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Cardiovascular effects of Urtica dioica L. (Urticaceae) roots extracts: In vitro and in vivo pharmacological studies
Abstract
Urtica dioica (Urticaceae) is a plant principally used in the traditional medicine of oriental Marocco as antihypertensive remedy (J. Ethnopharmacol., 58 (1997), 45). The aim of this work was to evaluate a possible direct cardiovascular action of the plant and to investigate its mechanism of action. In aortic preparations with intact and functional endothelial layer, pre-contracted with KCl 20 mM or norepinephrine 3 microM, the crude aqueous and methanolic extracts of the plant roots, as well as purified fractions elicited a vasodilator action. Nevertheless, the vasodilator activity was not present in aortic rings without endothelial layer. In aortic rings with intact endothelial layer, the vasorelaxing effect was abolished by L-NAME, a NO-biosynthesis inhibitor, and ODQ, a guanylate cyclase inhibitor. Furthermore, potassium channel blockers (TEA, 4-aminopyridine, quinine, but not glybenclamide) antagonized the vasodilator action of the purified fraction F1W of U. dioica. The same fraction produced a marked decrease of inotropic activity, in spontaneously beating atria of guinea-pig, and a marked, but transient, hypotensive activity on the blood pressure of anaesthetized rats. It is concluded that U. dioica can produce hypotensive responses, through a vasorelaxing effect mediated by the release of endothelial nitric oxide and the opening of potassium channels, and through a negative inotropic action.
... Despite growing well in areas with high water availability [29][30][31], the plant can spread widely with its stoloniferous rhizomes [32]. Leaves are simple, dark green, stipulate, opposite, serrated, oblong, or ovate with cordate base [33,34]. Both leaves surfaces are coated with stinging hairs; except in the European variety (Urtica galeopsifolia), the stinging hairs are absent [35]. ...
... Hypersensitivity cases have been reported in patients with renal ailments [33,130]. When the hairs or spines on the stems and leaves of the stinging nettle come into contact with the skin, various physiologically active chemicals are released within seconds and in turn induce irritation, dermatitis, and urticaria [136]. ...
... Moreover, the endurance of the stinging sensation, on the other hand, could indicate that there are chemicals in nettle fluid that are directly harmful to nerves or that can cause the subsequent release of other mediators [137]. Furthermore, urine flow is enhanced by the aerial parts of Urtica; hence, it is advised to inform the healthcare provider of whether the patient suffers from diabetes or kidney problems [33,130]. Urtica aerial parts at 1.25 g/kg decline blood sugar following intake [135] and may potentiate concurrent antidiabetics' effect, high or low blood pressure [138][139][140]. ...
Urtica dioica belongs to the Urticaceae family and is found in many countries around the world. This plant contains a broad range of phytochemicals, such as phenolic compounds, sterols, fatty acids, alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, and lignans, that have been widely reported for their excellent pharmacological activities, including antiviral, antimicrobial, antihelmintic, anticancer, nephroprotective, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, antiarthritis, antidiabetic, antiendometriosis, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiaging effects. In this regard, this review highlights fresh insight into the medicinal use, chemical composition, pharmacological properties, and safety profile of U. dioica to guide future works to thoroughly estimate their clinical value.
... Urtica dioica L. occurs on almost all soil types, although it prefers moist or damp soils and is absent from permanently waterlogged soils and weakly acid or weakly basic conditions [2] . This perennial typically grows to between 1 to 3m tall with dark green leaves in an opposite pattern that are oval to heart shaped, simple and saw toothed and are sparsely covered with stinging hairs with greenish and brownish flowers are mostly unisexual with male and female flowers on the same or different plants [3] . The plant is common in herbal medicine, and young leaves can be cooked and eaten as a nutritious potherb. ...
... The leaves were ovate to lanceolate in shape with a shallowly chordate base and acuminate tips. The margins were prominently dentate with the terminal tooth larger than the other marginal teeth as also reported by Testai et al., (2002) [3] . Staminate. ...
... The leaves were ovate to lanceolate in shape with a shallowly chordate base and acuminate tips. The margins were prominently dentate with the terminal tooth larger than the other marginal teeth as also reported by Testai et al., (2002) [3] . Staminate. ...
... Plant leaves are pale abaxially, while their adaxial sides are dark green. Leaves are finely toothed with a cordate base and arise oppositely [3] . Both leaves and stems are enclosed with stinging trichomes filled with acetylcholine, serotonin, and histamine. ...
... The antihypertensive property of the plant, Urtica dioica, has been shown by a decrease in MAP (Mean Arterial Pressure) from 96.59/0.5mmHg to 79.59/0.5mmHg on the administration of plant fraction intravenously [3] . Plant's aqueous extract has been used on thoracic aorta isolated from rat and Langerdorff rat heart simultaneously to characterize the vascular and cardiac effects [51] . ...
Urtica dioica (stinging nettle), a flowering plant with the herbaceous perennial habit, belonging to the 'Urticaceae' family, native to temperate Asia, Europe, and North Africa, shows now worldwide distribution. The plant has a long history of being utilized as a medicinal herb. Traditionally, it is being used widely by many medical practitioners to treat many diseases like haematuria, arthritis, nephritis, menorrhagia, and rheumatism. Although this plant's phytochemistry is complex, studies on phytochemical constituents showed the occurrence of compounds like flavonoids, tannins, saponins, proteins, amino acids, and phytosterols. Likewise, Urtica dioica is being used as food, fibre, manure, and cosmetics. The plant also possesses diverse pharmacological activities, including antioxidant, antibacterial, analgesic, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, anticancer, and immune-regulatory effects. This review briefs about biological activities, phytochemistry, toxicology, and pharmacology of Urtica dioica.
... This plant can reach a height of about 2 m (6.5 feet) (Petruzzello, 2022). The leaves are oblong or oval, opposite, cordate at the base, finely toothed, dark green above and paler below, and oblong or oval, opposite, cordate at the base, finely toothed, and dark green above and paler beneath (Testai et al., 2002). The stinging trichomes on the stems and leaves carry a fluid rich in histamine, acetylcholine, and serotonin (Tuberville et al., 1996). ...
... aorta with a smaller diameter than usual). The release of nitrogen oxide by endothelial cells, the activation of potassium channels, and a negative inotropic effect are assumed to be responsible for this vasodilator effect (Testai et al., 2002). ...
Stinging nettle (Urtica dioica L.) is a wild herbaceous perennial blooming plant that is commonly known as
stinging nettle. It’s a common, multi-purpose crop that’s sometimes overlooked. Europe, Asia, North Africa, and
North America are all home to stinging nettle. It is a plant that’s edible and has nutritional and medicinal
properties. Young leaves can be used to make curries, herb soups, and sour soups. The root of the stinging nettle is
used to treat mictional difficulties associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia, while the leaves are used to treat
arthritis, rheumatism, and allergic rhinitis. Its leaves are abundant in fiber, minerals, vitamins, and antioxidant
compounds like polyphenols and carotenoids, as well as antioxidant compounds like polyphenols and carotenoids.
Stinging nettle has antiproliferative, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, analgesic, anti-infectious, hypotensive, and
antiulcer characteristics, as well as the ability to prevent cardiovascular disease, in all parts of the plant (leaves,
stems, roots, and seeds). Stinging nettle improves fish reproductive performance, making it a cost-effective
aquaculture plant. Fertilizer and insecticides can be made from the plants. This review examines the nutritional and pharmacological aspects of stinging nettle, as well as its possible health advantages. Scientists, farmers,
and academicians interested in stinging nettle collecting, cultivation, research, and development would find this
review useful.
... This plant can reach a height of about 2 m (6.5 feet) (Petruzzello, 2022). The leaves are oblong or oval, opposite, cordate at the base, finely toothed, dark green above and paler below, and oblong or oval, opposite, cordate at the base, finely toothed, and dark green above and paler beneath (Testai et al., 2002). The stinging trichomes on the stems and leaves carry a fluid rich in histamine, acetylcholine, and serotonin (Tuberville et al., 1996). ...
... aorta with a smaller diameter than usual). The release of nitrogen oxide by endothelial cells, the activation of potassium channels, and a negative inotropic effect are assumed to be responsible for this vasodilator effect (Testai et al., 2002). ...
Stinging nettle (Urtica dioica L.) is a wild herbaceous perennial blooming plant that is commonly known as stinging nettle. It’s a common, multi-purpose crop that’s sometimes overlooked. Europe, Asia, North Africa, and North America are all home to stinging nettle. It is a plant that’s edible and has nutritional and medicinal properties. Young leaves can be used to make curries, herb soups, and sour soups. The root of the stinging nettle is used to treat mictional difficulties associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia, while the leaves are used to treat arthritis, rheumatism, and allergic rhinitis. Its leaves are abundant in fiber, minerals, vitamins, and antioxidant compounds like polyphenols and carotenoids, as well as antioxidant compounds like polyphenols and carotenoids. Stinging nettle has antiproliferative, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, analgesic, anti-infectious, hypotensive, and antiulcer characteristics, as well as the ability to prevent cardiovascular disease, in all parts of the plant (leaves, stems, roots, and seeds). Stinging nettle improves fish reproductive performance, making it a cost-effective aquaculture plant. Fertilizer and insecticides can be made from the plants. This review examines the nutritional and pharmacological aspects of stinging nettle, as well as its possible health advantages. Scientists, farmers, and academicians interested in stinging nettle collecting, cultivation, research, and development would find this review useful.
