ArticleLiterature Review

Hypersensitivity of Human Subjects to Environmental Electric and Magnetic Field Exposure: A Review of the Literature

September 2002
Environmental Health Perspectives 110 Suppl 4(Suppl 4):613-8

Source
PubMed

Authors:

Laval University

Hypersensitivity to exposure to electric and magnetic fields (EMFs) has been reported for nearly 20 years; however, the literature on the subject is still very limited. Nearly all the literature published concerns a dermatological syndrome that consists of mainly subjective symptoms (itching, burning, dryness) and a few objective symptoms (redness, dryness) appearing after individuals begin working with video display units and decreasing during absence from work. Case-control studies as well as some good but limited double-blind trials have not found any clear relationship between this syndrome and exposure to EMFs. A "general syndrome" with more general symptoms has been rarely described but seems to have a worse prognosis. The symptoms often associated with skin disorders are mainly of neurasthenic type and can cover a lot of nonspecific symptoms present in other atypical syndromes such as multiple chemical sensitivity or chronic fatigue. Most of these symptoms are allegedly triggered by exposure to different sources of EMFs, but there have been no valid etiological studies published on this more general syndrome. It appears that the so-called hypersensitivity to environmental electric and magnetic fields is an unclear health problem whose nature has yet to be determined.

Prevalence and psychiatric co-morbidity of self-reported electromagnetic field sensitivity in Taiwan: A population-based study.

Article

Oct 2011
J FORMOS MED ASSOC

Background/Purpose: Psychological factors have been implicated in the etiology of idiopathic environmental illness in many studies. Few studies have ever reported psychiatric morbidity among individuals with electromagnetic hypersensitivity. We aimed to estimate the prevalence and identify the associated factors of self-reported electromagnetic field sensitivity (SREMFS) in adults of Taiwan. Methods: A total of 1251 adults selected from a nationwide Computer-Assisted Telephone Interviewing system received a telephone survey about the perception of risk from various environmental agents and their effects on health and well-being. Results: The estimated prevalence of people with SREMFS was 13.3 % (95% confidence interval: 11.2e15.3). People aged >65 years were associated with a lower risk of reporting sensitivity to electromagnetic fields, whereas people with a very poor self-reported health status, those who were unable to work, and those who had psychiatric morbidity were associated with a higher risk of having SREMFS. Conclusion: The prevalence of SREMFS in the general population of Taiwan is higher than that reported in western countries. People with psychiatric morbidity are more likely to report sensitivity to electromagnetic fields. The cross-sectional design precludes the causal inference of all identified correlates and electromagnetic field sensitivity.

Effects of psychopathology on the characteristics of Individuals with self-reported electromagnetic field Hypersensitivity

Article

Full-text available

Mar 2014

Objective: Individuals with electromagnetic hypersensitivity have been reported to have characteristics overlapped with some psychiatric conditions, but the relationship between psychiatric morbidity and electromagnetic hypersensitivity remains unclear. Here we intended to study the effects of psychopathology on the characteristics of electromagnetic hypersensitivity in a randomized sample of individuals with idiopathic environmental intolerance with attribution to electromagnetic fi elds (IEI-EMF). Methods: We identifi ed individuals in Taiwan with self-reported IEI-EMF (n = 170) in a nationwide telephone survey (n = 1,197) on the perception of risks from various environmental agents. The telephone interview questions contained demography, presence of catastrophic illness, self-reported health condition, functional impairment, medical utilization, and risk perception from 13 environmental agents. Individuals with psychiatric conditions were iden-tifi ed using the Brief Symptom Rating Scale-5 (n = 190). Of them, 49 persons were comorbid with self-reported IEI-EMF. Results: We found that individuals with IEI-EMF shared features with those with psychiatric conditions including inability to work and impairment of daily activities. Co-occurring psychopathology significantly increased the severity of poor self-reported health condition, and the degree of sensitivity to EMF among individuals with IEI-EMF. More severe degree of psychopathology was associated with signifi cantly increased medical utilization (p < 0.001), non-employment (p < 0.001), and impairment in daily activity (p < 0.001), whereas the severe degree of electrosensitivity was signifi cantly associated with non-employment only (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Commonly reported features of IEI-EMF were mainly predicted by the degree of psychopathology instead of the degree of sensitivity to EMF. Treating anxiety and depression in individuals with IEI-EMF may help improve these clinical features.

Preliminary test of a method to determine potential health effects of residential exposure to power frequency magnetic fields in patients with perceived electromagnetic hypersensitivity

Article

Full-text available

The so-called electromagnetic hypersensitivity (EH) syndrome includes a number of unspecific, medically unexplained symptoms attributed to exposure to electric and magnetic fields. As a whole, laboratory tests conducted under controlled conditions have provided results that are not sufficiently supportive of a causal relationship exposure-response in patients with perceived electromagnetic hypersensitivity. Those results are in part inconclusive due to the fact that many individuals have shown unclear, inconsistent responses to repeated experimental field-exposures. It has been proposed that such inconsistencies could be due in part to distress caused by the lab test itself. We have developed a test to be conducted at the patient's residence, allowing for long-term follow up of exposure-response assessment and avoiding the laboratory environment and the presence of the researcher as potential stressors and confounding factors. In a preliminary test assessment, an EMDEX-II magnetometer was used to continuously recording power-frequency magnetic fields in the residence of a patient with perceived EH. The volunteer was asked to daily fill up a form describing the nature and timing of symptoms she attributed to residential exposure to magnetic fields. Those symptoms included distress, headache and dizziness, among others. Magnetographic data of a total of 123 recording days were plotted against the corresponding data on occurrence of the symptoms' episodes. As a whole, the results did not show positive linear correlation between the daily occurrence of the episodes and the exposure levels recorded during the day or during the day before. These preliminary results are little supportive of the hypothesis that the patient's ailments are caused or worsened by a putative hypersensitivity to residential exposure to power-frequency magnetic fields in the 0.02 – 4.00 µT range. Supported by HRC-IMSALUD 1. Introduction Cases of self-reported electromagnetic hypersensitivity (EH) have been described and studied in the literature for about 20 years. Up to present most studies have investigated subjective dermatological symptoms (burning, hitching) associated to occupational exposures near video display terminals [1]. However, in recent years a broader group of symptoms have been included in the EH syndrome. These are mostly neurasthenic symptoms (distress, headache, dizziness, sleep disorders) together with unspecific ophthalmologic, dermal and cardio-respiratory symptoms [2, 3]. Recent studies have estimated the prevalence of EH in the general population to be close to 3% [4]. As reported by most patients, the symptoms appear when in the proximity to electrical devices, transmission lines, transformers, or radio, TV or telephone emitters. These symptoms disappear short after switching the device off or increasing the distance from the source. The severity of the symptoms has been described to be highly variable, ranging from mild discomfort to severe pain and impairment [3].

L'hypersensibilité à l'Électricité: Une approche multidisciplinaire pour un problème multifactoriel. Revue de la littérature

Article

Mar 2005
EUR REV APPL PSYCHOL

M Crasson

Hypersensitivity to electricity (EHS) is a self-defined syndrome where individuals experience adverse effects while using or being in the vicinity of devices or equipments emitting electric, magnetic or electromagnetic fields. Most of studies are Scandinavian and indicate dermatological complaints from visual display units workers but more and more individuals complaint about a general syndrome, neurasthenic like, which extend to other sources of non-ionising radiation; power-lines and mobile systems. The use of this term cannot be considered to imply an already established causal relationship between electromagnetic fields and reported symptoms, as shown by provocation studies. The origin of hypersensitivity to electricity appears to be mutifactorial and request a multidisciplinary approach of environmental, biologic, psychologic and psychosocial factors in the diagnostic and treatment of this heterogeneous syndrome. The goal of this paper is to review current knowledge and hypothesis related to this syndrome to better understand and help people suffering from it.

Application of methods of multivariate statistical analysis for study of individual human sensitivity to zero magnetic fields

Article

Full-text available

In our previous work, we reported that compensation of the geomagnetic field to a level less than 0.4 microT (“zero magnetic field”, or ZMF) affected human cognitive processes. The compensation of the geomagnetic field was organized in a special wood box of 1×1×1.5 m3 in size. The box included a wire mesh that shielded a person from the outer randomly variable electrostatic field. A similar wire mesh inside the box generated a controllable electrostatic field that modeled the outer field in magnitude but was constant in time and direction. Magnetic field inside the box was measured near the human head to supply a feedback. This allowed the active system of magnetic exposure to compensate the outer magnetic field together with its variations caused by the city electric vehicles and industrial pulses. Forty tested persons who all have given their informed agreement to take part in the experiment were tested for the perfection of their cognitive processes. Each person has been tested twice: in ZMF and, for comparison, in sham conditions. The second session was organized usually in 30–50 days after the first one. Measured were the parameters (task processing times and the number of errors) of the following tests: (i) the rate of a simple motor reflex, (ii) colored words recognition, (iii) short-term color memory, and (iv) recognition of rotated letters. There were eight measurable parameters altogether. Under ZMF, the number of errors was grown and the task processing times were increased by about 2%, in average. This conclusion was made after the measured values were statistically treated using MANOVA. However, individual effects that deviated from the mean by more than “three sigma” have been found in the array of magnetic effects calculated from the measured parameters. At that, practically all of them had the same sign as the observable mean effect. It was unclear in what extent could these readings change the main result of the work, the statement that ZMF affects the parameters of the persons’ cognitive processes in average? Therefore, in the present work, methods of multivariate statistical analysis other than MANOVA have been used to study individual human sensitivity to zero magnetic fields. Using the discriminant analysis and the factor analysis, indices of the individual sensitivity of 40 persons have been defined and calculated. Previously reported findings that women and elderly people are more sensitive to ZMF have been confirmed. Temperature and pressure did not influence significantly on the effects of ZMF. At the same time, the effects of ZMF depended on how persons felt and on their allergic status. It has been shown, that non-allergic persons who felt “excellent” executed tests better when those who had occasional allergic reactions and/or felt just “well” or “moderately well”. Based on the individual sensitivity indices, different distributions of the magnetic effects over persons have been calculated. Then, the group of persons particularly sensitive to ZMF and that of persons showing no such sensitivity were separated. The cluster analysis confirmed the presence of different groups. In the group of sensitive persons, the average magnetic effects reached 9%, and the number of errors in letter recognition reached 28%. The known syndrome of electromagnetic hypersensitivity (EHS) is discussed with regard to these findings.

