Content uploaded by Ratan Chaudhuri
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by Ratan Chaudhuri on Dec 12, 2015
Content may be subject to copyright.
Emblica Cascading Antioxidant: A Novel Natural Skin Care Ingredient
Abstract
A standardized extract of Phyllanthus emblica (trade named Emblica) was found to have a long-lasting and broad-spectrum antioxidant activity. The product has no pro-oxidation activity induced by iron and/or copper because of its iron and copper chelating ability. Emblica helps protect the skin from the damaging effects of free radicals, non-radicals and transition metal-induced oxidative stress. Emblica is suitable for use in antiaging, sunscreen and general purpose skin care products. Copyright (C) 2002 S. Karger AG, Basel.
... P. emblica investigated against castor oil-induced diarrhea on rabbit's jejunum and guinea pig ileum revealed antidiarrheal activity by dual blockage of Ca 2+ channels and muscarinic receptors. (Chaudhuri, 2002;Drury, 1873) 15. Respiratory disorder curer A paste made from P. emblica fruit with seeds of Piper nigrum, fruits of Terminalia chebula, and garlic, mixed with cow's ghee, helps in restoration of normal respiratory function. ...
... Other respiratory disorders such as bronchitis, tuberculosis, and asthma can also be treated with P. emblica preparations. (Chaudhuri, 2002;Mehmood et al., 2011) 16. ...
... 3.12. Anti-diarrhea and anti-dysenteric agent P. emblica fruits are used for diarrhea patients, where a mixture of fruit with sour milk is useful for dysenteric patients (Chaudhuri, 2002). Additionally, P. emblica has been investigated on rabbit's jejunum and guinea pig ileum to study castor oil-induced diarrhea. ...
Medicinal plants are precious gifts of nature, which may serve as a source of food and medicine to humans. Phyllanthus emblica L has held a unique position in the Indian (Ayurvedic), Turkish, Unani, and Tibetan medicinal systems for centuries. Its nutritional, therapeutic and healing potentials have made it a valid research option for the development of novel drug formulations with few side effects. The presence of vitamin C, alkaloids, ellagitannins, gallic acid, emblicanin A and emblicanin B, flavonoids (especially rutin and quercetin), and a variety of biological molecules, makes P. emblica, a valued medicinal plant. This review article summarizes the recent literature relevant to the nutritional, health, and therapeutic benefits of P. emblica, such as potential chemo-preventive, anti-diabetic, anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anti-mutagenic, antioxidant, diuretic, aphrodisiac, UV protectant, and anti-aging activities. Its applications in memory enhancing, respiratory, skin and ophthalmic disorders, and detoxification including that of snake venom, are also highlighted. It additionally reviews retrospective studies on P. emblica at the molecular level, for disease management and control. P. emblica is an important medicinal plant with many benefits. It has been used for centuries and generations as a source of food because of its unique restorative and rejuvenating potential. Thus, in light of the sum of these investigations, new studies could be designed to explore valuable bioactive compounds present throughout in nature in the form of plants.
... Previous investigations have demonstrated the necessity of combining different functional ingredients for an additive or synergistic effect that a single ingredient cannot achieve [25,26,27,28]. In the formula we developed, one of the important constituents is Phyllanthus Emblica which is rich with phytochemical ingredients, for example, chlorogenic acid, ascorbic acid, ellagic acid, gallic acid, and quercetin, which are antioxidant and antiinflammatory [29][30][31][32]. Additionally, chlorogenic acid has been shown to be vasodilatory in vivo, which may help blood circulation in the skin [33]; and ascorbic acid has been known for stimulating collagen synthesis and protection against UV-induced photodamage to the skin [34,35]. ...
... The improvement appeared 2 weeks after the intervention and lasted 8 weeks at which the experiment finished. Our results not only confirmed previously stated functions and efficacies of Phyllanthus Emblica and hyaluronic acid in promoting skin health and aging prevention when used alone or in combination with other ingredients [26,27,28,29,30,31,32]. [36,37,38,39], but also made advancement by offering an effective recipe with even smaller molecular peptides for skin care in combination with Phyllanthus Emblica and hyaluronic acid. ...