... Discussion: Biopesticides are the chemical substances obtained from natural organisms influencing the target organisms only (Kandpal, 2014). Plants are the nature's blessing with their numerous biologically active molecules that possess biopesticidal potential (Kandpal, 2014;Testai et al., 2002;Shahat et al., 2015). In the present study AChE inhibitory potential of was evaluated in the laboratory using Ae. ...
The present study evaluated AChE inhibitory effect of three plants (Calotropis procera, Eucalyptus globulus and Mentha spicata) extract using Aedes aegypti and Musca domestica as model insects. The effect caused by plants was also compared with commonly used insecticides i.e., Chlorpyrifos. The WHO-recommended protocol was used for conducting bioassay tests against selected insects. Three different doses of plants extract were used. The mortality rate was assessed after 24 hours post-treatment. Using Ellman's assay, the AChE activity was determined by spectrophotometry at 412nm wavelength. There was a marked decline in the enzyme activity of treated groups compared to the control group. M. spicata treated groups proved to have high AChE inhibition power among three plants extract. While C. procera extract effectively control both Ae. aegypti and M. domestica. It is concluded that plants extract not only inhibits the AChE activity of insects but also controls them very proficiently.
... The investigation of plants used as remedies in traditional folk medicine can be as useful tool to identify several biologically active molecules from the 250 000 higher plant species (Testai, et al., 2002). The modern pharmacopoeia still contains at least 25% drug derived from plants and many others, which are synthetic analogues of compounds isolated from plants. ...
Background: Numerous plants in traditional practices of medicine have been used to treat cognitive disorders, including neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and other memory related disorders. Materials and Methods: We present here the evaluation of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory and antioxidant activities of the aqueous methanol extracts of five traditional medicinal plants. Citrullus colocynthis, Emex spinosa, Rhazya stricta, Scrophularia hypericifolia and Caylusea hexagyna extracts were tested for their acetylcholinesterase inhibitory effect ant their antioxidant effect at different concentrations. Results: Citrullus colocynthis and Emex spinosa inhibited acetylthiocholinesterase at 400 µg/ ml by 83.54 and 81.92%. Emex spinosa and Scrophularia hypericifolia produced the maximum effect as DPPH radical scavenger (IC50= 10.89 and 11.88µg/ ml, respectively). Scrophularia hypericifolia showed the highest effect as superoxide radical scavenger (IC50= 20.83 µg/ ml)also it produced the highest ability to scavenge hydrogenperoxide radicals (IC50= 8.66 µg/ ml) while Emex spinosa and Caylusea hexagyna showed least IC50 for ferrous ion chelation (IC50≈15 µg/ ml) with powerful reduction capability. Conclusion:The determined antioxidant properties magnified the total antioxidant effect determined by ABTS assay that completely inhibited lipidperoxidation at 200 µg/ ml.
... Seeds are rich in Linoleic acid while leaves consist of alpha-Linoleic acid as the predominant fatty acids [18]. Urtica dioica venom [19] : Tiny hollow hairs (trichomes) cover the stinging nettle [20] . On brushing against them, the fragile silica tips breaks of the hairs and they act like needles, piercing the skin which cause the nettle's venom to be injected [21] . ...
Urtica dioica is a perennial plant which grows on distributed sites, in garden or in the forests. The herb has a very large history of medicinal usage. The subtropical and tropical regions were the area in which the stinging nettle was most applied as a remedy for curing a variety of diseases. A variety of chemicals such as agglutinins, carotenoids, flavonoids, lignans, terpenoids and phenolic compounds were isolated from the herb. The active ingredients and metabolite extracted from the plant are found to have a variety of pharmacological action. It is a clear estimation that the future is showing interest in the use of natural products and therapies. Many studies showed that the plant and its active constituents possess several pharmacological activities such as anti-inflammatory, hypoglycaemic and anti-oxidative activities. A comprehensive analysis is needed to provide more information and facts about this undervalued herb. This review will provide detailed information on Urtica dioica plant and its various pharmacological uses. This review also consists of collection of various case studies conducted in different parts of the world which can be beneficial for the scientists working on this plant. This review provides detailed data of chemical ingredients and their pharmacological actions which could bring new drug with a lot more potential.
... Discussion: Biopesticides are the chemical substances obtained from natural organisms influencing the target organisms only (Kandpal, 2014). Plants are the nature's blessing with their numerous biologically active molecules that possess biopesticidal potential (Kandpal, 2014;Testai et al., 2002;Shahat et al., 2015). In the present study AChE inhibitory potential of was evaluated in the laboratory using Ae. ...
The present study was conducted to evaluate AChE inhibitory effect of three plants (Calotropis procera, Eucalyptus globulus and Mentha spicata) extract using Aedes aegypti and Musca domestica as model insects. The effect caused by plants was also compared with commonly used insecticide i.e., Chlorpyrifos. WHO recommended protocol was used for conducting bioassay tests against selected insects. Three different doses of plants extract were used. The mortality rate was assessed after 24 hour post treatment. The AChE activity was determined by spectrophotometry at 412nm wavelength using Ellman's assay. There was a marked decline in the enzyme activity of treated groups as compared to control group. M. spicata treated groups proved to have high AChE inhibition power among three plants extract. While, C. procera extract effectively control both Ae. aegypti and M. domestica. It is concluded that plants extract not only inhibit the AChE activity of insects but also control them very proficiently.
... In numerous ethnobotanical reports, the aerial part of U. dioica is perceived as a characteristic solution for hypertension. A diuretic impact prompted by an obscure guideline from the aqueous concentrate of aerial parts has been reported (Testai L. et al;2002). Testai L. et al; 2002 assessed a potential direct cardiovascular activity of the plant and did research on its system of activity. ...
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... The roots of plant was reported as anti-inflammatory and antirheumatic effects [18,19], acute diuretic, natriuretic and hypertensive effects [20], cardiovascular effects [21] and stimulation of proliferation of human lymphocytes [22]. The effects of the roots are also used in the therapy of prostatic hyperplasia [23,24,25]. ...
The herb Jurinea Dolomiaea Boiss, which is a member of the Astraceae family, has long been used in Ayurveda to treat liver diseases and as an anticancer, antioxidant, and anti-diabetic. The antiulcer, analgesic, and hepatoprotective effects of Jurinea dolomiaea Boiss aqueous and hydroalcoholic root extracts against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in albino wistar rats were investigated in this work. The experimental rats were given Jurinea dolomiaea root hydroalcoholic extract (100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg p.o.) daily for seven days. By measuring SGOT, SGPT, ALP, and total bilirubin, the hydroalcoholic extract of Jurinea dolomiaea roots was examined for its hepatoprotective properties. The toxic effect of carbon tetrachloride was greatly reduced in the rats treated with the hydroalcoholic extract of Jurinea dolomiaea roots by restoring the elevated levels of SGOT, SGPT, ALP, and total bilirubin compared to the toxicant control. Jurinea dolomiaea root hydroalcoholic extract shown notable hepatoprotective effects.
... It has been reported that the leaf extract of Urtica dioica reduces systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure in rats with hypertension (Vajic et al. 2018). Additionally, nettle root extract caused decrease in tension in rats by increasing nitric oxide and opening calcium channels (Testai et al. 2002). The presence of flavonoid compounds in Urtica dioica might have been one of the mechanisms for lowering hypertension (Basati et al. 2021). ...
Urtica dioica L., known as nettle, is a herbaceous, perennial plant, belonging to Urticaceae family. This chapter covers description and distribution of the plant. Additionally, its chemical composition and traditional use were presented in detail. The in vitro and in vivo activities of nettle extracts (root, leave, and seed) such as antimicrobial, antiviral, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, hypotensive, and anticancer have been highlighted via its rich phytochemical composition.Keywords
Urtica dioica
Nettle plantPhytochemical compositionAntioxidant
... A. officinarum inhibits nitric oxide production in peritoneal macrophages in rats activated with lipopolysaccharide (16). U. dioica reportedly induces hypotensive responses by releasing endothelial nitric oxide, vasorelaxation by opening potassium channels, and negative inotropic action (17,18). ...
Aim: Investigations into Ankaferd Blood Stopper® (ABS) on bone healing have revealed positive bone regeneration effects. The exact mechanism of this positive bone tissue metabolism effect is unknown. This study’s aim is a biomechanic and biochemical investigation of the effects of local ABS application on the osseointegration of titanium implants. Methodology: Sprague Dawley rats were divided into four groups of ten rats each. The control group (n=20) received no treatment during the experimental period, while the ABS group (n=20) had ABS applied locally during the surgical application of the titanium implant before insertion into the bone sockets. After 2 (controls n=10 and ABS n=10) and 4 weeks (controls n=10 and ABS n=10) experimental periods, the rats were sacrificed and implants with surrounding bone tissues were removed for reverse torque analysis (Newton), blood sample collection, and biochemical analysis. Results: The biomechanic bone implant contact ratio detected was higher in week 4 than in week 2 in the ABS group (p<0, 05). Lower phosphor levels were detected in the ABS group than in the 4-week controls (p<0, 05). Conclusion: According to the biomechanical parameters, ABS is more effective after four weeks than after two weeks when locally applied. How to cite this article: Özcan EC, Gül M, Tanık A, Yıldırım TT, Özkan M, Bozoğlan A, Özdemir HE, Dündar S. Biomechanic and biochemical analysis of the effects of local Ankaferd Blood Stopper® application on osseointegration of titanium implants. Int Dent Res 2022;12(1):27-33. https://doi.org/10.5577/intdentres.2022.vol12.no1.5 Linguistic Revision: The English in this manuscript has been checked by at least two professional editors, both native speakers of English.
