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Abstract

Essential oils distilled from members of the genus Lavandula have been used both cosmetically and therapeutically for centuries with the most commonly used species being L. angustifolia, L. latifolia, L. stoechas and L. x intermedia. Although there is considerable anecdotal information about the biological activity of these oils much of this has not been substantiated by scientific or clinical evidence. Among the claims made for lavender oil are that is it antibacterial, antifungal, carminative (smooth muscle relaxing), sedative, antidepressive and effective for burns and insect bites. In this review we detail the current state of knowledge about the effect of lavender oils on psychological and physiological parameters and its use as an antimicrobial agent. Although the data are still inconclusive and often controversial, there does seem to be both scientific and clinical data that support the traditional uses of lavender. However, methodological and oil identification problems have severely hampered the evaluation of the therapeutic significance of much of the research on Lavandula spp. These issues need to be resolved before we have a true picture of the biological activities of lavender essential oil.

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... Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) is a plant known for centuries in aromatherapy, traditional medicine and modern pharmacology for its calming, anxiolytic and sedative effects. The bioactive components of the lavender plant, linalool and linalyl acetate, are particularly noted for their effects on the central nervous system (CNS) (Cavanagh and Wilkinson, 2002;Koulivand et al., 2013). ...
... For example, some studies report that lavender extracts have sedative effects at high doses (Umezu, 2000), while other studies have indicated that these effects may vary depending on environmental factors, dose levels, and the type of lavender used (Kim et al., 2021). Studies on the bioavailability and absorption of the tea's bioactive ingredients suggest that the effects of the oil may be stronger or different from those of lavender tea in particular (Cavanagh and Wilkinson, 2002). ...
... For instance, because lavender tea is metabolized in the gastrointestinal tract, the benefits of the oil's linalool and linalyl acetate may be somewhat diminished when taken orally. The polyphenols in tea, however, may help lower oxidative stress by increasing antioxidant activity and, therefore, neurological homeostasis (Cavanagh and Wilkinson, 2002). This implies that the way in which tea's neuroprotective benefits may operate differs from that of lavender oil. ...
... Steam distillation is the primary method of ensuring the high and consistent quality of lavender essential oil. During the distillation of lavender essential oil, three waste fractions are generated as the following: aqueous condensate (hydrolate, hydrosol), wastewater (so-called residue), and spent plant mass [11]. ...
... The spent lavender is often overlooked despite its potential to contain a rich array of valuable bioactive compounds [11][12][13][14]. It contains biologically active phytochemicals such as flavonoids, phenolic acids, and tannins, which have been studied for their antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties. ...
... It contains biologically active phytochemicals such as flavonoids, phenolic acids, and tannins, which have been studied for their antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties. Key components found in spent lavender include rosmarinic acid, which is noted for its potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and plays a crucial role in protecting cells from oxidative damage [11][12][13][15][16][17][18]. Caffeic acid, known for its ability to scavenge free radicals, contributes to the overall antioxidant capacity of lavender waste extracts [12,[15][16][17][18]. Additionally, luteolin, a flavonoid, exhibits both antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, making it a valuable functional ingredient in food supplements and medicines [12][13][14]18]. ...
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This study explored the batch membrane filtration of 40% ethanol extracts from spent lavender, containing valuable compounds like rosmarinic acid, caffeic acid, and luteolin, using a polyamide-urea thin film composite X201 membrane. Conducted at room temperature and 20 bar transmembrane pressure, the process demonstrated high efficiency, with rejection rates exceeding 98% for global antioxidant activity and 93–100% for absolute concentrations of the target components. During concentration, the permeate flux declined from 2.43 to 1.24 L·m−2·h−1 as the permeate-to-retentate-volume ratio increased from 0 to 1. The process resistance, driven by osmotic pressure and concentration polarization, followed a power–law relationship with a power value of 1.20, consistent with prior nanofiltration studies of rosmarinic acid solutions. Notably, no membrane fouling occurred, confirming the method’s scalability without compromising biological activity. The antioxidant activity, assessed via the DPPH method, revealed that the retentate exhibited double the activity of the feed. Antibacterial assays using broth microdilution showed that the retentate inhibited Escherichia coli by 73–96% and Bacillus subtilis by 97–98%, making it the most active fraction. These findings validate the effectiveness of the X201 membrane for concentrating natural antioxidants and antibacterial agents from lavender extract under sustainable operating conditions.
... Nevertheless, oil methodological problems have severely vulnerable the evaluation of the therapeutic significance of much of the research on Lavandula spp. These issues need to be resolved before we have a true picture of the biological activities of lavender essential oil (Cavanagh and Wilkinson, 2002) The retrieval of an essential oil from plant can be achieved by water distillation (hydro distillation) or steam distillation (AFNORT 75-005, 1988). ...
... Lavenders, are a genus of about 25 -30 species of flowering plants in the mint family, Lamiaceae, descent into four main categories: Lavandula latifolia, a Mediterranean grass-like lavender; Lavandula angustifolia, a stockier plant with a fuller flower, commonly known as English lavender (formerly known as L. vera or L. officinalis); Lavandula stoechas, which has butterfly-like bracts on top of the flowers and is sometimes known as French lavender; and Lavandula x intermedia, which is a sterile cross between L. latifolia and L. angustifolia (Cavanagh and Wilkinson, 2002). The various lavenders have similar ethnobotanical properties and major chemical constituents, though, there are some differences in the reported therapeutic uses for different species. ...
... ß-phellandrene) and sesquiterpenes (e.g. caryophyllene) (Fig 1.) (Cavanagh and Wilkinson, 2002). ...
Article
Extending the life of food is of commercial and economic importance. Combining nutritious foods with flavorful spices and herbs is a time honored tradition and a beautiful picture of God's design for the Abundant Life. As one of the most gentle oils, lavender essential oil is a great oil to start with as you learn to cook with essential oils. Its flavor is delicate and floral, excellent for a variety of culinary options. The best extracts, in terms of amount of isolated compounds, flavor quality and stability were those obtained with supercritical CO2 extraction. Extending this cause to cooking with essential oils as well widens our appreciation for creation and all of the goodness available at our fingertips.
... The rationale for selecting these specific odors was based on previous studies. Lavender and geraniol were chosen as representative floral scents due to their frequent use in olfactory research [42,43]. For the coffee odors, 2-furanmethanethiol and 2-ethyl-3,5dimethylpyrazine were selected as key components contributing to the characteristic aroma of coffee [44,45]. ...
... The odors were delivered during the first 5 s at the beginning of the videos. Lavender and geraniol (flower odors) were named FO1 and FO2, respectively [42,43]. 2-furanmethanethiol and 2-ethyl-3,5-dimethyl pyrazine (coffee odors) were named CO1 and CO2 in this study [44,45] (Fig. 1a). ...
... To assess if the four odors exhibited differences in categories compared to prior studies [42,43,45,48], we initially conducted a category survey, cumulatively calculating participants' scores in each category. For FO1, the categories of herbs (84), flowers (48), and green (31) were highly scored. ...
Article
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Although we have multiple senses, multimedia mainly targets vision and olfaction. To expand the senses impacted by multimedia, olfactory stimulation has been used to enhance the sense of reality. Odors are primarily matched with objects in scenes. However, it is impractical to select all odors that match all objects in a scene and offer them to viewers. As an alternative, offering a single odor in a category as representative of other odors belonging to that category has been suggested. However, it is unclear whether viewers’ responses to videos with multiple odors (e.g., rose, lavender, and lily) from a category (e.g., flowers) are comparable. Therefore, we studied whether odors belonging to a given category could be similar in behavioral congruency and in the five frequency bands (delta, theta, alpha, beta, and gamma) of electroencephalogram (EEG) data collected while viewers watched videos. We conducted questionnaires and EEG experiments to understand the effects of similar odors belonging to categories. Our results showed that similar odors in a specific odor category were more congruent with videos than those in different odor categories. In our EEG data, the delta and theta bands were mainly clustered when odors were offered to viewers in similar categories. The theta band is known to be primarily related to the neural signals of odor information. Our studies showed that choosing odors based on odor categories in multimedia can be feasible.
... Aromatherapy is a treatment used in complementary and alternative medicine that utilizes essential oils, primarily derived from volatile liquid plant components and other plant-derived aromatic compounds [7][8][9]10]. Among the most often used essential oils in aromatherapy, lavender oil is used to treat a variety of medical ailments, such as anxiety, depression, insomnia, spasms, pain, and headaches [10][11][12]. Lavender oil is originally from the Mediterranean region and is a member of the mint family Lamiaceae, specifically the genus Lavandula (Lavandula angustifolia Mill). The lavender essential oil typically contains "linalyl acetate, β-linalool, and β-caryophyllene" [13]. ...
... Previous research suggests that lavender oil can have a positive effect on parasympathetic neural activity when used in a foot bath [31]. Inhaling lavender oil significantly increases theta "(4-8 Hz) and alpha (8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13) Hz)" activity in the brain. Diego et al. found that inhaling lavender oil greatly enhanced frontal alpha power [32]. ...
... Linalool's hydroxyl (-OH) group can donate hydrogen atoms to neutralize free radicals, thus stabilizing them and reducing oxidative stress. This property has been well-documented in the literature, where linalool is often highlighted for its ability to scavenge radicals, particularly in EOs from lavender species [23]. Camphor, another component of L. angustifolia EO, is a bicyclic monoterpene ketone with moderate antioxidant properties. ...
... This variation could be attributed to the different active components in the oils and the unique cell wall properties of this gram-positive bacterium. L. angustifolia EO is notably effective, potentially due to its linalool content that can penetrate and disrupt bacterial membranes [23]. ...
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Background/Objectives: The rise of antibiotic-resistant pathogens has become a global health crisis, necessitating the development of alternative antimicrobial strategies. This study aimed to optimize the antibacterial effects of essential oils (EOs) from Thymus satureioides, Lavandula angustifolia, and Origanum majorana, enhancing their efficacy through optimized mixtures. Methods: This study utilized a simplex–centroid design to optimize the mixture ratios of EOs for maximal antibacterial and antioxidant effectiveness. The chemical profiles of the EOs were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The antibacterial activity was assessed against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa using minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) tests, while antioxidant activity was evaluated through DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), and ABTS (2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)) assays. Results: The optimized essential oil mixtures demonstrated potent antibacterial activity, with MIC values of 0.097% (v/v) for E. coli, 0.058% (v/v) for S. aureus, and 0.250% (v/v) for P. aeruginosa. The mixture ratios achieving these results included 76% T. satureioides, and 24% O. majorana for E. coli, and varying proportions for other strains. Additionally, L. angustifolia essential oil exhibited the strongest antioxidant activity, with IC50 values of 84.36 µg/mL (DPPH), and 139.61 µg/mL (ABTS), surpassing both the other EOs and standard antioxidants like BHT and ascorbic acid in the ABTS assay. Conclusions: The study successfully demonstrates that optimized mixtures of EOs can serve as effective natural antibacterial agents. The findings highlight a novel approach to enhance the applications of essential oils, suggesting their potential use in food preservation and biopharmaceutical formulations. This optimization strategy offers a promising avenue to combat antibiotic resistance and enhance food safety using natural products.
... Lavender is commonly grown in the Balkans and Mediterranean coastal countries (Beetham and Entwistle, 1982;Ilieva-Stoilova et al. 2002;Kara and Baydar, 2013), with naturalisation in the other parts of the world (Boelens, 1995). The dried flowers of the lavender plant and the essential oils are being used for centuries to give a pleasant fragrance to medicines and cosmetics (Cavanagh and Wilkinson, 2002). The Lavender flower is used to treat headaches, jaundice, liver, gall bladder disorders, and general visual impairment (Ilisulu, 1992). ...
