ArticleLiterature Review

Role of Clothes in Sun Protection

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Abstract

Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is the carcinogenic factor in sunlight. Damage to skin cells from repeated UV exposure can lead to the development of skin cancer. Apart from avoidance of the sun, the most frequently used form of UV protection has been the application of sunscreens. The use of textiles as a means of sun protection has been underrated in previous educational campaigns, even though suitable clothing offers usually simple and effective broadband protection against the sun. Apart from skin cancer formation, exacerbation of photosensitive disorders and premature skin aging could be prevented by suitable UV-protective clothing. Nevertheless, several studies have recently shown that, contrary to popular opinion, some textiles provide only limited UV protection. It has been found that one-third of commercial summer clothing items provide a UV protection factor (UPF) less than 15. Given the increasing interest in sun protection, recreationally and occupationally, test methods and a rating scheme for clothing were needed that would ensure sufficient UV protection. Various textile parameters have an influence on the UPF of a finished garment. Important parameters are the fabric porosity, type, color, weight and thickness. The application of UV absorbers into the yarns significantly improves the UPF of a garment. Under the conditions of wear and use several factors can alter the UV-protective properties of a textile, e.g., stretch, wetness and laundering. The use of UV-blocking cloths can provide excellent protection against the hazards of sunlight; this is especially true for garments manufactured as UV-protective clothing. However, further educational efforts are necessary to change people's sun behavior and raise awareness for the use of adequate sun-protective clothing.

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... Daily use of sunscreen reported a significant decrease (rate ratio 0.62) in actinic keratosis, which is a precursor to the development of squamous cell carcinoma, as compared to controls [54]. Sunscreens were found to be more efficient in reducing skin cancer prevalence compared to UV-protective clothing [55,56], although in some cases, UV-protective clothing was the preferred option [57]. ...
... PCC6912 [114]; Gloeocapsa sp. [115]; Nostoc commune [53]) Macroalgae Acanthophora specifera [22], species from the genus Asparagopsis [56][57][58] and Bostrychia [118], and Devaleraea ramentacea [119] Arthropoda, Molluscs, Cnidaria, Echinodermata, Protochordata, Phytoplankton, Nemertinea, Porifera etc. ...
... PCC6912 [114]; Gloeocapsa sp. [115]; Nostoc commune [53]) Macroalgae Acanthophora specifera [22], species from the genus Asparagopsis [56][57][58] and Bostrychia [118], and Devaleraea ramentacea [119] Arthropoda UV-absorbing, antioxidants [38,120] Cyanobacteria Nostoc harveyana [52] Macroalgae species from the genus Bostrychia [118] and Porphyra [117] Devaleraea ramentacea [119] Arthropoda, Molluscs, Cnidaria, Echinodermata, Protochordata, Phytoplankton Nemertinea, Porifera etc. ...
Article
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Human skin needs additional protection from damaging ultraviolet radiation (UVR: 280–400 nm). Harmful UVR exposure leads to DNA damage and the development of skin cancer. Available sunscreens offer chemical protection from detrimental sun radiation to a certain extent. However, many synthetic sunscreens do not provide sufficient UVR protection due to the lack of photostability of their UV-absorbing active ingredients and/or the lack of ability to prevent the formation of free radicals, inevitably leading to skin damage. In addition, synthetic sunscreens may negatively affect human skin, causing irritation, accelerating skin aging and even resulting in allergic reactions. Beyond the potential negative effect on human health, some synthetic sunscreens have been shown to have a harmful impact on the environment. Consequently, identifying photostable, biodegradable, non-toxic, and renewable natural UV filters is imperative to address human health needs and provide a sustainable environmental solution. In nature, marine, freshwater, and terrestrial organisms are protected from harmful UVR through several important photoprotective mechanisms, including the synthesis of UV-absorbing compounds such as mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs). Beyond MAAs, several other promising, natural UV-absorbing products could be considered for the future development of natural sunscreens. This review investigates the damaging impact of UVR on human health and the necessity of using sunscreens for UV protection, specifically UV-absorbing natural products that are more environmentally friendly than synthetic UV filters. Critical challenges and limitations related to using MAAs in sunscreen formulations are also evaluated. Furthermore, we explain how the genetic diversity of MAA biosynthetic pathways may be linked to their bioactivities and assess MAAs’ potential for applications in human health.
... Clothing provides protection from the sun by scattering or absorbing UVR. Commercially available clothing does not necessarily protect well against UVA and UVB, with data suggesting that one-third of summer clothing articles have an Ultraviolet Protective Factor (UPF) of less than 15 [133]. Patients should seek UPF labeled clothing, which is manufactured with tightly woven fibers and tested to determine the UPF values [133]. ...
... Commercially available clothing does not necessarily protect well against UVA and UVB, with data suggesting that one-third of summer clothing articles have an Ultraviolet Protective Factor (UPF) of less than 15 [133]. Patients should seek UPF labeled clothing, which is manufactured with tightly woven fibers and tested to determine the UPF values [133]. Various factors affect the degree of UPF protection, including the color, material, and fiber quality used [134,135]. ...
Article
As populations in many parts of the world are projected to become more racially diverse over the coming decades, we must better understand the unique characteristics of the skin of populations with skin of color (SOC). This review aims to highlight important physiologic and clinical considerations of photoprotection in SOC. Ultraviolet radiation and visible light affect dark and light skin differently. SOC populations have historically not been informed on photoprotection to the same degree as their light skinned counterparts. This has exacerbated dermatologic conditions in which SOC populations are disproportionately affected, such as hyperpigmentary disorders. Patients should be encouraged to utilize multiple methods of photoprotection, ranging from avoidance of sunlight during peak intensity hours, seeking shade, wearing sun-protective clothing and wide-brimmed hat, and applying sunscreen. Ideal sunscreens for SOC populations include those with UVA-PF/SPF ratios ≥ 2/3 and tinted sunscreens to protect against VL. Although there have been increased efforts recently, more research into photoprotection for SOC and targeted public education are required to disseminate photoprotection resources that are patient-centered and evidence-based.
... Cloud is composed of many dust particles of sand, water vapor, water droplets, mist or ice crystals and the mixture of both as clouds are formed by water vapor condensation. The water droplets in the clouds can cause scattering and reflection of the UVR as well as the solar radiation [15]. 5. ...
... This standard tells about how much time UV protection textiles can protect us from skin damage when experiences direct exposure of sun for consistent and prolong time. All types of textile materials such as beach towels, swimsuits, work clothes, summer fabrics, and rickety textile materials are tested using this method [15]. ...
Chapter
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Skin disease and cancer have been increasing worldwide due to higher exposure to ultraviolet rays. High exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation of sunlight results in skin damages such as sunburn, premature skin aging, and skin cancer. Though ordinary textile materials are not so effective for protecting us from the UV radiation, modification of the same in terms of constructional parameters for improving cover and coating with suitable finishing agents can provide low transmission of UV rays through the textile and protect our skin. There are many organic and inorganic finishing agents available for textiles to prevent UV radiation. Inorganic nano metal oxide particles like TiO2 and ZnO are better UV blockers than that of the organic UV absorbers. This chapter covers various factors that affect UV protection of textiles such as the chemical nature of textile fibers, structural parameters of fabrics, dyeing, printing, finishing agents, and nanofinishing of textiles for UV protection. Various standards of measuring UV protection are also mentioned with their scopes and limitations.
... Some studies suggest a negative correlation between clothing and sunburn. 9,35 However, not all textiles provide equal UV protection. 35,36 Therefore, a combination of clothing and sunscreen would probably provide the best protection against solar UV radiation. ...
... 9,35 However, not all textiles provide equal UV protection. 35,36 Therefore, a combination of clothing and sunscreen would probably provide the best protection against solar UV radiation. Patients should be advised that sunscreen should be used as an adjunct to, not a substitute for, clothing and hats. ...
Article
Many primary care providers advise patients to use sunscreen as a means to reduce their risk for skin cancer, especially cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM). Despite the availability and promotion of sunscreen for decades, the incidence of CMM continues to increase in the U.S. at a rate of 3% per year. There currently is little evidence that sunscreens are protective against CMM. A number of studies suggest that the use of sunscreen does not significantly decrease the risk CMM, and may actually increase the risk of CMM and sunburns. This paper discusses current information regarding the relationship between sunscreen use and CMM, and how providers may need to alter their advice regarding sunscreen use for CMM prevention.
... Nanoparticles are found in products used daily by consumers, such as electronics, batteries, sporting equipment, food packaging, dietary supplements, cosmetics, personal care products, drugs, medical devices, and clothing [3] . Clothing provides different types of comfort: protection against mosquito bites, sun protection but also psychological, tactile, and thermal [4,5,6] . Psychological comfort relates to fashion and acceptance in society; tactile comfort refers to the material of the fabric and its feel, and thermal comfort refers to the clothing's ability to retain body heat [6] . ...
Article
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The present study aims to design a cheap and environmentally friendly cotton textile impregnated with green synthesized silver nanoparticles from Cymbopogon citratus leaves. The silver nanoparticles were characterized by umtraviolet spectroscopy and powder X-ray diffraction. Analytical differences between impregnated and non-impregnated cotton textiles were assessed by light, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Hyperspectral microscopy reveals the presence of silver nanoparticles inside in situ impregnated cotton material and was coupled to emission spectroscopy to differentiate from cotton fabric giving insight for material quality control. TEM presents high-density dispersions of silver nanoparticles inside the cotton materials and lowest sizes for the in situ impregnated cotton material. The in situ nanomaterial shows differences in maximum emission compared to the cotton fabric, and the particles could be visualized by dark field microscopy. Water and nanoparticle solution retention capacities of the cotton fabrics were determined. The experiment suggests that the in situ impregnated cotton fabric had outstanding washing resistance.
... However, despite claiming to be protective, many textiles are deemed inadequate. As such, regulations were needed to ensure that textiles were as protective as they claimed to be [41]. In 1996, Australia and New Zealand set a global labeling standard through the Australian and New Zealand Standard, AS/NZS 4399:1996, by establishing the Ultraviolet Protection Factor (UPF) as a standard measuring the amount of UVR passing through fabric [42] (Table 1). ...
