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Antibacterial activity of baking soda

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Abstract

The antibacterial activity of baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) was assessed using three different experimental approaches. Standard minimum inhibitory concentration analyses revealed substantial inhibitory activity against Streptococcus mutans that was not due to ionic strength or high osmolarity. Short-term exposure assays showed significant killing of bacterial suspensions when baking soda was combined with the detergent sodium dodecylsulfate. Multiple, brief exposures of sucrose-colonized S mutans to baking soda and sodium dodecylsulfate caused statistically significant decreases in numbers of viable cells. Use of oral health care products with high concentrations of baking soda could conceivably result in decreased levels of cariogenic S mutans in saliva and plaque.

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... Additional evidence from other studies suggested that NaHCO3 served as an abundant ionic factor that stimulated global changes in bacterial structure, gene expression and membrane permeability [18,19,23,[26][27][28][29][30]. These changes corresponded to the increased susceptibility of microbes to human cationic antimicrobial peptides [18,19,23,[26][27][28][29][30]. ...
... Additional evidence from other studies suggested that NaHCO3 served as an abundant ionic factor that stimulated global changes in bacterial structure, gene expression and membrane permeability [18,19,23,[26][27][28][29][30]. These changes corresponded to the increased susceptibility of microbes to human cationic antimicrobial peptides [18,19,23,[26][27][28][29][30]. NaHCO3 was also found to inhibit the growth of bacteria and yeast in agar media [31]. ...
... It is clear that pathogens encountering NaHCO3 must devise facultative qualities to survive an environment that interferes with surface adhesion, biofilm formation and enzymatic processes vital for proliferation [18,19,23,[26][27][28][29][30]32]. In contrast to the inhibitory effects of NaHCO3, equimolar sodium chloride had no effect on growth, ruling out any osmotic or sodium-mediated mechanisms of inhibition [31]. ...
Article
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Background: There is no ideal lock solution that prevents hemodialysis (HD) catheter loss due to catheter-related thrombosis (CRT) and catheter-related bloodstream infection (CRBSI). Catheter loss is associated with increased hospitalization and high inpatient costs. Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) demonstrates anti-infective and anticoagulation properties with a good safety profile, making it an ideal lock solution development target.The objective of this study was to determine the safety and efficacy of using sodium bicarbonate catheter lock solution (SBCLS) as a means of preventing HD catheter loss due to CRT and CRBSI. Methods: The study took place in a community hospital in Brooklyn, NY, USA. All admitted patients ≥18 years of age who needed HD treatment through CVC were included in the study. 451 patients included in the study were provided SBCLS or NSCLS post-dialysis. Catheter loss due to CRT or CRBSI was evaluated over a period of 546 days. Results: A total of 452 patients met the criteria; 1 outlier was excluded, 226 were in the NSCLS group and 225 were in the SBCLS group. There were no significant differences between groups in comorbidities at the outset. The NSCLS group had CRT and CRBSI rates of 4.1 and 2.6/1000 catheter days (CD), respectively, compared with 0.17/1000 CD for both outcomes in the SBCLS group. SBCLS patients had a significantly reduced catheter loss rate due to CRT (P < 0.0001) and CRBSI (P = 0.0004). NSCLS patients had higher odds of losing their catheter due to CRT {odds ratio [OR] 26.6 [95% confidence interval (CI) 3.57-198.52]} and CRBSI [OR 15.9 (95% CI 2.09-121.61)] during the study period. Conclusion: The novel approach of using SBCLS was found to be safe and was statistically superior to normal saline in preventing HD catheter loss due to CRT and CRBSI. NaHCO3 solution is inexpensive, readily available in various settings and holds the potential to decrease hospitalization, length of stay and dialysis-related costs. Trial registration: Maimonides Medical Center Investigational Review Board, Study IRB 2015-06-25-CIH. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03627884.
... [20][21][22][23][24] Studies have shown sodium bicarbonate has anti-Streptococcus mutans activity in vitro whereas a mixture of saline and sodium bicarbonate is effective in reducing radiation and chemotherapy induced mucositis. [25][26][27] The effect of sodium bicarbonate on the oral Candida count has not been tested. ...