... Diuretic [104], hypotensive [105], antidiabetic [106], antiinflammatory [107], immunomodulatory [108], analgesic [109], hepatorenal protective [110]. No reports on toxicity ...
Traditional herbal medicine is still used for basic healthcare by a significant portion of the population in developing countries. This study aimed to explore the medicinal plant's diversity and to document related traditional knowledge in the Safi region of Morocco. We used semi-structured questionnaires to interview 222 informants living in the study area. To perform data analysis, we used quantitative indices like use value (UV), family use value (FUV), fidelity level (FL), the relative popularity level (RPL), rank of order priority (ROP), and informant consensus factor (ICF). We reported the ethnomedicinal uses of 144 medicinal plants belonging to 64 families. According to the findings, the dominating families were Lamiaceae (17 taxa), Asteraceae (15 taxa), and Apiaceae (12 taxa). The most commonly utilized plant part (48%) was leaves. The decoction was reported as the main preparation method (42%). Highly cited plant species were Marrubium vulgare (UV = 0.56), Salvia rosmarinus Spenn. (UV = 0.47), Thymus serpyllum (UV = 0.32), and Dysphania ambrosioides (UV = 0.29). Papaveraceae (FUV = 0.26), and Urticaceae (FUV= 0.23), Geraniaceae (FUV = 0.17), Oleaceae (FUV = 0.17), Lamiaceae (FUV = 0.17) had the highest family use-values. Gastrointestinal disorders (88%), respiratory diseases (85%), and anemia (66%) have the greatest ICF values. This study reveals the indigenous people's reliance on plant-derived traditional medicine to prevent, alleviate, and treat a broad range of health concerns. Our findings will provide a scientific basis for ethnomedicinal legacy conservation and further scientific investigations aimed at new natural bioactive molecules discovery.
... The basal value was 96.5 ± 0.5 mmHg. After hypotensive peak, 2-3 min later, the mean arterial pressure became greater and reached initial basal value [57]. ...
Stinging nettle (Urtica dioica L., Urticaceae) is commonly found in Asia, Africa, and Europe and has a long history of being used as food and traditional medicine. Recently, this plant is gaining attention as a highly nutritious food, where fresh leaves are dried and used as powder or in other forms. Leaves are rich in many bioactive compounds. This review aims to cover the traditional uses in food and medicine, as well as its nutritional composition, including its bioactive chemical constituents and reported food functional activities. Various bioactive chemical constituents have been isolated from stinging nettle to date, such as flavonoids, phenolic acids, amino acid, carotenoids, and fatty acids. Stinging nettle extracts and its compounds, such as rutin, kaempferol, and vitamin A, are also used for their nutritional properties and as anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agents. Future studies should focus on the proper formulation and stability testing of the functional foods containing stinging nettle and their detailed activities in clinical studies.
... Elevated NO is associated with releasing cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) which leads to a hypotensive effect. Also, the opening of potassium channels and a negative inotropic action are considered to be helpful in this matter (48). The inhibitory effect on calcium ion moments through voltage-dependent channels is another mechanism causing the antihypertensive properties of nettle (42). ...
Metabolic syndrome is a serious health condition, yet a common worldwide disorder. It includes several risk factors such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, and high glucose levels which lead the patients to higher risks of cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and stroke. Phytotherapy plays an important role in treating components of metabolic syndrome. Nettle (Urtica dioica) is considered a valuable plant due to bioactive compounds such as formic acid and rich sources of flavonoids. To acknowledge the role of nettle in metabolic syndrome, several mechanisms have been suggested such as alterations in potassium and calcium channels which improve hypertension. Antihyperlipidemic properties of nettle are mediated by inhibition of HMGCoA reductase and amelioration of lipid peroxidation via antioxidant effects. Also, one of the flavonoids in nettle, quercetin, is responsible for decreasing total cholesterol. Moreover, nettle is responsible for anti-diabetic effects through processes such as increasing insulin secretion and proliferation of pancreatic β-cells. This review aims to gather different studies to confirm the potential efficacy of nettle in metabolic syndrome.
... The traditional use of stinging nettle leaf extracts implies that they have a smooth muscle relaxant effect. Accordingly, stinging nettle root extract has been reported to possess vasorelaxant activity mediated by both endothelial nitric oxide release and a direct negative inotropic action [17]. In addition, a reduction in blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive Wistar rats was observed after the administration of either the flavonoid quercetin [18,19] or chlorogenic acid [20], both of which have been identified in stinging nettle plants [20][21][22][23][24] by phytochemical analysis. ...
Stinging nettle root and leaf extracts were tested for their effect on prostatic smooth muscle contractility. Root extract did not affect electrical field stimulation induced-nerve mediated contractions of isolated rat prostates. On the other hand, leaf extract attenuated electrical field stimulation-induced contractions at all frequencies. Similarly, contractions elicited by exogenous administration of ATP and αβ-methylene ATP were inhibited by leaf extract, whereas contractions elicited by exogenous administration of noradrenaline or acetylcholine were unaffected. The active component was present within the aqueous phase of the leaf extract. In mouse mating studies, stinging nettle leaf extract (50 mg p.o. daily) reduced male fertility by 53% compared to vehicle-treated male mice. Cardiovascular parameters were unaffected by administration of stinging nettle leaf extract ( p ≥ 0.057). Treated mice exhibited normal mating behaviour. Bladder and testes weighed less in stinging nettle leaf extract treated mice. All other organs and total body weight were unaffected. It is concluded that stinging nettle leaf extract reduces contractility of genitourinary smooth muscle by acting as an antagonist at postjunctional P2X1-purinoceptors. These data indicates that blocking sperm transport through pharmacological blockade of P2X1-purinoceptors via oral administration is consistent with an effective and convenient biological strategy male contraception.
... The vascular bundles is Fibrous in nature and generally could be 12-20 (Corsi and Masini, 1997). The upper part of the leaves are dark-green while the lower parts of the leaves is pale which is finely toothed (Testai et al., 2002). Flowering can be visualized during May to September every year (Corsi and Masini, 1997;Ahmed and Parasuraman, 2014). ...
Urtica dioica is the flowering herbaceous perennial plant of family Urticaceae distributed globally but
commonly considered as a weed in agricultural production. Stinging nettle is one of the emerging plant which
has number of medicinal, curative value along with serving as the food and nutritional value in the house of
people living below the poverty line. Despite of its million benefit it does not gain much popularity as it
deserve. In agricultural production it is considered as weed so removed from the main field. However if the
plant is planted in collaboration with other plants it fulfill both nutritive value and serve the main plant with
low infestation of disease as pest as stinging nettle avoid the closeness of insect pest as it consist of thorn and
also possess host plant resistance characteristics. The plant is only famous in the local rural level and still
number of research is to be carried out to transform the globally distributed weed to marketable plant so as
to finalize its medicinal value.
... In numerous ethnobotanical reports, the aerial part of U. dioica is perceived as a characteristic solution for hypertension. A diuretic impact prompted by an obscure guideline from the aqueous concentrate of aerial parts has been reported (Testai L. et al;2002). Testai L. et al; 2002 assessed a potential direct cardiovascular activity of the plant and did research on its system of activity. ...
Mucormycosis is an anticonvulsive infection that occurs due to the fungi mucorales and
family Mucoraceae. It is a rare disease but is increasing in immune compromised patients. It
can be categorized into rhino-orbito-cerebral, cutaneous, disseminated, gastrointestinal and
pulmonary types. Mucor mole is found in soil, bread and decaying fruits and vegetables. Leukemia, lymphoma, immuno compromised state, burns and open wound are the risk factors
of mucormycosis. It is classified into 6 main types based on the part of the body that is
af ected. Headache, pain in face, blocked nose, swollen and bulging of eyes, loss of vision, brain damage and death are the main symptoms of mucormycosis. Mucormycosis can be
prevented by wearing mask, avoiding direct contact with soil and contaminated water. This
review mainly focuses on the overview of mucormycosis, itís etipathogenesis, preventive
strategies, advances in diagnosis and the current treatment metho
... In numerous ethnobotanical reports, the aerial part of U. dioica is perceived as a characteristic solution for hypertension. A diuretic impact prompted by an obscure guideline from the aqueous concentrate of aerial parts has been reported (Testai L. et al;2002). Testai L. et al; 2002 assessed a potential direct cardiovascular activity of the plant and did research on its system of activity. ...
