication on HRQL should be explored in future research.
Amaç: Bu çalışmada; hayatında hiç sigara içmemiş, gebeliğinde sigarayı bırakmış ve gebeliğinde sigara içen olmak üzere üç grup gebede sigara kullanımı ile gebeliğe uyum ve beden algısı arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Yöntem: Araştırma 102 gebe ile yürütülmüştür. Araştırma verileri Kişisel Bilgi Formu, Prenatal Kendini Değerlendirme Ölçeği ve Beden Algısı Ölçeği ile toplanmıştır. Bulgular: Araştırmada gebeliğinde sigarayı bırakmış ve gebeliğinde sigara içen gebelerin hayatında hiç sigara içmemiş gebelere göre Prenatal Kendini Değerlendirme Ölçeği puan ortalamaları istatistiksel açıdan anlamlı derecede daha yüksek olarak saptanmıştır. Beden Algısı Ölçeğinde sigara içen gebelerin; hayatında hiç sigara içmemiş gebeler ile gebelikte sigarayı bırakmış gebelere göre beden algılarının istatistiksel olarak anlamlı derecede daha düşük olduğu görülmüştür. Ayrıca araştırma kapsamındaki tüm gebelerin gebeliğe uyum ile beden algısı puan ortalamaları arasında negatif yönde orta düzeyde ilişki saptanmıştır. Sonuç: Bu çalışmada sigara içmenin gebeliğe uyum ve beden algısı üzerinde olumsuz etkiye sahip olduğu ve gebelik uyumu kötü olan gebelerin beden algılarının da kötü olduğu görülmüştür.
Body image refers to the perception an individual holds about their body (appearance, size, shape, weight, etc.). Individuals can have a negative or a positive body image. This research was conducted to investigate the association between body image and quality of life of women homemakers, between the age range 30-60 years, a group that often faces unique challenges owing to physiological changes, roles, and responsibilities, residing in the city of Ahmedabad, the seventh largest metropolis in India, providing a sample of 103 participants from the diversified population. Aim: To identify the correlation between body image and the quality of life of women homemakers in Ahmedabad. Methodology: A face-to-face survey was administered using the convenience sampling method and the data was collected in Google Forms. To measure body image and quality of life, World Health Quality of Life-BREF (WHOQOL-BREF) and Body Self Image Questionnaire-Short Form (BSIQ-SF) were implemented respectively. Correlation between the subscales of BSIQ-SF and WHOQOL-BREF was assessed using Pearson's Correlation. Data was analyzed using tools such as Excel sheet and statistical software called Jamovi. Result: The current findings suggest that for the sample of the study, although, most of the participants were satisfied with their overall quality of life (physical, social, psychological, and environmental domains) and body image, a significant correlation between body image and quality of life was not observed.
Background
Adolescence is a period marked by important physical and social changes, which often leads to an increase of body dissatisfaction. Recent studies have shown an association between interoception and body dissatisfaction in female adolescents. One variable that may contribute to the association between interoceptive awareness and body dissatisfaction is intolerance of uncertainty (IU). This study aims to investigate multiple facets of interoceptive awareness, IU, and their relations with body dissatisfaction in adolescent girls.
Methods
In a cross‐sectional study, a convenience sample of 307 adolescent girls (mean age = 17.73; SD = 1.02) was recruited in the Netherlands in 2022. Three questionnaires were completed measuring interoceptive awareness, IU, and body dissatisfaction. A moderation analyses using a multiple hierarchical regression was used to investigate associations between variables.
Results
Correlation analyses indicated that several facets of lower interoceptive awareness (Not distracting, Not worrying and Trusting) were related to higher levels of body dissatisfaction. IU only marginally moderated the relationship between several domains of interoceptive awareness (Notice, Attention regulation and Emotional awareness) and body dissatisfaction.
Discussion
Findings suggest that experiencing bodily signals as ambiguous and uncertain may result in more complex body image issues. Within certain domains of interoceptive awareness, IU may affect the process of appraising bodily signals. Furthermore, adolescent girls who do not feel safe in their body and who find it difficult to distract their thoughts when experiencing pain or discomfort in their body may be particularly at risk for developing more complex body image disturbances and may benefit from interventions improving both interoceptive awareness and IU. Moreover, future research should focus on interoceptive awareness and IU as potential underlying mechanisms for body image issues.