... The remaining 7 isolates represented several species while one strain could not be identified. 27 The effect of the mouth rinses on total Candida count rather than individual species was analyzed. ...
Article
Oral candidiasis is a major problem in developing countries where antiretroviral therapy is available to a small percentage of the infected population. HIV patients are prone to xerostomia and predisposed to Candida infection. Preventing oral candidiasis is better than the frequent use of antifungals that may lead to the development of drug resistance. This study investigated the ability of commercial mouth rinses and sodium bicarbonate to reduce salivary Candida and to improve the saliva flow of HIV-positive patients. One hundred fifty HIV patients without oral candidiasis were examined for oral lesions initially and after 2, 4, and 12 weeks. Unstimulated saliva was collected; the volume was measured and cultured for yeasts. Subjects were provided with mouth rinses containing either benzydamine hydrochloride, benzydamine hydrochloride with chlorhexidine gluconate, triclosan with sodium fluoride, 5% sodium bicarbonate, or placebo and asked to rinse twice daily for 12 weeks. The effect of the mouth rinses and placebo on Candida counts and saliva flow was analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). A total of 108 patients completed the trial, 35 missed appointments, 4 died, 2 developed oral candidiasis, and 1 herpetic lesion. Triclosan/fluoride decreased the Candida count more than the placebo (p = 0.005) while chlorhexidine/benzydamine hydrochloride (p = 0.001) and triclosan/fluoride mouthrinses (p = 0.002) increased the salivary flow during the initial 4 weeks. The most effective mouth rinse triclosan/fluoride decreased oral Candida counts and increased saliva flow. Studies are needed to determine the efficacy of these mouth rinses for the long-term prevention of clinical oral candidiasis in adult HIV-positive patients.
... doi:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2005.08.033 Miyasaki et al., 1986; Bacca et al., 1997) and as a disinfectant against bacteria and fungi (Curran and Montville, 1989; Karapinar and Gonul, 1992; Fletcher et al., 1993; Drake, 1997; Harris et al., 2001). However, information on its virucidal efficacy is not available. ...
... Because of the toxicity associated with chemical disinfectants, many commercially available disinfectants cannot be used in food service establishments making it necessary to find safe and effective disinfectants that are friendly to the consumer and the environment . In the past, sodium bicarbonate has been shown to be effective against bacteria and fungi (Newbrun et al., 1984; Curran and Montville, 1989; Karapinar and Gonul, 1992; Drake, 1997; Harris et al., 2001) and, because of its safety, is commonly used in tooth pastes and mouth rinses (Miyasaki et al., 1986; Fletcher et al., 1993; Bacca et al., 1997; Dodd et al., 2003). In this study, we evaluated sodium bicarbonate alone and in combination with other compounds in a carrier test to determine its anti-FCV activity. ...
Article
Traditional artisanal Pecorino Siciliano (PS) cheeses, and two experimental PS cheeses were manufactured using either raw or pasteurised ewes' milk with the addition of starter cultures. The bacterial diversity and dynamics of the different cheese types were evaluated both by culturing and characterisation of isolates, and a culture-independent approach based on the 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene. Following cultivation, artisanal and experimental cheese types showed similar microbial counts, and isolates belonging to Lactococcus lactis, Streptococcus thermophilus, Enterococcus faecalis and Leuconostoc mesenteroides were identified by phenotypic characterisation and comparison of the restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of the 16S rRNA gene to that of reference species. The culture-independent fingerprinting technique PCR and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of V6 to V8 regions of the 16S rRNA gene of samples taken during artisanal PS cheese manufacture, from raw milk to the ripened cheese, indicated relevant shifts in the microbial community structure. The dominance of Streptococcus bovis and Lactococcus lactis species in the traditional artisanal PS was revealed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Comparison of DGGE profiles of samples from milk to ripened cheese, derived from artisanal procedure and the two experimental PS cheeses during production showed similar trends with the presence of intense bands in common. Nevertheless, the profiles of several artisanal cheeses from different farms appeared more diverse, and these additional species are probably responsible for the generally superior flavour and aroma development of traditional PS cheese.