... There are more than 100 components in lavender essential oil, the most important of which are linalool, camphor, 1.8-cineole, terpinene-4-ol and linalyl acetate (Koulivand et al. 2013;Yıldırım et al. 2019). Lavender is generally used as an antidepressant, anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, and tranquilizer (Cavanagh and Wilkinson 2002;Koulivand et al. 2013). Lavender is mostly used internally, although it is also used in aromatherapy (Setzer, 2009;Sasannejad 2012;). ...
Article
Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia Mill. family Lamiaceae) is a perennial and highly drought tolerant plant species. It grows well on calcareous slopes, and produces a fragrant essential oil. The aim of study was to evaluate foliar application of gibberellic acid (GA3) and delaying harvesting for different durations on essential oil and components of English lavender after foliar treatment with 0, 200, 400 and 600 mg l-1 gibberellic acid (GA3). Clevenger apparatus-based water-vapor distillation method was used to determine essential oil and its components by GC-MS. The experiment was established in split plots in randomized complete block design with two factors and 3 replications. The main plots were formed at harvest time and the sub-plots were created by GA3 applications. Statistical analyzes were made using MSTAT-C package program. When the GA3 doses and harvest times interaction were evaluated together, the average essential oil yield of the harvested lavender flowers ranged 6.20 to 8.20 % showing the prominent influence of the concentration of GA3 and delay in harvesting (in hours) on concentrartration of alkaloids. More than 50 components were identified, the most important among these was 1.8-cineole, linalool, camphor, borneol, lavandulol, and terpinene-4-ol. The amount of linalool, which improves the quality of the essential oil ranged 34.49-38.75%. The minimum and the maximum essential oil values were noted from the flowers harvested after 30 hours (control treatments), and 54 hours from 400 mg l-1 GA3 treated plants in the same order. However, essential oil contents showed a slight decrease at higher GA3 treatments and prolonging duration of harvest after respective GA3 treatments. GA3 treatments enhanced the quantity of essential oil substantially, and the optimal dose was determined as 400 mg l-1 GA3 on samples harvested after 54 hours following application. The results further showed that the quantities of essential oil's primary components varied according to harvest time. Keywords: Aromatic plant, camphor, flower, linalool, plant growth regulator
... Furthermore, LESO is topically applied to treat eczema and allergies (Kim and Cho 1999) and its inhalation and body massage have been utilized to alleviate mental stress and sleep disorders (Dunn, Sleep, andCollett 1995, Fismer andPilkington 2012). Traditionally, L. stoechas has been employed in aromatherapy for the rapid relief of migraine headaches, body aches (Prashar, Locke, andEvans 2004, Cavanagh andWilkinson 2002), as well as anxiety, depression, and stress-related issues (Dunn, Sleep, andCollett 1995, Fismer andPilkington 2012). Commercially, the plant's essential oils are utilized as flavoring agents in cosmetics (Prashar, Locke, and Evans 2004) and are employed as fumigants to eradicate insects in storage areas (Bown 1995, Ebadollahi, Safaralizadeh, and. ...
... For instance, the sedative properties of L. stoechas are attributed to linalool (Re et al. 2000). Linalool binds to various receptors within the brain, inducing a state of calmness and enhancing overall well-being and human behavior (Cavanagh and Wilkinson 2002). Moreover, studies have demonstrated that camphor present in L. stoechas is responsible for brain stimulation, and the essential oils derived from the plant are widely employed in aromatherapy (Prashar, Locke, and Evans 2004). ...
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This study builds upon prior research where the principal components, phenethylamine and α-tocopherol, of Lavandula stoechas (L. stoechas) were identified as responsible for its nootropic potential. The current investigation aimed to determine the acute and xchronic toxicity profiles of the active fraction of L. stoechas (AfL.s) in albino mice. Acute toxicity assessment involved oral administration of AfL.s at doses of 350 mg/Kg and 300 mg/Kg, with toxicity signs monitored for 72 hours. For chronic toxicity evaluation, two groups of mice were administered either 10 ml/kg P.O. of normal saline or 18 mg/Kg P.O. of AfL.s daily for three consecutive months. At the end of the 90-day period, blood sampling was done via cardiac puncture to perform hematological and biochemical analyses. Additionally, the brain and liver were harvested for histopathological examination. The acute toxicity study revealed that AfL.s induced hyper excitation, convulsions, ataxia, muscle spasms, and blanching in mice. Chronic toxicity evaluation indicated that a dose of 18 mg/Kg P.O. of AfL.s led to non-significant (P ≥ 0.05) alterations in hematological parameters; RBC count, platelet count, hemoglobin and serum biochemistry; cholesterol, creatinine, glucose, AST (aspartate transaminase), ALT (alanine aminotransferase), and TB (total bilirubin). However, WBC count, hematocrit, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels exhibited slight increases, accompanied by a significant (P ≤ 0.05) reduction in body weight in the treated mice. Histopathological assessments did not reveal any signs of toxicity. Consequently, AfL.s at an oral dose of 18 mg/Kg P.O. is deemed safe for long-term use in mice.
... Central nodes within each cluster represent highly cited papers, signifying their influence and foundational role in the research domain. Notable papers include [16] which is central in its cluster, indicating significant influence, and [3] and [9] which are also highly cited and prominently positioned within their respective clusters. Researchers associated with these highly cited papers, such as [16], [3], and [9], are highlighted as key contributors to the field. ...
... Notable papers include [16] which is central in its cluster, indicating significant influence, and [3] and [9] which are also highly cited and prominently positioned within their respective clusters. Researchers associated with these highly cited papers, such as [16], [3], and [9], are highlighted as key contributors to the field. Their work forms the backbone of current L. angustifolia research and has guided subsequent studies. ...
Article
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English Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) is considered one of the major sources of aromatic and pharmaceutical plants, as well as a source of several volatile organic compounds (VOCs). This aromatic plant has been widely studied for its diverse range of applications in the healthcare, cosmetic, and food industries. A critical literature review (CLR) and bibliometric analysis of the Scopus and PubMed databases were conducted, focusing on extracting and analyzing metadata related to publication trends, influential authors and institutions, and the thematic focus of the existing literature. This study reveals three major findings: spikes in research publications in 2006, 2014, and 2020, suggesting heightened interest on L. angustifolia research during these periods; significant contributions from the United States, Iran, and China, with prominent institutions like CNRS and Tehran University of Medical Sciences reflecting its global and multidisciplinary appeal; and a wide range of scientific applications, particularly in agricultural sciences, medicine, and biochemistry, with a strong emphasis on peer-reviewed papers and reviews. The study concludes that utilizing VOS-viewer software for bibliometric analyses plays a pivotal role in identifying novel works and collaboration networks, thereby guiding future research directions. This comprehensive analysis underscores L. angustifolia 's significant and evolving impact across various scientific fields.
... The EOs of Lavandula species such as L. latifolia, L. angustifolia, L. stoechas and L. intermedia have been used as cosmetic and therapeutic agents in the treatment of various skin conditions because of diverse biological activities, such as antibacterial, antifungal, and effective for burn and insect bite and mostly in perfumery industry [75]. In one study, Cinnamon oil showed preservative effectiveness by completely inhibiting bacterial growth when compared to methylparaben and other EOs such as Lavandula officinalis and Melaleuca alternifolia [76]. ...
... Cympopogon nardus Antioxidant, antimicrobial and wound-healing actions [45] Lavender oil Lavender officinalis Ability to synthesize procollagen [75] Curcumin EO Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb. Inhibition of axillary hair growth via 5-α-reductase [90] Curcumin EO Curcuma longa L. ...
Article
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Essential oils (EOs) are known for their diverse bioactivities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, skin-barrier repairing and anticancer, and therefore, hold profound potential to be used in cosmetic and skincare products. Owing to these properties, EOs have long been utilized to address a range of dermatological issues, from acne and inflammation to aging and dryness. However, problems associated with EOs beset their practical applications, which include high volatility, oxidation, hydrophobic nature, low bioavailability, skin irritation, chemical transformation and poor stability in air and light. A prospective of nanolipidic formulations, including the nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) and solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) system for improved skin delivery of these EOs highlights the possibility of their use in topical applications, which offer several advantages such as improved bioavailability and stability, lower toxicity and higher drug content. These nanoformulations protect the EOs from environmental degradation and improve their penetration into deeper skin layers, leading to prolonged therapeutic benefits. The delivery of bioactive agents using a conventional topical preparation exhibits low penetration, frequent applications, poor adherence and prolonged therapy duration, whereas the novel delivery system exhibits improved stability of the drug, enhanced skin penetration, enhanced retention and better therapeutic efficacy. This review provides a comprehensive compendium of information on EOs, which are widely used in skincare, along with their nanolipidic formulations for maximized skincare uses. The mechanism of action of EOs as skin bioactive agents, challenges associated with their use, advances in nanolipidic formulations and their market value as cosmetic skincare products are also explored.
... In most studies focused on the effects of lavender, the activity of the essential oil was investigated [12, 21,22]. However, this review is focused on herbal preparations, which contain fewer essential oils, but more polar natural products (polyphenols and other nonvolatile compounds). ...
... The investigations of essential oil from Lavandula angustifolia and its constituents have been done in different variations (linalool, linalyl acetate, cineole, β-ocimene, p-lavender acetate, lavender alcohol, terpene-4-alcohol and camphor) [81]. The effects of lavender oil on the CNS were established [12], [21,22]. The most attention was dedicated to the volatile compounds contained in lavender flowers [82]. ...
Article
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Lavender is one of the most popular herbal medicines used to treat mild mood disorders like anxiety and depression. The most cultivated species is Lavandula officinalis, which has a diverse traditional use. This plant is valued for antibacterial, antifungal, hypolipidemic, antioxidant, neuroprotective, anti-aging, diuretic, sedative, hypnotic, anxiolytic and antidepressant properties. However, most often it is used as a water extract for treatment of mild mood disorders (restlessness, insomnia) as additional therapy. Most of the studies were dedicated to the volatile compounds contained in lavender flowers, but few of them were focused on water extract, which contains fewer essential oils, but more polar natural products (polyphenols and other non-volatile compounds). This medicinal plant species is rich in phytochemicals belonging to different chemical groups, including phenolic acids, phenolic aldehydes and flavonoids. Pharmacotherapy of mild mood disorders with infusion of lavender can improve quality of life, so that’s why it needs to be investigated more.
... Due to the overuse of antibiotics and the increasing phenomenon of antibiotic resistance, which can largely be attributed to the ability of bacteria to form biofilms, research is directed towards bacteria that cause problems in the nosocomial area [51][52][53]. Leo has been shown to be effective against both MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) and VRE (vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis) at concentrations below 1% [54]. In the study by de Rapper, the efficacy of Leo was tested in combination with antibiotics and antifungals, and the individual MIC value of Leo was also determined using the microdilution method. ...
Article
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Background/Objectives: Bacterial resistance to antibiotics is a major problem in healthcare, complicated by the ability of bacteria to form biofilms. Complementary therapy for infectious diseases can rely on natural substances with antibacterial activity, e.g., essential oils and honeys. The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of linden and chestnut honeys, lavender essential oil, and their combinations against the multidrug-resistant otitis media pathogens Haemophilus influenzae, H. parainfluenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Streptococcus pneumoniae. The efficacy of these natural substances was compared with each other and antibiotics used in clinical practice. Methods: Microscopic pollen analysis and physicochemical traits were used to confirm the botanical origin of honey samples. The antibiotic sensitivity of bacteria was tested with a disk diffusion assay. Minimum inhibitory concentrations were determined using a microdilution assay. A 24 h immature biofilm eradication test was performed with a crystal violet assay. The efficacy of combinations was tested with a checkerboard titration method. The DNA release of damaged bacterial cells was measured using a membrane degradation assay. Results: Lavender essential oil displayed more potent antibacterial activity compared to the honey samples. However, honey–essential oil combinations showed higher inhibition rates for biofilm eradication, with P. aeruginosa being the most resistant bacterium. The combined use of chestnut honey and lavender oil resulted in a higher degree of membrane degradation in a shorter time, and their synergistic effect was proven with checkerboard titration. Conclusions: The combination of linden or chestnut honey with lavender essential oil was shown to be effective in the eradication of a 24 h immature biofilm formed by H. parainfluenzae, M. catarrhalis, and S. pneumoniae.