Maintaining skin elasticity and moisture is crucial for preserving skin health and delaying skin aging. We have recently developed piscine-derived small molecular collagen peptides (SMCPs. MW < 1000 Daltons) and investigated their functionalities on skin health. Firstly, in the Caco-2 cell line that simulated gastrointestinal transport barriers, SMCPs exhibited superior absorption rates compared to other commercial collagen peptides. Secondly, a novel formula blended SMCPs with hyaluronic acid (HA) and an extract of Phyllanthus Emblica (EPE). Ultraviolet irritation-induced inhibition of elastin and hydroxyproline synthesis was attenuated by the formula in the HFF-1 cell line that was derived from human foreskin fibroblast. Thirdly, desiccation-induced inhibition of HA synthesis and water channels (AQP3) expression was attenuated by the same formula in HaCaT cell line that was the spontaneously immortalized human keratinocytes. Furthermore, the efficacy of the SMCPs formula as a beverage was evaluated in an eight-week intervention study involving human recipients. The SMCPs formula improved skin moisture, viscoelasticity, and wrinkle parameters, which sustained for the entire eight-week duration. Mechanistically the formula may enhance collagen stability and biosynthesis by increasing the bioavailability of key dipeptides or amino acids and help prevent cellular senescence induced by oxidative stress and chronic inflammation. In conclusion, these findings demonstrate the potential of SMCPs in combination with HA and EPE as a nutritional solution for skin care and skin aging prevention.
... These compounds are also valued for their antimicrobial effects and cosmetic benefits (Gray and Flatt, 1999). Plants such as Cassia alata (Benjamin and Lamikanra, 1981), Acalypha wilkesiana, Acacia senegal and Phyllanthus emblica (Chaudhuri, 2002) are commonly used for skin rejuvenation. Various formulations, both in medical applications and cosmetic lines, are utilizing the medicinal properties of plants. ...
... Terminalia chebula, garlic, Piper nigrum seeds, along with P. emblica fruit paste and cow's ghee, can restore respiratory function. Coughs and asthma can be relieved by combining P. emblica fruit juice, honey (Chaudhuri 2002). To relieve sore throats, a dosage of one teaspoon of P. emblica juice or powder is administered three times daily, mixed with warm milk. ...
Medicinal plants are precious gifts of nature, which may serve us as a source of food and medicine to humans. Phyllanthus emblica also known as amla is a fruit that has been utilized for its medicinal properties and held in high regard in traditional medicine and food for numerous years. The plant is renowned for its abundance of nutritious and bioactive compounds, including as vitamin C, vitamin A, antioxidants, and polyphenols. These molecules have the capacity to effectively prevent and control chronic illnesses. In this chapter, we summarize the recent literature relevant to the nutritional, health, and therapeutic benefits of P. emblica, such as anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antimicrobial, anti-diabetic, antimutagenic, antioxidant, anticancer, and anti-aging activities. Its applications in memory enhancing, respiratory, neural health enhancement, liver disorders, cardiac health, and detoxification including that of snake venom, are also highlighted. It additionally reviews the clinical trial, toxicological study, dosage and safety profile, and future direction of this plant. In conclusion, Phyllanthus emblica is a fruit, with both medicinal advantages worth exploring further through research to better grasp its therapeutic potential that can benefit traditional practices and modern healthcare approaches.
... 35 The plant extract lowered hepatic lipid peroxidation (LPO) and increased the superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities in hyperthyroid mice, exhibiting its hepatoprotective nature. It potentially ameliorate the hyperthyroidism with an additional hepato protective benefit 20 . ...
... In the present study, the negative correlations between oleanolic acid and the ANGPTL8 [67] and NDUFAF1 [68] genes were related to the decreased lipid storge and increased glycolytic activity in adipose tissue. In addition, emblicanin B, a low molecular weight hydrolyzable tannin (< 1000), along with pedunculagin and punigluconin, was the key ingredients in emblica-cascading antioxidant [69]. It correlated negatively with SOST [70], which indicated that oleanolic acid related to the inhibition of lipid deposition. ...