... A cohort 127 study regarding the oral rinse of sodium bicarbonate showed a significant increase in salivary pH 128 and prevented overgrowth of acid uric bacteria [37]. other agents, such as sodium dodecyl sulfate [38]. A study conducted on the antifungal activity of ...
... A cohort 127 study regarding the oral rinse of sodium bicarbonate showed a significant increase in salivary pH 128 and prevented overgrowth of acid uric bacteria [37]. other agents, such as sodium dodecyl sulfate [38]. A study conducted on the antifungal activity of ...
... For this analysis, the canB::EZ-Tn5kan mutant was used instead of the DcanB::kanR deletion because the insertion mutant retained low-level carbonic anhydrase activity and grew in LB medium without sodium bicarbonate, though at a much slower rate than the WT. In contrast, the deletion mutant required bicarbonate supplementation, which has been shown to inhibit bacterial growth alone (68) and directly influence antibiotic susceptibility through proton motive force dissipation (69). We also verified that bicarbonate alone altered antibiotic susceptibility (data not shown); therefore, bicarbonate was not used in these experiments. ...
Article
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The ADC (AmpC) β-lactamase is universally present in the Acinetobacter baumannii chromosome, suggesting it may have a yet-to-be-identified cellular function. Using peptidoglycan composition analysis, we show that overexpressing the ADC-7 β-lactamase in A. baumannii drives changes consistent with altered l,d-transpeptidase activity. Based on this, we tested whether cells overexpressing ADC-7 would exhibit new vulnerabilities. As proof of principle, a screen of transposon insertions revealed that an insertion in the distal 3′ end of canB, encoding carbonic anhydrase, resulted in a significant loss of viability when the adc-7 gene was overexpressed. A canB deletion mutant exhibited a more pronounced loss of viability than the transposon insertion, and this became amplified when cells overexpressed ADC-7. Interestingly, overexpression of the OXA-23 or TEM-1 β-lactamases also led to a pronounced loss of viability in cells with reduced carbonic anhydrase activity. In addition, we demonstrate that reduced CanB activity led to increased sensitivity to peptidoglycan synthesis inhibitors and to the carbonic anhydrase inhibitor ethoxzolamide. Furthermore, this strain exhibited a synergistic interaction with the peptidoglycan inhibitor fosfomycin and ethoxzolamide. Our results highlight the impact of ADC-7 overexpression on cell physiology and reveal that the essential carbonic anhydrase CanB may represent a novel target for antimicrobial agents that would exhibit increased potency against β-lactamase-overexpressing A. baumannii. IMPORTANCE Acinetobacter baumannii has become resistant to all classes of antibiotics, with β-lactam resistance responsible for the majority of treatment failures. New classes of antimicrobials are needed to treat this high-priority pathogen. This study had uncovered a new genetic vulnerability in β-lactamase-expressing A. baumannii, where reduced carbonic anhydrase activity becomes lethal. Inhibitors of carbonic anhydrase could represent a new method for treating A. baumannii infections.
... Other known chemicals such as hydrogen peroxide, chlorine dioxide, cetylpyridinium, baking soda, and sodium bicarbonate have been studied for their efficacy against oral malodour as precursors for the production of mouthwashes, either alone or in various combinations. While satisfactory results were obtained in some cases, similar side effect have been linked to their use for extended periods [10][11][12][13][14]. ...