Health Implications of Electromagnetic Fields, Mechanisms of Action, and Research Needs

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2014

Electromagnetic fields (EMF) have been implicated to influence a range of bodily functions. Given their ubiquitous nature, widespread applications, and capability to produce deleterious effects, conclusive investigations of the health risks are critical. Accordingly, this paper has been constructed to weigh the bioeffects, possible biointeraction mechanisms, and research areas in bioelectromagnetics seeking immediate attention. The several gaps in the existing knowledge do not permit one to reach a concrete conclusion but possibility for harmful effects cannot be underestimated in absence of consistent findings and causal mechanisms. Several studies with appropriate methodologies reflect the capacity of electromagnetic radiations to cause adverse health effects and there are several credible mechanisms that can account for the observed effects. Hence, need of the hour is to activate comprehensive well-coordinated blind scientific investigations, overcoming all limitations and demerits of previous investigations especially replication studies to concretize the earlier findings. Furthermore, appropriate exposure assessment is crucial for identification of dose-response relation if any, and the elucidation of biological interaction mechanism. For the time being, the public should follow the precautionary principle and limit their exposure as much as possible.

Reliable disease biomarkers characterizing and identifying electrohypersensitivity and multiple chemical sensitivity as two etiopathogenic aspects of a unique pathological disorder

Article

Full-text available

Nov 2015
Rev Environ Health

Much of the controversy over the causes of electro-hypersensitivity (EHS) and multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS) lies in the absence of both recognized clinical criteria and objective biomarkers for widely accepted diagnosis. Since 2009, we have prospectively investigated, clinically and biologically, 1216 consecutive EHS and/or MCS-self reporting cases, in an attempt to answer both questions. We report here our preliminary data, based on 727 evaluable of 839 enrolled cases: 521 (71.6%) were diagnosed with EHS, 52 (7.2%) with MCS, and 154 (21.2%) with both EHS and MCS. Two out of three patients with EHS and/or MCS were female; mean age (years) was 47. As inflammation appears to be a key process resulting from electromagnetic field (EMF) and/or chemical effects on tissues, and histamine release is potentially a major mediator of inflammation, we systematically measured histamine in the blood of patients. Near 40% had a increase in histaminemia (especially when both conditions were present), indicating a chronic inflammatory response can be detected in these patients. Oxidative stress is part of inflammation and is a key contributor to damage and response. Nitrotyrosin, a marker of both peroxynitrite (ONOO°-) production and opening of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), was increased in 28% the cases. Protein S100B, another marker of BBB opening was increased in 15%. Circulating autoantibodies against O-myelin were detected in 23%, indicating EHS and MCS may be associated with autoimmune response. Confirming animal experiments showing the increase of Hsp27 and/or Hsp70 chaperone proteins under the influence of EMF, we found increased Hsp27 and/or Hsp70 in 33% of the patients. As most patients reported chronic insomnia and fatigue, we determined the 24 h urine 6-hydroxymelatonin sulfate (6-OHMS)/creatinin ratio and found it was decreased (

Environmental Sensitivity and Paranormal Experiences

Article

Full-text available

Brandon Massullo

Health symptoms associated with electromagnetic radiation—A questionnaire survey

Article

Jan 2003

Started in June 2001, health questionnaires have been distributed to people who complained about health symptoms, which they associated with exposure to electromagnetic radiation. The objective of the survey was to gain a better knowledge of the anxieties of the afflicted population, to obtain hints of possible problems and of actions that should be taken to solve the problems. The survey was not designed to establish a causal association between exposure to electromagnetic fields and health symptoms. Until March 2002, 342 questionnaires have been sent back. The average age of the responders was 49.5 years, 59 percent were female. Generally, more than one health symptom was named. Sleep disorders (59%), headaches (43%), nervousness/distress (20%), concentration difficulties (18%), and fatigue (16%) were most prevalent. The responders related their symptoms most frequently to exposure to mobile phone base stations (78%), followed by mobile phones (38%), and power lines (28%). 87 percent of the people who consulted a public authority due to their symptoms were unsatisfied with the answers, whereas consultations to self-help groups or building ecologists have mostly fulfilled the expectations. Two third of the afflicted people had taken steps to reduce their symptoms. The most common step was reducing the exposure by avoiding the source (if possible) or by shielding.

Traceability routes for magnetic measurements

Conference Paper

Jan 2022

Az elektromágneses tereknek tulajdonított idiopátiás környezeti intolerancia (IEI-EMF) jelensége a szakemberek szemszögéből

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2022

An idiographic approach to Idiopathic Environmental Intolerance attributed to Electromagnetic Fields (IEI-EMF) Part I. Environmental, psychosocial and clinical assessment of three individuals with severe IEI-EMF

Article

Full-text available

Jul 2022

IEI-EMF refers to an environmental illness whose primary feature is the occurence of symptoms that are attributed to exposure to weak electromagnetic fields (EMFs). There is a growing evidence that this condition is characterized by marked individual differences thus a within-subject approach might add important information beyond the widely used nomothetic method. A mixed qualitative/quantitative idiographic protocol with a threefold diagnostic approach was tested with the participation of three individuals with severe IEI-EMF. In this qualitative paper, the environmental, psychosocial, and clinical aspects are presented and discussed (results of ecological momentary assessment are discussed in Part II of this study). For two participants, psychopathological factors appeared to be strongly related to the condition. Psychological assessment indicated a severe pre-psychotic state with paranoid tendencies, supplemented with a strong attentional focus on bodily sensations and health status. The psychological profile of the third individual showed no obvious pathology. Overall, the findings suggest that the condition might have uniformly been triggered by serious psychosocial stress for all participants. Substantial aetiological differences among participants with severe IEI-EMF were revealed. The substantial heterogeneity in the psychological and psychopathological profiles associated with IEI-EMF warrants the use of idiographic multimodal assessments in order to better understand the different ways of aetiology and to facilitate person-taylored treatments.

Az elektromágneses tereknek tulajdonított idiopátiás környezeti intolerancia (IEI-EMF) jelensége az érintettek szemszögéből

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2022

Kétrészes narratív összefoglalónkban áttekintést nyújtunk az elektromágneses tereknek tulajdonított idiopátiás környezeti intoleranciával (IEI-EMF, más néven elektromágneses túlérzékenységgel) kapcsolatos tudományos eredményekről, a kutatások jelenlegi állásáról. Tanulmányunk első részében az IEI-EMF jellemzőit az érintett személyek szemszögéből tárgyaljuk. A közleményünkben foglaltak hasznosak lehetnek úgy az érintett személyek, mint az egészségügyi szakemberek számára. Az elektromágneses túlérzékenység olyan állapotot jelent, amely során az érintett személy tüneteket tapasztal az elektromos eszközök közelében vagy azok használata során, és tüneteit az elektromágneses expozíciónak tulajdonítja. Az Egészségügyi Világszervezet jelenlegi álláspontja szerint az elektromágneses túlérzékenység nem diagnosztikus kategória, s mivel az elektromágneses kitettség és a tünetek közötti feltételezett kapcsolatot az eddigi kutatások eredményei nem igazolták, így a jelenséget az idiopátiás környezeti intoleranciák tágabb kategóriájába sorolták. Az állapot előfordulási gyakorisága jelentős variabilitást mutat az egyes országok között. A tünetek mind jellegükben, mind súlyosság és kronicitás tekintetében változatosak. Jellemzőek a nemspecifikus, általános panaszok, valamint a bőrtünetek. Az IEI-EMF állapota gyakran együtt jár a fiziológiai és kognitív működés megváltozásával, továbbá egyéb szomatikus és mentális megbetegedések is kísérhetik. Jellemző a nagyfokú distressz és a csökkent szomatikus és mentális jóllét. Összefoglalónkban kitérünk az állapot prevalenciájára, a jellemző tünetekre és tünetattribúciós forrásokra, valamint a jelenséget kísérő demográfiai, fiziológiai és pszichológiai jellemzőkre. Ezután kitekintünk az orvos szakemberek elektromágneses túlérzékenységgel kapcsolatos hozzáállására, majd tanulmányunkat a felmerülő etikai kérdésekkel és megfontolásokkal zárjuk. In our two narrative reviews we summarize the current scientific knowledge on idiopathic environmental intolerance (IEI-EMF; aka electromagnetic hypersensitivity). Individuals with electromagnetic hypersensitivity experience symptoms in the proximity or during the use of electrical devices and ascribe them to the electromagnetic exposure. According to the actual standpoint of the World Health Organization, IEI-EMF is not a diagnostic category. As the assumed causal association between exposure and symptoms is not supported by empirical findings, the condition is regarded as an instrance of the broad category of idiopathic environmental intolerances. Prevalence of the condition shows a considerable variability among countries. Also, there is a heterogeneity with respect to quality, seriousness and chronicity of the experienced symptoms. Most frequently non-specific and skin-related symptoms are reported. IEI-EMF is often accompanied by altered physiological and cognitive functioning and other somatic and mental diseases. Is is also characterized by high level of distress and decreased somatic and mental well-being. In this paper, we discuss IEI-EMF from the viewpoint of the impacted individuals. We present its prevalence, the typical symptoms and attributions, and demographic, physiological and psychological characteristics of people with IEI-EMF. We also present attitudes of physicians toward IEI-EMF and the related ethical issues.

NOVEL ELECTRIC FIELD EXPOSURE CONTROL METHODS FOR MULTI-STORY BUILDINGS INSTALLED IN VICINITY OF HIGH-VOLTAGE APPARATUS USING FEM

Article

Full-text available

Oct 2021

Facilities and buildings installed nearby high-voltage equipment and electric field exposure is always a serious threat to the health of organisms and can have a significant impact on the functioning of sensitive and vital organs such as the heart and brain. Therefore, it is necessary to study the electromagnetic field value in these areas to control the intensity and restrict the induced value regarding to international recommendations. In this paper, the effects of 230KV transmission line electric fields on the environment are examined by proper FEM software.The model under consideration in this project is a four-story building adjacent to the 230KV transmission line.At first, the distance between the building and high-voltage transmission lines and its relationship to the intensity of the electric field is examined, and then the intensity of the electric field is compared to the standards of the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP). To continue, in places where the electric field exceeds the standard level value, solutions to reduce the intensity of the electric field to the tolerable value have been proposed.The first solution is to use a metal shield around the building as a Faraday cage, which weakens the potential for electric field value by creating an enclosed surface, the reduction rate is 4700%,both complete cage shape and incomplete cage shapes are considered in this study which reduces the exposure value to 62.5% of its initial value. The second approach to reducing the electric field is to use protective conductor paints against electromagnetic fields. In the following study, the effect of using trees as a barrier against electromagnetic radiation will be examined. Finally, the three proposed solutions are compared in terms of environmental constraints, economic justification, and the reduction in electric field value.