Article
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Incidence rates of melanoma and keratinocyte skin cancers have been on the rise globally in recent decades. While there has been a select focus on personal sun protection awareness, to our knowledge, there is a paucity of legislation in place to help support citizens’ efforts to protect themselves from the harmful effects of ultraviolet radiation (UVR). Given this, we conducted a comprehensive review of legislation and guidelines pertaining to a variety of sun protection-related topics in countries of the Group of Seven (G7), Australia and New Zealand. Australia was the only country to have banned tanning beds for individuals of all ages, while other select countries have instituted bans for minors. In workplace policy, there is very little recognition of the danger of occupational UVR exposure in outdoor workers, and thus very few protective measures are in place. With regard to sports and recreation, certain dermatological/professional associations have put forward recommendations, but no legislation was brought forward by government bodies outside of Australia and New Zealand. With regard to youth, while there are various guidelines and frameworks in place across several countries, adherence remains difficult in the absence of concrete legislation and standardization of procedures. Finally, only Australia and a few select jurisdictions in the United States have implemented sales tax exemptions for sunscreen products. In light of our findings, we have made several recommendations, which we anticipate will help reduce the rates of melanoma and keratinocyte cancers in years to come. However, minimizing UVR exposure is not without risk, and we, therefore, suggest the promotion of vitamin D supplementation in conjunction with sun protective practices to limit potential harm.
... Clothing is a highly effective photoprotective measure, especially for UVB [36][37][38]. A UPF of 40 to 50 has excellent UV protection, transmitting less than 2.6% of UV radiation, whereas a UPF of 25 to 39 has good UV protection [39,40]. ...
Article
Full-text available
Outdoor sports are associated with increased exposure to ultraviolet radiation, which may result in sunburn, solar damage, and skin cancers. Water and winter sports create additional adverse conditions, such as washing away sunscreen by water and reflection of UV rays by the water and snow. Sweating-increased skin photosensitivity and activity-induced immunosuppression are associated with a greater risk of developing skin cancers. In this review, we focus on a group of athletes and sports participants and analyze 62 articles concerning sun exposure during outdoor sports, the risk of developing skin cancer, and knowledge and behavior regarding photoprotection methods. Various practices have been linked to an increased risk of developing basal cell carcinoma (BCC), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), malignant melanoma (MM), or UV-induced skin damage. Water sports and mountaineering increase the risk of BCC. Surfing and swimming are risk factors for SCC. Melanoma is more common in swimmers, surfers, and marathon runners. Photoprotection behaviors can reduce potential skin damage and skin cancers. Athletes’ knowledge about the risk of malignant lesions was satisfactory, but despite the risks, outdoor sports participants seem not to protect themselves from the sun adequately.
... One reason may be that shade only partially blocks UV radiation and depends on the shading structure and the amount of surface reflectance [44]. In addition, the effectiveness of clothing for blocking solar radiation depends on several factors, such as fabric density, thickness, material, and color [45]. The NHANES survey does not distinguish between clothing types, so it may be that individuals reporting wearing long sleeves might have worn clothing without good UV protection. ...
Article
Full-text available
Background: Skin cancer is the most common form of cancer, and both clinical and epidemiological data link cumulative solar dosages and the number of sunburns to skin cancer. Each year, more than 5.4 million new cases of skin cancer are diagnosed, incurring a significant health and financial burden. Recommended preventive measures for skin cancer include the use of sunscreen, sun avoidance, and protective clothing. This study used a national database to examine the association of preventive measures with the prevalence of skin cancer, specifically analyzing the preventive measures of sunscreen use, staying in the shade, and wearing long-sleeved shirts. The second aim was to determine which characteristics, if any, correlated with using prevention measures. Methods: This study analyzed data from the National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey 2015-2016 cycle to examine the association of three preventive measures (using sunscreen, staying in the shade, and wearing long-sleeved shirts) with skin cancer. Logistic regression and chi-square tests were utilized to examine the relationship between skin cancer and these prevention methods. Results: Sunscreen use (OR = 3.752; p < 0.05) was statistically associated with a lower prevalence of skin cancer, while wearing long-sleeved shirts (OR = 6.911; p = 0.064) and staying in the shade (OR = 0.646; p = 0.481) did not emerge as factors significantly associated with a lower prevalence after controlling for gender, race/ethnicity, marital status, income, health insurance, and general health. Additionally, men and individuals of color were less likely to use sunscreen. Conclusion: Sunscreen use was associated with a lower prevalence of skin cancer, while wearing long-sleeved shirts and staying in the shade was not significantly linked to lower rates of skin cancer, suggesting that these measures may not be as effective as sunscreen for preventing skin cancer. Men and individuals of color were significantly less likely to use sunscreen. These findings can help guide future education efforts and research regarding skin cancer prevention and suggest the need to develop male-oriented programs to mitigate the gender disparity in employing sun-protection measures.
... This is especially important in this population given the aforementioned limitations associated with sunscreens. Commercial clothing may have inadequate UV protection factor (UPF), and patients should use sun-protective clothing labeled with UPF of 40 or higher to provide additional photoprotection [125,126]. In general, patients with SOC are more likely to wear sun-protective clothing and seek shade compared with White individuals, and these photoprotection behaviors should continue to be encouraged since they have been shown to be more effective at preventing sunburns than sunscreen [127,128], likely due to increased duration of sun exposure among those using sunscreen [129]. ...
Article
Photoprotection behaviors can mitigate skin damage caused by ultraviolet radiation, and common methods include seeking shade, avoiding sun exposure during peak daylight hours, wearing sun-protective clothing, applying sunscreen, and using sunglasses. While the role of sun protection in preventing sunburns, photoaging, and skin cancer is well established in fair-skinned populations, individuals with skin of color (SOC) are presumed to suffer fewer negative effects from solar radiation. Thus, the importance of photoprotection in this population is understudied and may be underestimated. In SOC populations, sun exposure is known to cause pigmentary disorders, photoaging, and basal cell carcinoma (BCC), highlighting the potential benefits of photoprotection. Although SOC populations tend to practice photoprotection by seeking shade and wearing sun-protective clothing, survey and interview-based studies have consistently found relatively low use of sunscreen among these populations. Common motivators for photoprotection in individuals with SOC include preventing sunburn and pigmentation, with the prevention of skin cancer being a less important reason. As a skin cancer risk behavior, indoor tanning is relatively rare in SOC populations, but its use may increase with acculturation to US norms. While more studies are necessary to clarify whether photoprotection behaviors may decrease skin cancer-related mortality in SOC populations, regular dermatologic care and counseling on photoprotection remain essential in patients with SOC for overall skin health.
... Various textile parameters have an influence on the UPF of a finished garment. Important parameters are the fabric porosity, type, color, weight and thickness (136). ...
... The extent to which a woven or a knitted fabric transmits, absorbs, or reflects the UV radiation present in sunlight determines its UV-protection properties. Transmission, absorption, and reflection are in turn dependent on the fiber, fabric construction (thickness and porosity), and finish (Gambichler et al., 2002). The UV-blocking properties of natural fibers have recently been reviewed (Zimniewska and Batog, 2012). ...
Chapter
The structure and properties of wool fiber are discussed in some detail. This is followed by a section on fiber modification, particularly with regard to ways of improving wool's properties, and high-performance applications for wool.
... Hydration, by contrast, may increase or decrease UPF depending upon the fabric used. 14,29 Although sunglasses could theoretically be described in UPF, regulatory agencies have not yet utilized this terminology for eye photoprotection. A full description of specific clothing properties as they relate to UPF is described in Table 3. ...
Article
Full-text available
Although cutaneous photodamage is partially mitigated by darker skin pigmentation, sun-induced aging, dyspigmentation, sunburns, and skin cancers are reported worldwide in all skin types and races. The severity of photodamage varies from individual to individual, and is predominantly based upon genetic differences altering the body's response or susceptibility to sun damage. In addition, non-Caucasian patients are less likely to perform skin self-examinations, attend dermatologic follow-ups, and seven times less likely to apply sunscreen than Caucasian patients. Therefore, the remainder of this article will discuss the categories of photoprotective agent [environmental, biologic, physical, and UV filters, i.e., sunscreens] as well as the topics of photoaging, dyspigmentation, photocarcinogenesis, and the controversy surrounding vitamin D deficiency from photoprotection in the context of ethnic skin.
... The very significant variations in the different types of fabric indicate the need to pay attention to clothing destined for summer use, depending on the type of activity to be performed. It has been reported that one-third of clothing intended for use in summer has UPF values below 15 (26). Thus, official regulators should pay more attention to the proper control of clothing labels, especially in latitudes with a high incidence of solar ultraviolet radiation, as is the case of southern Spain, where the population is exposed to the sun, not only due to outdoor work but also for pleasure. ...
Article
Clothing is considered one of the most important tools for photoprotection against harmful solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR). The standard for sun-protective clothing is based on erythema despite other biological effects of UVR on the skin. We analyzed the potential protection against UVR in fabrics destined for summer clothing based on several action spectra. We examined 50 garments classified by type of fabric composition, structure of the fiber yarn, and color. The ultraviolet protection factor was calculated based on fabric ultraviolet transmittance corrected for erythema according to the EU standard E-13758 as well as the UVA transmittance of fabrics. UVR protection was also analyzed in base of different action spectra as for pre-vitamin D3, non-melanoma skin cancer, photoimmunosuppression and photoageing. Most knitted fabrics used for sports T-shirts offered excellent ratings for ultraviolet protection while normal shirts showed very low ratings, particularly against photoageing. The cover is the most influential variable in fabric photoprotection, having an exponential relationship with the UPF. The relation between cover and UVA protection was linearly negative. Information about ultraviolet protection in textiles used for summer clothing should be included in labeling since some types of fabrics, especially those used for shirts, offer very low UVR protection.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
... In Analogie zum ¹sun protection factor" (SPF) bzw. Lichtschutzfaktor (LSF) wurde der ¹ultraviolet pro− tection factor" (UPF) für Textilien entwickelt, der ein Maß für die Erythem−wirksame UV−Strahlung darstellt, die durch das Textil penetriert [49]. Wir haben kürzlich nachweisen können, The idiopathic photodermatoses (IPD) represent a heterogenous group of conditions appearing with pathological skin reactions that are triggered by optical radiation, particularly in the ultra− violet A wavelength region. ...