Article
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In this study, extracts obtained from ginger rhizomes (Zingiber officinale) and chewing sponge-''Sawere'' (Acacia kamerunensis) by cold maceration were used in the production of mouthwash solutions at the following concentrations: 10 mg/mL, 20 mg/mL, 50 mg/mL, and 75 mg/mL for ginger extract and 10 mg/mL only for ''Sawere'' extract. The solutions were tested for antimicrobial activity among seven candidates on three consecutive days. Results indicated that ginger mouthwash solution of 75 mg/mL concentration had the highest antimicrobial activity of 83.3 ± 2.5%, swiftly followed by ginger mouthwash solution of concentrations 50 mg/mL, 20 mg/mL and 10 mg/mL at 75.0 ± 2.5%, 47.9 ± 1.7% and 39.2 ± 2.0% respectively. This appeared to indicate that concentration and percentage inhibition in the ginger extract has a linear relationship. The 10 mg/mL concentration of Sawere extract solution exhibited very minimal antimicrobial activity at 0.2 ± 7.5%. GC-MS and FTIR analysis showed the presence of antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory compounds such as gingerol, neric acid, and squalene as well as other compounds such as 7- epi-cis-sesquiabinene present in both extracts. Gingerol was observed to demonstrate the highest peak in the ginger extract at a retention time of 17.484 whereas squalene exhibited the highest peak in sawere extract at a retention time of 17.811 in the GC-MS analysis. The FTIR analysis identified some functional groups in both the ginger and the sawere extracts including phenolics, alcohols, carboxylic acids, and alkane functional groups. This research successfully demonstrated the possibility of using ginger extracts and sawere extracts as safer active ingredient alternatives in the making of mouthwash.
... The 65% sodium bicarbonate-based toothpaste used by patients in this study possesses high potential bactericidal activity against many putative periodontal bacterial pathogens [104][105][106] and Streptococcus mutans [107], is able to disaggregate established dental plaque biofilms in vitro [108], and provides better reductions in supragingival dental plaque growth and gingival bleeding than conventional non-baking soda toothpastes [109,110]. ...
Article
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This study evaluated a combined systemic and topical anti-infective periodontal treatment of 35 adults who had experienced ongoing periodontal breakdown following conventional surgical periodontics. The prescribed anti-infective therapy, based on microbiological testing, consisted of a single course of metronidazole plus ciprofloxacin (23 patients), metronidazole plus amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (10 patients), and metronidazole plus ciprofloxacin followed by metronidazole plus amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (2 patients). In addition, the study patients received 0.1% povidone-iodine subgingival disinfection during non-surgical root debridement and daily patient administered oral irrigation with 0.1% sodium hypochlorite. At 1 and 5 years post-treatment, all study patients showed gains in clinical periodontal attachment with no further attachment loss, and significant decreases in pocket probing depth, bleeding on probing, and subgingival temperature. The greatest disease resolution occurred in patients who at baseline harbored predominantly major periodontal pathogens which post-antibiotics became non-detectable and substituted by non-periodontopathic viridans streptococci. The personalized and minimally invasive anti-infective treatment regimen described here controlled periodontitis disease activity and markedly improved the clinical and microbiological status of the refractory periodontitis patients.
... The use of sodium bicarbonate as an antibacterial agent was initially described against periodontal pathogens, 74,75 and has been implicated for dental hygiene use. 76 The varied interest in the use of bicarbonate can be attributed to being widely accessible, having a favorable side effect profile, low toxicity, and low cost. ...
Article
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The primary defect in cystic fibrosis (CF) is abnormal chloride and bicarbonate transport in the CF transmembrane conductance regulator epithelial ion channel. The apical surface of the respiratory tract is lined by an airway surface liquid (ASL) layer composed of mucin comprising mainly MUC5A and MUC5B glycoproteins. ASL homeostasis depends on sodium bicarbonate secretion into the airways and secretion deficits alter mucus properties leading to airway obstruction, inflammation and infections. Downstream effects of abnormal ion transport in the lungs include altered intrinsic immune defenses. We observed that neutrophils killed Pseudomonas aeruginosa more efficiently when it had been exposed to sodium bicarbonate, and formation of neutrophil extracellular traps by neutrophils was augmented in the presence of increasing bicarbonate concentrations. Physiological levels of bicarbonate sensitized P. aeruginosa to the antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin LL-37, which is present in both lung ASL and neutrophil extracellular traps. Sodium bicarbonate has various uses in clinical medicine and in the care of CF patients and could be further explored as a therapeutic adjunct against Pseudomonas infections.
... The proposed non-alcoholic sanitizer is a good alternative to alcoholic sanitizer, and it has good antibacterial properties. Proposed sanitizer is made using vinegar(acetic acid) which has good antibacterial properties [5]. In order to make sanitizer using vinegar, 30ml of white vinegar is mixed with 1 tablespoon of baking soda which is a good disinfectant [6]. ...