An Experimental Study on the Variation of Atmospheric Magnetic-Field Intensity Related to Dust, Haze, Rain, Snow, and Thunderstorms

Article

Full-text available

Mar 2021
BOUND-LAY METEOROL

Simultaneous measurements of the vertical magnetic field (VMF), three-dimensional electric field, ambient temperature, ambient relative humidity, particle mass concentration, and three-dimensional velocity are conducted during dust, haze, rain, snow, and thunderstorms. The hourly VMF variation (the rate of VMF increment and time increment with a 1-h time interval) is used to evaluate the disturbance level of the atmospheric magnetic field during the abovementioned weather conditions. There is no significant difference in the hourly VMF variations between hazy days and fair weather. However, the hourly VMF variations on dusty, rainy, snowy, and thunderstorm days differ from those in fair weather, implying that these weather conditions significantly affect the atmospheric magnetic field. On hazy days, although the haze particles are charged, the VMF does not change compared with in fair weather, which suggests that the horizontal electric field generated by haze particles is an irrotational field. On dusty and snowy days, the heterogeneity of the charge distribution forms a rotational horizontal electric field, which can induce the VMF to disturb the atmospheric magnetic field. During rain and thunderstorms, the hourly variation in the VMF is larger than in dust and snow, which can be attributed to the rotational horizontal electric field generated by raindrops and clouds. In addition, the hourly variation in the VMF in thunderstorms is one order of magnitude larger than that during days without thunderstorms, indicating that the VMF induced by the cumulonimbus cloud electric field is more significant than that in other weather conditions.

Sick building syndrome, a crossroad in modern occupational medicine assessment

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2018

Sick building syndrome (SBS) is a complex syndrome consisting of non-specific symptoms with an onset associated with subjects’ presence in some modern building and the disappearance of symptoms shortly after they leave it. The effects of SBS may be the result of a series of protective reactions of the human body triggered by various types of surrounding environment, further suggesting that the human response could be based on a three-phase biological model: sensory perception, low degree inflammatory reactions and environmental stress reactions. Besides stress created by the discomfort of people who develop symptoms, SBS is the cause of an extensive loss of productivity, sickness absenteeism, wasted time in complaints with all the legal punitive issues that arise from them. The subjects diagnosed with SBS are hard to follow-up over time due to workers often leaving their jobs and being lost from cohort databases. Achieving a reputation of a “sick building” may prove difficult to rehabilitate even after expensive repairs and upgrades. In extreme cases closure and even demolition can occur. SBS is an evolving concept and this review we will present part of this evolution and what are the major challenges for its definition.

Electromagnetic Phenomena Reported by Near-Death Experiencers

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2015

Electromagnetic (EM) aftereffects have been reported following near-death experiences (NDEs). These effects include both (a) EM actions, apparent actions by the individual on the surrounding EM environment, and (b) EM reactions, apparent reactions of the individual to the EM environment. This study investigated EM aftereffects among 216 NDErs, 54 persons who had been close to death without NDEs, and 150 persons who had never been close to death. NDErs reported both greater EM actions and greater EM reactions than did either comparison group. Among NDErs, those with higher scores on the NDE Scale reported more EM aftereffects. These findings corroborate and extend prior studies and suggest the need for controlled experiments to measure

Tinnitus and cell phones: The role of electromagnetic radiofrequency radiation

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2015
Braz J Otorhinolaryngol

Introduction: Tinnitus is a multifactorial condition and its prevalence has increased on the past decades. The worldwide progressive increase of the use of cell phones has exposed the peripheral auditory pathways to a higher dose of electromagnetic radiofrequency radiation (EMRFR). Some tinnitus patients report that the abusive use of mobiles, especially when repeated in the same ear, might worsen ipsilateral tinnitus. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the available evidence about the possible causal association between tinnitus and exposure to electromagnetic waves. Methods: A literature review was performed searching for the following keywords: tinnitus, electromagnetic field, mobile phones, radio frequency, and electromagnetic hypersensitivity. We selected 165 articles that were considered clinically relevant in at least one of the subjects. Results: EMRFR can penetrate exposed tissues and safety exposure levels have been established. These waves provoke proved thermogenic effects and potential biological and genotoxic effects. Some individuals are more sensitive to electromagnetic exposure (electrosensitivity), and thus, present earlier symptoms. There may be a common pathophysiology between this electrosensitivity and tinnitus. Conclusion: There are already reasonable evidences to suggest caution for using mobile phones to prevent auditory damage and the onset or worsening of tinnitus.

Electromagnetic hypersensitivity in the light of empirical results

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2011

Renáta Szemerszky

The term "electromagnetic hypersensitivity" (EHS) refers to a typical representative of the health problems associated with the modern era. People with EHS experience unpleasant non-specific symptoms and aversive mood states in the proximity of functioning electric devices and machines. This narrative review summarizes the most important issues in the definition, diagnosis and therapy of the phenomenon as well as the supporting empirical results of the various explanation attempts about the background mechanisms. According to the most accepted approach, EHS represents a special type of the idiopathic environmental intolerance (IEI) where causality is yet to be explored. Although direct biological effects of the electromagnetic field and radiation (often mentioned as "toxicogenic theory") cannot be excluded, the majority of the empirical evidences favour the "psychogenic" origin of the complaints. Symptoms can also be evoked by sham exposure, and sufferers are prone to somatization and somatosensory amplification, therefore EHS is often regarded as a nocebo-like phenomenon. Accordingly, the EHS represents a multicausal disturbance that can be explained and treated using the biopsychosocial approach.

Health complaints related to low-dose environmental exposures : analysis and evaluation of an interdisciplinary environmental medicine pilot project in the Basel area

Article

Jan 2005

Anke Huss

General Practitioners’ Knowledge and Concern about Electromagnetic Fields

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2014

Our aim is to explore general practitioners' (GPs’) knowledge about EMF, and to assess whether different knowledge structures are related to the GPs’ concern about EMF. Random samples were drawn from lists of GPs in Germany in 2008. Knowledge about EMF was assessed by seven items. A latent class analysis was conducted to identify latent structures in GPs’ knowledge. Further, the GPs’ concern about EMF health risk was measured using a score comprising six items. The association between GPs’ concern about EMF and their knowledge was analysed using multiple linear regression. In total 435(response rate 23.3%) GPs participated in the study. Four groups were identified by the latent class analysis: 43.1% of the GPs gave mainly correct answers; 23.7% of the GPs answered low frequency EMF questions correctly; 19.2% answered only the questions relating EMF with health risks, and 14.0% answered mostly “don’t know”. There was no association between GPs’ latent knowledge classes or between the number of correct answers given by the GPs and their EMF concern, whereas the number of incorrect answers was associated with EMF concern. Greater EMF concern in subjects with more incorrect answers suggests paying particular attention to misconceptions regarding EMF in risk communication.

Téléphonie mobile et santé

Article

Full-text available

Metabolic and Genetic Screening of Electromagnetic Hypersensitive Subjects as a Feasible Tool for Diagnostics and Intervention

Article

Full-text available

Apr 2014
MEDIAT INFLAMM

Growing numbers of "electromagnetic hypersensitive" (EHS) people worldwide self-report severely disabling, multiorgan, non-specific symptoms when exposed to low-dose electromagnetic radiations, often associated with symptoms of multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS) and/or other environmental "sensitivity-related illnesses" (SRI). This cluster of chronic inflammatory disorders still lacks validated pathogenetic mechanism, diagnostic biomarkers, and management guidelines. We hypothesized that SRI, not being merely psychogenic, may share organic determinants of impaired detoxification of common physic-chemical stressors. Based on our previous MCS studies, we tested a panel of 12 metabolic blood redox-related parameters and of selected drug-metabolizing-enzyme gene polymorphisms, on 153 EHS, 147 MCS, and 132 control Italians, confirming MCS altered (P < 0.05-0.0001) glutathione-(GSH), GSH-peroxidase/S-transferase, and catalase erythrocyte activities. We first described comparable-though milder-metabolic pro-oxidant/proinflammatory alterations in EHS with distinctively increased plasma coenzyme-Q10 oxidation ratio. Severe depletion of erythrocyte membrane polyunsaturated fatty acids with increased ω 6/ ω 3 ratio was confirmed in MCS, but not in EHS. We also identified significantly (P = 0.003) altered distribution-versus-control of the CYP2C19∗1/∗2 SNP variants in EHS, and a 9.7-fold increased risk (OR: 95% C.I. = 1.3-74.5) of developing EHS for the haplotype (null)GSTT1 + (null)GSTM1 variants. Altogether, results on MCS and EHS strengthen our proposal to adopt this blood metabolic/genetic biomarkers' panel as suitable diagnostic tool for SRI.

Overlap in prevalence between various types of environmental intolerance

Article

Aug 2013

Environmental intolerance (EI) is characterized by attribution of several, multisystem symptoms to specific environmental exposures, such as exposure to odorous/pungent chemicals, certain buildings, electromagnetic fields (EMFs) and everyday sounds. The symptoms are medically unexplained, non-specific and the symptoms overlap between different types of EI. To approach the issue of underlying mechanisms the matter of overlap in prevalence between intolerances can provide valuable information. The aim of the study was to examine if the overlap between intolerance to odorous/pungent chemicals, certain buildings, EMFs and sounds is larger than the expected overlap if no association would exist between them. The study was using cross-sectional data from the Västerbotten Environmental Health Study in Sweden; a large questionnaire-based survey. 8520 adults (18-79 years) were randomly selected after stratification for age and sex, of whom 3406 (40%) participated. Individuals with the four types of intolerance were identified either through self-report, or by having been physician-diagnosed with a specific EI. The overlaps between the four EIs were greater than predictions based on coincidence for both self-reported and diagnosed cases (except for the overlap between diagnosed intolerance to sounds and EMFs). The results raise the question whether different types of EI share similar underlying mechanisms, or at least that the sufferers of EI share some predisposition to acquire the conditions.

Idiopathic Environmental Intolerance attributed to Electromagnetic Fields (IEI-EMF): A systematic review of identifying criteria.

Conference Paper

Full-text available

Sep 2011
BMC PUBLIC HEALTH

Background Idiopathic environmental intolerance attributed to electromagnetic fields (IEI-EMF) remains a complex and unclear phenomenon, often characterized by the report of various, non-specific physical symptoms (NSPS) when an EMF source is present or perceived by the individual. The lack of validated criteria for defining and assessing IEI-EMF affects the quality of the relevant research, hindering not only the comparison or integration of study findings, but also the identification and management of patients by health care providers. The objective of this review was to evaluate and summarize the criteria that previous studies employed to identify IEI-EMF participants. Methods An extensive literature search was performed for studies published up to June 2011. We searched EMBASE, Medline, Psychinfo, Scopus and Web of Science. Additionally, citation analyses were performed for key papers, reference sections of relevant papers were searched, conference proceedings were examined and a literature database held by the Mobile Phones Research Unit of King’s College London was reviewed. Results Sixty-three studies were included. “Hypersensitivity to EMF” was the most frequently used descriptive term. Despite heterogeneity, the criteria predominantly used to identify IEI-EMF individuals were: 1. Self-report of being (hyper)sensitive to EMF. 2. Attribution of NSPS to at least one EMF source. 3. Absence of medical or psychiatric/psychological disorder capable of accounting for these symptoms 4. Symptoms should occur soon (up to 24 hours) after the individual perceives an exposure source or exposed area. (Hyper)sensitivity to EMF was either generalized (attribution to various EMF sources) or source-specific. Experimental studies used a larger number of criteria than those of observational design and performed more frequently a medical examination or interview as prerequisite for inclusion. Conclusions Considerable heterogeneity exists in the criteria used by the researchers to identify IEI-EMF, due to explicit differences in their conceptual frameworks. Further work is required to produce consensus criteria not only for research purposes but also for use in clinical practice. This could be achieved by the development of an international protocol enabling a clearly defined case definition for IEI-EMF and a validated screening tool, with active involvement of medical practitioners.