... Lavender oil is used in cosmetic products and for insect repellent. Also, lavender oils are used in aromatherapy [14,15]. However, it is known that the accumulation of essential oils is higher at higher temperatures and decreases at lower temperatures [16][17][18]; therefore, industrial cultivation of lavender for the production of essential oils may not be the main goal in temperate climates. ...
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Lavandula angustifolia is a promising essential oil and ornamental crop whose distribution in the temperate zone and northern regions is limited by its low winter hardiness. Analyzing the causes of low winter hardiness will facilitate the selection of the most winter-hardy hybrids. The study goal is to evaluate the climatic conditions and winter hardiness of narrow-leaved lavender and to determine critical conditions for the successful overwintering of plants in the conditions of Moscow. The studies were conducted in the laboratory of cultivated plants of MBG RAS from 2015 to 2022. The research objects were 72 lavender hybrids. The assessment of hybrids’ winter hardiness was carried out after complete snow melt. Average daily temperature, snow cover height, and precipitation were considered daily. Data statistical processing was carried out using Microsoft Excel and PAST 4.5 software. Optimal lavender overwintering conditions were formed in 2018 and the greatest plant damage was observed in 2017. The research years were grouped by winter hardiness structured into clusters, which allowed us to identify common features in climatic conditions and to identify critical periods of the winter period leading to a decrease in winter hardiness. Temperature fluctuations in winter, frequent temperature transitions over the 0 °C mark, high levels of snow cover and the formation of ice deposits led to severe damage to some lavender hybrids. Severe frosts in the absence of snow cover can lead to the death of lavender plants in the temperate zone. Lavender hybrids were grouped by winter hardiness into two clusters and 11 subclusters. A group of hybrids with consistently high resistance has been selected throughout the years of the study; these hybrids are the most promising for further hybridization.
... In addition, it is often preferred in various cultures due to its relaxing, sedative and antidepressant effects. In addition, it is often preferred in various cultures due to its relaxing, sedative and antidepressant effects (Cavanagh & Wilkinson, 2002). Lavender has been studied recently for its possible effects on the reproductive and endocrine systems in addition to its effects on the nervous system (Lis-Balchin & Hart, 1999;Henley & et al., 2007). ...
... Namun, minyak atsiri sangat mudah terdegradasi pada suhu tinggi. Pemanasan yang berlebihan dapat menyebabkan penguapan dan perubahan struktur kimia minyak atsiri, yang mengurangi khasiatnya (Cavanagh & Wilkinson, 2002). Sebagai contoh, dalam ekstraksi minyak atsiri dari tanaman seperti Lavandula angustifolia (lavender), pemanasan yang lebih dari 40°C dapat menyebabkan kerusakan pada komponen utama minyak atsiri, seperti linalool, yang berperan dalam efektivitas terapeutiknya (Li et al., 2019). ...
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Program Kemitraan Masyarakat (PKM) ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan literasi dan keterampilan masyarakat Desa Bengkaung dalam mengekstrak tanaman obat melalui penggunaan teknologi sederhana yang berbasis kearifan lokal. Pendekatan yang digunakan dalam program ini melibatkan pemanfaatan bahan-bahan lokal, seperti kayu manis, kayu gaharu, kulit kayu Bridellia micrantha, serta alat tradisional gerabah untuk proses ekstraksi tanaman obat. Program ini tidak hanya bertujuan untuk meningkatkan kemampuan praktis dalam pengolahan tanaman obat, tetapi juga untuk melestarikan dan mengembangkan kearifan lokal yang sudah ada di desa tersebut. Variabel utama yang dianalisis dalam penelitian ini meliputi peningkatan keterampilan ekstraksi, pemanfaatan bahan lokal, kesadaran terhadap pelestarian kearifan lokal, dan penggunaan alat tradisional yang ramah lingkungan. Metode yang digunakan dalam pelaksanaan program ini meliputi pelatihan langsung kepada masyarakat melalui workshop dan pendampingan, serta evaluasi hasil melalui metode pre-test dan post-test. Hasil dari program ini menunjukkan adanya peningkatan yang signifikan dalam kemampuan masyarakat Desa Bengkaung dalam mengekstrak tanaman obat dengan alat sederhana. Para peserta pelatihan dapat mengidentifikasi dan memanfaatkan bahan-bahan lokal secara efektif untuk proses ekstraksi, serta memahami pentingnya keberlanjutan dan pelestarian kearifan lokal. Selain itu, penggunaan alat tradisional gerabah sebagai media ekstraksi juga terbukti tidak hanya efektif dalam menghasilkan produk ekstraksi, tetapi juga mendukung upaya pelestarian budaya lokal yang ramah lingkungan. Dengan demikian, PKM ini memberikan kontribusi penting dalam pemberdayaan masyarakat Desa Bengkaung, tidak hanya dalam aspek keterampilan teknis, tetapi juga dalam penguatan nilai-nilai kearifan lokal yang berbasis pada keberlanjutan dan penggunaan bahan-bahan alami. Program ini juga berpotensi menjadi model bagi pengembangan masyarakat berbasis kearifan lokal lainnya dalam rangka meningkatkan literasi dan keterampilan berbasis budaya yang berkelanjutan. Community Partnership Program: Fostering Literacy and Skills in Extracting Medicinal Plants Through Simple Technology with a Focus on Local Wisdom Abstract This Community Partnership Program (PKM) aims to enhance the literacy and skills of the residents of Bengkaung Village in extracting medicinal plants using simple technology based on local wisdom. The approach employed in this program involves utilizing local materials, such as cinnamon, agarwood, and the bark of Bridellia micrantha, as well as traditional clay tools for the medicinal plant extraction process. The program not only aims to improve practical skills in processing medicinal plants but also seeks to preserve and develop the local wisdom already present in the village. The key variables analyzed in this study include the improvement of extraction skills, the utilization of local materials, awareness of preserving local wisdom, and the use of environmentally friendly traditional tools. The methods applied in the implementation of this program include direct training through workshops and mentoring, as well as evaluating the outcomes using pre-test and post-test methods. The results of the program show a significant improvement in the abilities of Bengkaung Village residents in extracting medicinal plants using simple tools. Participants were able to identify and effectively utilize local materials for the extraction process and understand the importance of sustainability and preserving local wisdom. Additionally, the use of traditional clay tools as extraction media proved not only effective in producing extraction products but also supported efforts to preserve environmentally friendly local cultural practices. Thus, this PKM has made a significant contribution to empowering the Bengkaung Village community, not only in terms of technical skills but also in strengthening values of local wisdom based on sustainability and the use of natural materials. This program also has the potential to serve as a model for other community development initiatives based on local wisdom to enhance literacy and skills in a sustainable cultural framework.
... Minyak esensial dipercaya memiliki aktivitas antibakteri, sedatif, antidepresan dan efektif untuk gigitan serangga. Sampai hari ini, minyak murni banyak dilibatkan dalam pembuatan aromaterapi atau sabun dan produk-produk lainnya (Cavanagh & Wilkinson, 2002). ...
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Nyeri haid (dismenore) adalah kondisi nyeri perut bagian bawah pada wanita yang sedang mengalami menstruasi. Dismenore umum dialami oleh remaja putri. Karena umumnya prevalensi nyeri ini, pencarian akan terapi alternatif dilakukan, yaitu dengan pemanfaatan aromaterapi yang salah satunya adalah aromaterapi lavender. Penelitian dilakukan untuk mengidentifikasi pengetahuan remaja putri di Kota Surabaya mengenai penggunaan aromaterapi lavender sebagai pereda nyeri haid. Instrumen berupa kuesioner yang memuat 24 pernyataan seputar haid dan pengobatan alternatif aromaterapi lavender. Teknik sampling yang digunakan adalah purposive sampling dengan kriteria inklusi remaja putri berusia 15-20 tahun dan sudah mengalami haid. Penelitian dilakukan di 3 SMA negeri, 3 SMA swasta dan 1 perguruan tinggi dengan jumlah total responden sebanyak 261 orang. Skoring dilakukan dengan memberikan nilai jawaban benar=1 dan salah=0. Responden dengan skor >12 (>50%) dikategorikan berpengetahuan baik dan skor ≤12 (≤50%) dikategorikan berpengetahuan kurang baik. Skor sebagian responden (88,5%) adalah >12 (baik) namun beberapa responden ini (11,5%) yang kurang mengetahui tentang cara penggunaan dan efek samping dari aromaterapi lavender. Diperlukan edukasi terutama dalam hal aspek keamanan, penggunaan, dan mekanisme kerja aromaterapi sebagai alternatif penanganan nyeri haid pada remaja putri.
... The Ancient Egyptians are said to have used the flower in the Mummification process (9) . Several therapeutic effects of lavender, such as sedative, relaxant, carminative spasmolytic, antioxidant, antiviral and antibacterial activities as well as several gastrointestinal nervous and rheumatic disorders have been reported (10)(11)(12)(13) . The aims of the present study was to compare the efficacy in healing of herpes simplex lesion, pain relief, and safety of topical Lavender cream, acyclovir cream, with placebo, also study the levels of immunoglobulins. ...
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Background: Herpes simplex virus is a common human pathogen that establishes lifelong latent infections. The development of new antiviral drugs, especially herbal preparations remain desirable. Lavender has been shown to possess antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral actions. This study was designed to compare the safety and efficacy of topical Lavender cream, acyclovir cream, with placebo for the treatment of herpes simplex labialis patients. Patients and Methods: Randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled study for herpes simplex labialis treatment, a total of 75 enrolled patients divided to three groups and given study medications; group I: Lavender cream, group II: Acyclovir cream, group III: placebo, applied topically to the lesion three times daily for 5 days. Patient's responses to treatment were followed by clinical evaluation of healing time, size of the lesion and pain sensation, and safety of using the topical treatment. Patients assessed themselves the day of the scab fell off. They also graded, on a daily basis, their perception of relief from pain and the overall benefit from treatment. Also evaluating levels of the Immunoglobulin (IgG, IgE, IgM, IgA, and IgD) in the serum of herpes simplex labialis patients. Results: Herpes simplex patients showed a significant reduction in the healing time, size of lesions, and significant pain relief from the first topical dose as a result of treatment with lavender cream associated with immunity state improvement. Conclusions: Lavender cream is a new candidate as a safe and effective topical treatment for herpes simplex labialis lesions. Key wards: Lavender, herpes simplex labialis. (J Bagh Coll Dentistry 2012; 24(sp. Issue 1):70-76).
... EO. Moreover, LA exhibits analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anxiolytic, antimicrobial, and sedative properties and is effective against burns and common skin lesions (Cavanagh and Wilkinson 2002). However, LA has yet to be tested against the nematodes H. contortus and T. colubriformis. ...
Article
Active components from plants are an alternative therapy to parasite control, addressing the widespread multidrug resistance populations. Linalyl acetate (LA), an ester abundantly found in plants of the genus Lavandula , was tested in vitro against third-stage larvae (L3) of Haemonchus spp. and Trichostrongylus spp. using the larval migration test at 0.89, 2.24, 4.47, 8.95, 17.9, 35.8, 71.6, and 143.2 mg/ml. After an initial incubation of 18 h, the total content of each tube was transferred to a 24-well plate that allowed active L3 to migrate through a nylon mesh (second incubation). Although LA exhibited 100% efficacy in reducing larval migration at 8.95 and 17.9 mg/ml, it showed reduced activity (5%) at 143.2 mg/ml. The data revealed a hormetic biphasic response characterised by an inverted U-shaped concentration-response curve. While hormesis has been previously documented in insecticidal and allelopathic contexts, this study reports the occurrence of hormesis induced by a phytochemical component against two species of nematodes for the first time. This distinctive stimulation-and-inhibition effect should be considered when selecting new compounds for preclinical testing.