Simple Summary
Agriophyllum squarrosum (sand rice) is an annual psammophyte that has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for many years. Its medicinal properties have been studied in mice and human, but the nutritional value and metabolic function of the above-ground parts as a ruminant feed ingredient have not been reported. Here, we find that supplementing lamb diets with A. squarrosum reduced blood lipids, enhanced immunity and anti-inflammatory capacities, and mediated lipid metabolism in adipose tissue and adipocytes of Tan lambs. These findings have provided strong evidence that A. squarrosum has the potential to be used as a beneficial dietary supplement for ruminants.
Abstract
Agriophyllum squarrosum (sand rice), a widespread desert plant, possesses anti-hyperglycemic and anti-inflammatory properties, and has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for many years. However, its effects on ruminants are unknown. To fill this gap, we examined the effects of A. squarrosum on the immune and anti-inflammatory responses of lambs. A total of 23, 6-month-old Tan ewe-lambs (27.6 ± 0.47 kg) were divided into four groups and offered a basic diet (C—control), or a diet that contained 10%, 20%, or 30% A. squarrosum, on a dry matter basis, for 128 days. Serum concentrations of total cholesterol were lower (p = 0.004) in the 30% supplemented lambs than controls, while concentrations of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol were lower (p = 0.006) in the 10% and 20%, but not in 30% supplemented lambs than controls. Serum-cortisol concentrations were lower (p = 0.012) in the 30% supplemented lambs and free fatty acid concentrations were higher in the 10% and 20% supplemented lambs than in control lambs (p < 0.001). Supplementation with A. squarrosum decreased (p < 0.05) the area of adipocytes in subcutaneous adipose tissue, but there was no difference between the 20% and 30% diets. Conversely, the area in visceral adipose tissue (VAT) increased (p < 0.05), especially for the 10% and 20% supplemented diets. Supplementation with A. squarrosum also enriched immune and anti-inflammatory related and lipid and glucose-metabolic pathways and associated differentially expressed gene expressions in adipose tissue. A total of 10 differential triacylglycerol, 34 differential phosphatidylcholines and seven differential phosphatidylethanolamines decreased in the diet with 30% supplementation, when compared to the other diets. Finally, adipocyte-differentiation genes, and immune and inflammatory response-related gene expression levels decreased in lamb adipocytes cultured with an aqueous A. squarrosum extract. In conclusion, supplementing lamb diets with A. squarrosum reduced blood lipids, enhanced immunity and anti-inflammatory capacities, and mediated lipid metabolism in adipose tissue and adipocytes of Tan lambs. A level of approximately 10% is recommended, but further research is required to determine the precise optimal level.
... The 50% O 2 -scavenging concentration from Emblica officinalis methanol extract was found to be 13.17ìg.ml (65)(66)(67)(68)(69)(70)(71)(72)(73)(74)(75)(76)(77)(78). ...
Emblica officinalis has great importance in herbal, Ayurvedic, Chinese and traditional medicinal systems in various countries. Emblica officinalis has been believed to increase defense against various diseases. In this article, phytoconstituents separated from Emblica officinalis and application of Emblica officinalis in various diseases like, cancer, diabetes, heart disease, diarrhea, ulcer, pyria, snake bite, analgesic, antioxidant, antitussive, antimicrobial, hypoprotective, and cytoprotective etc., have been reviewed. E. officinalis is also used as ingredient of various preparations used to enhance memory, treat ophthalmic disorders and lowering cholesterol level.