Electromagnetic hypersensitivity: The opinion of an observer neurologist

Article

Nov 2010
CR PHYS

Jean-Pierre Marc-Vergnes

Electromagnetic hypersensitivity (EHS) is a recent, uncertain and somehow confusing concept. It is now widely agreed that people claiming to be EHS really experience symptoms. However, no evidence for a causal link between the symptoms and electromagnetic fields (EMF) has been reported. Thus, we have to wonder whether EHS constitutes truly a relevant entity. Most of the previous studies suffer from methodological flaws. Owing to the quantification of symptoms, the interdisciplinary assessment of patients, and the use of personal exposimeters, the recent studies are of better quality. A set of convergent associated signs suggests that individual neuropsychic factors take a prominent, but maybe not unique, part in this condition.

Graham/Stetzer Filters Improve Power Quality in Homes and Schools, Reduce Blood Sugar Levels in Diabetics, Multiple Sclerosis Symptoms, and Headaches

Article

Full-text available

Summary Graham/Stetzer filters significantly reduce radio frequency electrical noise on indoor wiring generated by computers, energy efficient lighting, dimmer switches, and entertainment units within the home or workplace and transported into buildings by power lines from neighbouring property. The resultant improvements in power quality in homes and in schools are associated with fewer and less severe headaches, more energy, lower blood sugar levels for diabetics, and improved balance for those with multiple sclerosis. Results are observed within a matter of hours or days. Cases studies for blood sugar, multiple sclerosis, and general wellbeing are presented.

Idiopathic environmental intolerance attributed to electromagnetic fields (IEI-EMF): A systematic review of identifying criteria

Article

Full-text available

Aug 2012
BMC PUBLIC HEALTH

Teacher and student response to the removal of dirty electricity by the Graham/Stetzer filter at Willow Wood School in Toronto, Canada

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2004

The purpose of this study was to test the effect of the Graham/Stetzer microsurge filters on the wellbeing of teachers and on the behavior of their students in a private school (grades 1 to 12) in Toronto, Canada. GS filters remove electromagnetic frequencies from 4 to 100 kHz on indoor wiring and they were installed in this school because one of the students is electrically sensitive. Teachers were asked in a single blind study to complete a questionnaire daily between January and March 2003 for a 6-week period (3 weeks with and 3 weeks without filters). Eighteen teachers out of 49 completed the questionnaire enough times to enable statistical analysis. Symptoms improved for 55% of the teachers and got worse for 11% of the teachers while the filters were installed. Three teachers (16%) had no response to the filters and another three (16%) had mixed reactions (some symptoms improved and some got worse). Overall teacher wellbeing improved while the filters were in place. Teachers were less frustrated, less tired, less irritable. They were better able to focus and had better health, improved mood, and greater sense of accomplishment. Student response appeared to be age-specific with younger students responding more favorably than older students. This preliminary study needs to be repeated in other schools. If the Graham/Stetzer filters are as effective as they appear to be, then the dirty electricity in schools, homes, and offices can be reduced until other methods are in place to minimize the production and distribution of this form of electrical pollution.

Biological Effects of Electricity and Electromagnetic Field

Chapter

Apr 2023

Kwang Suk Park

When electricity is applied to the human body, it may cause unintended hazardous health effects. Accidentally applied current to the body and the electromagnetic field surrounding the environment are the major concerns. When the current is small in intensity, it is not perceived. With the increase of its intensity, the current is perceived, induces muscle contractions, and causes pains. If the current increases higher than the “let go current” level, subjects cannot move away from the contact of electricity and severe damages can be followed. Ventricular fibrillation is the most dangerous effect of the electrical current that stops the function of the heart. The energy of the electromagnetic spectrum can induce various biological effects depending on its frequency including inducing the electrical current within the body, heating effect, photochemical effect, and ionization effect. Even though the ionization effect occurring in high photon energy levels like X-ray is hazardous, other biological effects are used to be compensated within the body not to cause any hazardous health effects. However, there are also many results reporting the nonthermal biological effects of nonionizing EMF. Care should be paid for the use of current and electromagnetic fields within the safety level not to cause any harmful effects.KeywordsBiological effectCancersElectromagnetic field (EMF)Electromagnetic hypersensitivityHealth effectInduced currentIonizationLet go currentMacro shockMicro shockNonthermal effectThermal heating effectVentricular fibrillation

Associations between indoor environment and lifestyles and sick building syndrome symptoms among adults in Taiyuan and Urumqi of China

Article

Jul 2022

The complex and uncertain causes of sick building syndrome (SBS) have become one of the most challenging and hot issues worldwide. Studies on the correlation between indoor environment and SBS based on local characteristics are relatively limited in China. We studied typical SBS risk factors related to the indoor environment and lifestyle in two northern Chinese cities. The study population was drawn from parents of pre‐school children in randomized daycare centers in Taiyuan, Shanxi, and Urumqi, Xinjiang, China (N = 6838). Data on SBS and indoor environment were obtained from cross‐sectional questionnaires. Odds ratios (OR) were estimated by multilevel logistic regression and adjusted using gender, atopy, own smoking, home size, and dampness index. Results showed that location, homeownership, year of construction completion, changes in the indoor environment (new furniture and decorations), and changes in indoor air (smoking, burning mosquito repellent and incense, cooking fuels including electricity, natural gas, coal, and wood) might contribute to different levels of SBS in Chinese adults, including eye, nasal, throat, dermal symptoms, and headache and tiredness. The results of the subgroup analysis suggest city and gender differences in susceptibility. Daily cleaning, window opening, and improved ventilation effectively improved SBS. People should improve their indoor environment and lifestyles based on sensitivity factors, gender, and geographic characteristics to reduce SBS risks.

An idiographic approach to Idiopathic Environmental Intolerance attributed to Electromagnetic Fields (IEI-EMF) Part II. Ecological momentary assessment of three individuals with severe IEI-EMF

Article

Full-text available

May 2022

IEI-EMF refers to a self-reported sensitivity characterized by attribution of non-specific physical symptoms to exposure to weak EMFs. The majority of empirical results do not support the existence of a causal relationship between EMF and IEI-EMF. However, this conclusion was drawn from environmental and experimental studies that are not without methodological limitations. In the current study, as part of a complex biopsychosocial approach, an ecological momentary assessment (EMA) protocol was applied for the investigation of the temporal relationship between actual radio frequency (RF) EMF exposure and IEI-EMF, at the individual level. Continuous measurement of autonomic variables by holter electrocardiogram (ECG) monitors and the ambient RF EMF by personal dosimeters, as well as repeated (8/day) paper-and-pencil assessments of momentary internal states (symptoms, mood, perceived EMF intensity) and situational factors was conducted for 21 days with the participation of three individuals with severe IEI-EMF. Temporal relationships were examined by time series analyses. For two participants, the results did not support the association between the suspected EMF frequency range(s) and symptom reports. Nevertheless, the results revealed a reverse association with respect to another frequency range (GSM900 downlink), which contradicts the IEI-EMF condition. Autonomic activation related findings were inconsistent. For the third participant, the claimed association was partly supported, both for symptom reports and autonomic reactions (UMTS downlink, total RF; RMS values). The findings of this study suggest that IEI-EMF does not have a unitary aetiology. For certain individuals, a biophysical background cannot be excluded, whereas no such underlying factor appears to be at work for others. EMA is a useful method for the investigation of the aetiology of IEI-EMF.

Why electrohypersensitivity and related symptoms are caused by non-ionizing man-made electromagnetic fields: An overview and medical assessment

Article

May 2022
ENVIRON RES

Much of the controversy over the cause of electrohypersensitivity (EHS) lies in the absence of recognized clinical and biological criteria for a widely accepted diagnosis. However, there are presently sufficient data for EHS to be acknowledged as a distinctly well-defined and objectively characterized neurologic pathological disorder. Because we have shown that 1) EHS is frequently associated with multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS) in EHS patients, and 2) that both individualized disorders share a common pathophysiological mechanism for symptom occurrence; it appears that EHS and MCS can be identified as a unique neurologic syndrome, regardless its causal origin. In this overview we distinguish the etiology of EHS itself from the environmental causes that trigger pathophysiological changes and clinical symptoms after EHS has occurred. Contrary to present scientifically unfounded claims, we indubitably refute the hypothesis of a nocebo effect to explain the genesis of EHS and its presentation. We as well refute the erroneous concept that EHS could be reduced to a vague and unproven “functional impairment”. To the contrary, we show here there are objective pathophysiological changes and health effects induced by electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure in EHS patients and most of all in healthy subjects, meaning that excessive non-thermal anthropogenic EMFs are strongly noxious for health. In this overview and medical assessment we focus on the effects of extremely low frequencies, wireless communications radiofrequencies and microwaves EMF. We discuss how to better define and characterize EHS. Taken into consideration the WHO proposed causality criteria, we show that EHS is in fact causally associated with increased exposure to man-made EMF, and in some cases to marketed environmental chemicals. We therefore appeal to all governments and international health institutions, particularly the WHO, to urgently consider the growing EHS-associated pandemic plague, and to acknowledge EHS as a new real EMF causally-related pathology.

Metabolomics and psychological features in fibromyalgia and electromagnetic sensitivity

Article

Full-text available

Nov 2020

Fibromyalgia (FM) as Fibromyalgia and Electromagnetic Sensitivity (IEI-EMF) are a chronic and systemic syndrome. The main symptom is represented by strong and widespread pain in the musculoskeletal system. The exact causes that lead to the development of FM and IEI-EMF are still unknown. Interestingly, the proximity to electrical and electromagnetic devices seems to trigger and/or amplify the symptoms. We investigated the blood plasma metabolome in IEI-EMF and healthy subjects using ¹H NMR spectroscopy coupled with multivariate statistical analysis. All the individuals were subjected to tests for the evaluation of psychological and physical features. No significant differences between IEI-EMF and controls relative to personality aspects, Locus of Control, and anxiety were found. Multivariate statistical analysis on the metabolites identified by NMR analysis allowed the identification of a distinct metabolic profile between IEI-EMF and healthy subjects. IEI-EMF were characterized by higher levels of glycine and pyroglutamate, and lower levels of 2-hydroxyisocaproate, choline, glutamine, and isoleucine compared to healthy subjects. These metabolites are involved in several metabolic pathways mainly related to oxidative stress defense, pain mechanisms, and muscle metabolism. The results here obtained highlight possible physiopathological mechanisms in IEI-EMF patients to be better defined.