Article
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The main objective of this paper is to present a cost effective and efficient safety kit in order to help fulfill the scarcity of PPE kits during COVID19 pandemic. These days it is quite essential to wear safety gears like masks, gloves, face shields etc. resulting in shortage of these items at some places and the second problem is that certain sections of people cannot afford to purchase these items. This paper presents methods to create cheap yet effective safety kits at home. The kit will require easily available material like cloth bag, biodegradable trash bag, polythene bag etc. and items like gown, cap, masks, and gloves can be made using these materials.
... Corral et al. (1988) reported the antimicrobial effect of sodium bicarbonate in vitro. Drake (1997) recorded the antibacterial effect of sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) againt Streptococcus mutans causing oral lesions. Richards and Mcbride (1971) used the sodium bicarbonate as a preservative of eye lotion against the contamination with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. ...
Article
here are numerous agents that have been used for irrigation of the ocular tissue from attached foreign bodies, inflammatory exudate and microorganisms. For evaluation of four agents of these irrigation solutions, sixteen clinically healthy dogs of both sexes were used in this study. The dogs were allocated into four equal groups. The right eye of dogs for each group was irrigated 3 times daily for three successive days. The groups were irrigated as following: The first group: ringer’s lactate, the second group: normal saline 0.9%, the third group: boric acid 2% and sodium bicarbonate 1% was used for the fourth group. The left eye was considered control one. The results revealed that the four solutions did not cause any obvious alteration of the eyes and change the intraocular pressure (IOP). According to their effects on the total bacterial count, the four irrigation solutions had not any significant effect. It could be concluded that all of these agents may be used for irrigation of the intact eye and removal of the attached exudate and foreign bodies.
... Sodium bicarbonate has a long history of use as an antimicrobial agent against bacteria and fungi [17][18][19][20][21] in foodstuffs, feed and industrial processes such as tooth pastes and mouth rinses [22][23][24][25]. This is because of its safety, low cost, and lack of toxicity. ...
Article
Full-text available
Sodium bicarbonate is a disinfectant that can be used in food processing because it is safe for humans and is cost effective. In this study, sodium bicarbonate was used to eliminate E. coli from oysters (Crassostrea belcheri). The experiments were divided into 3 trials; in vitro disinfection of E. coli using sodium bicarbonate and the toxicity of sodium bicarbonate in oysters were determined in the first and second trials, and the effectiveness of sodium bicarbonate in eliminating E. coli in naturally contaminated oysters was performed in the final trial. From the in vitro study, it was found that sodium bicarbonate at 10 and 100 mM could inhibit E. coli; however, the high dose of 100 mM is not suitable to use on oysters, since the 50 % lethal concentration of sodium bicarbonate for oysters was 63 mM. An application of sodium bicarbonate to eliminate E. coli in naturally contaminated oysters at 10 mM for 1 h could decrease the E. coli to 96 MPN/100 g, lower than the standard level (230 MPN/100 g) after depuration. These results suggest that sodium bicarbonate could be potentially used to eliminate E. coli contamination in oysters.
... This decrease was accompanied by increasing the reduction of disease severity and number of colonies. This may be due to the antibacterial activity of baking soda and potassium which inhibited the growth of bacteria and fungi (Corral et al., 1988 andDrake, 1996). Reversely, in curative treatment, the squash leaves treated with potassium and sodium bicarbonate showed a significant increase in the number of total count in the three cultivars when compared to control and this increase was accompanied by significant increase in the reduction of disease severity and number of colonies. ...