Article
Die idiopathischen Photodermatosen (IPD) stellen eine heterogene Gruppe von Erkrankungsbildern dar, die durch pathologische Hautreaktionen in Erscheinung treten, welche durch optische Strahlung insbesondere im Ultraviolett-A-Wellenlängenbereich ausgelöst werden. Die Ätiopathogenese der IPD ist unklar. Die polymorphe Lichtdermatose, die Hidroa vacciniformia, die solare Urtikaria, die aktinische Prurigo und die chronische aktinische Dermatitis sind die wichtigsten Erkrankungen, die zu den IPD gehören. Aufgrund der oft störenden Symptomatik führen die IPD häufig zu einer deutlichen Beeinträchtigung der Lebensqualität der betroffenen Personen. Zur exakten Bestimmung der Aktionsspektren sowie Klärung des Ausmaßes der Photosensitivität sind photodiagnostische Testverfahren unentbehrlich. Die Photoprovokationsprotokolle, Light-Hardening-Verfahren und medikamentösen Behandlungsformen der IPD sind jedoch kaum standardisiert. In diesem Übersichtsartikel werden die klinischen Charakteristika, diagnostischen Maßnahmen und Therapieoptionen der oben genannten IPD kurz diskutiert.
... Las recomendaciones europeas aconsejan el uso de prendas de vestir frescas con un FPU > 30 para estancias fuera de recintos durante el verano y que cubran la mayor superficie de la piel posible 41 . Sin embargo los procedimientos para obtener valores de protección tan elevados no siempre están realmente claros 42 . ...
Article
The harmful effects of solar radiation on the organism originate mainly from Ultraviolet rays. Sun burn, an acute and visible reaction arising from skin exposure to such radiation, can cause serious coetaneous lesions, cellular des- truction and harmful effects on connective tissue, and may even be accompanied by oedema and loss of liquids. The aims of this work have been to describe and assess the effects of skin reactions to exposure to ultraviolet radiation, to elucidate on different prevention strategies and/or treatment of the sunburn. In general, it seems to be necessary to stress the importance of adopting healthy habits with regard to ultraviolet radiation exposure, especially important in fi rst eighteen y cars of live, and to carry out educational campaigns to prevent the appearance and/or worsening of conditions arising from such.
... Sun protection · Sun screen products · Sun protection factor · Determination of water resistance · Uv-filter sinnvolle Maßnahme handelt, ist diskussionswürdig -wichtig ist, dass eine Sonnenschutzkleidung nur eine Ergänzung und kein Ersatz für einen vernünftigen Umgang mit der Sonne sein kann [9,17]. ...
Article
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Ultraviolet radiation is causally involved in induction of skin cancer, premature skin aging and photodermatoses. The longing of our western society for a "healthy tanning" as well as the unbroken trend to spend the holidays in sunny regions lead to the fact that human skin is increasingly exposed to ultraviolet radiation and its detrimental effects. Because of the socio-political importance of the vacation period as the "most beautiful and most important time of the year", effective prevention of these unwanted UV effects has an enormous importance to the general population. In this article the most important methods for effective sun protection are critically discussed.
... Clothing's level of UV protection is basically determined by the structural characteristics (cover factor), fiber type (the chemical and morphological qualities of fibers), color (of the fabrics as well as material color), effects of water or moisture (water binding to fabrics), regular use and care, finishing treatments, and the presence of UV absorbers and reflective materials (8,9). ...
Article
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Many studies have been devoted to the problem of harmful effects of UV radiation on human skin. The incidence rate for all forms of skin cancer is rising quickly. Considering this fact, there is currently a need for diligent preventive work, not only from dermatologists but also from other doctors and scientists. Textiles represent simple and effective protection against UV radiation. Good protective clothing can reduce UV radiation on the surface of skin by at least 95%. Even though numerous studies present the effects of various textile parameters on UV protection, not many have been conducted for determining the degree of agreement between in vivo and in vitro measurements of UPF. This study presents the effect of various constructional parameters on UPF values (determined using spectrophotometry). The phenomenon of minimal erythema doses on the skin of test subjects was tested based on in vitro calculated UPF values. Despite some differences in values, the study nevertheless showed a good correlation between both methods and confirms the congruity of in vivo and in vitro UPF values. It is clear that both methods are needed for a more precise look at the UV protection offered by textiles.
... Textiles and sunscreens are the two most popular and convenient means to protect human bodies from solar UV radiation (3,4). UV protection ability of a textile fabric is expressed by the ultraviolet protection factor (UPF). ...
Article
The weave, fabric cover, areal density and ultraviolet (UV) absorbers are some of the factors which influence the ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) of cotton fabrics. It will be of interest to know whether fabric cover or fabric areal density is a better predictor of cotton fabric UPF. It will also be of interest to know whether the UV absorbers are equally effective for all kinds of cotton fabric. To understand the role of weave, fabric cover, areal density and UV absorbers on the UPF of cotton fabrics. To establish quantitative relationships between the fabric cover, areal density and UPF for cotton fabrics. Sixty-four woven fabrics were manufactured using different weaves, cotton yarn count and picks per centimetre values. Nonlinear regression models were developed to relate the fabric cover and areal density with the UPF. The role of UV absorbers at different levels of cover has been analysed. In case of bleached cotton fabrics woven with 40 Ne warp yarn count, 40 ends per cm, different weft yarn count (20-40 Ne) and picks per centimetre (15-27), weave does not have a statistically significant effect on the UPF. Fabric areal density is a better predictor of UPF than the fabric cover. The UV absorbers are more effective when the fabric cover is high. The developed equations relating fabric cover and UPF can be used as a primary guideline while selecting fabrics for UV protection.
Article
Sustainability in textile processing can be induced by the use of green nanotechnology and biomaterials. In this study, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been synthesized by the bio-reduction of silver nitrate using eucalyptus ( Eucalyptus globulus) leaves extract. Biosynthesized AgNPs were characterized by using particle size analyzer, ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. AgNPs were employed for natural dyeing of cotton fabric with pomegranate rind ( Punica granatum) extract and chitosan as a binder. The effects of AgNPs concentration (100–300 mg L –1 ), chitosan concentration (0.5–1.5%), and pomegranate rind extract (5–15%) on color strength ( K/S) and UV protection (UPF) values were investigated. These variables were optimized using response surface methodology. The quadratic models were developed for further sustainable product development. AgNPs of 279 mg L ⁻¹ concentration, 1.3% chitosan, and 14.8% pomegranate dye yielded maximum K/S (8.11) and UPF (223.5) values. This research work can be extended for other bio-reducing agents.
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The functionality of natural origin-based fibres can provide minimal protection against UV exposure; however, surface modification of fabrics can help to achieve better outcomes. The ability to provide protection basically depends upon several factors of textile fabric, such as fibre chemistry, yarn structural parameters, fabric weave construction, fabric areal density, cover factor, porosity, and humidity. Due to the constant reduction of the ozone layer in the atmosphere, increasing UV radiation has now raised severe concerns across the globe, which is projected to deteriorate the state of global health. According to the WHO for the year 2022, more than 2.5 million cases of cancers associated with skin and around 1.5 million cases of blindness and other health-related issues have been reported, which is projected to take a larger picture in a few years. The best way to keep ourselves safe from hazardous UV exposure is through self-protection using protective barriers. By treating fabric with different organic and inorganic UV absorbers, surface modification of textile materials can be achieved to enhance UV blocking performance with the inclusion of different grades of polymers. This review also highlighted the different influencing parameters that effect the ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) of a fabric and discusses how dyeing and finishing can affect those. Moreover, the study enumerates the current challenges and limitations that can come across while designing a protective fabric along with precautionary measures to overcome those barriers with potential future prospects.
Article
Polymorphous light eruption (PMLE) is the most common, immunologically acquired photo-dermatosis due to delayed hypersensitivity reaction to sunlight. It presents with recurrent, pruritic, non-scarring lesions of distinct morphology affecting the sun-exposed body parts. This review article focuses on immunopathogenesis, clinical features, and treatment option of PMLE.
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Background The exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation is a significant risk factor generally underestimated by outdoor workers and employers. Several studies have pointed out that occupational solar exposure increased eye and skin diseases with a considerable impact on the lives and productivity of affected workers. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness against ultraviolet radiation of some measures recently undertaken for the protection of lifeguards in a coastal area of Tuscany. Methods Different shading structures (gazebos and beach umbrella) were tested during a sunny summer's day on a sandy beach by means of two radiometers; the UV protection offered by some T-shirts used by lifeguards was also tested in the laboratory with a spectrophotometer. Results The analysed shading structures strongly reduced the ultraviolet radiation by up to 90%, however a not always negligible diffuse radiation is also present in the shade, requiring further protective measures (T-shirt, sunglasses, sunscreen, etc.); the tested T-shirts showed a very good-excellent protection according to the Australian/New Zealand standard. Conclusion Results obtained in this study suggest how the adoption and dissemination of good practices, including those tested, could be particularly effective as a primary prevention for lifeguards who are subjected to very high levels of radiation for long periods.