Automated assessment and tracking of human body thermal variations using unsupervised clustering

Article

Dec 2016

The presented approach addresses a review of the overheating that occurs during radiological examinations, such as magnetic resonance imaging, and a series of thermal experiments to determine a thermally suitable fabric material that should be used for radiological gowns. Moreover, an automatic system for detecting and tracking of the thermal fluctuation is presented. It applies hue-saturated-value-based kernelled k-means clustering, which initializes and controls the points that lie on the region-of-interest (ROI) boundary. Afterward, a particle filter tracks the targeted ROI during the video sequence independently of previous locations of overheating spots. The proposed approach was tested during experiments and under conditions very similar to those used during real radiology exams. Six subjects have voluntarily participated in these experiments. To simulate the hot spots occurring during radiology, a controllable heat source was utilized near the subject's body. The results indicate promising accuracy for the proposed approach to track hot spots. Some approximations were used regarding the transmittance of the atmosphere, and emissivity of the fabric could be neglected because of the independence of the proposed approach for these parameters. The approach can track the heating spots continuously and correctly, even for moving subjects, and provides considerable robustness against motion artifact, which occurs during most medical radiology procedures. (C) 2016 Optical Society of America

Rischi per la salute ed esposizione a radiofrequenze: evidenze epidemiologiche, legislazione e comunicazione del rischio

Book

Full-text available

Jan 2006

Chaotization of human systems by technical electromagnetic fields

Article

Jan 2008

Manfred Doepp

In our energy diagnostic department we noticed more and more cases with irrational stimulus-reaction-patterns and with a chaotic regulation state of the autonomous systems. We found an explanation by the 'Switching phenomenon'. However, in addition to earlier results a new cause came up, it is the electrosmog exposure. We used three criteria to clarify the findings: A) a negative reaction on a pulsating magnetic field, B) a positive reaction on a brain synchronization procedure, and C) the frequency distribution analysis of skin resistance values approximated by a lognormal (order) or by a bell curve (chaos). A retrospective evaluation over 4 years (435 patients) was performed. Results: 1) a positive correlation between the criterium A) and a chaotic tendency in C), and 2) a significant difference between reactions before and after the synchronization procedure B). The hypothesis of an electrosmog-induced chaotization of autonomous systems becomes likely.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation as a tool for characterizing somatoform disorders

Article

Jan 2006

Somatoform disorders are characterised by patients suffering from multiple somatic complaints without an underlying pathophysiological process sufficiently explaining these symptoms. The etiology of these disorders is largely unknown. Besides psychological factors neurobiological processes might be involved. Using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), neurobiological processes can be detected in vivo by measuring parameters of cortical excitability. Based on these technique, parameters of cortical excitability were measured in subjectively electrosensible patients. Compared to healthy age- and gender-matched controls, the "cortical silent period" (CSP) was prolonged in these patients indicating an enhanced inhibitory neurotransmission in cortical-subcortical loops. In line with neuropsychological data these results point to potential disturbances in the cortical processing of sensory information.

Idiopathic Environmental Intolerance

Article

Dec 2003
Toxicol Rev

Toxicogenic and psychogenic theories have been proposed to explain idiopathic environmental intolerance (IEI). Part 2 of this article is an evidence-based causality analysis of the psychogenic theory using an extended version of Bradford Hill’s criteria. The psychogenic theory meets all of the criteria directly or indirectly and is characterised by a progressive research programme including double-blind, placebo-controlled provocation challenge studies. We conclude that IEI is a belief characterised by an overvalued idea of toxic attribution of symptoms and disability, fulfilling criteria for a somatoform disorder and a functional somatic syndrome. A neurobiological diathesis similar to anxiety, specifically panic disorder, is a neurobiologically plausible mechanism to explain triggered reactions to ambient doses of environmental agents, real or perceived. In addition, there is a cognitively mediated fear response mechanism characterised by vigilance for perceived exposures and bodily sensations that are subsequently amplified in the process of learned sensitivity. Implications for the assessment and treatment of patients are presented.

Health Status Evaluation Based on Questionnaire SF-36 Among Residents Exposed and Non-exposed to Extremely Low Frequency-electric and Magnetic Fields (ELF-EMFs)

Article

Full-text available

Oct 2014

Objective: The purpose of this study is to compare the health status of residents who were exposed to sources of extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMFs) in the living environment and those who were not exposed to such a source of ELF-EMFs through a survey designed to appraise the residents` health levels. Method: Aimed at 251 residents exposed to a source of ELF-EMFs and 278 residents not exposed to a source, the survey was conducted to investigate the health status of the residents on the basis of questionnaire SF-36. Result: The health status scores of residents exposed to ELF-EMFs turned out to be lower than those of their counterparts. In terms of self-reported symptoms related to health and sleep quality, residents exposed to ELF-EMFs were found to have a higher complaint rate of self-reported symptoms such as dizziness, depression, and fatigue. Regarding sleep disorders, residents exposed to ELF-EMFs appeared to have a slightly higher complaint rate of sleep disorders compared to non-exposed residents. Conclusion: If a region is to be exposed to a source of ELF-EMFs, a more proactive policy for reducing such exposure is advised. In addition, it is necessary to better understand problems of residents by emplacing an ELF-EMFs risk information delivery system and building an efficient communication system for voluntary participation during the construction phase.

Non-specific physical symptoms in relation to actual and perceived exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMF): A multidisciplinary approach

Thesis

Full-text available

Feb 2015

Christos Baliatsas

Electromagnetic Fields, Symptoms and Idiopathic Environmental Intolerance

Chapter

Full-text available

May 2014

This is an overview and critical evaluation of the relevant literature on experimental and observational studies, addressing methodological concerns along with implications for future research.E-Book: http://books.google.nl/books?hl=nl&lr=&id=SsmSAwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA259&dq=baliatsas+christos&ots=MiGHapdSre&sig=JMzU457cb_5J1yz11oovDHLFsZk#v=onepage&q=baliatsas%20christos&f=false

Prevalence and psychiatric co-morbidity of self-reported electromagnetic field sensitivity in Taiwan

Data

Mar 2014

Prevalence and psychiatric co-morbidity of self-reported electromagnetic field sensitivity in Taiwan

Data

Mar 2014

How Do Households Perceive Risks at the Scale of the Environment in Their Own Home?

Article

Apr 2013

Improving housing performance in ecological terms is a major objective of sustainable development policies. This paper looks at the perception that households have of their environment in their homes, in terms of diagnosis, damages and control. Based on a survey of 107 households, it shows that their environmental concerns only partly reflect current ecological and health risks and that people are finding it difficult to reduce these risks. In order to increase environmental awareness at the level of their homes, the authors highlight the importance of providing support on an individual basis and suggest several courses of action, which should be adapted to the four levels of awareness that were identified by the study.

Symptom attribution and risk perception in individuals with idiopathic environmental intolerance to electromagnetic fields and in the general population

Article

Full-text available

Aug 2013

Aim: To investigate differences in health perception and electromagnetic fields (EMF) between people within the general population reporting sensitivity or non-sensitivity to EMF, and people who registered themselves as sensitive to EMF at a non-governmental organisation (NGO). Methods: Correlations and regression analysis to compare a sample of the general population recruited via internet panel to individuals with idiopathic environmental intolerance to EMF (IEI-EMF) recruited via an interest group. Results: The general population sensitive group was more similar to the non-sensitive group in personal characteristics than to the NGO sensitive group. They experienced more - and more frequent - non-specific symptoms, reported higher perceived risk of EMF, and attributed their symptoms more to EMF than the non-sensitive group, but less than the NGO sensitive group. There was a positive association between attribution of symptoms to EMF and reported intensity of non-specific symptoms, which was stronger for the NGO sensitive subjects than for the general population. Conclusions: People sensitive to EMF and recruited via an internet panel differ from people sensitive to EMF and recruited via an NGO, who reported a higher frequency of non-specific symptoms. Attribution of symptoms to EMF is one of the predictors of the intensity of physical symptoms. Changing the perceived association between EMF and health problems in individuals with IEI-EMF might contribute to a better health experience.

Definition, Epidemiology and Management of Electrical Sensitivity

Article

N Irvine

Forskning om elöverkänslighet och andra effekter av elektromagnetiska fält

Article

Full-text available

Approccio metodologico multidisciplinare allo studio degli effetti neurocomportamentali associati all'esposizione al campo magnetico a 50 Hz

Article

La Sapienza

The Monitoring of Dirty Electricity in a Secondary School in Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, Russia

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2009

Electromagnetic fields from electronic equipment are detrimental environmental factors. Recently, a new type of electromagnetic pollution referred to as "dirty electric-ity" was discovered to affect human health. The current research measures levels of dirty electricity in one sec-ondary school in Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, Russia. A Microsurge II meter that measures high frequency tran-sients and harmonics between 4 to 100 kHz (expressed as Graham-Stetzer units) was used in this study. Levels of dirty electricity were elevated in all areas of the school and the installation of Graham-Stetzer filters significantly re-duced these levels. Taking into account the detrimental effects of the dirty electricity on human health, plugging one Graham-Stetzer filter into each classroom is highly recom-mended.

Household appliance use and residential exposure to 60-Hz magnetic fields

Article

Full-text available

Feb 2001
J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol

We characterized the distribution of exposure to magnetic fields (MFs) during daily activities and during household appliance use, and estimated the relative contribution of various activities and appliances to total daily exposure. One hundred sixty-two subjects provided information on their patterns of appliance use and wore personal monitors for 24 h to collect MF exposure data. Of total exposure, 27% accumulated while subjects were in bed; 41% while at home but not in bed; 9% at work; and 24% elsewhere. Less than 2% of the total MF exposure accumulated during the use of each of the eight individual appliances considered, except computers, during the use of which 9% of the total exposure accumulated. Of the time subjects spent at exposure levels higher than 2 microT, 8% accumulated while they were using microwave ovens, and 4% and 3% while using computers and electric stoves, respectively. Mean MF measurements tended to be lowest when subjects were in bed and highest at work and during the use of microwave ovens, coffee grinders, hair dryers, and electric shavers. Results from questionnaires on household appliance use in the past year were not useful in predicting the total mean exposure level and over-threshold exposures measured by 24-h personal monitors. Significant MF exposure accumulates at home, at work, and elsewhere; therefore, accurate exposure assessment needs to consider residential, occupational, and other sources together. Questionnaire-based information on appliance use has limited value in the assessment of average and over-threshold exposure to MFs.