The organism adaptation to a specified environment has changed in the past few generations. The prokaryotic and eukaryotic genome has been evolved up to an extent of new traits
induced genome. The restriction, modification, mutagenesis can be performed using the new
bioengineering technology termed as CRISPR. Clustered Regularly Interspaced Palindromic
Repeats (CRISPR) or Cas9 protein is the newest and greatly innovative technology which is
considered to be the most current state of the art method for genomic editing in cell culture
and organism. It is more popular because of its easy design and easy operation. Using this
system, researchers can perform site-directed genome modification at the base level
furthermore, the technology is extremely versatile and allows genome engineering. Cas9
being a programmable gene can cure any disease. Recently the biggest of the work is done in
the field of agriculture with the help of CRISPR editing and that is making disease resistant
plants and modification of any targeted genome of plants is possible. This is leading to
formation of genetically improves plants for the growth of sustainable agriculture
production. Because of this editing breeding of resistant plants have also become extremely
easy and fast, because of this these genes edited plants can be made as a standard method or
tool for new era.
... It has been shown that after 8 weeks consuming UD by diabetic patients, an increase in NO concentration was detected in comparison with the placebo group. Furthermore, another study determined that UD could cause hypotension via vasorelaxation power produced by the secretion of endothelial NO and activation of potassium channels [48]. It has been demonstrated that hydro-alcoholic extract of UD declined IL-6 and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) in T2DM patients after 8 weeks of consumption. ...
Aim:
This review summarizes studies on the anti-diabetic effect of Urtica Dioica (UD) in Type-2-diabetes.
Materials and methods:
We studied worldwide traditional medicines, old texts, and published literature for anti-diabetic effect of UD. Electronic databases comprising PubMed, Web of Science, Science Direct, Scopus and Google Scholar were searched to collect articles published between 1990 and 2021 years.
Results:
Our literature investigation suggests UD as a glucose lowering, blood lipid regulating, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidation plant.
Conclusions:
UD's anti-diabetic properties make it potential traditional therapeutics for lowering the clinical manifestations of T2DM through affecting hyperglycemia and therefore suggest it as a proper medication with no or limited side effects.
... FCR improved by nettle that could be related to increased efficiency of feed utilisation. It has been proven that phenolic compounds of nettle have considerable antimicrobial and antifungal activity (Bedford 2000;Testai et al. 2002;G€ ulcin et al. 2004;Loshali et al. 2019). It was reported earlier that using 2% of NP increased feed intake and egg production in hen layers (Mansoub 2011). ...
The age-related reproductive disorders are the main concerns in old birds. It was suggested that a drop in egg production and reproductive performance, towards the end of their laying period was caused partly by a decrease in the baseline concentration of plasma LH. Urtica dioica (nettle) is a plant with natural aromatase inhibitors. Steroid hormone levels are regulated by inhibition of the aromatase enzyme. Few studies have examined the effect of nettle on the egg production in adult hens. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of diet supplemented with nettle powder (NP) in aged quails. One hundred and forty-52-week-old Japanese quails were randomly assigned to four treatments consisting of seven replicates (n = 5; four females and one male) and fed with diets containing NP at 0% (control group), 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5% (treatment groups). At 62 week of age, our results indicated the NP improved egg production, feed conversion ratio, eggshell thickness and Haugh unit (p
... The sub-family Mimosoideae, with 3000 species are distributed worldwide and are abundant in tropical, sub-tropical and warm temperate areas. In tropical Africa, Acacia, Albizia, Entada and Newtonia are the richest in number of species [8][9]. Albizia zygia (DC) of the family Leguminosae is a shade-tree and timber of economic importance because of its durability and immunity to termites. ...
Aims: To determine the secondary plant metabolites present in Albizia zygia (DC) stem-bark and investigate its antioxidant, antimicrobial and toxicity activities. Study Design: Methanol (polar) and hexane (non-polar) were used to extract the dried stem bark of A. zygia and biological activities were carried out. Place and Duration of Study: Natural products/ Methodology: Chemical methods were used for phytochemical screening. Antioxidant screening was determined by scavenging effect on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) and hydroxyl radical generated from hydrogen peroxide methods, agar well diffusion method was used for antimicrobial screening while brine shrimp lethality test was used to determine the toxicity of the extracts. Results: Alkaloid, saponin, glycoside, steroid, resin and reducing sugar were found in both the methanol and hexane extracts while flavonoid and cardio active glycoside were observed only in the hexane extract. The methanol extract had the highest % inhibition at 1.0 mg/ml (93.28%) in the DPPH method and was better than that of ascorbic acid and α-1021 tocopherol. But at 1.0 mg/ml, the n-hexane extract with % inhibition of 78.76% showed better antioxidant activity than butylatedhydroxylanisole (BHA) (40.12%) and α-tocopherol (21.69 %). The antimicrobial activities of the stem extracts of A. zygia against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aereus, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiellae pneumonae, Salmonellae typhi, Candida albicans, Rhizopus stolon, Aspergillus niger and Penicillum notatum showed that the methanol extract was more active than n-hexane extract at 50 mg/ml. Brine shrimp lethality test showed that the methanol extract with LC 50 of 1.70 µg/ml was more toxic than the non-polar n-hexane extract with LC 50 of 174.19 µg/ml. Conclusion: This study underscores the importance of application of A. zygia in ethno medicine and extracts from A. zygia could be used as antioxidant and antimicrobial agents.
... Although there are differences between the parts of the Urtica dioica L. plant but the main compounds that make up this extract are tannin, formic acid, phytosterin, iron and mucilage. It can be used use in the treatment of various diseases such as diabetes, atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease, prostate cancer (7)(8)(9)(10). There are three types of cell death pathways: apoptosis, necrosis, and autophagy. ...
Abstract
Background: Nature is a source of therapeutic compounds which have fewer side effects compared to synthetic drugs. Stinging Urtica dioica L. extract, widely-used in Anatolia, has a strong antiproliferative effect on many types of cancer. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of this effect is still not known.
Materials and Methods: In this study, the interaction of Urtica dioica L. extract at different concentrations with apoptosis and autophagy pathways in the human promyelocytic cell line (HL-60) was studied to elucidate how it triggers the antiproliferative effects. In this context, firstly, the plant leaves were extracted in water with the Soxhlet extraction method. HL-60 cells were incubated with the extract at different concentrations for 24 hours, and the activated antitumoral effect pathway was investigated with advanced following molecular tests: MTT staining, Nitric oxide (NO) level, Annexin-V in flow cytometry, cell cycle, mitochondrial membrane potential measurement (MMP) and qPCR for evaluation of apoptosis and autophagy mediator genes.
Results: It was determined that cell proliferation was suppressed at a concentration of 100 µg/mL and cells were kept in G0/G1 phase, MMP was impaired in cells and the rate of apoptotic cells increased. These apoptotic markers were confirmed by statistically increased expression of apoptotic and autophagy genes and NO level.
Conclusions: Taken together, it is predicted that Urtica dioica L. water extract initiates apoptosis in HL-60 cells and could be promising compound candidate for cancer treatment.
... Nettle root is recommended for relief of BPH and other prostate problems. It is also used for its cardiovascular effects and as a natural remedy to treat or prevent baldness [116,[243][244][245][246]. It is proved that the polysaccharides and lectins prevent the prostate cellular metabolism and its growth [98]. ...
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is one of the most common urinary diseases affecting men, generally after the age of 50. The prevalence of this multifactorial disease increases with age. With aging, the plasma level of testosterone decreases, as well as the testosterone/estrogen ratio, resulting in increased estrogen activity, which may facilitate the hyperplasia of the prostate cells. Another theory focuses on dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and the activity of the enzyme 5α-reductase, which converts testosterone to DHT. In older men, the activity of this enzyme increases, leading to a decreased testosterone/DHT ratio. DHT may promote prostate cell growth, resulting in hyperplasia. Some medicinal plants and their compounds act by modulating this enzyme, and have the above-mentioned targets. This review focuses on herbal drugs that are most widely used in the treatment of BPH, including pumpkin seed, willow herb, tomato, maritime pine bark, Pygeum africanum bark, rye pollen, saw palmetto fruit, and nettle root, highlighting the latest results of preclinical and clinical studies, as well as safety issues. In addition, the pharmaceutical care and other therapeutic options of BPH, including pharmacotherapy and surgical options, are discussed, summarizing and comparing the advantages and disadvantages of each therapy.
... Used as antihypertensive blood purifier, emmenagogue, diuretic, as well as to treat menstrual hemorrhage, rheumatism, and eczema (Testai et al., 2002), (Ilhan et al., 2019) Citrus aurantium L. ...
Background
Since their existence on earth, humans have used herbal medicine to meet their requirements for medication. The aim of the study: This work refers to a study conducted to carry out an ethnopharmacological survey of medicinal plants used for the treatment of cancer in Fez-Meknes region of Morocco. Material and Methods: To achieve this goal, 300 informants including 237 local people and 63 herbalists. They were requested to fill a survey related questionnaire aiming at the collection of data about the addressed objective. Informants were asked about the vernacular names, parts of medicinal plants used, mode of preparation, route of administration, reference area as well as the ecological distribution. The Relative Frequency of Citation (RFC) and Fidelity Level (FL) were calculated to identify the most effective plants recommended by informants for disease treatment. Results: The findings obtained in the present survey revealed that 94 species belonging to 47 families have been used for cancer treatment in the region of Fez-Meknes. Fruits, leaves, and seeds are the most commonly used plant parts, by the time powder and infusion arethe most common methods used fordrug preparations. Conclusion: This work may contribute towards the society as it provides interesting data on traditional medicinal knowledge of medicinal plantsused to fight cancer.