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Photodermatology
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Skin appearance changes significantly as we age and sun exposure is the most important environmental factor dictating the clinical pattern of skin ageing. Marina Landau explains the molecular mechanisms behind photoageing, outlines the chronic effects of ultraviolet radiation in the skin and discusses practical possibilities of prevention and treatment
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Increased incidence of skin cancers worldwide has expedited the development and research of ultraviolet (UV)-protective clothing. Clothing acting as a ‘second skin’ for human beings provides a more durable protection against harmful UV radiation than sunscreen creams. The market value of UV-protective clothing is worth considering. This paper will provide important information to textile designers, manufacturers, and consumers about the production and selection of UV-protective knitwear. Although various factors that affect UV protection of fabrics have been studied by researchers, most of them focused on woven fabrics and chemical approaches for improving UV protection. Knitwear in the form of daily wear is an indispensable form of clothing in summer but there has been limited research concerning the UV-protective properties of weft-knitted fabrics to date, in particular the influence of fabric construction on UV protection factor (UPF) and fabric structural properties. This issue of Textile Progress reviews the major factors that affect UV protection by fabrics, including fibre types, yarn characteristics, fabric construction, colouration, chemical additives, wetness (rather than just the moisture absorbed into the fibres), the stretching that may occur in clothing, and the effects of laundering. Methods for evaluating the UV-protective ability of fabrics are also addressed. There is also an attempt to fill a research gap by investigating the influence of different knitted structures on a fabric's UPF, through incorporation of the three major stitch types in weft-knitted fabric constructions, namely the knit, tuck, and miss stitches.
Article
The present rate of skin cancers make us continuously think of the coverage problem of diverse photoprotection measures. The integral prevention programs include by the day campaigns that cause the use of adequate clothing, sunglasses, hats or umbrellas, as the use of better sunscreens formulated to disperse and reflect light as to absorb the greatest quantity of luminous energy. We have not been able to worldwide accomplish homogeneity, prove and catalogue the sunscreens available in the market. The false security feeling to diminish ultraviolet radiation still shows the poor effort and indolence to improve the atmospheric conditions that generate an infinity of cutaneous reactions and premalignant skin lesions.
Article
Manufacturers of bamboo textiles promote their products by highlighting the following benefits: natural ability to protect against UV radiation, natural antimicrobal properties, pleasant touch, smooth surface that does not irritate the skin, natural lustre similar to silk (without mercerisation), natural ability to prevent odour, high water absorption and quick drying, good thermoregulatory capacity, high durability, low shrinking, wrinkle resistance and biodegradability. Their comfort and performance properties have been recorded in the literature, but not all have been proven. Due to inadequate labelling, the products made from natural bamboo fibres are often confused with the products made from regenerated bamboo fibres, i.e. bamboo viscose. The main purpose of textiles designed to protect against UV radiation, is to significantly reduce the open-area portion, implying an increase in the portion of covered skin. Well designed protective clothing can substantially reduce UV radiation reaching the skin’s surface. Contrary to popular belief, not all textile materials offer adequate UV protection; the UPF value of one-third of typical summer clothing sold, is less than 15. European standard EN 13578-2:2003 rates the protection category of textiles in the UPF range above 40 as excellent; UPF range 30-40 is considered very as good UV protection. According to EN standard 13758-2, only textiles with a UPF greater than 30 are labelled as UV protecting material. When the fabric UPF is greater than 40, only UPF 40+ should be reported. A trial was conducted to compare the UV protection offered by cotton fabrics with bamboo fabrics. The purpose of the research was to analyse the UV protection properties of single jersey knitted fabrics made of 91% bamboo viscose and 9% elastane compared with 91% cotton and 9% elastane knitted fabrics. The yarns used were 100% cotton 11,8 tex, 100% bamboo viscose 14,3 tex and elastane 3,3 tex. Samples were knitted on a circular knitting machine - Mayer & Cie Relanit 4, diameter 30in, gauge 28E - under the same production parameters. Single jersey structure, which is commonly used for T-shirts and sportswear was selected. Samples in the raw state (non-bleached, non-dyed) were dynamically wet relaxed: machine washed at 40°C at the programme for sportswear and machine dried at the programme for cottonwear. Five cycles of washing and drying were performed. UV transmission of the samples was measured with a Lambda 800, UV/VIS Spectrophotometer, PELA-1000 (Perkin Elmer Inc.), which enabled measurement of transmission (T) and reflection (R). Measurements were made in accordance with EN 13758-1 standard, in 2nm steps, over the range 700-290nm. To calculate UPF, only data from the range 400-290nm were used. UV properties of the samples were examined in the raw state and after one, three and five cycles of washing and tumble drying. The results of the measurements show that UPF decreases with number of washing cycles for bamboo viscose knits, while for the cotton knits it tends to increase. After five washing and drying cycles it exceeds 130 for cotton knits, while for bamboo viscose, it is 38. Both bamboo viscose/elastane and cotton/elastane single jersey fabrics can be labelled as UV protective materials after five washing cycles. Bamboo viscose/elastane fabric exhibits very good UV protection while cotton/elastane exhibits excellent UV protection.
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The present paper reviews the state-of-the-art of the various cyclodextrins applications in the textile industry (e.g., in dyeing and washing processes, protective finishing, medical and technical textiles production, etc.). The experimental section presents the results obtained by the authors in UV protective and antimicrobial finishing of flax fabrics, through grafting with reactive monochlorotriazinyl-β-cyclodextrin. The method applied for obtaining inclusion compounds of monochlorotriazinyl-β-cyclodextrin with four guests (benzophenone, benzoin ethyl ether, ferulic acid, caffeic acid) is thoroughly described. The untreated and treated fabrics were evaluated by elemental analysis, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, in the Attenuated Total Reflection Mode and UV-VIS-NIR spectroscopy. The microbiological tests, performed both before and after the finishing treatment, evidenced the antibacterial and antifungal properties of the compounds.
Article
PurposePhotoaging is frequently encountered in a dermatologic practice. This systematic literature review aims to explore the etiology of photoaging and address the evidence behind its current management.MethodsA comprehensive search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, UpToDate and the Cochrane Library was conducted. Articles were limited to those relating to photoaging.ResultsThere are two major approaches in the current management of photoageing. This includes strategies to prevent against UV damage (e.g sunscreen) and medications that attempt to reverse existing skin damage (topical retinoids and 5-fluorouracil).Conclusion There has been a large growth in the variety of treatment options in recent years. While it is important for such growth to continue, prevention via sensible photoprotection methods still remains the best current management option.
Article
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation (UVR) has well-known adverse effects on the skin and eyes. Little attention is given to physical means of photoprotection, namely glass, window films, sunglasses, and clothing. In general, all types of glass block UV-B. For UV-A, the degree of transmission depends on the type, thickness, and color of the glass. Adding window films to glass can greatly decrease the transmission of UV-A. Factors that can affect the transmission of UVR through cloth include tightness of weave, thickness, weight, type of fabrics, laundering, hydration, stretch, fabric processing, UV absorbers, color, and fabric-to-skin distance.
Article
Existen pocas investigaciones descriptivas acerca de los hábitos de exposición solar y conocimientos básicos sobre el cuidado de la piel de los educadores físicos. El propósito del estudio fue diagnosticar los hábitos de exposición solar y los conocimientos sobre el cuidado de la piel en educadores físicos mexicanos, hondureños y costarricenses. En total 151 voluntarios (94 hombres y 57 mujeres) participaron en este estudio. Los participantes completaron un cuestionario de donde se obtuvo información demográfica, fenotipo, salud general y horario de trabajo, prendas de vestir utilizadas para laborar, protección y cuidado de la piel, así como historia familiar y personal de cáncer de piel. Se encontró que los educadores físicos representan una población que se expone crónicamente a los rayos del sol y que sus hábitos para un adecuado cuidado de la piel son deficientes. Se recomienda llevar a cabo campañas educativas para promocionar hábitos para la prevención de lesiones cutáneas, así como realizar mayor investigación en poblaciones como niños y adolescentes.
Article
The acute and chronic consequences of ultraviolet radiation on human skin are reviewed. An awareness of variations in naturally occurring photoprotective agents and the use of glass, sunglasses, and fabric can lead to effective protection from the deleterious effects of ultraviolet radiation. New systemic agents, including Polypodium leucotomos, afamelanotide, and antioxidants have potential as photoprotective agents.
Chapter
Ultraviolet radiation, which is harmful for human health, sets requirements for textiles to ensure sufficient protection in sunny conditions. This chapter discusses the key aspects of ultraviolet barrier properties of textiles. Natural fibres, thanks to their chemical composition, have the ability to absorb ultraviolet rays. The chapter describes methods of additional improvements of the ultraviolet properties of textiles made of natural fibres, such as changes in the textile structure, use of ultraviolet ray absorbers, dyes (including natural dyestuffs) and nanolignin.
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Textiles can provide effective protection against UV radiation because they reflect, absorb and scatter solar wavelengths. Properly designed, they significantly increase the area of covered skin. The optimal combination of thickness, fabric density, mass per unit area, knitted structure, yarn type and yarn linear density, facilitate the production of textiles with high UV protection properties. The objective of this research was to evaluate the impact of elastane on UV protection properties of viscose and polyacrylonitrile knitted structures. The investigation illustrated that wet relaxed elasticized knits show good UV radiation protection with UPF 20-40. In contrast, non-elasticized viscose and polyacrylonitrile knits are inappropriate for UV radiation protection. Comparing viscose samples, UPF is higher for dry relaxed elasticized structures, whilst for polyacrylonitrile samples, UPF is higher for wet relaxed elasticized structures. For non-elasticized structures, the UPF of polyacrylonitrile samples is greater than that of viscose samples. Generally, polyacrylonitrile knits investigated ensure better UV protection than viscose knits.