... Catechins , Ellagic acid (Kannan et al., 2015) Peppermint oil (Mentha piperita) (McKay & Blumberg, 2006), Thyme oil (Thymus vulgaris) (Marchese et al., 2016) Digitonin (Hostettmann & Marston, 1995), Aescin (Podolak et al., 2010) Protein Synthesis Inhibition Resveratrol (Baur & Sinclair, 2006), Quercetin Peppermint oil (Mentha piperita) (McKay & Blumberg, 2006), Tea tree oil (Melaleuca alternifolia) (Carson et al., 2006) Stevioside (Chatsudthipong & Muanprasat, 2009), Ginsenosides (Zhou et al., 2012) Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibition Ellagic acid (Kannan et al., 2015), Chlorogenic acid (Sato et al., 2011) Eucalyptus oil (Eucalyptus globulus) (Sadlon & Lamson, 2010), Tea tree oil (Melaleuca alternifolia) (Carson et al., 2006) Stevioside (Chatsudthipong & Muanprasat, 2009), Ginsenosides (Zhou et al., 2012) Metabolic Pathways Inhibition Resveratrol (Baur & Sinclair, 2006), Quercetin Thyme oil (Thymus vulgaris) (Marchese et al., 2016), Lavender oil (Lavandula angustifolia) (Cavanagh & Wilkinson, 2002) Saponins (Podolak et al., 2010), Ginsenosides (Zhou et al., 2012) ...
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The functional properties of animal food protein, especially from nutritional and health contexts, remain crucial to (food) product formulation/processing. Moreover, the increases in consumer awareness continue to push the food industry to seek alternatives to chemical food preservatives, particularly those natural approaches that extend the shelf life of animal (food) product(s). As such,plant-derived bioactive substances occupy an important space as promising additives for animal food products. Besides, the underlying mechanisms that advance the interactive progress of antioxidant/bioactive compounds within the plant food matrices remain debated. Indeed, understanding how myofibrillar proteins interact with the specific bioactive ingredients, i.e. biologically active compounds of plant origin, is of great importance, especially their antioxidants/microbial potentials operating as food additives given the eventual impact to modify the functionality/sensory features of the emergent animal food products. To supplement existing information, therefore, this terse review synthesizes some connections between polyphenol and myofibrillar proteins derived from plant-based sources, emphasizing their anti-microbial potentials. Overall, natural food additives may offer potential health benefits, but their usage comes with challenges, the latter of which animal food producers must carefully consider particularly the effectiveness of bioactive substances on (animal food) products’ safety, and consumer appeal.
... In addition, application of either linalool or linalyl acetate, the main components of LEO, can significantly reduce inflammatory levels and relieve pain symptoms in both humans and rodents. [7][8][9][10] Aromatherapy (i.e., inhalation exposure) has shown considerable potential for use in pain management, but the mechanisms underlying these analgesic or antinociceptive effects have remained unknown, and, consequently, the reliability and safety of aromatherapies also lack experimental support. Previous studies have shown that odor information can activate both the amygdala and insular cortex (IC), which are known to participate in processing olfaction and pain information, respectively. ...
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Lavender essential oil (LEO) has been shown to relieve pain in humans, but the underlying neural mechanisms remain unknown. Here, we found that inhalation exposure to 0.1% LEO confers antinociceptive effects in mice with complete Freund adjuvant (CFA)-induced inflammatory pain through activation of projections from the anterior piriform cortex (aPir) to the insular cortex (IC). Specifically, in vivo fiber photometry recordings and viral tracing data show that glutamatergic projections from the aPir (aPirGlu) innervate GABAergic neurons in the IC (ICGABA) to inhibit local glutamatergic neurons (ICGlu) that are hyperactivated in inflammatory pain. Optogenetic or chemogenetic activation of this aPirGlu→ICGABA→Glu pathway can recapitulate the antinociceptive effects of LEO inhalation in CFA mice. Conversely, artificial inhibition of IC-projecting aPirGlu neurons abolishes LEO-induced antinociception. Our study thus depicts an LEO-responsive olfactory system circuit mechanism for alleviating inflammatory pain via aPir→IC neural connections, providing evidence to support development of aroma-based treatments for alleviating pain.
... lavender oil is an essential oil known for its fragrance and a wide array of biological properties, including its effects on the nervous system and other antimicrobial and antifungal activities (Bernardes et al., 2023;cavanagh & wilkinson, 2002). even though it is less toxic, continuous exposure may also cause adverse effects. ...
Article
Mosquito-borne diseases continue to pose significant threats to human populations, especially in developing and underdeveloped regions, where access to effective preventive measures remains limited. Mosquito repellents represent a cornerstone in the arsenal against these diseases, providing a barrier against mosquito bites. Mosquito repellents come in various formulations, including topical ointments and commercial vaporizers, with varying compositions. Common constituents include deodorized kerosene (DOK) as a solvent, pyrethroids, amides, essential oils for fragrance, and synergists. Despite their widespread use, the toxicological profiles of these repellents remain inadequately understood, raising questions about their safety in prolonged or excessive exposure scenarios. However, while their efficacy in preventing mosquito-borne illnesses is well-established, concerns persist regarding their potential toxicity to humans and the environment. This review critically examines the existing literature on the toxicity of mosquito repellents, focusing on their adverse effects on human health and environmental sustainability. Through an extensive analysis of available research, this review aims to shed light on the potential health risks associated with mosquito repellents, such as dermatological irritation, respiratory complications, and allergic reactions in humans.
... Lavender has also positive effects on urinary infections, cardiac diseases and eczema 12 . Furthermore, nowadays the lavender species are extensively cultivated throughout the world in order to be commonly employed in perfumery and cosmetic industry [12][13][14] , where especially their oil extracted is used. Lavender essential oil is used in aromatherapy and in the flavouring and fragrance industry 15,16 . ...
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Medicinal plants are the part and parcel of human society to combat against different diseases from the dawn of human civilization. According to World Health Organization, approximately 85% population of the developing countries are facing difficulties to afford synthetic drugs and are relying on traditional medicines mainly of plant origin in order to maintain their primary health care needs. Plants are being used in various disorders. The present pharmacological investigation was undertaken to study the anti-pyretic activity of hydroalcoholic extract of D. hatagirea roots (HEDH) & L. stoechas flowers (HELS) in albino rats against yeast induced pyrexia. Hydroalcoholic extract of D. hatagirea roots & L. stoechas flowers (5, 50, 300 and 2000 mg/ kg) orally to observe acute toxicity, and observed for 14 days. Eight groups of six animals were used for the experiment. The yeast induced pyrexia method was standardized first by injecting 15% yeast suspension (s.c) followed by recording the rectal temperature at regular intervals. Then the evaluation of anti-pyretic activity of hydroalcoholic extract of D. hatagirea roots & L. stoechas flowers (100, 200mg/kg & 300mg/kg) was carried out by using this standard procedure. The extract of D. hatagirea & L. stoechas plant showed a significant (P<0.01) dose dependent antipyretic effect in yeast induced elevation of body temperature in experimental rats. The data generated during study shows that D. hatagirea roots & L. stoechas flowers having significant anti-pyretic activity. Keywords: Dactylorhiza Hatagirea, Lavandula Stoechas, Anti-pyretic activity, Yeast induced pyrexia
... Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia, Family: Lamiaceae) is an aromatic plant well-known for its aromatherapy benefits. Lavender EO extracted from the flowers is widely used to reduce anxiety, improve mood and enhance overall health conditions (Cavanagh & Wilkinson, 2002;Salamati et al., 2014Salamati et al., , 2017. ...
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Stress has a proven negative impact on health. Recently, researchers have been interested in finding natural based solutions that can assist in managing stress levels. Essential oils (EOs) are natural phytochemicals that are powerful in their health care benefits. Lavender EO is popular in its role of relieving stress. Thus, the main purpose of this study is to investigate the relaxation effect of inhaling lavender essential oil on the physiological and psychological parameters using smart technology. The study was conducted on university students, in which a homogenous group of healthy students were selected to participate in this study. The students were exposed to olfactory stimulation, which involves spraying the air “as a control” and the lavender essential oil using an air diffuser. The physiological measurements were taken by smart tools that measure the heart rate (HR), heart rate variability (HRV), and oxygen level (OL). Conventional medical instruments were used to measure the heart rate (HR), and blood pressure (BP). The psychological measurements were recorded by surveying the participants using the online web application tool “Google Forms” by answering mood state questionnaires, which took place after the experimental and control conditions. Results showed that aromatherapy inhaling lavender EO has a significant effect on the overall measured physiological parameters (reduction in the HR and BP, and increase in the HRV), and enhancement on the overall psychological parameters; thus minimizing the overall stress levels among the university students.
... Lavender essential oil may be the quintessential herbal/aromatherapy treatment for anxiety, states of mood swings, and feelings of emotional instability (Lemon, 2004). Lavender aromatherapy has been found to reduce excessive or agitated behaviour (Lin et al., 2007), improve mood and reduce anxiety (Lehrner et al., 2005), and reduce depression (Cavanagh and Wilkinson, 2002). ...
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This research paper investigates the chemicals produced in the body during periods of stress, depression, and anxiety. Additionally, it identifies effective alternative treatments for stress, depression, and anxiety beyond prescription medications. Our research methodology included reviewing, analyzing, and summarising primary sources from peer-reviewed journals and conference publications. We selected articles that examined treatment pathways for different types of emotional distress. Our results suggest that no over-the-counter medications effectively relieve stress, depression, and anxiety. However, plants and essential oils have shown promise in reducing these conditions.
... Research also shows that EOs from Thymus vulgaris are effective against several RNA viruses in vitro [8]. Furthermore, lavender oil has been studied for its anti-inflammatory properties, which are crucial in treating chronic inflammatory conditions [9]. Natural EOs, which are produced as a secondary metabolites in various parts of aromatic plants such as flowers, roots, leaves, and stems are very popular. ...
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This study investigates the enantiomeric composition and possibilities of analysis of 1-octen-3-yl acetate (OcAc), a chiral compound found in various samples of lavender essential oils (EOs). Essential oils are complex mixtures exhibiting diverse biological activities and are often subject to sophisticated adulteration methods, necessitating advanced analytical techniques for authenticity verification. Using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and chiral gas chromatography, the analysis of lavender EOs samples determines the presence and enantiomeric ratios of OcAc. The results showed significant variations in the oils; however, there were minimal differences in enantiomeric purity among samples sourced from France, Bulgaria, and Slovakia. Major components such as linalool and linalyl acetate were predominant. The high enantiomeric purity of OcAc observed across all samples indicated there was no adulteration by synthetic products. The study underscores the importance of rigorous analytical methods to ensure the quality and authenticity of EOs, highlighting the influence of geographical origin on their chemical composition. These findings provided valuable insights into the factors affecting the authenticity and possible therapeutic efficacy of lavender essential oil.
... lavender) or other citrus essential oils (e.g. orange, Yuzu, and Iyokan) that have already been shown to be effective [11,17,45,46]. However, the latter two limitations can lead to future research. ...
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Introduction The essential oil of Shikuwasa (Citrus depressa Hayata) primarily contains limonene and γ-terpinene, which have potential applications in stress management and relaxation. However, the psychological or physiological relaxation effects of Shikuwasa essential oil on humans are still unknown. This study aims to investigate the short-term relaxation effects of Shikuwasa essential oil, one of the less-studied varieties, compared to inhaling odour-free air in young female adults. Methods and analysis: This study is a two-arm, parallel-group, open-label, randomised controlled superiority trial. Forty young female adults will be assigned with a 1:1 allocation ratio to either the Shikuwasa essential oil inhalation group or the odour-free air inhalation group. The primary outcome measure will be subjective tense arousal (subscale of the Japanese version of the University of Wales Institute of Science and Technology Mood Adjective Checklist). Secondary outcomes include objective measures: miosis rate and peripheral skin temperature for evaluating autonomic nervous activity, and cerebral blood flow (assessed using near-infrared spectroscopy) for evaluating central nervous activity. Since these objective outcome measures cannot be performed at the same time, we divide our experiment into three phases and participants will inhale sample vials for 2 min in each experiment. We will also evaluate individual preferences/impressions regarding inhaled samples and any adverse events. Ethics and dissemination The study protocol has been reviewed and approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki (reference no: I-0074). The findings of this study will be disseminated to academic and professional audiences via publications in peer-reviewed journals and presentations at academic conferences, and to the broader public via public talks and media/press releases. All study findings, whether negative or positive, will be reported. Trial registration UMIN Clinical Trials Registry (UMIN-CTR), UMIN000053914. Prospectively registered on March 20, 2024.