Article
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Foliar applications of potassium or sodium bicarbonate salts significantly reduced infection by powdery mildew on greenhouse squash. Application of compost-tea and sodium or potassium bicarbonate solutions to squash plants, either as protective or as curative treatments, significantly reduced powdery mildew infection. Different foliar applications, when applied as protective (pre-inoculation) treatments, three days before inoculation, reduced severity of powdery mildew except compost-tea (1kg/4L water). Application of sodium bicarbonate solution at 2% was the most effective treatment, which reduced disease severity and number of mildew colonies by 80.0 and 93.1%, respectively, followed by application of potassium bicarbonate. Meanwhile, compost-tea (1kg/6L water) treatment recorded the maximum value for total bacterial count (84.8 x10 3 cfu). Generally, squash leaves treated with KHCO3 and NaHCO3 showed a significant decrease in the number of total bacterial count and total spore forming bacteria on the three tested cultivars when compared to untreated control. Application of compost-tea or bicarbonate salts as curative (post-inoculation) treatment, three days after fungal inoculation, caused marked reduction in disease severity. However, the treatment with the lower rate of compost-tea (1kg/4L water) showed the highest curative activity and reduced disease severity and number of colonies significantly. On the other hand, the maximum value for total bacterial count was obtained when squash Eskandarani Hybrid was sprayed with NaHCO3 followed by compost-tea (1kg/8L water) whereas it recorded (745.0 x 10 3 cfu) and (560.0 x 10 3 cfu), respectively. The application of various treatments, either as protective or as curative, enhanced peroxidase activity in treated plants. However, foliar spray for the three squash varieties with sodium or potassium bicarbonate solutions showed the highest increase in the peroxidase activity compared to the untreated infected or not infected control as well as compost-tea treatments. Under field conditions, spraying squash plants with different solutions , 30 and 60 days after sowing reduced severity of powdery mildew while, the total fruit yield was improved. However, application with 2% of potassium bicarbonate (KHCO 3) solution was the best treatment, which significantly increased squash yield of all treated varieties compared to the untreated control, followed by
... This correlates with previous studies and is related to chlorohexidine's mode of action as it works on different sites of the bacteria [21,22]. Additionally, mouthwash solutions containing sodium bicarbonate 2% were shown to be effective against most of the tested bacterial strains, which is in agreement of previous studies [23,24]. ...
Article
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Periodontal bacteria occur in both planktonic and biofilm forms. While poor oral hygiene leads to accumulation of bacteria, reducing these microbes is the first step toward good oral hygiene. This is usually achieved through the use of mouthwash solutions. However, the exact antibacterial activity of mouthwash solution, especially when bacteria form biofilms, is yet to be determined. In this study, we evaluated the antibacterial activity of common mouthwash solutions against standard bacteria in their planktonic and biofilm states. Standard bacterial strains were cultured, and biofilm were formrd. Thereafter, using standard method for determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) values of various mouthwash solutions were determined. Results show that common mouthwash solutions have variable antibacterial activity depending on their major active components. Only mouthwash solutions containing chlorohexidine gluconate or cetylpyridinum chloride exhibited activity against majority, but not all tested bacterial strains in their biofilm state. Additionally, bacteria are generally less susceptible to all mouthwash solutions in their biofilm as compared to planktonic state. While mouthwash solutions have variable antibacterial activity, bacteria in their biofilm state pose a challenge to dental hygiene/care where bacteria become not susceptible to majority of available mouthwash solutions.
... While some in vitro studies have shown that long periods of exposure to baking soda can inhibit bacterial growth or even kill some oral bacteria, baking soda is not considered to impart significant antibactericidal activity to dentifrices. [19][20][21] Baking soda is highly soluble, and probably does not remain in the mouth long enough to greatly affect the survival of plaque bacteria or to inhibit plaque growth. It would seem that any effects of baking soda on enhancing plaque removal might be attributed to: 1) physical properties of baking soda crystals in displacing plaque from the tooth surface; 2) interactions with plaque matrix by dissolved baking soda, which may, for example, reduce plaque viscosity and make it more readily removable by the toothbrush; or 3) its ability to favor the disruption of plaque biofilm by improving the penetration of biofilm by toothbrush bristles. ...