Article
Background: The degree to which a fabric protects the skin from ultraviolet (UV) rays is given as its UV protection factor (UPF) that is predominantly influenced by UVB transmission through the fabric. However, the UVA-blocking properties of a fabric are of significance as UVA plays also a role in photocarcinogenesis, photo-aging and provocation of photosensitive disorders. Objectives: The objective of this study was to present some overall performance of the protection against UVA radiation compared to the protection against UVB radiation of apparel fabrics. For this purpose, we aimed to study the ratio of the average UVA and UVB transmission and to calculate the critical wavelength (CW) of a large collection of fabric materials. Methods: We studied 196 different fabric materials. The fabrics were spectrophotometrically assessed in accordance with the European standard (part 1). We determined the mean UVB (290–320 nm) and UVA (320–400 nm) transmission, mean UVB/UVA ratios, maximum UVA transmission and CW based on absorbance and effective dose (ED). Results: We observed that about 90&percnt; of the fabrics had UVB/UVA ratios smaller than 1. This indicates that the average UVA transmission was higher than the average UVB transmission. For 20&percnt; of the fabrics, the average UVA transmission was at least twice as high as the average UVB transmission. When calculating the CW based on the absorbance for the sample set, we found that the CW of fabric materials is generally higher than 370 nm and is usually close to 380 nm. When the ED was used, a much smaller CW was found compared to the calculations based on absorbance. Conclusions: UVA transmission through fabrics is usually higher than UVB transmission. Despite a high UPF, increased UVA transmission through clothing may be of significance in triggering photosensitive disorders. The UVB/UVA ratio of fabric materials strongly correlates with the CW based on ED. Because frequently a UG-11 fluorescence filter has to be used in UPF assessment, the CW based on the ED is more relevant and less prone to measurement error.
Article
Over the past 20 years, we have become very familiar with the Australian original sun protection strategy of Slip‐Slop‐Slap. Many of our children in Australia can still sing the song: Slip on a shirt, Slop on the sunscreen, Slap on a hat. The newer version is now: Slip on a shirt, Slop on the sunscreen, Slap on a hat, Seek shade or shelter, and Slide on some sunnies. While many of us know the need to protect ourselves from the sun, our knowledge does not translate into behavior.1 Similar to many other health behaviors, we tend to know what to do, but we do not do it. As Rodriguez and colleagues point out in their article in this issue, skippers of rental boats revealed that they and the renters had quite good knowledge of sun protection, yet they had perfectible behavior.2 Sun protection continues to be an issue for many countries, including Australia. Recent epidemiological data demonstrate the continued increase in the incidence of new skin cancers.3,4 In their review, in this issue, Diaz and Nesbitt provide a review of the … Corresponding Author: Professor John B. Lowe, DrPH, Head, School of Health and Sport Sciences, Chair in Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Locked Bag 4, Maroochydore DC, Qld 4558, Australia. E‐mail: jlowe{at}usc.edu.au
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Justificación y objetivo: Los educadores físicos representan una población laboral que se expone crónicamente a la radiación solar. No se han descrito las lesiones cutáneas en este grupo de personas. El propósito del estudio fue describir la incidencia de lesiones cutáneas en educadores físicos costarricenses. Métodos: En total, participaron voluntariamente 23 hombres (48.9%) y 24 mujeres (51.1%), a quienes se les aplicó un cuestionario. Los 47 participantes fueron revisados por un médico del Servicio de Dermatología del Hospital R. A. Calderón Guardia de la Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social. Se obtuvo información demográfica, fenotipo, salud general y horario de trabajo, prendas de vestir utilizadas para laborar, protección y cuidado de la piel, historia familiar y personal de cáncer de piel, y ubicación anatómica de las lesiones. Resultados y discusión: Las lesiones cutáneas se ubicaron en las regiones del rostro, el pecho, la espalda alta, los brazos y los muslos. Hubo 3 casos con antecedentes familiares de cáncer de piel, y una persona presentó antecedentes personales (no melanoma). Se encontraron lesiones premalignas en 5 sujetos (6.3%). Se recomienda evitar la exposición solar; una revisión anual con el dermatólogo; un autoexamen de piel completo mensualmente; el uso de prendas de vestir cuya translucidez sea poca, hechas de un material como el algodón, idealmente de color claro; también el uso de gorra o sombrero, anteojos oscuros, filtros solares, y si fuera posible, cambiar horarios de trabajo para horas cuando ocurre la menor radiación solar.
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The harmful effects of solar radiation on the organism originate mainly from Ultraviolet rays. Sun burn, an acute and visible reaction arising from skin exposure to such radiation, can cause serious coetaneous lesions, cellular destruction and harmful effects on connective tissue, and may even be accompanied by oedema and loss of liquids. The aims of this work have been to describe and assess the effects of skin reactions to exposure to ultraviolet radiation, to elucidate on different prevention strategies and/or treatment of the sunburn. In general, it seems to be necessary to stress the importance of adopting healthy habits with regard to ultraviolet radiation exposure, especially important in first eighteen y cars of live, and to carry out educational campaigns to prevent the appearance and/or worsening of conditions arising from such.
Article
This study focused on cumulative ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure to specific body sites of golfers and the effects of clothing in reducing UVR. Polysulphone film badges were used to measure personal exposure to UVB. Two experiments were conducted, in August and in October, at a midwestern golf course. Findings indicated that the upper back of golfers, such as the shoulders, back of the neck, and posterior arms, were more exposed to UVR than the front of the body such as the chest. Under clothing, the two most exposed areas were the back and front of the neck. However, the other body sites under the clothing received a limited amount of UVR, suggesting the importance of clothing in reducing UVR transmission.
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This study conducted cross-cultural comparisons of appearance self-schema, body image, self-esteem, and dieting behavior between women from Korea and the United States. Participants were 201 undergraduates from a central university in Seoul, South Korea and 205 undergraduates from a mid-Atlantic university in the United States. They completed a questionnaire in their native language that included measures of appearance self-schema, body image, self-esteem, dieting behavior, and demographic information. Women in both cultural groups with high appearance self-schema were less satisfied with their overall bodies and revealed lower self-esteem than those with low appearance self-schema. Korean women placed greater importance on appearance, were more critical of their bodies, and revealed lower self-esteem than U.S. women. However, U.S. women showed higher scores on dieting behavior than Korean women. Implications are discussed in relation to the cultural concept (i.e., individualism versus collectivism) and sociocultural factors such as media and gender roles.
Article
The occurrence of the vast majority of skin cancers depends on the environment, in particular on exposure to ultraviolet light radiations. Several modalities of primary and secondary prevention are possible. The first modality relies on proper covering or remaining hidden under shadow. Textiles exhibit some photoprotective function the efficacy of which depends on their nature and diverse modulating factors. Sun protection cream, some food habits, the intake of non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and that of specific food complements are supposed to be beneficial at various levels.
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The increasing incidence of skin cancer in the populations of Australia and North America provided the impetus for developing educational programs about the risks of sun exposure and for developing sunscreens and sun protective clothing. In an effort to develop better fabrics for sun protective clothing, scientists have completed many studies investigating various factors influencing ultraviolet radiation (UVR) transmission through fabrics. Little research, however, has focused on the effect of repeated home launderings on UVR transission through fabrics. In this study, eight types of summer-weight fabrics were subjected to 20 home launderings using detergents with and without an optical brightening agent (OBA). Results showed that OBAs used in laundering improved the UVR-blocking ability of cotton fabrics and cotton/polyester blend fabrics, but not fabrics comprised entirely of polyester and nylon. The implication of the study is that a PLF rating determined for a new cotton or polyester/cotton blend fabric can not only be maintained, but can be significantly enhanced by repeated laundering of the garment in a detergent containing an OBA.
Article
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Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is the carcinogenic factor in sunlight; damage to skin cells from repeated exposure can lead to the development of cancer. UV radiation has been mainly implicated as the cause of non-melanoma skin cancer, although some role for UV in malignant melanoma has been suggested. The induction of skin cancer is mainly caused by the accumulation of mutations caused by UV damage. Cellular mechanisms exist to repair the DNA damage, or to induce apoptosis to remove severely damaged cells; however, the additive effects of mutations in genes involved in these mechanisms, or in control of the cell cycle, can lead to abnormal cell proliferation and tumor development. The molecular events in the induction of skin cancer are being actively investigated, and recent research has added to the understanding of the roles of tumor suppressor and oncogenes in skin cancer. UV radiation has been shown to induce the expression of the p53 tumor suppressor gene, and is known to produce "signature" mutations in p53 in human and mouse skin cancers and in the tumor suppressor gene patched in human basal cell carcinoma. The role of UV radiation in suppression of immune surveillance in the skin, which is an important protection against skin tumor development, is also being investigated. The knowledge gained will help to better understand the ways in which skin cancer arises from UV exposure, which will in turn allow development of better methods of treatment and prevention.
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Because an estimated 50% to 80% of the skin's lifetime sun damage is thought to occur in childhood and adolescence, it is during these critical periods that intense, intermittent sun exposure causing burning increases melanoma risk. A 1997 telephone survey of 503 households evaluated parental attitudes about their child having a tan, and ease of practicing sun protection, sun protection methods used, and sunburning on 5 successive summer weekends. In a random sample of 1 child from each household, 13% of children sunburned during the past week or weekend, and 9% of their parents experienced a sunburn during the past weekend. Children's sunburn was significantly associated with sunburn in the adult respondent, increasing age of the child, having fair skin, being white, and using sunscreens. Duration and peak hours of sun exposure were associated for children and parents. Sunscreen with a sun protection factor of at least 15 was the predominant form of sun protection used. Sunscreen use in children was significantly associated with longer duration of sun exposure, sunny weather conditions, younger age, fair skin, a history of sunburns before this study, a family history of skin cancer, and a higher family income. Feeling that a tan appeared healthy was associated with male gender of the adult and increasing age of the child. Complimenting the child on the appearance of a tan was associated with male gender of the adult, older children, children with skin type reported as olive or dark, and lower educational levels. Although there has been a promising initial effort to alert parents to the need to protect their children from sunburns, many view a tan as healthy and do not effectively implement sun protection behaviors for their children, which results in sunburns. Sun protection that prevents sunburning could be achieved by more children seeking shade, wearing protective clothing, limiting exposure during peak hours, and effectively using sunscreen.