A science of positive subjective experience, positive individual traits, and positive institutions promises to improve quality of life and prevent the pathologies that arise when life is barren and meaningless. The exclusive focus on pathology that has dominated so much of our discipline results in a model of the human being lacking the positive features that make life worth living. Hope, wisdom, creativity, future mindedness, courage, spirituality, responsibility, and perseverance are ignored or explained as transformations of more authentic negative impulses. The 15 articles in this millennial issue of the American Psychologist discuss such issues as what enables happiness, the effects of autonomy and self-regulation, how optimism and hope affect health, what constitutes wisdom, and how talent and creativity come to fruition. The authors outline a framework for a science of positive psychology, point to gaps in our knowledge, and predict that the next century will see a science and profession that will come to understand and build the factors that allow individuals, communities, and societies to flourish.
It has been speculated that the prevalence of eating disorders in women has risen because of increases in women's body dissatisfaction. We conducted a meta-analysis of gender differences in attractiveness and body image using 222 studies from the past 50 years. The analysis shows dramatic increases in the numbers of women among individuals who have poor body image. Moreover, these trends were found across multiple conceptualizations of body image, including self-judgments of physical attractiveness.
This volume reviews and elucidates diverse concepts of body image, body-image development, psychosocially dysfunctional deviations from normal appearance, and methods of facilitating body-image change.
The major questions addressed by the book are these: What are the meaningful parameters or components of the body-image construct and how are they best measured? What are the physical, developmental, social, and cultural determinants of the unfolding of these facets of body image? How do gender and objective attributes of appearance influence the subjective experience of the body? What are the roles of body images in the development and change of personality and psychopathology? How do deleterious changes in physical appearance and physical competence affect body images? How can one promote adaptive body-image change through the self-management of physical aesthetics, through medical-surgical procedures, and through various psychotherapeutic and somatopsychic interventions? (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Body image issues are at the core of major eating disorders. They are also important phenomena in and of themselves. Kevin Thompson and his colleagues provide an overview of a wide variety of body image issues, ranging from reconstructive surgery to eating disorders. The book will be a valuable resource for even the most established researchers in the field, as it is filled with data, information about assessment tools, and a thorough treatment of virtually all major theoretical perspectives on the development of body image and their implications for treatment and prevention. At the same time, the authors' decision to include numerous experiential anecdotes makes the book easily accessible to those just entering the field who are trying to understand the nature of these phenomena. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
provides an overview of the psychology of physical appearance—the scientific study of how our physical aesthetics and our bodily attributes, including our somatic self-perceptions, affect our lives / this review examines some of our knowledge (and our ignorance) concerning physical appearance / the chapter focuses largely upon physical attributes that fall within the normal range of appearance
overall appearance: social images [appearance-cued stereotyping, social consequences of appearance stereotyping] / developmental consequences of appearance for psychosocial adjustment / body-self relations: "the inside view"
bodily attributes: social images and self-images [body weight: obesity, social stigma, and self-stigma, male pattern hair loss] / aesthetic self-management of physical appearance (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Recent surveys suggest that nearly half of all women and a quarter of the men in the US dislike their looks. In this book, the author invites us to ignore the onslaught of advertising and other media images and consider the provocative possibility that the problem lies not in our bodies themselves, but in our relationship to them. In "The Body Image Workbook," user-friendly "helpsheets" take readers through a clinically tested interactive 8-step program that helps us to: discover our own unique body images; change self-defeating "private body talk"; free ourselves from appearance-preoccupied rituals and other troublesome habits; be kinder to our bodies through healthy practices and affirmations and create a lasting, positive relationship with our bodies through self-acceptance. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Body image is a multidimensional construct defined by persons' perceptions of and attitudes about their body. Although the sexes differ on some parameters of body image, the present experiment was conducted to determine the manner and extent to which the sexes are socially perceived to differ. Male and female college students (n=72) completed a standardized body-image inventory, the Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire, in response to three counterbalanced instructional contexts—for self, for the typical male peer, and for the typical female peer. As compared with the actual, often modest, sex differences found on several body-image indices, the sexes were perceived to differ substantially on all measured aspects of body image. The stereotypical misperception of the sexes was clearly a more disparaging distortion of the body image of women than of men. The findings were interpreted in relation to possible contributing factors and directions for future research.