... Essential oils that are used in aromatherapy can be obtained from various portions of plants. The smelling of these oils sends electrochemical messages through the olfactory nerve to the limbic center in the brain and stimulates the release of neurotransmitters from the hypothalamus (Cavanagh et al., 2002;Clarke et al., 1996). The essence of lavender (Lavandula augustifolium) usually is prepared from the root and stem of the plant. ...
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Labor pain is a challenging issue for midwifes and designing intervention protocols. Aromatherapy is one of the non-pharmacological methods for pain relief and Lavendula has analgesic properties. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of aromatherapy massage with Lavender oil. This was a prospective, randomized, controlled trial that was conducted in 2008 at Mahdeeh Hospital of Tehran University, Tehran, Iran. The subjects included N=60 primiparous women in 38-42 week gestational age, who were expected to have a normal delivery. They were randomly assigned to two groups. The first group received only massage (n=30) and the second group received aromatherapy massage with Lavender oil (n=30). The intensity of pain was measured with the visual analogue scale (VAS). Results showed that pain intensity before and after intervention were significantly lower in the lavender aromatherapy massage group in the latent and active phase, and they had a lower duration of first and second stage of labor. Hence, aromatherapy massage was helpful, providing pain relief and psychological support during labor. This finding suggests that lavender aromatherapy massage is a cost-effective midwifery intervention that can decrease pain and duration of the first and second stages of labor.
... It can also contribute to the overall calming effect of the lipstick (Srivastava et al., 2010). Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) oil has antimicrobial and antioxidant properties, contributing to the preservation of the lipstick and providing potential benefits for the lips (Cavanagh et al., 2002). Lastly, Coconut Oil (Cocos nucifera) is known for its moisturizing properties. ...
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The widespread application of synthetic pesticides for food preservation and crop protection is a significant concern for both environmental sustainability and public health. Past and recent studies conducted worldwide revealed that botanical pesticides based on essential oils (EOs) have been developed against pests and pathogens deteriorating food commodities under both storage and field conditions. While EO-based botanical pesticides are less widely available, they offer considerable potential for managing pathogens and insects that affect food crops. The genus Lavandula also known as Lavender is one of the most important genera of the family Lamiaceae, comprising over 39 accepted species and many varieties distributed across the Iberian Peninsula, the Mediterranean coastline, parts of Southern & Eastern Africa, the Middle East, and South Asia. Lavandula species can potentially be used in the food and pharmaceutical industries as medicinal herbs. The genus is known for its abundance of EOs, which exhibit high variability in chemical constituents between species owing to various extrinsic (geographical origin) and intrinsic (genetic variation) factors. Despite broad scientific interest in the bioprospection of Lavandula species, there is a general lack of information regarding the use of Lavandula EOs (LEOs) in protection of food commodities/crops from harmful organisms. The objectives of this paper were to systematically review the scientific literature on the efficacy of LEOs against pathogens and pests deteriorating food commodities/crops under both storage and field conditions. Besides, studies on chemical analysis of LEOs originating from different countries and recommendations for their use as an alternative to synthetic pesticides in food protection are described. We also discussed the challenges in the use of LEOs and safety assessments so that they can be used as safe botanical pesticides in food systems.
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Lavandula multifida was widely used to treat rheumatism, chills, and digestive system diseases. However, experimental studies supporting these therapeutic properties are lacking. On the other hand, the composition of lavender essential oil is well documented; in contrast, there is less information on the chemical composition of organic extracts. In this study, the content of minerals, phenols, and fatty acids was determined, and the antioxidant activity was evaluated. Phenolic compounds were analyzed by HPLC–DAD, minerals by ICP-OES while fatty acids by GC–MS technique. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using three complementary tests, namely, the scavenging of DPPH free radicals, the scavenging of cationic radicals ABTS and CUPRAC (antioxidant reducing capacity of copper). Seven phenolic compounds were identified in the methanolic extract, where apigenin was the most abundant, followed by rutin and coumarin with 14.58, 2.08, and 0.51 µg/g, respectively. Thirteen saturated and unsaturated fatty acids were identified in the petroleum ether extract and, among these, the main detected were oleic acid (C18:1), palmitic acid (C16:0), and lineloic acid (C18:2). This extract was very rich in iron with an amount of 820.21 ± 16.4 mg/L. The methanolic extract also showed high antioxidant activity with DPPH, ABTS, and CUPRAC tests of 27.18 ± 0.51, 19.52 ± 3.85, and 26.32 ± 0.90 µg/mL, respectively. These results highlight the potential of L. multifida as an antioxidant agent and food supplement especially for iron deficiency.
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Lavender is one of the most appreciated aromatic plants, with high economic value in food, cosmetics, perfumery, and pharmaceutical industries. Lavender essential oil (LEO) is known to have demonstrative antimicrobial, antioxidant, therapeutic, flavor and fragrance properties. Conventional extraction methods, e.g., steam distillation (SD) and hydro-distillation (HD), have been traditionally employed to extract LEO. However, the low yield, high energy consumption, and long extraction time of conventional methods have prompted the introduction of novel extraction technologies. Some of these innovative approaches, such as ohmic-assisted, microwave-assisted, supercritical fluid, and subcritical water extraction approaches, are used as substitutes to conventional extraction methods. While other methods, e.g., sonication, pulsed electric field, and cold plasma, can be used as a pre-treatment that is preceded by conventional or emerging extraction technologies. These innovative approaches have a great significance in reducing the energy consumption, shortening the extraction time, and increasing the extraction yield and the quality of EOs. Therefore, they can be considered as sustainable extraction technologies. However, the scale-up of emerging technologies to an industrial level should also be investigated from the techno-economic points of view in future studies.
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Dünyada oldukça sık görülen yanık yaralanmaları, tüm organizmayı etkileyen, uzun süreli ve kapsamlı tedavi ve hastanede yatış gerektiren, oluşturdukları morbidite ve mortalite nedeni ile kişiler ve toplumlar için ciddi sorun oluşturan akut travmalardır. Yanıklı hastalarda yaralanmadan kaynaklanan ağrının yanı sıra tedavi amacıyla uygulanan prosedürel işlemler de ağrının şiddetini artırmaktadır. Tıp ve teknoloji alanında yaşanan gelişmelere rağmen yanık ağrısı tam olarak giderilememekte ve hastalar prosedürel işlemler sırasında orta ila şiddetli derecelerde ağrı yaşamaktadırlar. Tedavi amacıyla uygulanan pansuman değişimi, cerrahi debridman, eksizyon, eskaratomi ve yara bakımı gibi işlemler ağrının şiddetini artırmaktadır. Hastaların tedavi ve bakım girişimleri sırasındaki ağrı deneyimleri ve ağrı yaşama korkusu, farklı düzeylerde kaygıya neden olmakta, kaygı ise ağrı toleransını düşürerek ağrı algısını daha da artırmaktadır. Ağrı ve kaygının kontrol edilememesi hastaların birçok fizyolojik ve psikososyal sorunlar yaşamasına neden olmaktadır. Yanıklı hastalarda ağrı ve kaygı yönetiminde farmakolojik yöntemlerle birlikte farmakolojik olmayan yöntemler de kullanılmaktadır. Farmakolojik olmayan yöntemlerden biri de aromaterapidir. Bu derlemede yanıklı hastalarda prosedürel ağrı ve kaygı yönetimindeki bir yaklaşım olan aromaterapi uygulamalarının etkinliğini değerlendiren yarı deneysel veya deneysel araştırmalar incelenmiştir.
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Në këtë studim janë sjellë të dhëna nga analiza kimike e vajit esencial të bimës të llojit Lavandula angustifolia nga disa zona të Shqipërisë. Lavandula angustifolia është një bimë e familjes të Lamiaceae në formën e një shkurreje të bukur me degëzime të shumta që përdoret shpesh për zbukurime, përveç përdorimeve të saj për qëllime mjekësore. Nuk është bimë e florës sonë spontane, por kultivohet dhe rritet thuajse në të gjithë Mesdheun, përfshirë dhe vendin tonë. Zonat ku kultivohet Lavandula angustifolia janë ato të Veriut të Shqipërisë dhe të Shqipërisë së Mesme (1; 2; 3).
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Lavandula stoechas L., also referred to as French lavender or Spanish lavender, is a well‐known medicinal plant with a strong presence in traditional medicine systems. This review provides an overview of the existing research progress on L. stoechas, encompassing its traditional uses, medicinal phytochemistry, pharmacological activity as well as clinical applications, and in silico studies. Literature searches on the traditional, medicinal phytochemistry and biological activities of L. stoechas were conducted using online database which included Web of Science, Google Scholar, Scopus, ScienceDirect and PubMed as well as pre‐electronic literature sources obtained from the library of university. Recent scientific studies have explored the phytochemicals of L. stoechas, revealing a diverse collection of bioactive substances including flavonoids, terpenes, and phenolic acids. Pharmacological studies has provided additional clarity on the therapeutic benefits of extracts and isolated components from L. stoechas. Studies confirm its antibacterial, anti‐inflammatory, antioxidant, neuroprotective effects, and potential for anxiety, insomnia, and dermatological disorders. Computational approaches revealed ligand interactions between L. stoechas constituents and targets, enhancing understanding through in silico analysis. In summary, the combined study underscores L. stoechas’s diverse therapeutic potential, validating its traditional uses while providing scientific insights into its chemical composition, their formulations, molecular mechanisms, and pharmacological activities.
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Objetivo: Avaliar a atividade antimicrobiana do óleo de cannabis (Cannabis sativa), destacando compostos como canabinoides e terpenos, e sua eficácia contra patógenos. A análise compara-o com outros óleos essenciais, como óleo de tea tree e óleo de Mentha piperita, e explora sua origem e processo de extração. Revisão bibliográfica: A resistência crescente aos antibióticos impulsiona a busca por alternativas terapêuticas, com óleos essenciais emergindo como opções viáveis devido às suas propriedades antimicrobianas. O óleo de cannabis destaca-se por seu perfil único, eficaz contra bactérias Gram-positivas, Gram-negativas e fungos. Comparado ao óleo de tea tree e ao de Mentha piperita, o óleo de cannabis oferece um espectro antimicrobiano diferenciado e múltiplos mecanismos de ação. O estudo também analisa a origem do óleo de cannabis e os avanços em seus métodos de extração, especialmente a extração por CO2 supercrítico. Considerações finais: O óleo de cannabis mostra potencial no combate a patógenos resistentes, com características antimicrobianas distintas em relação a outros óleos essenciais. No entanto, mais pesquisas são necessárias para confirmar sua inocuidade e eficácia clínica, incluindo ensaios clínicos e estudos sobre dosagem e interações medicamentosas.