Article
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The use of clothing as a means of sun protection has been recommended in recent education campaigns. Contrary to popular opinion, however, some fabrics provide insufficient ultraviolet (UV) protection. We investigated 236 apparel textiles of the spring/summer collections 2000 and 2001. In accordance with the forthcoming European standard the UV protection factor (UPF) of the fabrics was determined spectrophotometrically. Seventy-eight (33%) fabrics had UPF < 15, 45 (19%) had UPF = or > 15 and < 30, and 113 (48%) had UPF = or > 30 (30+). More than 70% of the wool, polyester, and fabric blends, and only less than 30% of the cotton, linen, and viscose fabrics had UPF values of 30+. Fabrics with black, navy-blue, white, green, or beige colours provided most frequently UPF values of 30+. It is difficult for the sun-aware consumer to choose the 'right' garment, with a third of summer clothing providing insufficient UV protection and only half of the fabrics having UPF 30+, the UPF recommended by the European standard. Therefore, apparel summer fabrics should be measured and labelled in accordance with a standard document.
Article
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Down's syndrome (DS) is an extensively researched congenital condition characterized by mental retardation and distinct physical features. The cutaneous manifestations of DS are numerous, yet they seldom receive appropriate attention. To review the dermatological conditions associated with DS. A review of the medical literature. DS is associated with an increased incidence of numerous dermatological conditions, some of which may be related to an immunological deficiency. Along with the importance of understanding the physical and psychosocial aspects of DS, an appreciation of the dermatological manifestations of this condition is integral to comprehensive medical care.
Book
This book provides a detailed review of the field of skin cancer and UV radiation and is an excerpt of the International Congress on Skin Cancer and UV Radiation held in Bochum/Germany in October 1996. Internationally reknown scientists who have been working in this field for decades have contributed to this book and give a profound insight into the field skin cancer and UV radiation. After presenting the basic aspects of UV radiation and its effect on human skin, the reader is introduced to various fields relating to skin cancer and sun light: risk factors, prevention, sun protection, screening, and diagnostics of skin cancer. Finally, different skin cancer therapies and treatment modalities are presented, compared, and discussed. The book also covers the field of photobiology and phototherapy by giving an overview of the basic aspects as well as the latest results in research and clinical medicine.
Article
The results of tests on the ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) of elastane fabrics when stretched and wet are reported. The work was undertaken to determine the appropriateness of giving a UPF rating to a garment if the garment is worn in a stretched state and may also be worn when wet. The results suggested that the UPF of elastane-based fabrics for tight-fitting wear should be measured when stretched by at least 10% in both directions.
Article
The application of dyes can have a significant effect on UV protection provided by a fabric, depending on the concentration of dyes in the fabric and the absorptivity of dyes in the UV region. Limited research has been done on UV protection of dyed textile materials by characterizing the absorbing properties of dyes in the UV region. This relationship of dye characteristics such as absorbance/transmittance in solution, color, and chemical structure on the UV transmittance and UPF of a lightweight, bleached cotton print cloth was investigated.
Article
Manufacturers of sun-protective clothing face a confusing array of information because the published literature contains many contradictory claims. This study was undertaken to shed more light on the influence of fiber type, fabric porosity, thickness, and thread count on the UVR-blocking properties of undyed fabrics. Results of this study show that fabric porosity, as estimated by image analysis, was the single best predictor of an undyed woven fabric's UVR-blocking properties. Fiber type and thickness also proved to be important determinants. Polyester, silk, and wool fabrics exhibited better UVR-blocking properties than cotton or rayon when porosity and thickness were taken into account. These findings will prove useful to manufacturers of sun-protective clothing who supply clothing to skin cancer victims and patients undergoing radiation and chemotherapy. Designers of protective clothing for industrial welders and astronauts could also find the image analysis technique described useful for quantifying fabric porosity.
Article
This article presents an edited version of a paper presented at the 14th Symposium of the SDCANZ-Textiles - a colourful future. The paper examines an ultraviolet protection factor grading scheme, which has been effective in Australia since May 1994, for the labelling of clothing and textiles. The Ultraviolet Protection Factor (UPF), and its background are described, as a measure of how much protection a particular fabric will provide from the harmful ultraviolet rays from the sun. The effects of fabric colour, fibre type, UVR absorbers, wear and tear, laundering and dry versus wet fabrics, are examined in this paper.
Article
Zusammenfassung. Über einen Zeitraum von 3 Jahren wurden von uns an 34 Patienten mit Hypercholesterinämie und 40 Gesunden jeweils in den Monaten November bis März 4 kontrollierte klinische Studien – teilweise unter Stratifizierung der Cholesterinausgangswerte und matched pair Bildung – zur exakten Erfassung der Wirkungen serieller sonnenlichtähnlicher UV-Bestrahlungen auf Serum- und Kreislauffunktionsparameter durchgeführt. Gegenüber Bestrahlungen mit sichtbarem Licht konnten von uns folgende signifikante Efekte der UV-Strahlung festgestellt werden: Hypercholesterinämiepatienten: HDL-Erhöhung nach Bestrahlungsende, 25 (OH)D3-Anstieg im Serum; Trijodthyronin-Abfall im Serum. Laktatabfall im Serum Gesunde: Abfall der Ruhepulsfrequenz; Abfall der Erholungspulsfrequenz; Senkung des systolischen Blutdrucks. Alle Effekte waren durch Einstrahlung suberythematöser UV-Dosen, also mit einem für die Haut vertretbaren Bestrahlungsrisiko, auslösbar.
Article
Designing and modifying fabrics in such a way that they offer high protection against UV-light ("UV-cutting") is a relatively new application. Thin, untreated fabrics made, for example, from cotton, silk, polyamide, and polyacrylonitrile offer sun protection factors (SPF) only in the range of 3 to 5, i.e., their UV-cutting effect is inadequate when the sun's irradiation is intense. The SPFs of fabrics can be increased in a variety of ways, using thicker fabrics or applying UV-absorbers. In this article we are presenting a model that makes it possible to predict SPFs of fabrics as a function of a diversity of parameters, such as fabric type, thickness, and porosity, as well as UV-absorber ( or dye or optical brightener) type and concentration. Important parameters for achieving high SPFs are identified. The model is confirmed by experimental data. We also provide data about how long it takes until reddening of unprotected skin is observed under various conditions.
Article
National efforts to reduce skin cancer incidence and mortality require scientifically coordinated efforts. This report summarizes the first American Academy of Dermatology/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention national conference to develop a skin cancer agenda. Leading experts in dermatology, public health, medicine, health education, nursing, behavioral sciences, environmental health and epidemiology identified and prioritized skin cancer control issues in five key areas. Discussion centered around strategies for reducing UV exposure and increasing public and professional awareness of skin cancer. Panelists in five sessions developed consensus on several public and professional recommendations and a series of research strategies.
Article
S ummary Clothing represents a significant though underutilised form of sun protection but the literature reveals few studies dealing with this subject. This study used a solar simulator to assess in vivo sun protection factors (SPF) for two clothing items of beachwear ‐ a synthetic surf shirt and a combination cotton/polyester T‐shirt. The tests showed that the T‐shirt had a relative SPF of 15, and the surf shirt an SPF of 36. This however decreased by a factor of 1/3 in both cases when the material was wet. Overall, this compares favourably with conventional sunscreens and also has the advantage of a wide spectrum of cover.
Article
Background With increasing levels of solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) in the earth's near environment and evidence that exposure to UVR contributes to skin cancer, cataracts, and photoaging, protection of the skin is imperative during exposure to the sun. The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of various fabrics in screening UVR and to determine if specific characteristics of fabric are directly related to the amount of protection provided.Methods Transmission of UVR was measured using spectrophotometric techniques. This transmission, as a function of wavelength over the range 250–400 nm, was weighted with solar and biological spectral data to determine a “sun protection factor” (SPF) for each fabric.ResultsThe transmission of UVR through fabric depends on the wavelength and varies with factors such as type of fiber, fabric mass, cover, and color.Conclusions Of 28 white fabrics tested, 19 offered less protection than a sunscreen with SPF 15, Polyester fabrics offered increased protection over cotton. The presence of dyes increased protection considerably.
Article
Seit Jahren wird ein weltweiter Anstieg der Hautkrebsinzidenz beobachtet. Eine hohe kumulative UV-Strahlenexposition gilt als ein Hauptfaktor für die Entstehung von Neoplasien der Haut. Geeignete Schutzmaßnahmen gewinnen daher zunehmend an Bedeutung. Textilien bieten eine einfachen und effektiven, medizinisch unbedenklichen Schutz vor der UV-Strahlung, doch wird der UV-Schutzfaktor (USF) von Sommertextilien, z.Z. in Europa – im Gegensatz zu Australien – nicht angegeben.Weitgehend unbekannt ist in diesem Zusammenhang, daß bei weitem nicht alle Textilien einen ausreichenden Schutz bieten. Ziel ist, die Faktoren, welche die UV-Durchlässigkeit von Stoffen bestimmen, zu untersuchen und ausgehend von diesen Ergebnissen Materialien mit verbessertem Schutz zu konstruieren. Die UV-Durchlässigkeit wurde an Geweben aus Baumwolle, Seide, Polyester und Viskose mit einer spektralphotometrischen Methode bestimmt. Die UV-Schutzfaktoren der Stoffe wurden aus den Transmissionsdaten berechnet. Anhand der Ergebnisse konnte gezeigt werden, daß UV-Schutzfaktor von der Faserart, der Garn- und Flächenkonstruktion, dem Quadratmetergewicht, dem Feuchtegehalt, der Färbung, der Ausrüstung und der Abnutzung durch den Gebrauch der Stoffe abhängt. Zur Optimierung des UV-Schutzes durch Stoffe wurde erstmals ein Viskosegarn mit einer extrem geringen UV-Durchlässigkeit eingesetzt. Dieses Garn ermöglicht es, leichte Sommerstoffe mit optimiertem UV-Schutz zu konstruieren. Zukünftig wird es damit möglich sein, Kleidung mit einem hohen UV-Schutzfaktor anzubieten. Diese Kleidung wird nicht teurer sein als normale Produkte, so daß eine hohe Effektivität für unsere Präventionsbemühungen erwartet werden kann.