... Samur et al. (2011) reported effects of nettle as the most frequently remedy used for cancer patients, using both roots and leaves as an infusion after boiling. Besides treating natriuretic (Tahri et al., 2000) and cardiovascular diseases (Testai et al., 2002). Rich chemical composition of U. urens contribute to its widely usage in medicines. ...
Recently, there is a great deal of attention for natural products due to its possible medicinal values. Its effectiveness has been proved through a several studies in defeating some diseases. The present study aimed to investigate the antioxidant, antibacterial and antifungal activities of Urtica urens from Western Algeria. Leaves and roots were extracted with 80 % Ethanol and water. The 2.2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and β-carotene bleaching tests were used to assess the antioxidant activity in addition to polyphenols analysis, while the agar well diffusion were used to screen the antimicrobial activity against some Gram-positive, Gram-negative bacteria and the fungi. Among the studied extracts, hydroalcoholic extracts of leaves and roots presented the highest total phenolic values (26.2 and 20.9 mg GAE/g), flavo-noids with (15.7 and 12.2 mg quercetin/g) and condensed tannins with (56.4 and 30.1 mg GAE/g), compared to the water extracts. Once again, the 80 % ETOH leaves exhibited the highest antioxidant capacity with an IC 50 of 2.59 mg/ml, followed by the water leaves with an IC 50 of 6 mg/ml. On the other hand, the hydroalcoholic extracts exhibited the highest inhibition of β-carotene bleaching with 42.6 % to the roots and 37.9 % to the leaves. The ETOH leaves and ETOH roots of U. urens were the most effective extracts being able to repress the growth of the pathological tested strains including fungi. Therefore, it is recommended the use of U. urens that has been poorly recognized for a long time by the population of the selected region.
... Ankaferd Blood Stopper® (ABS), Türk tıbbında geleneksel olarak kullanılan beĢ bitkisel içeriğin çeĢitli oranlarda karıĢtırılması ile hazırlanan hemostatik bir ajandır. Aynı zamanda, yapılan çeĢitli çalıĢmalarda (5,8,(11)(12)(13)(14) ABS'nin damar endoteli, kan hücreleri, anjiogenez, hücre proliferasyonu, vasküler dinamikler ve hücre medyatörleri üzerine etkileri olduğu bildirilmiĢtir. Ġçeriğinde, Glycrrhiza glabra (meyan), Vitis vinifera (koruk) ve Alphina officinarum (havlıcan)'un kurutulmuĢ yaprak ekstreleri, Urtica dioica (ısırgan)'nın kurutulmuĢ kök ekstresi ve Thymus vulgaris (kekik)'in kurutulmuĢ ot ekstresi bulunmaktadır. ...
... Blood cells and blood proteins help ABS to generate network confi guration in bleeding area. There are limited numbers of studies about clinical and experimental use of ABS in the abdomen and in hepatic surgery (12)(13)(14). ...
... Nettle is also can treat spleen, renal and dermal diseases (Daoudi et al., 2008). Furthermore, root extracts act as vasodilators because of the endothelial NO release (Testai et al., 2002). The aqueous extract of aerial parts of the nettle shows anti-ulcer effects (Gülçin et al., 2004), , and anti-bacterial and anti-mycotic activities (Gülçin et al., 2004). ...
Introduction: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic inflammatory autoimmune disease. The pharmacological therapy of RA is often symptomatic to mitigate pain and inability with analgesics and drugs with defined side effects and risks. Complementary medicines might decrease the signs of RA and reduce the need for these medicines. In the present study, we investigated the anti-rheumatic, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects of Urtica dioica and Evening Primrose Ogil (EPO), in patients with RA.
Methods: This randomized, double‐blind, controlled trial involved 90 RA patients, and randomly assigned them into EPO, Urtica dioica, and placebo groups. The potential effect of these herbal medicines on Disease Activity Score (DAS) 28, Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), Total Anti-oxidant Capacity (TAC), IL-17, Rheumatoid Factor (RF), anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies (Anti-CCP), C Reactive Protein (CRP), and Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) before and after clinical trial were evaluated. The trial registration number is IRCT20201001048897N1.
Results: After a three month follow up, the mean values of DAS28, IL-17, TAC, RF, and CRP in EPO and Urtica dioica groups were significantly different from the placebo group. However, the VAS, Anti-CCP, and ESR at baseline and at the end of the study were not significantly different between the three groups. After the intervention, the within-group DAS28 in the EPO and Urtica dioica groups, and placebo group reduced significantly compared to the baseline.
Conclusion: Medicinal plants EPO and Urtica dioica were appeared to decrease inflammatory factors, and can improve the symptoms of RA. Thus, EPO and Urtica dioica have great potential as a complementary therapy in RA patients.
... Several scientists have analyzed and described the antimicrobial activi ties of various plants [34,35]. In ancient treatment, U. dioica has been identified for its several therapeutic properties such as cardiovascular [36], anti-rheumatic, anti-inflammatory [24,37], acute diuretic effects, hypo tensive, and natriuretic [8]. ...
Background: The increasing resistance of human microbial pathogens to the available antibacterial compounds is a significant threat, resulting in the search for new antibiotic resources such as plants and probiotics. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial effect of ethanolic and methanolic extracts of Urtica dioica, Mentha longifolia, and bacteriocin purified from a probiotic bacteria using the standard disk diffusion method against some pathogenic strains. Materials and methods: Ethanolic/methanolic extract of U. dioica, M. longifolia, and bacteriocin from probiotic bacteria were prepared by the standard methods. The effect of different concentrations of the extracts on some antibiotic-resistant bacteria was evaluated using the standard disk diffusion method by measuring the diameter of the growth inhibition zone. Results: The disk diffusion test showed that the bacteriocin Lactobacillus casei had more growth inhibitory effects on the tested bacterial strains than the methanolic and ethanolic extracts of U. dioica and M. longifolia. Bacteriocin extract of L. casei exhibited significant antibacterial activity at the concentrations of 12 and 18 mg/mL (P≤0.05) against antibiotic-resistant bacteria, while a 12 mm zone of inhibition was observed in the concentration of 1.5 mg/mL against Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium). Conclusion: According to the agar well diffusion method results, the bacteriocin producing L. casei has an extensive range of antibacterial spectrum against resistant bacteria. It can be used as an alternative to antimicrobia agents for the treatment of infections caused by resistant bacteria. It is suggested that in future research, the cytotoxicity of the extracts be evaluated in vitro/in vivo studies.
... 134 A decrease of arterial pressure (79.59/0.5 mmHg) took place compare to 96.59/0.5 mmHg, the basal value upon introducing 0.1 mg/ kg of U. dioica fraction. 135 The water extract of U. dioica has markedly enhanced the tolerance level of isolated heart of the rat against the affected part by ischemia-reperfusion. 136 ...
... Phenolic compounds having a hydroxyl group, can scavenge free radicals. In another in vivo study, it was shown that UD extract had vasorelaxant effects through increased nitric oxide production (Testai et al., 2002). Also, in rats treated with UD, RBF increased compared to the control group but it was not significant. ...
Objective:
Effects of cotreatment with Urtica dioica (UD) methanolic leaf extract on gentamicin (GM)-induced acute kidney injury were evaluated in rats.
Materials and methods:
Male Wistar rats (n=32) were separated into four groups. Gentamicin (100 mg/kg/day, IP) was injected for eight days with or without UD methanolic extract (200 mg/kg/day, gavage). The renal blood flow (RBF) and systolic blood pressure of rats were recorded. Concentration of creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), sodium, and potassium and osmolarity were measured in the urine and plasma samples. Oxidative stress level was determined by assessment of the levels of antioxidant power (FRAP) and lipid peroxidation (MDA) in the renal tissue. The renal injury and histopathological changes in the kidney were determined by microscopic evaluations.
Results:
Administration of UD extract along with GM, compared to GM group, significantly decreased the amounts of plasma creatinine and BUN, urinary sodium excretion, fractional excretion of sodium and potassium, and MDA levels but significantly increased creatinine clearance, urine osmolarity, renal blood flow and FRAP levels.
Conclusion:
The cotreatment of UD extract can attenuate renal injury of GM by reduction of oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, and oxygen free radicals. The potential nephroprotective effects of UD extract are probably mediated via its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity.
... This herbal plant has various active compounds including mucilage, tannins, formic acid, wax, tosterin, calcium, iron, potassium nitrate, and more importantly glucoside compounds with a tegumental irritating nature [23,24]. U. dioica has different effects including anticancer, anti-inflammation, antirheumatic, cardiovascular, antioxidant, antiaging effects as a medicinal herbal remedy, however it could also enhance the cell-mediated immune responses [23][24][25][26][27][28]. Furthermore, U. dioica is used in the anemia, hypoglycemia, and arthritis treatment, also along with viral infections [29][30][31]. ...