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Aim. To study the acute toxicity of narrow-leaved lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) herb dry extracts of Ukrainian origin. Materials and methods. The study objects were experimental test samples: test sample No. 1 ‒ a dry extract of narrow-leaved lavender herb obtained by extraction with purified water; test sample No. 2 ‒ a dry extract of narrow-leaved lavender herb obtained by extraction with a water‒ethanol solution (40 % ethanol); test sample No. 3 ‒ a dry extract of narrow-leaved lavender herb obtained by extraction with a water‒ethanol solution (70 % ethanol). To reproduce the clinic of acute poisoning and determine LD50, the acute toxicity of test samples was studied on sexually mature white mice weighing 19-21 g under the conditions of a single intragastric administration. The animals were observed for 2 weeks, which made it possible to assess the toxic effect of the lavender extracts studied on the body of experimental animals. The weight (initial data, 3, 7 and 14 days), the behavior of animals after the introduction of test samples (appearance, respiration, salivation, urination, excreta, feed consumption by animals) were monitored by daily feed and water consumption ‒ on days 7 and 14. The macroscopic examination included the external examination of animals, the examination of internal organs of the chest (heart, lungs, thymus) and abdominal cavities (liver, spleen, kidneys, adrenal glands, testes/ovaries). For statistical processing of the data obtained (body weight), the arithmetic average value and its standard error were used; the reliability of discrepancies between samples was assessed using ANOVA RM and the Dunnet criterion. Comparisons were made with the negative control group. Indicators of the mass coefficients of internal organs were presented in the form of the median, upper and lower quartiles. The reliability of discrepancies between samples was assessed using the Kruskal-Wallis test and the Mann-Whitney test compared to the negative control group. Results and discussion. It was experimentally proven that intragastric administration of dry extracts from lavender herb in the dose of 5000 mg/kg did not lead to lethality and did not affect the general trophic processes of animals. The macroscopic examination of internal organs and analysis of their mass coefficients confirmed that a single intragastric administration of test samples of lavender extracts did not lead to pathological changes in both males and females. The organ mass coefficients were within the normal range and had no statistically significant differences compared to animals in the negative control group. Conclusions. The results of the study have demonstrated that a single intragastric administration of test samples of lavender in the dose of 5000 mg/kg does not lead to pathological changes in the physiological state of mice, which allows to attribute the extracts studied to class V of practically non-toxic substances (LD50 > 5000 mg/kg).
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A presente obra intitulada ENTRE FLORESTAS E OCEANOS: DIÁLOGOS NATURAIS LUSO-BRASILEIROS está inserida em um conjunto de ações estratégicas que demandam esforços da Universidade Estadual Vale do Acaraú (UVA), do Programa de Pós-graduação em Geografia da UVA e, certamente, das instituições parceiras, Universidade de Évora e Universidade de Lisboa, em promover e oportunizar divulgações de pesquisas qualificadas.
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Ушбу монографияда доривор ингичка баргли лаванданинг интродукцияси ва биоэкологик хусусиятлари хамда дастлабки агротехнологияси тўғрисида маълумотлар берилган. Доривор лаванда интродукция жараёнларида иқлим факторларига бўлган талаби аккилимизация жараёнларида ўсимликнинг мослашиш ва ривожланиш босқичлари ўсимликнинг онтогенез босқичларида ривожланиши борасида маълумотлари берилган.
Chapter
Lavandula angustifolia is a widespread blooming plant throughout Europe and the Mediterranean. Lavender offers various advantages for human health and has a long history of usage in conventional medicine to treat insomnia, and anxiety, and to enhance the quality of sleep. Lavender is frequently found in soaps, fragrances, bath salts, and scented sachets. Even in low quantities, it can add flavor to foods or drinks. Its effectiveness in treating a variety of ailments has been shown in various ethnopharmacological investigations. It contains anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antispasmodic, sedative, insecticidal, antibacterial, and antifungal properties. Numerous research studies have explored the phytochemistry and pharmacological applications of Lavender. This species has high genetic diversity at morphological, molecular, and biochemical levels worldwide. DNA markers such as RAPD, ISSR, SSR, SNP, and SRAP were used to assess genetic diversity in L. angustifolia. However, it is still lacking in organized germplasm resources, improved cultivars, and suitable agrotechnologies, particularly for the Himalayan region. This chapter summarizes previous studies on taxonomy, geographical distribution, essential oil constituents, ethnopharmacological applications, genetic diversity, breeding strategies, and potential in this plant.
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Background Itrīfal, an important dosage form of Unani medicine, was introduced some 1000 years ago for the treatment of mainly brain disorders. This semi-solid dosage form is usually prepared by adding the dried fruits of E. officinalis, T. chebula, and T. bellirica, along with other important herbs mainly of plant origin. The present review is aimed at evaluating the potential effects of different formulations of Itrīfal and its important ingredients with respect to traditional uses and scientific studies. Methods The present review was carried out after going through Unani classical literature related to the potential therapeutic uses of various formulations of Itrīfal in cerebral diseases. The scientific data related to pharmacological activities and biologically active compounds of various formulations of Itrīfal and their important ingredients were explored through search engines like PubMed, Science Direct, Springer, MEDLINE, Research Gate, and Google Scholar. Results The review of Unani classical literature revealed that various formulations of Itrīfal eliminate phlegmatic, bilious, and melancholic morbid humors produced because of ihtirāq at the microcellular level in cases of cerebral diseases. The phytochemical review of different ingredients of Itrīfal revealed that they contain various bioactive secondary metabolites, including flavonoids, polyphenols, monoterpenes, alkaloids, glycosides, amino acids, tannins, etc., which possess several pharmacological activities, such as antioxidant, neuroprotective, anxiolytic, antidepressant, anti-aging, memory enhancer, neuroprotective, immunomodulatory, etc., through different mechanisms of actions like inhibition of acetylcholinesterase and butrylcholinesterase enzymes, modulation of neurotransmitters, interaction with adrenergic, dopaminergic, and serotonergic systems, blockade of dopamine receptors and enhancement of GABAergic neurotransmission, neurogenesis, synaptogenesis, etc. Conclusion Itrīfal has been prepared by adding rationale mixtures of herbs, which possess preventive and curative effects in brain diseases. They can provide much-needed protection to the brain and nerves against oxidative stress and other disease-oriented factors. The limitations with this unique dosage form of Unani medicine are that adequate scientific studies have not been carried out on different preparations of Itrīfal for holistic and scientific exploration of such an extraordinary dosage form. Hence, it is suggested that more studies on different aspects, like pharmacological, toxicological, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, etc., may be carried out in the future.
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Five aromatic constituents of essential oils (cineole, citral, geraniol, linalool and menthol) were tested for antimicrobial activity against eighteen bacteria (including Gram-positive cocci and rods, and Gram-negative rods) and twelve fungi (three yeast-like and nine filamentous). In terms of antibacterial activity linalool was the most effective and inhibited seventeen bacteria, followed by cineole, geraniol (each of which inhibited sixteen bacteria), menthol and citral aromatic compounds, which inhibited fifteen and fourteen bacteria, respectively. Against fungi the citral and geraniol oils were the most effective (inhibiting all twelve fungi), followed by linalool (inhibiting ten fungi), cineole and menthol (each of which inhibited seven fungi) compounds.
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The essential oil of a wild plant from Corsica, Lavandula stoechas L. ssp. stoechas, was analysed by 13C-NMR spectroscopy, without previous separation. The quantification of the components was realized using GC. Fifty samples have been studied, from throughout Corsica. In all the samples, the sum of the fenchone and camphor contents is high (51–83%). However, their respective ratios vary greatly. Moreover, enantiomeric differentiation of camphor and fenchone directly in the essential oil has been realized using 13C-NMR spectroscopy and a chiral lanthanide shift reagent, tris[3-(heptafluoropropylhydroxymethylene)-D-camphorato]ytterbium(III) (Yb(hfc)3). Both enantiomers of camphor are present in a sample studied, whereas only (+)-fenchone is present in another sample. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Essential oils of four plants (two species of lavender, peppermint, and a eucalyptus) and some of their principal constituents, i.e., linalool, linalyl acetate, fenchone, menthone, menthol, and eucalyptol, were tested in vitro for their acaricidal activity against Tyrophagus longior, a mite species that is a pest in stored food. Two different procedures were carried out to test the activity of these compounds by direct contact and by inhalation. In the direct contact assays five different quantities of each undiluted substance (6, 2, 1, 0.5, and 0.25 μl) were spread on the internal surface of 6-cm petri dishes, each containing 10 mites. The activity by inhalation was tested using two petri dishes of different sizes: the smaller one (6 cm), containing 10 mites, was covered with a filter-paper disk and enclosed in a bigger dish (9 cm) containing 6 oz 2 μl of each undiluted substance. At the highest doses, the essential oils of the two lavender species and of peppermint killed 100% of the mites, both by direct contact and by inhalation. Eucalyptus oil was the least active. Among the essential oil constituents, menthol showed the highest activity, killing 100% of the mites at the lowest dose (0.25 μl) by direct contact and at 6 μl by inhalation. However, linalool, fenchone, and menthone also showed good acaricidal activity. Eucalyptol, like the essential oil of which it is the principal constituent, had the lowest activity.
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Previously we demonstrated the acaricidal properties of Lavandula angustifolia Miller essential oil and of linalool, one of its main components, against Psoroptes cuniculi detected following direct contact of the substances with the mites.In the present paper we report the acaricidal activity of volatile linalool and of the lavender essential oil without direct contact of the ectoparasites with these substances.Diethyl ether extracts of dead mites showed linalool was the only detectable substance using this method by gas chromatography.The study confirms the acaricidal properties of lavender essential oil and of linalool by inhalation, indicating an additional route for possible use of these substances both for prophylactic and therapeutic purposes.
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Linalool is a monoterpene compound reported to be a major component of essential oils in various aromatic species. Several Linalool-producing species are used in traditional medical systems, including Aeolanthus suaveolens G. Dom (Labiatae) used as anticonvulsant in the Brazilian Amazon. Psychopharmacological in vivo evaluation of Linalool showed that this compound have dose-dependent marked sedative effects at the Central Nervous System, including hypnotic, anticonvulsant and hypothermic properties. The present study reports an inhibitory effect of Linalool on Glutamate binding in rat cortex. It is suggested that this neurochemical effect might be underlining Linalool psychopharmacological effects. These findings provide a rational basis for many of the traditional medical use of Linalool producing plant species.
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The aim of this paper is to analyse the relationship between self-report hedonic evaluations and the physiological expression of emotion in response to odorants. We try to solve the following questions: (1) Is it possible to find any experimental evidence that the sense of smell is linked with emotion? (2) What kind of odorants can be distinguished by autonomic analysis? (3) Is there a link between hedonics and autonomic information? The effects of odorants on the emotional process were estimated, in terms of autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity. Fifteen subjects inhaled five odorants as olfactory stimuli: lavender (LAV), ethyl acetoacetate (EAA), camphor (CAM), acetic acid (AA) and butyric acid (BA). After inhaling the odorant, subjects were requested to fill out an 11-point hedonic scale to rate its pleasantness versus unpleasantness. ANS parameters were as follows: two electrodermal responses, skin potential (SP) and resistance (SR); two thermovascular parameters, skin blood flow (SBF) and skin temperature (ST); and two cardiorespiratory parameters; instantaneous respiratory frequency (IRF) and instantaneous heart rate (IHR). Simultaneous recording of six parameters showed that specific autonomic patterns were associated with each odorant. An analysis of variance made it possible to differentiate among the five odorants. Two-by-two odorant comparisons for autonomic responses using Tukey's HSD multiple comparison test only permitted differentiation between pleasant odorants (LAV and EAA) and unpleasant (AA and BA) ones, but camphor was differentiated from both pleasant and unpleasant odorants. Each odorant elicited responses in the different parameters, yet subjects responded through their preferential channels; an average of two channels was used by each subject. These results when compared with those obtained with other senses (visual and auditory), did not evidence the postulated preferential link between olfaction and emotion. A strong link between hedonics and ANS response could be demonstrated when considering each subject and mainly through his/her preferential channel(s); conversely a weak correlation (SR duration excepted) was obtained between inter-subjects' hedonic evaluation. It seems that for a given population the autonomic response reflect the odor valence only through some parameters related to the main preferential channel(s) and thus the global autonomic pattern has to be considered.