Article
With the increase of skin cancer the fact that not all apparel is sufficiently protective against UV Radiation is becoming better know to the public. There is an emerging market for UV protective clothing. Its need is not commonly accepted. Understanding of the influencing factors is low. To the consumer it is not always clear what is fact and what is fiction. This paper answers six frequently asked questions. (1) The need for improving UV protection by clothing is demonstrated by UV transmittance measurements in public. (2) A pitfall in the generally recommended 'see through' assessment test is shown. (3) When a garment gets wet its UV protection is not necessarily poor. (4) The reduced UV protection of stretched knitwear can be accounted for. (5) A real life study confirms that UV protection is not washed out. (6) UV protection can be washed in with special additives to laundry products.
Article
Photoprotection of the skin is mainly a function of clothing, although the effectiveness of the latter against UV-B solar radiation (wavelengths 290-320 nm) has not been measured in vivo. Since UV-B mediates the cutaneous formation of vitamin D3, we examined the attenuation of that photosynthetic reaction by the commonly used fabrics cotton, wool, and polyester in black and white colors. Direct transmission of UV-B was attenuated the most by black wool (98.6% of incident irradiance) and the least by white cotton (47.7%). None of the fabrics allowed the photoproduction of previtamin D3 from 7-dehydrocholesterol irradiated in vitro with up to 40 min of simulated sunlight or the elevation of serum vitamin D3 after irradiation with approximately one minimal erythema dose (MED) of UV-B in volunteers wearing jogging garments made of these fabrics. Increasing the whole body irradiation dose to six MEDs still failed to produce a serum vitamin D3 response in garment-clad subjects. Regular (seasonal) street clothing also prevented an elevation of the vitamin D3 in response to UV-B radiation. We conclude that clothing prevents or significantly impairs the formation of vitamin D3 after photostimulation with up to six MEDs of UV-B.
Article
Historically, a textile's ability to protect against ultraviolet radiation (UVR)-induced erythema has been based on its UVR transmission. However, due to the nonuniformity of the fabric structure of a textile and its resultant nonuniform transmission, the above prediction may not hold. The fabric protection factors (FPF) of 5 metal meshes, to simulate the weave pattern and yarn dimensions of typical fabrics, and 6 textiles with variable construction (woven and knitted), fibre type and dye were determined using a spectrophotometric assay and human skin testing. All 5 meshs and 5 of the 6 textiles allowed spectrophotometric prediction of their FPF compared with off-skin (2 mm) human testing. However, on-skin human testing FPF were generally significantly lower than both the off-skin and spectrophotometric estimates. Although evidence is presented that the nonuniform nature of a textile's structure does influence its FPF predictability, in practice, properly conducted spectrophotometric analysis may yield the most typical indication of the protectiveness of a fabric against UVR-induced erythema.
Article
To assess the effect of use (washing and wearing) on the photoprotection provided by a cotton fabric. Twenty jersey-knit pure cotton T-shirts were worn for 4-8 hours per week and washed weekly for 10 weeks. Fabric samples taken before and after use were compared. Fabric ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) was calculated from spectrophotometric ultraviolet radiation transmission data. Changes in fabric structure and hole size were determined for samples from one T-shirt by light microscopy and image analysis. UPF increased consistently and significantly after use, from a mean of 19.0 to 40.6. A corresponding reduction in fabric hole area was seen under the light microscope and confirmed on image analysis (from 8.0% to 3.9% of total image area). UPF of pure cotton garments may improve after use, at least in the short term. The increase is mostly accounted for by reduction in fabric hole area due to shrinkage.
Article
In an attempt to reduce the incidence of skin cancer, cancer foundations have run educational campaigns which encourage the general population to limit their solar UVR exposures. An important part of these campaigns, in particular in Australia, but also more recently in Europe and the U.S., has been the adoption of protective measures such as sunscreens, hats, sunglasses and clothing. The protective properties of fabrics and clothing against ultraviolet radiation (UVR) have been known for some time, but recently there has been considerable interest in quantifying the degree of protection. This has been generated, in part, by the requirements for occupational protection for outdoor workers as well as the provision of UVR protection for the recreational market. The quantification of UVR protection has been laboratory based using in vitro test methods. Development of a standard test method has become an important part of the testing process, and this paper presents results from an intercomparison involving five independent testing laboratories. Agreement is good, in particular for samples with protection factors below 50. Technical difficulties and sources of errors associated with the measurements are discussed.
Article
Recent cancer statistics estimate that the yearly incidence of cutaneous malignancies in the United States is similar to the incidence of all other cancers combined. Ultraviolet radiation-induced photodamage of the skin plays a large role in the growth of these skin cancers. The case of a 47-year-old white man with peculiar patterns of actinic skin damage on the anterior chest and back is presented, and the relationship of these findings with his choice of clothing is reviewed. The transmission of ultraviolet radiation through clothing fabrics is addressed, with recommendations for the use of clothing as an effective form of photoprotection.
Article
Solar urticaria is characterized by itching, erythema and wheeling immediately after exposure to radiation in the ultraviolet (UVB, UVA) and visible spectra. Although its exact mechanism remains unknown, evidence supports an immunologic pathogenesis. We describe an unusual patient with solar urticaria who had more severe involvement in skin irradiated with UVA light through white clothing. We propose that optical whiteners in clothing and detergents had absorbed UVA radiation, transforming it into visible light, which was responsible for the urticarial response.
Article
Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin and melanoma are the rare progeny of precancerous lesions that usually remain stable or regress. For SCC the sequence appears to include TP53 mutant clones in normal skin; dysplasia; carcinoma in situ; and SCC. When such lesions are contiguous, their TP53 mutations are consistent with a single clonal lineage. The set of TP53 mutations in tumours is more restricted than in precancers, suggesting additional selection. Melanoma lies at the end of a continuum including mole, dysplastic naevus, radial growth melanoma and vertical growth. The genetics of melanoma is less clear. Basal cell carcinomas seem to arise without a precancer and contain mutations in TP53 and PTCH. Childhood sunlight exposure directs the location and frequency of precancers. For melanoma, its effects on intermittently exposed body sites are superimposed on the effect at sites chronically exposed. SCC precancers and tumours, BCC tumours and melanoma cell lines contain UV induced mutations. Sun exposed skin of normal individuals contains thousands of small clones of TP53 mutated cells. Predisposition to sunlight induced precancer is a multigenic trait involving factors such as hair and skin color, DNA repair proficiency and mole type and number. These each contribute a relative risk on the order of two to four. Familial predisposition to dysplastic naevi carries a larger risk. The cell of origin for melanoma is uncontroversial, and the proposed hair follicle origin of BCC is consistent with the presence of stem cells in the bulge region. The origin of SCCs and the arrangement of interfollicular stem cell compartments are less clear. Clonal expansion of the initial mutated cell may also be driven by sunlight. When a mutation confers apoptosis resistance, as TP53 mutations do, subsequent UV exposure will be more likely to kill normal cells than mutants. The latter can expand into a clone, only one cell of which need be mutated again. Immunosuppressant drugs may have the same effect as UV, facilitating the clonal expansion of precancers. In the absence of exogenous influences, mutant clones and precancers tend to regress. There is little evidence that regression of precancers is immunological, though regression of melanoma appears to be. The chemotherapeutic agent 5-FU causes regression of dysplasias by removing initiated cells, perhaps by enhancing apoptosis. In contrast, retinoic acid temporarily suppresses clonal expansion. Most sunscreens are mutagenic, with as yet unknown consequences. Mice develop dysplasias and SCCs after UV irradiation. Initiation and clonal expansion of dysplasias is UV driven, but conversion to SCC and subsequent growth involve spontaneous events. With chemical carcinogens mice develop papillomas that usually regress and thus are precancers. Tumour promotion yields abundant low risk papillomas that contain Hras1 mutations but rarely progress to SCC. High risk papillomas are infrequent but do convert to SCC, particularly if re-treated with mutagens. Conversion to SCC is associated with TP53 mutations. The mechanisms of multiple mutation and clonal expansion observed in human and mouse systems, respectively, are beginning to converge into a coherent understanding of precancerous events in skin.
Article
The spectral ultraviolet (UV) transmission through stockings was measured in field and laboratory based trials using a spectroradiometer. From these spectral UV measurements, the ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) was calculated. The UPF of stockings measured in the field was generally higher than that measured in the laboratory when using a quartz tungsten halogen light as the UV source. The UPF of 50 denier stockings decreased 868% when stretched 30% from their original size. Doctors recommending and patients using high denier stockings for patient photoprotection should be aware of the dramatic decrease in UPF when the stocking is in a stretched position, such as over a human leg.
Article
Clothing is regarded as an efficient tool for sun protection. Recently, we have learnt that the transmission of UV radiation (UVR) differs substantially between clothing materials. The protection afforded by a light-coloured cotton shirt is equivalent to a sun protection factor of approximately 10 [1]. UV protection by clothing depends on a large variety of factors, such as type of fibre, colour or moisture content [2]. In summer 1997, the Swiss Cancer League started to focus on these facts during the yearly sun protection campaign. A special education campaign under the title ‘How sunproof are your clothes?’ was initiated to gain public interest in 1997 and 1998. This campaign was also run by the health departments of 9 cities in the German federal state of Lower Saxony in summer 1998 and attracted significant attention in the media.
Article
Ambient solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) has been monitored around Australia by the Australian Radiation Laboratory (ARL) and its successor ARPANSA since the mid 1980's using a network of radiometric detectors and a spectroradiometer (SRM) for spectral measurements, based in Melbourne. In a continent the size of Australia, the levels vary markedly, basically following a latitude gradient increasing towards the equator but with local geographical and weather effects also evident. ARL also conducts personal exposure studies of various population groups in collaboration with other research centres to gather information on what fraction of the ambient UVR people receive. ARL also undertakes studies on the UVR protection provided by sunscreens, clothing, hats, sunglasses and other materials in an attempt to improve UVR protection used by the public.