... This herbal plant has various active compounds including mucilage, tannins, formic acid, wax, tosterin, calcium, iron, potassium nitrate, and more importantly glucoside compounds with a tegumental irritating nature [23,24]. U. dioica has different effects including anticancer, anti-inflammation, antirheumatic, cardiovascular, antioxidant, antiaging effects as a medicinal herbal remedy, however it could also enhance the cell-mediated immune responses [23][24][25][26][27][28]. Furthermore, U. dioica is used in the anemia, hypoglycemia, and arthritis treatment, also along with viral infections [29][30][31]. ...
Background
Neglected parasitic diseases (NTDs) like cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) have caused high mortality and morbidity rate in developing countries. This disease is considered as one of the six major tropical diseases, and has a great importance in HIV infected individuals as an opportunistic infection in those areas that both infections are endemic. This study evaluated the therapeutic effects of the Urtica dioica L (U. dioica) aqueous extract as an anti-leishmanial herbal drug in-vitro and in-vivo, and in addition to that, evaluated two vital immune system cytokines including gamma interferon (IFN-γ) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) plus nitric oxide (NO) and arginase activity against Leishmania major (L. major) infected mice.
Methodology/Principal findings
In-vitro anti-leishmanial activity of U. dioica aqueous extract was determined using MTT method and also Parasite Rescue Transformation Assay. Also, the footpad lesion size and parasite load in BALB/c mice infected with L. major were quantified for in-vivo assessment. Furthermore, for evaluating the immune responses, the levels of IFN-γ, IL-4, NO and arginase were measured in the BALB/c mice. These results indicated that U. dioica extract significantly reduced the L. major promastigotes viability. According to the in-vitro cytotoxicity assay of the extract on Leishmania parasites (CC50) and infected macrophages (EC50), the extract had no toxicity to the macrophages, however it efficiently killed the L. major amastigotes. In addition, the lesion size, parasite load, IL-4, and ARG were decreased in the treated infected mice, however IFN-γ and NO were significantly increased.
Conclusions/Significance
This study established satisfactory results in Leishmania parasite clearing both in-vivo and in-vitro. Therefore, U. dioica extract can be considered as an effective and harmless herbal compound for killing the parasite without toxicity to the host macrophages. Furthermore, it also can treat the CL by switching the mouse immune response towards a cell-mediated response (Th1); hence, it may be identified as a perfect therapeutic herbal drug for CL treatment.
... CV: antihypertensive (mild: inotrope negative, increases nitric oxide release). 49,50 Use: prostatic hypertrophy, prostate cancer, androgenic alopecia, hypertension, congestive heart failure, rheumatic congestions Method: BH: 3-5 tbsp dry root in 4c water; decoct 3 min and steep 10 min, drink in 3 even doses/day ...
Introduction: Dendrocnide, Girardinia, Laportea, and Urtica are members of the stinging nettle family (Urticaceae) that have fine stinging needles on their aerial parts. Particular members of the first three genera are endemic to Indonesia and known as itchy leaves (local name: daun gatal or jelatang). However, Urtica is not endemic and widespread in many countries. This review aims to decipher the bioactive compounds and healing capacity properties of Dendrocnide, Laportea, and Girardinia compared with Urtica. Methods: Scientific articles were searched and screened from PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, and the scientific repository collection of several Indonesian Universities. Results: Dendrocnide is the only reported genus that produced pain-causing peptides, namely moroidin and gympietides. In addition, Urtica ferox also produces pain-causing peptides, namely Δ-Uf1a and β/δ-Uf2a. These peptides determine the pain level of the contacted tissue. All genera possess various phenolic acids and flavonoids, with Urtica being the most reported. Limited reports on alkaloids, steroids, saponin, and fatty acids are available for Laportea and Urtica. The healing capacity properties of the four genera include antidiabetic, antiulcer, antibacterial, cardiovascular-related activities, brain disorder, allergic rhinitis-related activities, and anticancer activities. Conclusion/discussion: Learning from Urtica, three endemic species of Dendrocnide, Laportea, and Girardinia are excellent herbal materials that may mimic the healing capacity of Urtica.
Weed control is one of the most challenging chores in agriculture which accounts for a significant portion of the cost of output. The use of mechanical devices for weed extraction reduces the cost of labor and saves time. However, a mechanical device is rarely used in the northeastern part of the country. The reason may include the undulated terrain condition, lack of awareness and technical knowledge, and poor economic conditions. To help farmers in rural areas overcome their challenges, a low-cost portable device for uprooting and eliminating weeds has been developed. A rolling wheel with spikes on the periphery at the front end and a fixed rake at the back end make up the developed tool's working mechanism. The fixed rake's function is to ensure that all weeds left behind by the rolling wheel are eliminated. As a result, there's a high probability that weeding efficiency could be improved when compared to currently available tools.KeywordsNortheasternLow costRuralPeripheryFixed rake
Four major lifestyle diseases (LD), viz. cardiovascular diseases, cancer, chronic lung diseases, and diabetes, are increasing rapidly and causing loss of human life and productivity worldwide, particularly in rural areas due to the lack of availability and accessibility to healthcare facilities in resource crunched areas. This increasing LD burden demands dietary strategies to prevent and treat such diseases. The present study has reviewed the secondary metabolites of several leafy vegetables, their role in human health, and how different species pose specific promise w.r.t the prevention/cure of diseases. It also makes a framework to establish how processing and cooking methods might affect the uptake and absorption of several biomolecules. Among 521 species of leafy vegetables, more than 100 leafy vegetables are documented with their compositional and functional details. In the model, to assess the bioavailability of the secondary metabolites in leafy vegetables, we considered two discrete classes based on their absorption properties, i.e. water soluble and lipid soluble. Also, cooking techniques like drying, boiling, steaming, and frying were simulated in the present work. However, the proposed framework gives a relative value to select better processing methods for leafy vegetables. Therefore, the current communication illustrates a strategy to harness the protective role of leafy vegetables, especially in rural areas.KeywordsLifestyle diseaseLeafy vegetablesProximate compositionConsumption pattern
The following herbs have also been reported to possess hair-growth properties, and their results are reported in summary and in alphabetical order. The reason these herbs do not “entertain” a dedicated chapter is because there is no available data on use in humans for most of these herbs. Also, their safety, adequate concentration, required dosage scheme, the long-term safety of use on the scalp, and other significant parameters are completely undetermined. For these reasons, none of these is recommended for the treatment of AGA/FPHL, even though some authors consider the use of specific herbal solutions permissible.
Historically hot and cold theories have been essential for the constitution and practice of Latin American and Caribbean traditional health systems. Nonetheless, the scarcity and dispersion of the available information impedes the recognition of the relevance and intercultural applicability of these medicines, both in the clinical, academic, and political settings. For these reasons, the aim of this narrative review is to describe hot and cold theories in the conformation and clinical practice of Latin American and Caribbean medical systems. Hot and cold classifications apply to the traditional understanding of health, the body, its physiology, and disease, which therapeutic and preventive approaches are based on foods, habits, and medicinal plants of the opposite cold or hot category. There are recognizable similarities between hot and cold theories in Latin American and Caribbean medicines and in other medical cultures. The growing scientific research and evidence contributes to re-signify the clinical applicability of Latin American and Caribbean traditional medicines. Further research about hot and cold theories in Latin American and Caribbean medicines is strongly recommended, to optimize its integration with biomedicine in an equitable intercultural context.
Aim: The uses of plant based hemostatic agents are increasing for obtaining operative field hemostasis. However, their effects on vascularly challenged tissue is not known. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect, if any, of plant- based hemostatic agent, Ankaferd (ABS) on flap viability in a rat model.
Material and Methods: Twenty rats underwent McFarlane flaps under general anesthesia. Ten rats in Group I received no other treatment. Ten rats in Group II received ABS to the underside of flaps. Viable flap area was determined in scintigraphic images and percentage of viable flap area pixel size to the total flap area pixel size was calculated. Additionally all flap areas were digitally photographed and underwent histopathologic evaluation.
Results: Scintigraphic analysis has shown limited viability at proximal pedicle zone of flap in Group II compared to Group I. The mean area of flap survival percentage was calculated in Group I and in Group II was as follows respectively 56.33 ±9.94%, 26.27±7.05%. Differences between groups were statistically significant (p<0.001). Similarly, Group II has shown significantly smaller area of viable tissue percentage compared to Group I (26.81±5.55%, versus 59.66±12.04%, p<0.001) by digital photographic analysis. Histopathologic results were significantly high in Group II compared to Group I (p<0.001) whereas neovascularization was significantly low in Group II compared to Group I (p<0.001).
Conclusion: Despite its efficacy in surgical hemostasis, ABS use is associated with an increased incidence of distal tip necrosis in dorsal rat skin flaps. Therefore ABS use in marginally perfused tissues particularly in random skin flaps should be cautious.