The Appearance Schemas Inventory (ASI) is a 14-item scale designed to assess core beliefs or assumptions about the importance, meaning, and effects of appearance in one's life. Reliability and validity was examined for a group of 274 female college students. The ASI is acceptably internally consistent, reasonably free of social desirability, and unaffected by subjects' body masses. The ASI also converges significantly and appropriately with a variety of measures of body image and psychosocial functioning, albeit more distinctively the former than the latter. Women seeking treatment for a negative body image had higher ASI scores than their peers. Factor analysis suggested three moderately interrelated components of the ASI—termed body-image vulnerability, self-investment, and appearance stereotyping. These findings and those of other recent studies attest to the ASI's potential utility in assessing body-image cognition among both nonclinical and body-dissatisfied populations.
This article presents an analysis of the factor structure of the Body-Self Relations Questionnaire (BSRQ), an attitudinal body-image instrument. Random stratified samples, drawn from a national survey, included 1,064 females and 988 males. In order to evaluate the replicability of the BSRQ factor structure, separate split-sample factor analyses (principal components with varimax rotation) were conducted for each sex. Largely consistent with the conceptual basis of the BSRQ, the resultant factors derived from each analysis were: Appearance Evaluation, Appearance Orientation, Fitness Evaluation, Fitness Orientation, Health Evaluation, Health Orientation, and Illness Orientation. Subsequent concordance analyses revealed marked stability of the factor structure both within and between sexes. Females demonstrated somewhat greater differentiation of body-image attitudes than did males. The utility of the BSRQ is discussed relative to extant body-image measures.
The Objecti®ed Body Consciousness Scale: Development and validation
- N M Mckinley
- J S Hyde
McKinley, N.M., & Hyde, J.S. (1996). The Objecti®ed Body Consciousness Scale: Development and validation.
Psychology of Women Quarterly, 20, 181À215.
Pounds of ¯esh: Weight, gender, and body images Interpreting weight: The social management of fatness and thinness
- T F Cash
- R E Roy
Cash, T.F, & Roy, R.E. (1999). Pounds of ¯esh: Weight, gender, and body images. In J. Sobal & D. Maurer (Eds.),
Interpreting weight: The social management of fatness and thinness (pp. 209À228). Hawthorne, NY: Aldine
de Gruyter.
Dismantling the heterogeneity of obesity: Psychosocial experiences of the obese. Poster presented at the convention of the Association for Advancement of Behavior Therapy
- N Milkewicz
Milkewicz, N., & Cash, T.F. (2000, November). Dismantling the heterogeneity of obesity: Psychosocial experiences of the obese. Poster presented at the convention of the Association for Advancement of Behavior
Therapy, New Orleans, LA.
Positive psychology [Special issue]
- Seligman M.E.P.
Seligman, M.E.P., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (Eds.). (2000). Positive psychology [Special issue]. American Psychologist, 55 (1).
Integrative themes in body-image development, deviance, and change
- T Pruzinsky
- T F Cash
Pruzinsky, T., & Cash, T.F. (1990). Integrative themes in body-image development, deviance, and change. In T.F.
Cash & T. Pruzinsky (Eds.), Body images: Development, deviance, and change (pp. 337À349). New York:
Guilford Press.
Users' manual for the Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire [On-line] Available at www.body-images.com Cash, T.F. (in press) Beyond traits: Assessing body image states A Handbook of theory, research, and clinical practice
- T F Cash
Cash, T.F. (2000). Users' manual for the Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire [On-line]. Available at www.body-images.com
Cash, T.F. (in press). Beyond traits: Assessing body image states. In T.F. Cash & T. Pruzinsky (eds.), A Handbook
of theory, research, and clinical practice. NY: Guilford.
A Handbook of theory research and clinical practice
- T F Cash