Article
Skin cancer is increasing worldwide, and exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation is thought to be the most important risk factor [1, 2]. Outdoor professionals and people practising outdoor sports are considerably exposed to solar UV radiation [3]. We have reported high personal UV exposure in cycling professionals up to about 17 MED/day [4]. Obviously, adequate protection is mandatory. Here, a sports dress can offer high-quality protection against UV radiation. In Europe a standard of solar UV-protective properties of textiles is being discussed (European Committee for Standardisation CEN/TC248 WG14).
Article
Many photosensitive patients are seen for consultation when they have no lesions, so a detailed history is important. The differential diagnosis is based on the age at which the symptoms first occurred. The striking symptoms and signs are discussed, and advice is given on which additional investigations are necessary and when phototesting must be performed. Guidelines are also given for the performance of phototesting with simple light sources.
Article
Apart from sunscreen lotions, clothing provides protection from acute and chronic sun damage. Therefore, it is very important to know the ultraviolet (UV) protection factor (UPF) of textiles, in particular of lightweight summer clothing. Usually, the UPF of a textile is determined by spectrophotometric assessment of the UV transmission (in vitro method). To compare the relationship between in vitro tests and in vivo tests of UPF using solar simulators for determination of the minimal erythema dose (MED), applied to 30 different summer textiles. Thirty summer textiles were spectrophotometrically assessed, and UPFs were calculated with respect to the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) erythemal action spectrum.1 Based on the in vitro UPFs 'on skin' and 'off skin', in vivo testing was performed using a solar simulator for the determination of the MEDunprotected and MEDprotected. The UPFs obtained from in vivo 'on skin' testing were significantly (r = 0.95; P < 0.001) lower than the predicted in vitro UPFs. This disparity was also confirmed by chromometric assessment of the MED testing; the erythemal responses measured after textile protection were significantly (P < 0.001) higher than those obtained without protection. However, the in vivo 'off skin' UPFs did not significantly (r = 0.98; P > 0.05) differ from the in vitro UPFs; comparison of the chromometrically assessed erythemal responses was also insignificant (P > 0.05). The different correlation between in vitro and in vivo measurements of the UPF may be due to the optical-geometrical properties of textiles and the different amount of direct and diffuse radiation passing through the spaces between the yarns. As spectrophotometric measurements of a textile may generally yield lower UPFs than those obtained under average field conditions, the in vitro test method provides 'safe' UPF values representing a 'worst-case scenario'. In contrast to in vitro testing, in vivo methods are much more expensive and time-consuming. Thus, with respect to practicality, spectrophotometric measurements seem to be most suitable for the evaluation of UV protection of textiles.
Article
The public has long been instructed to wear protective clothing against ultraviolet (UV) damage. Our purpose was to determine the UV protection factor (UPF) of two cotton fabrics used in the manufacture of summer T-shirts and to explore methods that could improve the UPF of these fabrics. Each of the two types of white cotton fabrics (cotton T-shirt and mercerized cotton print cloth) used in this study was divided into 4 treatment groups: (1) water-only (machine washed with water), (2) detergent-only (washed with detergent), (3) detergent-UV absorber (washed with detergent and a UV absorber), and (4) dyes (dyed fabrics). Ultraviolet transmission through the fabrics was measured with a spectrophotometer before and after laundry and dyeing treatments. Based on UV transmission through these fabrics, the UPF values were calculated. Before any treatments, the mean UPFs were 4.94 for the T-shirt fabric and 3.13 for the print cloth. There was greater UVA (320-400 nm) than UVB (280-320 nm) transmission through these fabrics. After 5 washings with water alone and with detergent alone, UPF increased by 51% and 17%, respectively, for the cotton T-shirt fabric. Washing the T-shirt fabrics with detergent plus the UV-absorbing agent increased the UPF by 407% after 5 treatments. Dyeing the fabric blue or yellow increased the UPF by 544% and 212%, respectively. Similar changes in UPFs were observed for the print cloth fabric. The two cotton fabrics used in this study offered limited protection against UV radiation as determined by spectrophotometric analysis. Laundering with detergent and water improves UPF slightly by causing fabric shrinkage. Dyeing fabrics or adding a UV-absorbing agent during laundering substantially reduces UV transmission and increases UPF. More UVA is transmitted through the fabrics than UVB.
Article
EPIDEMIOLOGIC DATA: The frequency of malignant melanoma, by far the most fatal skin cancer, has increased by a factor of approximately 15 in the past 60 years. The factors underlying this rapid increase are incompletely understood, although ultraviolet radiations are likely strongly implicated. Epidemiologic studies demonstrate the role of altered patterns of sun exposure, and overexposition to UVA radiation, as confirmed by experimental data on animal models. BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS: Melanin produced by melanocytes has a photoprotective function in the skin, whereas UVB-induced DNA damage enhance the repair capacity of these cells. However, this photoprotective effect is not induced by intense intermittent sun exposure. In addition, melanocytes demonstrate resistance to UVB-induced apoptosis and are thus at high risk for incorporating UV-induced mutations. MOLECULAR ASPECTS: Different mutations in susceptibility genes (CDKN2A, INK4), or in genes implicated in control of cell cycle or maintenance of cell integrity (DNA repair) are involved in initiation and promotion steps of melanocarcinogenesis. Moreover, tumor progression is stimulated by UVB through the activation of different target genes that are implicated in control of melanoma environment (immune surveillance, angiogenesis, growth factors...).
Article
There is much interest in the use of textiles for sun protection. In vitro test methods are frequently used to assess the degree of protection to solar ultraviolet radiation of textile materials. It is, however, of paramount importance that methods are clearly described and that the precision of these methods is determined such that comparison between laboratories can be performed. An in vitro method for the determination of the Ultraviolet Protection Factor (UPF) is described in a new European Standard and is referred to as prEN 13758. Thirty experts from 11 European member states, forming a working group of the European Standardization Commission (CEN), have developed this method in consensus. In this paper the reliability of this test method for the determination of the UPF of textiles worn in close proximity to the skin and in a relaxed and dry state is studied. For the determination of the precision of the test method, eight laboratories, using nine different measuring devices located in five different countries, have measured 14 textile materials of various types of construction and levels of UVR protection. Statistical analysis of the results has been performed according to ISO 5725. The repeatability standard deviation of the described method is independent of the UPF in the range 1-70 and is 1.36. The reproducibility standard deviation, however, clearly increases with the level of UPF. For high UPF values, differences between laboratories, due to factors such as different operators, equipment and calibration, can become important. This makes classification of high UPF materials questionable.
Article
Background/purpose: Clothing is an important product for sunburn protection and skin cancer prevention. The moisture content of a fabric, which can increase during its wearing, may decrease the fabric's capability of protecting the skin from solar UV radiation, that is, lower its UPF (ultraviolet protection factor). Due to limited data about the effect of fabric wetness on UPF, this study was undertaken to investigate the following: (a) the effect of saturating a variety of fabrics with tap water and with salt water on fabric UPF and (b) whether wetted-fabric UPF values reflect only the fact that the fabric is wet during testing or the fact that the skin is hydrated and the fabric is wet. Methods: For objective a, 69 summer fabrics were spectrophotometrically (in vitro) assessed when "dry" and when saturated with tap and salt water. In vitro UPFs, percent UVA transmission and percent UVB transmission values were calculated from the transmission data. For objective b, 100% cotton and 100% polyester fabrics were tested in vivo to determine in vivo UPF values. The minimal erythema dose (MED) was determined for each of the 12 subjects on unprotected "dry" skin and on "hydrated" unprotected skin. MEDprotected was determined when the subject's skin was covered with "dry" and with saturated fabric. In vivo UPFs were calculated using this data. Student's paired t-tests were used to determine the effect of wetting. Results: With one exception, in vitro UPF values were the same when the fabrics were saturated with tap water and when they were saturated with salt water. However, saturating the fabrics with water had different effects on the UPF, UVA transmission, and UVB transmission values. For linen, viscose and polyester fabrics, UPF significantly increased. For the cotton fabrics and the polyester + TiO2 fabrics, UPF significantly decreased. For the modal + TiO2 fabrics and the polyester crepe + TiO2 fabrics, UPF significantly increased. From the in vivo testing, the MED of the "hydrated unprotected" skin was not different than the MED of "dry unprotected skin." Values obtained from subtracting dry-fabric in vivo UPF values from dry-fabric in vitro values and subtracting wet-fabric in vivo UPF values from wet-fabric in vitro values are not different. Conclusion: Fabrics do not need to be tested when saturated with tap and with salt water. Testing fabrics wet and dry should be done, as the effect of saturating fabric on UPF value varies. Fortunately, UPF values for wetted fabrics reveal only the effect of increased moisture content in the fabric and have nothing to do with wetting of the skin by the fabric.
b) Sun protection afforded by a summer weight garment: effect of wash and wear
  • D G Stanford
  • K E Georgous
  • M T Pailthorpe
  • DG Stanford
Biologic effects of light 1998
  • Mf Holick
  • Eg Jung
Facts and fiction on UV protection by clothing
  • U Osterwalder
  • W Schlenker
  • H Rohwer
  • E Martin
  • S Schuh
Effect of a sun protection program targeting elementary school children and their parents
  • B Barankin
  • K Liu
  • J Howard
  • L Guenther
Field-based measurements of personal erythemal ultraviolet exposure through a common summer garment
  • A V Parisi
  • M G Kimlin
  • L Mulheran
  • L R Meldrum
  • C Randall
  • AV Parisi
UV protection by clothing: an intercomparison of measurements and methods
  • H P Gies
  • C R Roy
  • A Mclennan
  • B L Diffey
  • M Pailthorpe
  • C Driscoll
  • HP Gies
PrEN 13758. Textiles - solar UV protective properties - methods of test for apparel fabrics
  • CEN
Textile Faserstoffe: Beschaffenheit und Eigenschaften
  • W Bobeth
A comparative study of fabric protection against ultraviolet-induced erythema determined by spectrophotometric and human skin measurements
  • S W Menzies
  • P B Lukins
  • G E Greenoak
  • P J Walker
  • M Pailthorpe
  • J M Martin
  • SW Menzies
Sun protection provided by ladies stockings
  • S A Sinclair
  • B L Diffey
  • SA Sinclair