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The aromatherapy service at the Cancer Support and Information Centre (CSIC) of this regional Cancer Centre has been continually assessed since its inception in 1993. New methods of assessing complementary therapies, based on the ‘therapy-as-practised’, have been explored. The present study evaluates the service following changes made after an initial pilot. The professional aromatherapist developed an evaluation tool, and formal questionnaires were limited to the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). HADS was completed before and after a course of six aromatherapy sessions. Of 89 patients referred, 58 patients completed the six sessions. Referrals were made by health professionals working in the Cancer Centre and in the CSIC. The majority of patients were female with breast cancer and were receiving radical oncological treatment. Tension, stress and anxiety/fear were the most common reasons for referral, and this was reflected in high initial HADS scores. There were significant improvements in HADS scores in the 58 patients completing the course (mean anxiety, depression, and combined scores dropped from 8.9 to 6.2, 6.1 to 4.0 and 15.0 to 10.2, respectively, P < 0.001). Fifty per cent or more of the sample reported a significant improvement in the eight most commonly assessed symptoms. The therapist was initially cautious about using questionnaires, but she gained confidence in using HADS as an assessment tool. The areas covered by her own evaluation tools were broadly comparable to established instruments such as the EORTC QLQ-C30. We conclude that aromatherapy massage has a role in reducing psychological distress, and improving symptom control in cancer patients. Further service evaluation is needed to promote appropriate referral and effective planning of treatment, and to justify cost. Given the multifaceted nature of complementary therapies, the need to develop new research methodologies is acknowledged.
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Complementary therapies have been embraced by many nurses, but the effectiveness of such regimes on the wellbeing of patients has never been researched successfully. This article describes a pilot study which evaluated their effects on long-stay neurology patients.
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The inhibitory effect of seven essential oils on the apical growth of hyphae of Aspergillus fumigatus was studied using a bio cell tracer by vapour contact in a sealed vessel. Based on the inhibitory pattern, these essential oils were classified into three groups. The first group, composed of citron, lavender and tea tree oils, stopped the apical growth in a loading dose of 63 mu g ml(-1) air, but allowed the regrowth of the hyphae after removal of the vapour, indicating fungistatic action. The second group, consisting of perilla and lemongrass oils, stopped the apical growth in a loading dose of 6.3 mu g ml(-1) air, and did not allow the regrowth after gaseous contact at 63 mu g ml(-1) air, indicative of fungicidal action. The third group, consisting of cinnamon bark and thyme oils, retarded the growth in a dose of 6.3 mu g ml(-1) air, stopped it in a dose of 63 mu g ml(-1) air, and incompletely suppressed regrowth of the hyphae. Gas chromatographic analysis revealed that vapours of essential oils were absorbed on fungal mycelia and agar medium most abundantly by the first group, followed by the second and third groups, reflecting the volatility of the respective groups. Suppression of the apical growth by vapour contact was ascribed to the direct deposition of essential oils on fungal mycelia, together with an indirect effect via the agar medium absorbed.
Article
In order to investigate the pharmacodynamic basis of the previously-established anticonvulsant properties of linalool, we examined the effects of this compound on behavioral and neurochemical aspects of glutamate expression in experimental seizure models. Specifically, linalool effects were investigated to determine its inhibition of (i) L-[H-3]glutamate binding at CNS (central nervous system membranes), (ii) N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-induced convulsions, (iii) quinolinic acid (QUIN)-induced convulsions, and the behavioral and neurochemical correlates of PTZ-kindling. The data indicate that linalool modulates glutamate activation expression in vitro (competitive antagonism of L-[H-3]glutamate binding) and in vivo (delayed NMDA convulsions and blockage of QUIN convulsions). Linalool partially inhibited and significantly delayed the behavioral expression of PTZ-kindling, but did not modify the PTZ-kindling-induced increase in L-[H-3]glutamate binding.
Article
This paper is an investigation into the efficacy of four therapeutic treatment procedures increasingly used with people with profound learning disabilities: snoezelen, hand massage/aromatherapy, relaxation, and active therapy (a bouncy castle). In particular, the effects of these procedures on concentration and responsiveness were examined. Eight subjects with profound learning disabilities took part in the study and each subject received each of the treatments. To assess the effects of the treatments, simple concentration tasks were administered and the subjects' responsiveness to each treatment was rated by independent observers. The results suggest that both snoezelen and relaxation had a positive effect on concentration and seemed to be the most enjoyable therapies for clients, whereas hand massage/aromatherapy and active therapy had no or even negative effects on concentration and appeared less enjoyable.
Article
In order to establish the value of the use of biological activities as accessory criteria (in conjunction with gas chromatography, but in the absence of enantiomeric analysis) for establishing the authenticity of essential oils, the biological activities of 105 commercial essential oils were investigated against 25 species of bacteria, 20 strains of Listeria monocytogenes, and three filamentous fungi; their antioxidant action was also determined and all the results were related to the actual chemical composition of the oils as determined by gas chromatography. The results showed some relationship between the major components and some bioactivities. There was a negative correlation between 1,8-cineole content and antifungal activity. There was, however, great variability between the biological action of different samples of individual oils and groups of oils under the same general name, e.g. lavender, eucalyptus or chamomile, which was reflected in differences in chemical composition, The results suggest that, although the biological activities are not all related to the main components, any significant blending, rectification and adulteration of commercial oils can be monitored by their biological activities. The use of essential oils named simply as ‘chamomile’ or ‘eucalyptus’, or any commercial oil which has been adulterated, cannot be justifiably used in treating medical conditions unless it can be shown that the action is non-specific and independent of the chemical composition. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Article
Synopsis In the present study, the percutaneous absorption of the essential oil of lavender from a massage oil was investigated. It was shown that lavender oil penetrates the skin of a male subject. Within five minutes of finishing, the massage traces of linalool (1) and linalyl acetate (2) as the main constituents of lavender oil could be detected in the blood. After 20 minutes, 100 ng/ml for 2 and 121 ng/ml for 1 showed up as the maximum concentration. Within 90 minutes, most of the lavender oil was eliminated. The sedative and relaxing effect of lavender oil after a massage may be based on two different ways of incorporation: the inhalation of fragrant molecules and the penetration through the skin.
Article
A controlled clinical trial was conducted during the winter 1985–1986 with 182 patients with chronic bronchitis living in institutions to evaluate the effectiveness of ‘Gouttes aux Essences’ (Essence Drops), a well known mixture in aromatherapy to prevent supervening bronchial infections. Although the overall number of supervening infections and their characteristics were not modified by the treatment, the frequency of relapse at least appears to have been significantly lowered in the group receiving treatment compared to the group receiving placebo.
Article
Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia, P. Miller) is used in aromatherapy as a holistic relaxant and is said to have carminative, antiflatulence and anticolic properties. Its sedative nature, on inhalation, has been shown both in animals and man. Lavender has a spasmolytic activity on guineapig ileum and rat uterus in vitro and it also decreases the tone in the skeletal muscle preparation of the phrenic nerve–diaphragm of rats. As the mechanism of action has not been studied previously, the spasmolytic activity was studied in vitro using a guinea-pig ileum smooth muscle preparation. The mechanism of action was postsynaptic and not atropine-like. The spasmolytic effect of lavender oil was most likely to be mediated through cAMP, and not through cGMP. The mode of action of linalool, one of lavender's major components, reflected that of the whole oil. The mode of action of lavender oil resembled that of geranium and peppermint oils. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Article
We report the annual results of patch testing with lavender oil for a 9-year period from 1990 to 1998 in Japan. Using Finn Chambers and Scanpor tape, we performed 2-day closed patch testing with lavender oil 20% pet. on the upper back of each patient suspected of having cosmetic contact dermatitis. We compared the frequency of positive patch tests to lavender oil each year with those to other fragrances. We diagnosed contact allergy when patch test reactions were + or <+ at 1 day after removal. The positivity rate of lavender oil was 3.7% (0–13.9%) during the 9-year period from 1990 to 1998. The positivity rate of lavender oil increased suddenly in 1997. Recently, in Japan, there has been a trend for aromatherapy using lavender oil. With this trend, placing dried lavender flowers in pillows, drawers, cabinets, or rooms has become a new fashion. We asked patients who showed a positive reaction to lavender oil about their use of dried lavender flowers. We confirmed the use of dried lavender flowers in 5 cases out of 11 positive cases in 1997 and 8 out of 15 positive cases in 1998. We concluded that the increase in patch test positivity rates to lavender oil in 1997 and 1998 was due to the above fashion, rather than due to fragrances in cosmetic products.
Article
Kilstoff K, Chenoweth L. International Journal of Nursing Practice 1998; 4: 70–83 New approaches to health and well-being for dementia day-care clients, their family carers and day-care staff This study was conducted in one multicultural dementia day-care centre over a period of 18 months. It introduced a gentle hand treatment for clients using three essential oils. The study evolved out of the process of action research where the family carers and day-care staff participated with the researchers to choose, design, develop and evaluate a hand treatment programme. Data was collected through in-depth interviews pre-and post-treatment, focus group discussions, client observation logbooks and a disability scale. The findings indicate a positive strengthening of the relationship between the person with dementia and their family carer, and an improvement in feelings of health and well-being for both. The specific improvements for clients include increased alertness, self-hygiene, contentment, initiation of toileting, sleeping at night and reduced levels of agitation, withdrawal and wandering. Family carers have reported less distress, improved sleeping patterns and feelings of calm. They also found the treatment useful in helping them manage the difficult behaviours exhibited by their relative with dementia. The benefits of this treatment for nursing practice are that it is safe, effective and easily administered by staff in any setting.
Article
The repellencies of 13 labiate essential oils against Myzus persicae were investigated with a linear track olfactometer. Rosemary, thyme, peppermint, lavender, and spearmint oils repelled aphids at a dose of 10 l. Rosemary and thyme oils repelled at a dose of 1 l. The repellent actions of 13 components of rosemary oil were also evaluated. Among these components linalool, d,l-camphor, and -terpineol had repellent action. The repellency of rosemary oil in a screenhouse was investigated. Aphids were released in a screenhouse and allowed to choose between tobacco plants in an area permeated with rosemary oil odor and plants in a control area. The number of aphids in the treatment area was about 70% of that in the control area. These results indicated that the landing of M. persicae on host plants was influenced by odors and that it may be possible to control aphids with repellents.
Article
Tineola bisselliella is a common pest on natural fabrics of economic importance. Two commercially available repellents for use against adult webbing clothes moths were tested for their efficacy in dual- and no-choice bioassays. Oil of cloves and citral in combination, as well as citronellol scented with oil of lavender showed promising repellent effects for 4 weeks when applied in small compartments of a wardrobe. Although the repellent efficacy was not 100% under the conditions tested, the usage of essential oils in combination with other infestation prevention techniques is discussed.
Article
The perception of odors is well identified as having strong emotional correlates. It is also well known that the acoustic characteristics of the voice differ according to the emotional state. This study compared some acoustic features of the voice of 18 subjects reading the same text in pleasant (lavender) and unpleasant (pyridine) ambient odor conditions. The results revealed that the pitch of the voice was higher in the pleasant than in the unpleasant condition. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis of local and functional convergences of encoding vocal emotion and hedonic perception of odors.
Article
The study examined the practice of adding six drops of pure lavender oil to bath water daily for 10 days following childbirth to reduce perineal discomfort. Mothers using the oil found it pleasant to use, and there were no side effects. The pattern of discomfort scores shows no statistical differences between groups. Those using lavender oil showed lower mean discomfort scores, particularly between days 3 and 5. Further studies might explore the effect of varying the amount of oil used or changing the mode of application.