Possible health implications of subjective symptoms and electromagnetic fields: a report by a European group of experts for European Commission, DG V. National Institute for Working Life

Article

Jan 1997

Electromagnetic field sensitivity

Article

Jan 1993

VDTs

Article

Jul 1991

As the use of video display terminals (VDTs) has expanded, questions have been raised as to whether working at a VDT affects the risk of adverse pregnancy outcome. A particular focus for these questions has been the very low frequency (VLF) magnetic field produced by a VDT's horizontal deflection coil. VDTs also produce VLF electric fields, extremely low frequency (ELF) electric and magnetic fields, and static electric fields. Ten studies of pregnancy outcome in VDT operators have been conducted in six countries, and with one exception, none has concluded that magnetic fields from VDTs may predispose pregnant operators to spontaneous abortion or congenital malformation. The epidemiologic studies conducted thus far do not provide a basis for concluding that VDT work and adverse pregnancy outcome are associated. Studies of fetal resorptions and malformations in rodents exposed to VLF magnetic fields have produced inconsistent findings. Two laboratories in Sweden that studied mice have reported positive results, one laboratory showing field-related malformations (but not resorptions) and the other showing field-related resorptions (but not malformations). Two Canadian laboratories have reported negative results in rats and mice. Studies of avian embryos have also yielded inconsistent results, but lacking a maternal-fetal placental interface, avian embryos are a questionable model for evaluating human reproductive risks. Finally, VLF electric and magnetic fields measured at the operator position are in compliance with field strength standards and guidelines that have been established around the world. (C)1991Health Physics Society

Provocation With Stress and Electricity of Patients With "Sensitivity to Electricity"

Article

May 2000

Twenty-four patients with self-reported sensitivity to electricity were divided into two groups and tested in a double-blind provocation study. These patients, who reported increased skin symptoms when exposed to electromagnetic fields, were compared with 12 age- and sex-matched controls. Both groups were exposed to 30-minute periods of high or low stress situations, with and without simultaneous exposure to electromagnetic fields from a visual display unit. The matched controls were tested twice and given the same exposure as the patients but had the fields turned on every time. Stress was induced by requiring the participants to act in accordance with a random sequence of flashing lights while simultaneously solving complicated mathematical problems. Blood samples were analyzed for levels of the stress-related hormones melatonin, prolactin, adrenocorticotrophic hormone, neuropeptide Y, and growth hormone, and the expression of different peptides, cellular markers, and cytokines (somatostatin, CD1, factor XIIIa, and tumor necrosis factor-α). Skin biopsies were also analyzed for the occurrence of mast cells. Stress provocation resulted in feelings of more intense mental stress and elevated heart rate. The patients reported increased skin symptoms when they knew or believed that the electromagnetic field was turned on. With the blind conditions there were no differences between on or off. Inflammatory mediators and mast cells in the skin were not affected by the stress exposure or by exposure to electromagnetic fields. The main conclusion was that the patients did not react to the fields.

Techno-Stress: A psychophysiological study of employees with VDU-associated skin complaints

Article

Aug 1992
J Occup Med

Little is known about the causes of health complaints associated with work with video display units (VDUs). The symptoms are to a large degree similar to those of "multiple chemical sensitivity." We observed 47 white-collar employees with and without VDU-associated skin complaints during a regular workday and a day of leisure. VDU workers with skin symptoms had higher levels of the stress-sensitive hormones thyroxin and prolactin compared with employees without symptoms. They also had lower levels of the anabolic hormone testosterone during work. VDU workers with skin complaints also reported more occupational mental strain. A model is proposed in which physiological signals act as unconditioned stimuli and the VDU environment as the conditioned stimuli.

Visual display units and facial rashes

Article

Feb 1992

VDTs: field levels, epidemiology, and laboratory studies

Article

Aug 1991

As the use of video display terminals (VDTs) has expanded, questions have been raised as to whether working at a VDT affects the risk of adverse pregnancy outcome. A particular focus for these questions has been the very low frequency (VLF) magnetic field produced by a VDT's horizontal deflection coil. VDTs also produce VLF electric fields, extremely low frequency (ELF) electric and magnetic fields, and static electric fields, Ten studies of pregnancy outcome in VDT operators have been conducted in six countries, and with one exception, none has concluded that magnetic fields from VDTs may predispose pregnant operators to spontaneous abortion or congenital malformation. The epidemiologic studies conducted thus far do not provide a basis for concluding that VDT work and adverse pregnancy outcome are associated. Studies of fetal resorptions and malformations in rodents exposed to VLF magnetic fields have produced inconsistent findings. Two laboratories in Sweden that studied mice have reported positive results, one laboratory showing field-related malformations (but not resorptions) and the other showing field-related resorptions (but not malformations). Two Canadian laboratories have reported negative results in rats and mice. Studies of avian embryos have also yielded inconsistent results, but lacking a maternal-fetal placental interface, avian embryos are a questionable model for evaluating human reproductive risks. Finally, VLF electric and magnetic fields measured at the operator position are in compliance with field strength standards and guidelines that have been established around the world.

Evidence for an Effect of ELF Electromagnetic Fields on Human Pineal Gland Function

Article

Feb 1990

A study was carried out to determine possible effects of 60-Hz electromagnetic-field exposure on pineal gland function in humans. Overnight excretion of urinary 6-hydroxymelatonin sulfate (6-OHMS), a stable urinary metabolite of the pineal hormone melatonin, was used to assess pineal gland function in 42 volunteers who used standard (conventional) or modified continuous polymer wire (CPW) electric blankets for approximately 8 weeks. Volunteers using conventional electric blankets showed no variations in 6-OHMS excretion as either a group or individuals during the study period. Serving as their own controls, 7 of 28 volunteers using the CPW blankets showed statistically significant changes in their mean nighttime 6-OHMS excretion. The CPW blankets switched on and off approximately twice as often when in service and produced magnetic fields that were 50% stronger than those from the conventional electric blankets. On the basis of these findings, we hypothesize that periodic exposure to pulsed DC or extremely low frequency electric or magnetic fields of sufficient intensity and duration can affect pineal gland function in certain individuals.

Dermatological symptoms among visual display unit operators using plasma display and cathode ray tube screens

Article

Oct 1990
ANN ACAD MED SINGAP

A questionnaire survey was conducted to determine the prevalence of dermatological complaints in 672 full time visual display unit (VDU) operators in Singapore. Two hundred and sixty-nine operators worked with plasma display (PD) screens, while the other 403 used cathode ray tube (CRT) monitors. The overall one year period prevalence rate for dermatological complaints was 12%. Thirty-six (13%) PD operators and 46 (11%) CRT operators had skin complaints. The age and sex distribution of persons in the two groups were similar. Twenty-eight (10.4%) PD workers and 24 (6.0%) CRT workers had symptoms of itch, tingling, or the feeling of being stroked by a feather after working with the VDU for some time. Furthermore, 19 (7.1%) PD and 14 (3.5%) CRT workers stated that their skin problems improved during weekends or when they were off duty. The difference between these rates were not statistically significant. Operators with dermatological complaints in the past year were more likely to have a personal history of atopy, complain about their work environment, and have musculoskeletal symptoms of the shoulder and low back. The results indicate that the prevalence and nature of dermatological symptoms among operators using either type of VDU monitor are similar.

Facial skin complaints and work at visual display units. An epidemiologic study of office employees

Article

May 1990
J AM ACAD DERMATOL

A questionnaire about skin rashes and their symptoms was sent to 3877 randomly selected office employees with different degrees of exposure to video display units (participation rate 96.6%). From this group 809 randomly selected persons were examined and interviewed. Itching and burning sensations with few visible signs were more common among persons who were highly exposed than among those in the nonexposed category. Objective facial signs were not significantly more common among persons in the highly exposed category. No dose-response effect was observed regarding the amount of video display unit exposure and objective skin signs. Unilateral skin rashes and skin malignancies were found in the same frequency in both highly exposed and the nonexposed persons. This study does not provide support for the hypothesis that video display unit work induces any recognized type of facial skin disease.

Skin problems from visual display units: Provocation of skin symptoms under experimental conditions

Article

Feb 1989

Thirty patients having skin problems experienced being caused by work with visual display units (VDU) were tested double-blind with two VDUs. One VDU had strong electrostatic and electromagnetic fields and the other VDU had an identical appearance but the electrostatic field and electromagnetic fields were practically eliminated. Approximately 80% of the patients reacted with stinging or itching in the face during the 3 hours working period with 25% relative humidity in the room. No difference between the VDUs was found with regard to provoking these symptoms. At 60% relative humidity 13 patients of 19 experienced stinging or itching in the face. Those 13 that reacted were asked to come another time and were informed that the VDU was not turned on and that all electric fields that were present came from the cable to the VDU. A green cloth was put over the VDUs. This time 11 of the 13 patients reacted with stinging and itching in spite of the fact that the VDU was turned off. The present study does not indicate that electric and electromagnetic fields are of major importance in provoking subjective skin symptoms in patients experiencing skin problems when working with VDUs.

Does visual display terminal work provoke rosacea? Contact Dermatitis

Article

Nov 1985

According to some reports, mainly from Norway, visual display terminal (VDT) work has been thought to cause rashes. In conjunction with an epidemiological study of office employees and VDT work, a dermatological examination was made. No case demonstrated the clinical picture described from Norway among VDT operators, but subjects with rosacea, seborrhoeic dermatitis and acne were over-represented in the VDT-exposed group. The object of the present study was to see whether patients with rosacea experienced aggravation of their symptoms as a result of VDT work and whether they showed a particular clinical picture. All subjects fit for work among the patients diagnosed as rosacea or perioral dermatitis during 1982 were selected for the study. The methods included a questionnaire on VDT work and suspected impairment of the skin disease, clinical examination and telephone interviews. 179 subjects were selected; 42 of them worked daily with VDT and 8 of them suspected impairment due to VDT work. The results imply that a relationship may exist between rosacea and VDT work. To what factor in the work this may be ascribed is still unclear. Those subjects whose symptoms were aggravated did not show any particular clinical picture.