Article
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An earlier clinical study demonstrated that brushing with a commercial Arm & Hammer dentifrice containing baking soda physically removed significantly more plaque than brushing with either of two commercial dentifrices which did not contain baking soda. However, little has been done to confirm these results and to compare baking soda-containing dentifrices with more recently commercialized non-baking soda dentifrice formulations. The objective of this study was to compare commercial dentifrices containing 20% to 65% baking soda and commercial dentifrices without baking soda in enhancing plaque removal efficacy of tooth brushing. Five randomized, controlled, blinded, crossover clinical studies were performed among healthy adult volunteers who provided informed consent. After approximately 24 hours without oral hygiene, subjects with sufficient plaque were enrolled in the study phase. Plaque was scored before and after supervised brushing for one minute using the Turesky, et al. modification of the Quigley-Hein Plaque Index at six sites per tooth according to Soparkar's modification as described by Lobene, et al. In each study, wash-out periods with a regular dentifrice not evaluated in the study separated each product treatment. In all studies, every dentifrice exhibited a significant (p < 0.0001) reduction in 24-hour plaque scores. Between-group comparisons of whole mouth plaque scores in all five studies demonstrated that brushing with baking soda dentifrices resulted in statistically greater (p < 0.01) reductions in whole mouth mean plaque scores than brushing with dentifrices that did not contain baking soda. Results on other tooth surfaces, such as facial, lingual, proximal, and gingival surfaces also demonstrated statistically greater (p < 0.05) reductions in mean plaque scores for the baking soda-containing dentifrices as compared to the baking soda-free dentifrices. In three of the studies comparing different levels of baking soda, brushing with dentifrices with higher concentrations of baking soda consistently removed numerically more plaque than those containing lower levels. In one of these three studies, the difference in plaque removal between the baking soda dentifrices reached statistical significance. The results suggest a positive relationship between plaque removal efficiency and baking soda concentration. The collective results from the five controlled clinical studies on over 270 subjects reported in this paper, consistently demonstrate that Arm & Hammer baking soda dentifrices enhanced plaque removal effectiveness of tooth brushing to a significantly greater extent than the non-baking soda dentifrice products.
Article
The infectious pneumonia induced by drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (DRAB), a hospital-acquired bacterial infection, has a high morbidity and mortality rate. A natural essential oil, tea tree oil (TTO), has a high bactericidal effect without the potential of drug resistance; however, its volatility, hydrophobicity and poor stability limit its applications. Here, TTO nanoemulsions (nanoTTOs) were prepared with the spontaneous-emulsification method. The size of nanoTTOs was 293.2 nm, and the zeta potential was −15.0 mV. They became nebulizers when they were transformed to fine aerosols with a vibrating screen nebulizer. The aerosols had a mass median aerodynamic diameter size of 2.53 μm and a fine particle fraction (1–5 μm) of 86.65%, suitable for pulmonary delivery. The minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of nanoTTOs against DRAB was 10.40 mg/mL; while the alkaline nanoTTOs doped with 1.0% NaHCO3 had the MBC of 6.50 mg/mL. Pulmonary delivery of the alkaline nanoTTOs showed obvious therapeutic effects on the DRAB pneumonic mice by downregulating the pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and IL-6), preventing the bacterial proliferation, and reducing the lung injury, better than ordinary nanoTTOs. Alkaline nanoTTOs are a promising nebulizer formulation for the treatment of bacterial pneumonia, especially drug-resistant bacterial pneumonia.
Article
Norovirus-associated foodborne outbreaks have become a major public health concern all over the world. Food service establishments are always looking for disinfectants and sanitizers that are effective against various microbes but are non-corrosive and non-toxic to food and food contact surfaces. The efficacy of sodium bicarbonate against certain bacteria and fungi has been documented but its role as a disinfectant against viruses is not known. In this study, anti-calicivirus efficacy of sodium bicarbonate alone and in combination with aldehydes or hydrogen peroxide was evaluated using feline calicivirus (FCV) as a surrogate for norovirus (NoV). Sodium bicarbonate at concentrations of 5% and above was found to be the most effective with 4 log(10) (99.99%) reduction in FCV titers on food contact surfaces within a contact time of 1 min. The virucidal efficacy of sodium bicarbonate was enhanced when it was used in combination with aldehydes or hydrogen peroxide. An advantage of sodium bicarbonate over the available chemical disinfectants for food contact surfaces is its safety, ready availability and low cost. The use of sodium bicarbonate alone or in combination with aldehydes can be an effective and inexpensive method of disinfecting food contact surfaces.
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