Article
There is widespread belief that the use of aromatherapy and massage in an intensive care environment offers a means of increasing the quality of sensory input that patients receive, as well as reducing levels of stress and anxiety. Despite a wealth of anecdotal evidence in support of these claims, there have been few objective studies to evaluate the effects of these therapies. In this experimental study 122 patients admitted to a general intensive care unit were randomly allocated to receive either massage, aromatherapy using essential oil of lavender, or a period of rest. Both pre- and post-therapy assessments included physiological stress indicators and patients' evaluation of their anxiety levels, mood and ability to cope with their intensive care experience. Ninety-three patients (77%) were able to complete subjective assessments. There were no statistically significant differences in the physiological stress indicators or observed or reported behaviour of patients' ability to cope following any of the three interventions. However, those patients who received aromatherapy reported significantly greater improvement in their mood and perceived levels of anxiety. They also felt less anxious and more positive immediately following the therapy, although this effect was not sustained or cumulative.
Article
Aromatherapy is a movement growth in popularity, but lacking scientific justification in the field of practice, although laboratory experiments are in evidence. Lavender oil is frequently selected for aromatherapy as having antiseptic and healing properties. More specifically, it has been used as a bath additive postnatally to reduce perineal discomfort. A blind randomized clinical trial is described, involving three groups of mothers, one using pure lavender oil, one a synthetic lavender oil and one an inert substance as a bath additive for 10 days following normal childbirth. Analysis of daily discomfort scores revealed no statistically significant difference between groups. It cannot be concluded that current practice results in a reduction of postnatal perineal discomfort at the dilution levels used. However, there is some consistency in results between the 3rd and 5th days, with those women using lavender oil as a bath additive recording lower mean discomfort scores. This is a time when the mother usually finds herself discharged home and perineal discomfort is high. A total of 635 women participated and no side-effects were found.
Article
In the present experiment, we found that inhaling lavender oil vapour blocked pentetrazol- and nicotine-induced convulsion and electroshock convulsion in mice.
Article
There are no cases described in the medical literature of systemic allergic reactions due to oregano (Origanum vulgare) or thyme (Thymus vulgaris). These herbs belong to the Lamiaceae (Labiatae) family which comprises other plants such as hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis), basil (Ocimum basilicum), marjoram (Origanum majorana), mint (Mentha piperita), sage (Salvia officinalis) and lavender (Lavandula officinalis). We describe three systemic allergic reactions caused by oregano and thyme in the same patient. Skin tests with inhalant allergens and plants of the Labiatae family were done. We used the prick by prick technique with dried commercial plants and prick tests with extracts prepared with the Frugoni method in our patient and in ten control patients. Total serum IgE was determined by Phadezym IgE PRIST (Pharmacia). Specific IgE was measured by two methods: CAP system (Pharmacia) and Phadezym RAST (Pharmacia Diagnostics, Uppsala, Sweden) with activated discs of the allergenic extracts that were prepared in our laboratory. Skin tests with inhalants were positive to grasses. Skin tests with plants of the Labiatae family were positive in all cases when the skin prick technique was used; tests were negative with basil and lavender, and positive with all the others when we used the prick by prick technique. We did not detect any positive skin tests nor specific IgE to plants of the Labiatae family in control patients. Total serum IgE was 406 U/mL. Specific IgE was detected to all herbs tested; higher levels were obtained with the CAP system. Plants belonging to the Labiatae family seem to show cross-sensitivity on the basis of clinical history and in vitro and in vivo test results.
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Article
Psoriasis is an uncomfortable, inflammatory skin disease for which there is no cure but which can be managed at an acceptable level for the individual. This article explores the use of aromatherapy as an alternative management approach. The author describes a range of treatment outcomes, which show both physiological and psychological benefits.
Article
This paper is an investigation into the efficacy of four therapeutic treatment procedures increasingly used with people with profound learning disabilities: snoezelen, hand massage/aromatherapy, relaxation, and active therapy (a bouncy castle). In particular, the effects of these procedures on concentration and responsiveness were examined. Eight subjects with profound learning disabilities took part in the study and each subject received each of the treatments. To assess the effects of the treatments, simple concentration tasks were administered and the subjects' responsiveness to each treatment was rated by independent observers. The results suggest that both snoezelen and relaxation had a positive effect on concentration and seemed to be the most enjoyable therapies for clients, whereas hand massage/aromatherapy and active therapy had no or even negative effects on concentration and appeared less enjoyable.
Article
This article is based on work into the sexual health needs of people with learning disabilities, carried out by a working group of the RCN Family Planning Forum. Literature searches were conducted, and local initiatives, specialist services and information sources for training and education for clients and staff were identified. The authors' aim in this article is to increase awareness among those involved in the care of people with learning disabilities and those providing family planning and sexual health services, so that these services are appropriate, accessible and sensitive to the needs of this vulnerable client group.
Article
Sporulation of four species of filamentous fungi, namely Aspergillus fumigatus, Fusarium solani, Penicillium expansum and Rhizopus oryzae, was suppressed by gaseous contact with citron, lavender and thyme oils and, to a lesser extent, by that of perilla and tea tree oils. Lemongrass and cinnamon bark oils were scarcely active. The antisporulating effect of the essential oils was not observed when they were applied as a solution, indicating that their vapours were the active form. Moreover, exposure of fungal cultures to vapours of the active essential oils caused curling of the tips of aerial hyphae (R. cryzae) or incomplete development of conidiophores (A. fumigatus). These antisporulating effects of the vapourizing essential oils seemed to be correlated with their respirationinhibitory activity, rather than with their growthinhibitory activity. Zusammenfassung. Die Sporulierung von vier Fadenpilzarten, nämlich Aspergillus fumigatus, Fusarium solani, Penicillium expansum und Rhizopus oryzae, wurde durch Kontakt mit Dämpfen von Zitronenöl, Lavendelöl und Thymianöl, weniger mit Dämpfen von Perillaöl und Teebaumöl gehemmt. Limonengrasöl und Zimtrindenöl waren kaum wirksam. Die Sporulierungshemmwirkung der ätherischen Öle wurde nicht beobachtet, wenn sie als Lösung angewendet wurden; demnach sind die Dämpfe die Aktivphase. Die Exposition bewirkte weiterhin ein Kräuseln der Lufthyphenenden bei R. oryzae und eine unvollständige Entwicklung der Konidiophoren bei A. fumigatus. Diese Sporulierungshemmung der Dämpfe ätherischer Öle scheint eher mit der Atmungshemmung als mit der Wachstumshemmung korreliert zu sein.
Article
In an attempt to redress the lack of research into the use of complementary therapy in the nursing care of patients with rheumatoid arthritis, the author studied the effects of massage and aromatherapy on patients' wellbeing.
Article
EEG activity, alertness, and mood were assessed in 40 adults given 3 minutes of aromatherapy using two aromas, lavender (considered a relaxing odor) or rosemary (considered a stimulating odor). Participants were also given simple math computations before and after the therapy. The lavender group showed increased beta power, suggesting increased drowsiness, they had less depressed mood (POMS) and reported feeling more relaxed and performed the math computations faster and more accurately following aromatherapy. The rosemary group, on the other hand, showed decreased frontal alpha and beta power, suggesting increased alertness. They also had lower state anxiety scores, reported feeling more relaxed and alert and they were only faster, not more accurate, at completing the math computations after the aromatherapy session.
Article
We studied the effects of lavender oil on mast cell-mediated immediate-type allergic reactions in mice and rats. Lavender oil (1:500, 1:100, 1:10, 1:1, 1:0) inhibited concentration-dependently mast cell-dependent ear swelling response induced by compound 48/80 in mice by both topical and intradermal application. Lavender oil (1:500, 1:100, 1:10, 1:1, 1:0) inhibited concentration-dependently passive cutaneous anaphylaxis induced by anti-dinitrophenyl (DNP) IgE in rats by both topical and intradermal application. Lavender oil (1:500, 1: 100, 1: 10, 1:1, 1:0) also inhibited concentration-dependently the histamine release from the peritoneal mast cells by compound 48/80 or anti-DNP IgE. Moreover, lavender oil (1:1000, 1:100, 1:10, 1:0) had a significant inhibitory effect on anti-DNP IgE-induced tumour necrosis factor-α secretion from peritoneal mast cells. These results indicate that lavender oil inhibits immediate-type allergic reactions by inhibition of mast cell degranulation in-vivo and in-vitro.
Article
In order to investigate the pharmacodynamic basis of the previously-established anticonvulsant properties of linalool, we examined the effects of this compound on behavioral and neurochemical aspects of glutamate expression in experimental seizure models. Specifically, linalool effects were investigated to determine its inhibition of (i) L-[3H]glutamate binding at CNS (central nervous system membranes), (ii) N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-induced convulsions, (iii) quinolinic acid (QUIN)-induced convulsions, and the behavioral and neurochemical correlates of PTZ-kindling. The data indicate that linalool modulates glutamate activation expression in vitro (competitive antagonism of L-[3H]glutamate binding) and in vivo (delayed NMDA convulsions and blockage of QUIN convulsions). Linalool partially inhibited and significantly delayed the behavioral expression of PTZ-kindling, but did not modify the PTZ-kindling-induced increase in L-[3H]glutamate binding.
Article
In order to assess the influence of odors on human performance and implicit memory for odors, 108 subjects completed a variety of tests in weakly scented (jasmine, lavender or odorless) rooms without having been made aware of the odor. After a 30 min interval the subjects were shown slides of different surroundings, including the room they had been in, and were requested to rate how well a set of 12 odors, including a blank, would fit to these surroundings. Half of these contexts contained visual cues related to two of the presented odors (leather and coffee). After the rating of fit the subjects had to rate the odors for pleasantness, were asked to identify the odors with their correct names and to tell where and when they had last smelled these odors. One subject remembered smelling the odor (jasmine) in the room and was discarded from the analysis of the results for the rating of fit. None of the others reported recollection of the experimental odors. The results showed that in general jasmine had a negative and lavender a positive effect on test performance. If an odor-related visual cue was present in the context, the related odor was always rated highest in fit to that context. Furthermore, the subjects working in rooms with an odor subsequently assigned this odor to the visual context of that room to a significantly higher degree than subjects working in rooms with different odors. Since none of the subjects reported that they had smelled the odor in the rooms where performance testing took place, it was concluded that the memory for these odors was implicit. Further analysis showed that such memory was only found in subjects who were unable to supply the right name for the odor. The possible consequences of this latter finding for understanding the relationship between sensory (episodic) and semantic odor memory are discussed.
Article
20 men were randomly assigned to a control or an experimental group. After baseline screening, all subjects performed moderate physical exercise for 2 min., then rested for 10 min., during which the experimental group was exposed to lavender aromatherapy. Recovery measures included diastolic and systolic blood pressure, mean arterial pressure, pulse pressure, and heart rate. As the mean difference in diastolic blood pressure fell just short of statistical significance, further study with larger groups is required.
Article
Successful control depends on epidemiological knowledge, accurate diagnostic techniques, intimate knowledge of the mite's life cycle, its behaviour on and off the host, its macro and molecular biology, the nature of the pathogenesis of the disease, sheep husbandry practices, nutritional and environmental factors; also farmer awareness and attitudes. The variable responses of sheep to the mite, the unpredictable incubation period, course, manifestations and outcome make this an intriguing and perplexing disease. Ways to overcome these problems and to achieve possible eradication are discussed.
Article
FULL TEXT available free from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1365-2672.1999.00780.x/pdf The antimicrobial activity of plant oils and extracts has been recognized for many years. However, few investigations have compared large numbers of oils and extracts using methods that are directly comparable. In the present study, 52 plant oils and extracts were investigated for activity against Acinetobacter baumanii, Aeromonas veronii biogroup sobria, Candida albicans, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia col, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotype typhimurium, Serratia marcescens and Staphylococcus aureus, using an agar dilution method. Lemongrass, oregano and bay inhibited all organisms at concentrations of < or = 2.0% (v/v). Six oils did not inhibit any organisms at the highest concentration, which was 2.0% (v/v) oil for apricot kernel, evening primrose, macadamia, pumpkin, sage and sweet almond. Variable activity was recorded for the remaining oils. Twenty of the plant oils and extracts were investigated, using a broth microdilution method, for activity against C. albicans, Staph. aureus and E. coli. The lowest minimum inhibitory concentrations were 0