Skin problems in workers using visual display terminals. A study of 201 patients

Article

Dec 1988

M Berg

201 patients with skin problems caused in their own opinion by working with visual display terminals (VDTs) were referred and examined. 18% claimed that their condition improved overnight and 21% that it did so over the weekend. In 25 patients, the skin problems occurred mainly on the cheek turned towards the VDT. Half the patients had rosacea, but their subjective skin symptoms were generally more severe than those in ordinary cases of rosacea, i.e., severe pain, itching and burning. The rest of the patients mainly had common facial dermatoses such as seborrhoeic eczema, acne vulgaris and atopic dermatitis. The patients' skin types, judged by their response to ultraviolet light, did not differ from those of a control population. 18% had non-specific skin problems, e.g., itching and redness. This latter group of patients most closely resembles those cases previously described amongst VDT-workers. An attempt to correlate skin problems with VDTs' electrostatic field strength was unsuccessful because of difficulties in eliminating it. Of 52 electrostatic shields placed in front of patients' VDTs, 38 were defective and 9 were wrongly earthed. The prevalence of migraine-like headache was 40%, which is much higher than in a control population. There was no great use of cosmetics by the study population. When followed up after an average of 8 months, 2/3 of the patients had fewer skin complaints. The question of whether the prevalence of skin problems in general is higher amongst individuals using VDTs than in a control population is addressed in a current study.

Terminal illness

Article

Mar 1985
J AM ACAD DERMATOL

Computers proliferate in almost every workplace of today. Unfortunately, society seems to have been more interested in mass-producing computer systems than in the health and comfort of the humans who interact with them. The unhappy consequence has been a growing rate of computer-related injuries. Nursing worksites are far from immune to this "terminal" illness; the health hazards associated with radiation, stress and workplace design have brought ill health to nurses and to other workers. But like other health problems, computer-related illness can be avoided through preventive care.

Work with video display terminals among office employees V. Dermatologic factors

Article

Jan 1986

According to some reports, mainly from Norway, work with a video display terminal (VDT) has been suspected to cause skin rashes. In conjunction with an epidemiologic study of some 550 office employees, 74 persons, who complained of skin symptoms, were examined by occupational dermatologists. The objective was to see whether the findings from earlier reports could be confirmed, whether any type of rash could be suspected to depend on VDT work, and whether positive findings might be explained by means of physical data. Many different diagnoses were made, but no case demonstrated the clinical picture described among VDT operators from Norway. Subjects with seborrheic dermatitis, acne, and rosacea were overrepresented in the exposed group. Whether this occurrence was due to physical factors, psychological factors, or pure chance is still unclear. This study and observations from our clinic imply that a relationship might exist between VDT work and aggravation of seborrheic dermatitis, acne, and rosacea and probably poikiloderma of Civatte.

Video computer terminals and occupational dermatitis

Article

Apr 1981

Facial rash in visual display unit operators

Article

Feb 1982

Avrid Nilsen

A transient facial rash in six healthy female operators of visual display units is described. The cause has not been established, but circumstantial evidence strongly favours a link between the rash and the working conditions. A study performed to establish the aetiology is described.

A Nonconventional Approach to the Treatment of "Environmental Illness"

Article

Aug 1995

Twenty patients with symptoms of "environmental illness" were subject to a controlled study of deep versus superficial acupuncture. The patients were evaluated by a detailed questionnaire concerning their occupational, environmental, and medical history. Blood samples were taken as well. Patients were randomized to deep or superficial acupuncture. Both groups improved significantly in key variables during and after treatment. There were no group differences. There were no changes in biological variables apart from a gradual and continuous increase in serum cortisol and a decrease in neuropeptide Y, which was somewhat more accentuated in those receiving deep acupuncture. This rise in cortisol may have contributed to decreased dermal symptoms among the participants. It is hypothesized that the positive treatment results observed are partly due to weakening of the conditioned response, linking bodily symptoms to environmental agents. To date, a number of different methods have been tried in the management of patients with environmental illness. However, only rarely have the treatments been evaluated in controlled studies.

Skin symptoms during work with visual display terminals. Contact Dermatitis

Article

May 1994

A cross-sectional study on 353 routine office workers was performed in order to investigate relationships between skin diseases, signs or reported symptoms and work at visual display terminals. Skin diseases and signs were ascertained by dermatological examination. Skin symptoms as well as details of VDT work and other work conditions were obtained from a questionnaire. Measurements of the physical environment were made at each work place. The results were subjected to a multivariate analysis. There was a tendency for increased occurrence of seborrhoeic eczema, nonspecific erythema and symptoms among VDT compared to non-VDT users. Organizational conditions during VDT work, such as a perceived high work pace or work load, and inability to take rest breaks, were found to be associated with reported skin symptoms and nonspecific erythema. A low relative humidity was associated with a diagnosis of seborrhoeic eczema. No associations were found in this study between current field levels of electric or magnetic fields and skin diseases, signs or reported symptoms.

Facial Skin Symptoms in Visual Display Terminal (VDT) Workers. A Case-Referent Study of Personal, Psychosocial, Building- and VDT-Related Risk Indicators

Article

Sep 1995

The Office Illness Project in northern Sweden, comprising both a screening questionnaire study of 4943 office workers and a case-referent study of facial skin symptoms in 163 subjects was recently completed. Previously published results from the survey showed that female gender, asthma/rhinitis, high psychosocial work load, visual display terminal (VDT) and paperwork were related to an increased prevalence of facial skin symptoms. The case-referent study presented in this paper used data from the questionnaire supplemented by information from a clinical examination, a survey of psychosocial factors at work, building data and VDT-related factors from inspection and measurements taken at the work site. Psychosocial conditions and exposure to electromagnetic fields or conditions associated with such factors were related to an increased occurrence of skin symptoms. The results also indicated that personal factors such as atopic dermatitis and physical exposure factors influencing indoor air quality, such as paper exposure and cleaning frequency were related to an increased prevalence of symptoms. The results suggest that skin symptoms reported by VDT users have a multifactorial background.

Psychologic aspects of patients with symptoms presumed to be caused by electricity or visual display units

Article

Nov 1995

Jan Bergdahl

Psychologic factors were studied in 10 patients with symptoms presumed to be caused by electricity (EG) and in 10 patients with symptoms presumed to be caused by visual display units (VG) and compared with a sex- and age-matched control group (CG). Psychologic differences between the EG and VG were also measured. The symptoms presumed to be caused by electricity or visual display units were registered, and the personality, psychologic functioning, and quality of life were determined by using the Karolinska Scales of Personality (KSP), an additional Personality Scale (PS), a Psychological Functioning Scale (PFS), and a quality of Life Scale (QLS). The results showed that the commonest general symptoms in the EG/VG were skin complaints, fatigue, pain, and dizziness, and the commonest oral symptoms were gustatory disturbance, burning mouth, and temporomandibular joint dysfunction. The patients in the EG described more different types of both general and oral symptoms than those in the VG. The result showed that the VG scored significantly higher only in the KSP Somatic Anxiety and Muscular Tension scales, and the EG scored significantly lower in the KSP Socialization scale and significantly higher in the Somatic Anxiety, Muscular Tension, and Psychasthenia scales. In addition, only the EG differed significantly on the PS, PFS, and QLS. The EG differed significantly in such psychologic aspects as being more fatigued in the PS, in having more difficulty in concentrating, in taking the initiative, and in getting on with people in the PFS and experiencing inactivity and visiting other people rarely in the QLS. The conclusion was that patients with symptoms presumed to be caused by electricity and visual display units differed from each other psychologically and, therefore, should be handled clinically in different ways. The need for an interdisciplinary approach to these patients is emphasized.

Skin symptoms after the reduction of electric fields from visual display units

Article

Nov 1995

The objective of this work was to determine whether facial skin symptoms are reduced by decreasing static and low-frequency electric fields produced by visual display units. The electric fields were reduced by electric-conducting screen filters. Twenty subjects took part in the study while working at their ordinary jobs, first two weeks without any filter, then two weeks with an inactive filter and two weeks with an active filter (or in reversed order). The inasctive filters were identical to the active ones except that the ground cable was cut. Measurements showed that the inactive filters reduced the static electric fields nonsignificantly less than the active filters. For extremely low-frequency fields the difference was greater, and the active filters reduced the very low-frequency fields significantly more than the inactive ones. Most symptoms were less pronounced with active filters than with inactive filters. The differences were small, and for one symptom only, tingling, pricking or itching, the result was statistically significant. The recorded physical and psychosocial factors did not explain the reduction with the use of active filters. Days with a long period spent near a visual display unit resulted in significantly more pronounced symptoms than days with short time. The findings registered by a dermatologist did not reveal any consistent difference between the two periods with filters. The results weakly support the hypothesis that skin symptoms can be reduced by a reduction of electric fields.

A Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment of Patients Suffering from "Electric Hypersensitivity": Subjective Effects and Reactions in a Double-Blind Provocation Study

Article

Sep 1996

This study tested psychological treatment of patients with "electric hypersensitivity." Seventeen patients were randomly assigned to a treatment group or a waiting-list control group in a pretest-posttest control group design. The patients were also taking part in double-blind provocation tests before and after the treatment. Subjective ratings of symptoms were registered and blood samples were taken and analyzed for "stress-related" variables, such as prolactin, cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone, and cholesterol levels. The patients in the experimental group reduced their evaluations of the disability more than the control group did. This indicates that psychological treatment may be of value in this disease. However, none of the psychophysiological measures or the subjective reactions to the provocation test showed any significant between-group difference. The conclusion from the provocation test is that this group of alleged hypersensitive patients did not react to the electromagnetic fields.

'Sensitivity to electricity' - A new environmental epidemic

Article

Sep 1996

S Lidén

Neurophysiological Effects of Flickering Light in Patients with Perceived Electrical Hypersensitivity

Article

Feb 1997

An increasing number of people in Sweden are claiming that they are hypersensitive to electricity. These patients suffer from skin as well as neurological symptoms when they are near computer monitors, fluorescent tubes, or other electrical appliances. Provocation studies with electromagnetic fields emitted from these appliances have, with only one exception, all been negative, indicating that there are other factors in the office environment that can effect the autonomic and/or central nervous system, resulting in the symptoms reported. Flickering light is one such factor and was therefore chosen as the exposure parameter in this study. Ten patients complaining of electrical hypersensitivity and the same number of healthy voluntary control subjects were exposed to amplitude-modulated light. The sensitivity of the brain to this type of visual stimulation was tested by means of objective electrophysiological methods such as electroretinography and visual evoked potential. A higher amplitude of brain cortical responses at all frequencies of stimulation was found when comparing patients with the control subjects, whereas no differences in retinal responses were revealed.

Contemporary treatment in schizophrenia

Article

Feb 1997
B MENNINGER CLIN

Richard L Munich

Over the past decade the treatment of schizophrenia has changed in each of its biopsychosocial domains. Advances in neuroscience, particularly in the knowledge of the receptor site, led to increased effectiveness of antipsychotic medication. Development of more sophisticated psychoeducational and rehabilitative techniques enhanced the chances for fuller recovery. Evolution from therapeutic community to continuum of care replaced the traditional inpatient setting with a range of more ambulatory-based alternatives. Comprehensive treatment matches these changes with the phase of illness and is reinforced with a flexible and supportive psychotherapy that emphasizes medication compliance and educational and problem-solving tasks.