Diabetes is a global pandemic where alternative means of combating the disease have been the focus of research in recent years. Herbal remedies for diabetes have proven to be a valuable alternative therapy given the fact that many of the existing synthetic drugs are incapable of curbing the disease progression. This review article serves as an appraisal of highlighting the variety and diversity of herbal remedies that are present around the world by looking at only 2 countries-Croatia and Sri Lanka-located in Europe and Asia, respectively. The following herbs were selected for review: from Croatia: (1) Cichorium intybus, (2) Olea europaea, (3) Taraxacum campylodes, (4) Urtica dioica, and (5) Vaccinium myrtillus; and from Sri Lanka: (1) Acacia catechu, (2) Allium sativum, (3) Aloe vera, (4) Cinnamomum zeylanicum, (5) Gymnema sylvestre, and (6) Zingiber officinale. The botanical origins, bioactive compounds, evidence-based studies on antidiabetic properties, as well as uses and applications of these herbs in various ailments, are included herein. A plethora of scientific evidence on the antidiabetic potency of these herbs exists to date, through which it is apparent that they could be promoted as alternative therapies for diabetes.
In brain and other tissues, nitric oxide (NO) operates as a diffusible second messenger that stimulates the soluble form of the guanylyl cylase enzyme and so elicits an accumulation of cGMP in target cells. Inhibitors of NO synthesis have been used to implicate NO in a wide spectrum of physiological and pathophysiological mechanisms in the nervous system and elsewhere. The function of cGMP in most tissues, however, has remained obscure. We have now identified a compound, 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ), that potently and selectively inhibits NO-stimulated guanylyl cyclase activity. In incubated slices of cerebellum, ODQ reversibly inhibited the NO-dependent cGMP response to glutamate receptor agonists (IC50 approximately nM) but did not affect NO synthase activity. The compound did not affect synaptic glutamate receptor function, as assessed in hippocampal slices, nor did it chemically inactivate NO. ODQ did, however, potentially inhibit cGMP generation in response to NO-donating compounds. An action on NO-stimulated soluble guanylyl cyclase was confirmed in studies with the purified enzyme. ODQ failed to inhibit NO-mediated macrophage toxicity, a phenomenon that is unrelated to cGMP, nor did it affect the activity of particulate guanylyl cyclase or adenylyl cyclase. ODQ is the first inhibitor that acts selectively at the level of a physiological NO "receptor" and, as such, it is likely to prove useful for investigating the function of the cGMP pathway in NO signal transduction.
U. dioica L. was used as medicinal plant since ancient times. Hydroalcoholic extract of the nettle root (Urticae radix) are currently used in the therapy of micturition disorders associated with slight and moderate BPH.
1. The effects on blood pressure and on pressor responses to noradrenaline (NA), of NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA) and NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), inhibitors of the L-arginine/nitric oxide pathway, were investigated in anaesthetized rats receiving an infusion of bacterial endotoxin (E. coli lipopolysaccharide, LPS). 2. Infusion of LPS (10 mg kg-1 h-1) for 50 min had no effect on mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) but induced a reduction in responsiveness to noradrenaline (100 ng-1 micrograms kg-1). L-NMMA (30 mg kg-1), but not D-NMMA, caused an increase in MABP of approximately 30 mmHg and restored responses to NA. This effect was reversed by L- but not D-arginine (100 mg kg-1). 3. In LPS-treated rats, blood pressure responses to NA were only marginally increased by the cyclooxygenase inhibitor, indomethacin (5 mg kg-1). L-NAME (1 mg kg-1) caused a similar increase in MABP and restored pressor responses to NA both in the presence and absence of indomethacin. 4. Co-infusion of vasopressin (100 ng kg-1, for 10 min) with LPS (10 mg kg-1 h-1) in order to reproduce the hypertensive effect of L-NMMA and L-NAME increased pressor responsiveness to 100 and 300 ng kg-1 NA but not to 1 microgram kg-1 NA. 5. Infusion of sodium nitroprusside (30 micrograms kg-1 min-1) decreased responsiveness to NA even when the hypotension was corrected by co-infusion of vasopressin (50 ng kg-1 min-1).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Higher plants have afforded a plethora of structurally varied biologically active secondary metabolite organic molecules, and accordingly have been subjected to wide experimental scrutiny in countries all over the world. In this short review the promise of just one phytochemical group, the flavonoids, will be focused upon. Compounds of this type which have been recently isolated and characterized in this laboratory, with potential use as cancer chemopreventives, cancer chemotherapeutic agents, and sucrose substitutes, will be described.
Endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) is a labile humoral agent which mediates the action of some vasodilators. Nitrovasodilators, which may act by releasing nitric oxide (NO), mimic the effect of EDRF and it has recently been suggested by Furchgott that EDRF may be NO. We have examined this suggestion by studying the release of EDRF and NO from endothelial cells in culture. No was determined as the chemiluminescent product of its reaction with ozone. The biological activity of EDRF and of NO was measured by bioassay. The relaxation of the bioassay tissues induced by EDRF was indistinguishable from that induced by NO. Both substances were equally unstable. Bradykinin caused concentration-dependent release of NO from the cells in amounts sufficient to account for the biological activity of EDRF. The relaxations induced by EDRF and NO were inhibited by haemoglobin and enhanced by superoxide dismutase to a similar degree. Thus NO released from endothelial cells is indistinguishable from EDRF in terms of biological activity, stability, and susceptibility to an inhibitor and to a potentiator. We suggest that EDRF and NO are identical.
1. The effects on blood pressure and on pressor responses to noradrenaline (NA), of NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA) and NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), inhibitors of the L-arginine/nitric oxide pathway, were investigated in anaesthetized rats receiving an infusion of bacterial endotoxin (E. coli lipopolysaccharide, LPS). 2. Infusion of LPS (10 mg kg-1 h-1) for 50 min had no effect on mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) but induced a reduction in responsiveness to noradrenaline (100 ng-1 micrograms kg-1). L-NMMA (30 mg kg-1), but not D-NMMA, caused an increase in MABP of approximately 30 mmHg and restored responses to NA. This effect was reversed by L- but not D-arginine (100 mg kg-1). 3. In LPS-treated rats, blood pressure responses to NA were only marginally increased by the cyclooxygenase inhibitor, indomethacin (5 mg kg-1). L-NAME (1 mg kg-1) caused a similar increase in MABP and restored pressor responses to NA both in the presence and absence of indomethacin. 4. Co-infusion of vasopressin (100 ng kg-1, for 10 min) with LPS (10 mg kg-1 h-1) in order to reproduce the hypertensive effect of L-NMMA and L-NAME increased pressor responsiveness to 100 and 300 ng kg-1 NA but not to 1 microgram kg-1 NA. 5. Infusion of sodium nitroprusside (30 micrograms kg-1 min-1) decreased responsiveness to NA even when the hypotension was corrected by co-infusion of vasopressin (50 ng kg-1 min-1). 6. These results demonstrate that the restoration of vascular responsiveness to NA in LPS-treated anaesthetized rats by inhibitors of the L-arginine/nitric oxide pathway is stereospecific and reversible. Furthermore, the experiments involving indomethacin suggest that although cyclo-oxygenase products of arachidonic acid may contribute to the development of LPS-induced hyporeactivity, the effect of L-NAME is unlikely to involve inhibition of the cyclo-oxygenase pathway. Comparison of NA responsiveness during vasopressin and L-NMMA/L-NAME-induced hypertension shows that increasing the blood pressure may modify LPS-induced hyporeactivity, but cannot account for the complete restoration of responses to NA by L-NMMA and L-NAME. These observations suggest that activation of nitric oxide formation from L-arginine makes a direct contribution to the production of vascular hyporeactivity by LPS in vivo.
Caracterisation du facteur de relaxation derive de l'endothelium comme etant le monoxyde d'azote. Mise en evidence de son role vasodilatateur au niveau de la tonicite des parois vasculaires et dans l'aggregation plaquettaire
The present study investigates the hypothesis that endothelium-dependent relaxation of vascular smooth muscle may be mediated through the formation of cGMP. Relaxation of the rat thoracic aorta to acetylcholine, histamine, and Ca++ ionophore A23187 was associated with increased levels of cGMP in a time- and concentration-dependent manner, whereas cAMP levels were unaltered. Removal of the endothelium prevented relaxation to these agents and prevented the increased levels of cGMP. Removal of the endothelium after exposure to acetylcholine only partially decreased the elevated levels of cGMP, suggesting that the changes in cGMP occurred within the smooth muscle cells. Eicosatetraynoic acid, an inhibitor of lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase, and quinacrine, an inhibitor of phospholipase, prevented and reversed acetylcholine-induced relaxation, respectively, and inhibited acetylcholine-induced increased levels of cGMP. In contrast, sodium nitroprusside-induced relaxation and increased levels of cGMP were independent of the presence of the endothelium, exposure to eicosatetraynoic acid, and quinacrine. The present results support the hypothesis that vascular smooth muscle relaxation induced by some agents is dependent on the presence of the endothelium and is mediated through the formation of an endothelial factor that increases cGMP levels in smooth muscle.
Nitric oxide is the major endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF), and it is thought to relax smooth muscle cells by stimulation of guanylate cyclase, accumulation of its product cyclic GMP, and cGMP-dependent modification of several intracellular processes, including activation of potassium channels through cGMP-dependent protein kinase. Here we present evidence that both exogenous nitric oxide and native EDRF can directly activate single Ca(2+)-dependent K+ channels (K+Ca) in cell-free membrane patches without requiring cGMP. Under conditions when guanylate cyclase was inhibited by methylene blue, considerable relaxation of rabbit aorta to nitric oxide persisted which was blocked by charybdotoxin, a specific inhibitor of K+Ca channels. These studies demonstrate a novel direct action of nitric oxide on K+Ca channels.