Changes in human plasma melatonin profiles in response to 50 Hz magnetic field exposure

Article

Oct 1998

The effects of power-frequency magnetic fields on nighttime plasma melatonin were studied in a group of 30 adult male human subjects. Exposure consisted of 20 microT (200 mG) at 50 Hz (circularly polarized) at certain times in relation to the predicted time of onset of rise in melatonin concentration for a particular individual (the time of onset was predicted from a previous screening night). Response to this exposure was compared to sham-exposure (in random order). When exposure preceded onset of rise, a significant delay in onset time relative to sham-exposure of approximately half an hour was observed, with indications (marginally significant) of a reduction in maximum melatonin level. Analysis of distribution of time-delays is consistent with two populations: those individuals who respond (around 20%) and those that do not. Magnetic fields generated by square-wave currents produce more marked reductions in the maximum level when compared to sinusoidal waveforms, but there was no significant difference in onset time.

Effects of an ELF (50 Hz, 1 mT) electromagnetic field (EMF) on concentration in visual attention, perception and memory including effects of EMF sensitivity

Article

Sep 1998
TOXICOL LETT

To investigate psychological effects of an extremely low frequency (ELF)-electromagnetic field (EMF), an experiment with three conditions was designed. EMF field of 50 Hz and 1 mT accompanied by 45 dB SPL noise (EMF + noise), noise, and control. A group of 66 subjects (Ss) participated in the control and in one of the experimental conditions. The sequence of conditions (expositions) was balanced. Expositions were double-blind (except for the obvious control), lasted 1 h and were separated by a 1 h pause. During exposition Ss (three by three) performed tests on attention, perception, memory and filled out a psychological questionnaire. Statistical analysis (one-tailed probability) showed less attention (P < 0.05), perception (P < 0.05) and memory performance (P < 0.1) in Ss exposed to EMF + noise compared with control, whereas for noise versus control no difference was found. Comparing EMF + noise versus noise related to control, reduced perception, less memory performance and more discomfort was observed (P < 0.1). Dividing Ss according to their self-rated sensitivity to EMF, all differences disappeared in the low sensitivity group (N = 30) and were pronounced in sensitive Ss (N = 36). Results indicate an immediate reduction of cognitive performance in attention, perception and memory performance by a 50 Hz EMF of 1 mT. These effects seem to be modulated by the self-perception of sensitivity to EMF.

Developing Case Definitions for Symptom-based Conditions: the Problem of Specificity

Article

Feb 1998

Kenneth C. Hyams

Long-term effects on symptoms by reducing electric fields from visual display units

Article

Nov 1999

The purpose of the study was to see whether the results of an earlier study [ie, that skin symptoms were reduced by reducing electric fields from visual display units (VDU)] could be reproduced or not. In addition, an attempt was made to determine whether eye symptoms and symptoms from the nervous system could be reduced by reducing VDU electric fields. The study was designed as a controlled double-blind intervention. The electric fields were reduced by using electric-conducting screen filters. Forty-two persons completed the study while working at their ordinary job, first 1 week with no filter, then 3 months with an inactive filter and then 3 months with an active filter (or in reverse order). The inactive filters were identical to the active ones, except that their ground cables were replaced by empty plastic insulation. The inactive filters did not reduce the fields from the VDU. The fields were significantly lower with active filters than with inactive filters. Most of the symptoms were statistically significantly less pronounced in the periods with the filters when compared with the period with no filter. This finding can be explained by visual effects and psychological effects. No statistically significant difference in symptom severeness was observed between the period with an inactive filter and the one with an active filter. The study does not support the hypothesis that skin, eye, or nervous system symptoms can be reduced by reducing VDU electric fields.

Study of Self-Reported Hypersensitivity to Electromagnetic Fields in California

Article

Sep 2002

Cases of alleged hypersensitivity to electromagnetic fields (EMFs) have been reported for more than 20 years, and some authors have suggested some connection with the "multiple chemical sensitivity" illness. We report the results of a telephone survey among a sample of 2,072 Californians. Being "allergic or very sensitive" to being near electrical devices was reported by 68 subjects, resulting in an adjusted prevalence of 3.2% (95% confidence interval = 2.8, 3.7). Twenty-seven subjects (1.3%) reported sensitivity to electrical devices but no sensitivity to chemicals. Characteristics of the people reporting hypersensitivity to EMFs were generally different from those of people reporting being allergic to everyday chemicals. Alleging environmental illness or multiple chemical sensitivity diagnosed by a doctor was the strongest predictor of reporting being hypersensitive to EMFs in this population. Other predictive factors apart from self-reporting chemical sensitivity were race/ethnicity other than White, Black, or Hispanic; having low income; and being unable to work. The perception of risk of exposure to EMFs through the use of hair dryers (vs. exposure to power and distribution lines) was the factor the most associated with self-reporting about hypersensitivity to EMFs. However, risk perception was not sufficient to explain the characteristics of people reporting this disorder.

Assessment of Health Effects from Exposure to Power-Line Frequency Electric and Magnetic Fields. Working Group Report

Jan 1998

Cj Portier
Wolfe

Portier CJ, Wolfe MS. Assessment of Health Effects from Exposure to Power-Line Frequency Electric and Magnetic Fields. Working Group Report. Research Triangle Park, NC:National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 1998.

Study of selfperceived hypersensitivity to electromagnetic fields in California A psychophysiological study of employees with VDUassociated skin complaints

Jan 1992
619-623698

P Levallois
R Neutra
G Lee
L Hristova
Bb Arnetz
S Lidén
P Eneroth
A Kallner
Technostress

Levallois P, Neutra R, Lee G, Hristova L. Study of selfperceived hypersensitivity to electromagnetic fields in California. Environ Health Perspect 110(suppl 4):619–623 (2002). 24. Berg M, Arnetz BB, Lidén S, Eneroth P, Kallner A. Technostress. A psychophysiological study of employees with VDUassociated skin complaints. J Occup Environ Med 34:698–701 (1992).

Electromagnetic field sensitivity 31 Bergqvist U, Franzén O. Electromagnetic field sensitivity [Letter]

Jan 1991
241-256

Wj Rea
Y Pan
Ej Fenyves
I Sujisawa
N Samadi
Ross

Rea WJ, Pan Y, Fenyves EJ, Sujisawa I, Samadi N, Ross GH. Electromagnetic field sensitivity. J Bioelectr 10:241–256 (1991). 31 Bergqvist U, Franzén O. Electromagnetic field sensitivity [Letter]. Electro Magnetobiol 12:v–vii (1993).

Work with visual display units. Do exposure to electromagnetic radiations or fields influence the occurrence of adverse health reactions? In: Non-ionizing Radiation

U Bergqvist
B Knave

Bergqvist U, Knave B. Work with visual display units. Do exposure to electromagnetic radiations or fields influence the occurrence of adverse health reactions? In: Non-ionizing Radiation. Proceedings of the Second International Non-ionizing Radiation Workshop (Greene MW, ed).

International Radiation Protection Association

Jan 1992
445-464

Bc Vancouver
Cn

Vancouver BC, CN:International Radiation Protection Association, 1992;445–464.

Hypersensitivity to electricity"-a workplace phenomenon related to low frequency electric and magnetic fields

B Knave
R Bergqvist U Wibom

Knave B, Bergqvist U, Wibom R. " Hypersensitivity to electricity " —a workplace phenomenon related to low frequency electric and magnetic fields. In: Worldwide Achievement in Public and Occupational Heath Protection Against Radiation, Vol. II. Montreal, Canada:Eighth International Congress of the International Radiation Protection Association, 1992;1121–1124.

The Electrical Sensitivity Handbook: How Electromagnetic Fields (EMFs) Are Making People Sick

L Grant

Grant L. The Electrical Sensitivity Handbook: How Electromagnetic Fields (EMFs) Are Making People Sick. Prescott, AZ:Lucinda Grant, Weldon Publishing, 1995.

Review of exposure guidelines for electromagnetic fields

0-300

P Levallois
D Gauvin
P Lajoie
J Saint-Laurent

Levallois P, Gauvin D, Lajoie P, Saint-Laurent J. Review of exposure guidelines for electromagnetic fields (0–300

Champs électromagnétiques émis par les terminaux à écrans cathodiques

D Gauvin
J-M Levallois P Leclerc
S Gingras

Gauvin D, Levallois P, Leclerc J-M, Gingras S. Champs électromagnétiques émis par les terminaux à écrans cathodiques. In: Actes du Vingtième Congrès de l'Association Québécoise pour l'Hygiène, la Santé et la Sécurité du travail, Montreal, 1998;58–67.

Review of neurasthenic and other symptombased effects and electromagnetic fields-methods and results. In: Non-thermal Effects of RF Electromagnetic Fields

U Bergqvist

Bergqvist U. Review of neurasthenic and other symptombased effects and electromagnetic fields-methods and results. In: Non-thermal Effects of RF Electromagnetic Fields (Bernhardt JH, Matthes R, Rapacholi MH, eds).

Austria:European Cooperation in the Field of Science and Technical Research

Jan 1998
8-16

Graz

Graz, Austria:European Cooperation in the Field of Science and Technical Research, 1998;8–16.

Welcome to the Electrical Sensitivity Network Available: http:// www.northlink.com/ ~lgrant/ [accessed 15

Mar 2002

Sensitivity Electrical
Network

Electrical Sensitivity Network. Welcome to the Electrical Sensitivity Network. Available: http:// www.northlink.com/ ~lgrant/ [accessed 15 February 2002].

Graz Austria:European Cooperation in the Field of

N Leitgeb

Work with visual display units. Do exposure to electromagnetic radiations or fields influence the occurrence of adverse health reactions? In: Non-ionizing Radiation

B Bergqvist U Knave

Review of neurasthenic and other symptombased effects and electromagnetic fields- methods and results

U Bergqvist

Review of exposure guidelines for electromagnetic fields (0-300 GHz) and ultraviolet radiation

P Levallois P Gauvin D Lajoie
J Saint-Laurent

Skin problems from visual display units

Jan 1989
46

Swanbeck G

Sensitivity to electricity

Jan 1996
519

Lidén S.

Hypersensitivity of Human Subjects to Environmental Electric and Magnetic Field Exposure: A Review of the Literature

Abstract

No full-text available

Recommended publications

Bias in Association Studies Resulting from Gene-Environment Interactions and Competing Risks

Electromagnetic fields

International EMF Project

New aspects of electromagnetic fields (EMF), melatonin and cancer from experiment and epidemiology