The mechanism of blockade of the delayed rectifier potassium ion channel in squid giant axons by intracellular quaternary ammonium ions (QA) appears to be remarkably sensitive to the structure of the blocker. TEA, propyltriethyl-ammonium (C3), and propyltetraethylammonium (TAA-C3) all fail to alter the deactivation, or "tail" current time course following membrane depolarization, even with relatively large concentrations of the blockers, whereas butyltriethylammonium (C4), butyltetraethylammonium (TAA-C4), and pentytriethyammonium (C5) clearly do have such an effect. The relative electrical distance of blockade for all of these ions is approximately 0.25-0.3 from the inner surface of the membrane. The observations concerning TEA, C3, and TAA-C3 suggest that these ions can block the channel in either its open or its closed state. The results with C4, TAA-C4, and C5 are consistent with the open channel block model. Moreover, the sensitivity of block mechanism to the structure of the blocker suggests that the gate is located close to the QA ion binding site and that TEA, C3, and TAA-C3 do not interfere with channel gating, whereas C4, TAA-C4, C5, and ions having a longer hydrophobic "tail" than C5 do have such an effect. The parameters of block obtained for all QA ions investigated were unaffected by changes in the extracellular potassium ion concentration.
Extracts of stinging nettle roots (Urtica dioica L. Urticaceae) are used in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). We established a BPH-model by directly implanting an urogenital sinus (UGS) into the ventral prostate gland of an adult mouse. Five differently prepared stinging nettle root extracts were tested in this model. The 20% methanolic extract was the most effective with a 51.4% inhibition of induced growth.
In order to select the main medicinal plants used in folk medicine to treat arterial hypertension and/or diabetes, a survey was undertaken in different areas of oriental Morocco. The patients (370 women and 256 men) were divided into three groups: diabetics (61%), hypertensives (23%) and hypertensive diabetic persons (16%). On average, 67.51% of patients regularly use medicinal plants. This proportion is perceptibly the same in all groups and does not depend on sex, age and socio-cultural level. This result shows that phytotherapy is widely adopted in northeastern Morocco. For diabetes, 41 plants were cited, of which the most used were Trigonella foenum-graecum L. (Leguminosae), Globularia alypum L. (Globulariaceae), Artemisia herba-alba Asso. (Compositae), Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad. (Cucurbitaceae) and Tetraclinis articulata Benth. (Cupressaceae). In the hypertension's therapy 18 vegetal species were reported, of which the most used were Allium sativum L. (Liliaceae), Olea europea L. (Oleaceae), Arbutus unedo L. (Ericaceae), Urtica dioica L. (Urticaceae) and Petroselinum crispum A.W. Hill (Apiaceae). Among the 18 species used for hypertension, 14 were also employed for diabetes. Moreover, these two diseases were associated in 41% of hypertensives. These findings suggest that hypertension observed in this region would be in a large part related to diabetes.
We examined the effects of various KCl concentrations on the actions of some vasodilators belonging to different pharmacological classes in rat aortic rings. In some experiments, tissues were precontracted with noradrenaline after blocking voltage-dependent channels to assess the effects of depolarisation unaccompanied by the entry of extracellular Ca2+ into the cytosol. Concentration/response curves for the vasorelaxant effect of calcium entry blockers (e.g. diltiazem), K+ channel openers (e.g. aprikalim), nitrate derivatives (e.g. nitroglycerin), a beta2-adrenergic agonist (salbutamol) and papaverine were obtained by using endothelium-denuded rat aortic rings precontracted with KC1 (20-60 mM) to determine the potencies and efficacies of the drugs. The efficacies and potencies of calcium entry inhibitors were virtually independent of the [KCl]. A reduction in the potency (up to 18-fold) of papaverine occurred without changes in efficacy when the [KCl] was raised from 20 to 60 mM. The decline in potency was even greater for nitrate-like compounds. The potency of K+ channel openers in aortic rings precontracted with 30 mM KCI decreased by three- to sixfold compared with those precontracted with 20 mM KCl. With the exception of pinacidil, the efficacy of these agents already started to decline in preparations precontracted with 25 mM KCI and was virtually zero in preparations precontracted with 60 mM KCI. In contrast to other K+ channel openers, the vasorelaxant action of pinacidil was relatively resistant to glibenclamide. Salbutamol produced only a slight relaxation even in preparations precontracted with 20 mM KCl. In nitrendipine-pretreated, noradrenaline-precontracted aortic rings, the vasorelaxant effects of aprikalim, but not those of linsidomine or papaverine, declined when the [KCl] of the bathing medium was increased. In conclusion, the vasorelaxant potency and efficacy of calcium entry blockers is independent of the [KCI] used to precontract rat aortic rings, and thus, of the degree of membrane depolarisation. In contrast, increasing the [KCl] strongly reduces the potency and the efficacy of K+ channel openers not only in this preparation but also in noradrenaline-precontracted rings in which the entry of extracellular Ca2+ was prevented with nitrendipine. This indicates that, with the exception of pinacidil, the vasorelaxant activity of K+ channel openers depends on the degree of membrane depolarisation. Finally, the vasorelaxant potency and efficacy of nitrate-like compounds and papaverine are independent of depolarisation per se but they are markedly affected by the influx of Ca2+ accompanying elevated [KCI]. Thus, the degree of vessel depolarisation should be taken into consideration when attempting to compare potencies and efficacies among vasorelaxant agents.
In the present study the activity of a 20% methanolic extract of stinging nettle roots (Urtica dioica L., Urticaceae) on the proliferative activity of human prostatic epithelial (LNCaP) and stromal (hPCPs) cells was evaluated using a colorimetric assay. A concentration-dependent and significant (p < 0.05) antiproliferative effect of the extract was observed only on LNCaP cells during 7 days, whereas stromal cell growth remained unaltered. The inhibition was time-dependent with the maximum of growth reduction (30%) at a concentration of 1.0E-6 mg/ml on day 5 compared to the untreated control. On day 4 and 6, the reduction in proliferation of LNCaP cells showed the minimal effective dose at 1.0E-9 mg/ml. No cytotoxic effect of ME-20 on cell proliferation was observed. The antiproliferative effect of ME-20 of stinging nettle roots observed both in an in vivo model and in an in vitro system clearly indicates a biologically relevant effect of compounds present in the extract.
This study was performed on anaesthetized male Wistar rats that received a continuous intravenous perfusion during 1.25 h of an aqueous extract of aerial parts of Urtica dioica L. (Urticaceae) at a low dose of 4 mg/kg/h or at a high dose of 24 mg/kg/h, or furosemide (control diuretic) at a dose of 2 mg/kg/h. As compared with a control period in each rat, the arterial blood pressure was reduced proportionally to the dose of the perfusion of the plant extract (15 and 38%, P<0.001, respectively). These effects were accompanied by a correlative increase of diuresis (11 and 84%, P<0. 001, respectively) and natriuresis (28 and 143%, P<0.001, respectively). In the rats perfused by furosemide, the arterial blood pressure was reduced by 28% (P<0.001). The diuresis and natriuresis were also increased proportionally in this case (85 and 155%, P<0.001, respectively). Nevertheless, the hypotensive action of U. dioica was reversible during the recovery periods in about 1 h with the lower dose of the plant extract and furosemide, while the effect of the higher dose was persistent, indicating a possible toxic effect. In conclusion, the results demonstrate an acute hypotensive action of U. dioica that indicates a direct effect on the cardiovascular system. Moreover, diuretic and natriuretic effects were also observed, suggesting an action on the renal function. Finally, the plant extract seems to have a toxic effect at the higher dose.
Phytotherapy of hypertension and diabetes in oriental Marocco Value of MAP (in mmHg), basal, at the dose of 0.1, 1 and 10 mg/kg of the fraction F1W of U
- A Ziyyat
- A Legssyer
- H Mekhfi
- A Dassouli
- M Serhrouchni
- W Benjelloun
Ziyyat, A., Legssyer, A., Mekhfi, H., Dassouli, A., Serhrouchni, M., Benjelloun, W. 1997. Phytotherapy of hypertension and diabetes in oriental Marocco. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 58, 45 Á/54. Fig. 5. Value of MAP (in mmHg), basal, at the dose of 0.1, 1 and 10 mg/kg of the fraction F1W of U. dioica. L. Testai et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 81 (2002) 105 Á/109
Endotheliumderived relaxing factor: identification as nitric oxide and role in the control of vascular tone and platelet function
- S Moncada
- M K Radomski
- R M J Palmer
Moncada, S., Radomski, M.K., Palmer, R.M.J. 1988. Endotheliumderived relaxing factor: identification as nitric oxide and role in the
control of vascular tone and platelet function. Biochemical
Pharmacology 37, 2495 Á/2501.
Value of MAP (in mmHg), basal, at the dose of 0
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Fig. 5. Value of MAP (in mmHg), basal, at the dose of 0.1, 1 and 10
Endothelium-derived relaxing factor: identification as nitric oxide and role in the control of vascular tone and platelet function
- Moncada