The present study on Embilica officinalis, a common household remedy and the present study describes the inhibition of enzyme xanthine oxidase (XO) with in vitro analyses and assenting in silico study to produce an effective phytoconstituents. The results explained the ethanolic extract of Embilica officinalis (EOEt) exhibited antioxidant and defensive oxidative stress and allied with its total phenol (51.33 ± 0.793 mg/g) and flavonoid content (33.51 ± 0.616 mg/g). Additionally, the DPPH scavenging activity shows significant correlation between antioxidant and XO inhibitory activities result in IC 50 value of 40.40 ± 0.1475µg/ml. The EOEt extract probably inhibited the nitric oxide formation with increase in concentration with IC 50 of 28.36 ± 0.1522µg/ml. The EOEt extract shows increase in dose dependent manner in percentage of XO inhibitory activity and exhibits potential IC 50 value (352.0 ± 0.2069 µg/ml) compared to standard allopurinol (723.9 ± 0.2081µg/ml). The in silico docking studies of the major phytoconstituents (Phyllembilic acid B, Ethyl gallate, Gallic acid, 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural, Ascorbic acid, 1, 2, 3-benzenetriol, Ethyl alpha-d ̶ glucopyranoside and β ̶ cyclocitral) obtained from GC-MS analysis of EOEt extract. The inhibitory property of these active phytoconstituents may be due to the presences of synergistic effect. The result provides compelling basis for the future use of EOEt extract and its phytoconstituents in in vivo system for the treatment and management of gout as well as in related to all oxidative stress conditions.
Ethnopharmacological relevance
Phyllanthus emblica L. (P. emblica) as a medical plant has been used to treat diseases in Asia. It is famous for a wide range of biological activities, especially for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. However, quality control underlying the bioactivity of P. emblica fruits remains to be studied.
Materials and methods
In this study, we evaluated the HPLC fingerprint and bioactivity of polyphenols extracted from P. emblica fruits grown in different habitats.
Results
P. emblica fruits collected from 10 different habitats in Guangdong, Fujian, Yunnan, and Guangxi provinces in China were used to establish a simple and reliable HPLC fingerprint assay. Simultaneous quantification of three monophenols was also performed to determine assay quality and consistency. Additionally, chemical assessment of the different ethanolic extract (PEEE) from 10 P. emblica fruits demonstrated that they exhibited antioxidant activity by enhancing reducing power and total antioxidant capacity, scavenging hydroxyl radical and superoxide anion. PEEE protected RAW264.7 cells from oxidative damage by increasing glutathione content and total superoxide dismutase activity, suppressing MDA content. PEPE also alleviated lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in RAW 264.7 cells by decreasing release of pro-inflammatory mediators. Notably, the PEEE samples from Yunnan province showed the optimal antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects among all the PEEE samples.
Conclusion
In conclusion, The PEEE HPLC fingerprint may help improve P. emblica quality control, and P. emblica with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities may be potentially applied in functional foods or in adjuvant therapy for medicinal development.
The catalysis by iron of the formation of reactive oxygen species in biological systems has been well documented. In this present study, we have investigated the hypothesis that iron-catalyzed formation of hydroxyl radical (.OH) from superoxide anion radical (O-.2) and H2O2 requires the availability of at least one iron coordination site that is open or occupied by a readily dissociable ligand such as water. This hypothesis was tested by measuring the catalytic activity of 12 different iron chelates using hypoxanthine and xanthine oxidase to generate O-.2. In these same chelates, we also determined the presence or absence of coordinated water by UV-visible spectroscopy and 1H NMR relaxation measurements. Of all chelates tested, only Fe3+ coordinated to diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid; ethylenediamine di(o-hydroxyphenylacetic acid), phytate, and Desferal lacked coordination water; and only these four complexes failed to produce hydroxyl radical. Separate determinations of the two redox half-reactions involved (i.e. Fe3+ + O-.2----Fe2+ + O2 and Fe2+ + H2O2----Fe3+ + .OH + OH-) indicate that an available coordination site is necessary for the latter (Fenton) reaction. This principle governing iron reactivity may help advance our understanding of the mechanism of oxidative damage in biological systems and may also permit the design of more effective chelators for the control of iron in biological systems.
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are important second messengers for the induction of several genes in a variety of physiological
and pathological conditions. Ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation has recently been shown to generate lipid peroxidation products
and hydroxyl radicals (HO⋅) with detrimental long term effects like cancer formation and premature aging of the skin. Here, we addressed the question
of whether ferric/ferrous iron via the generation of ROS may mediate the UVB response, finally leading to connective tissue
degradation, a hallmark in carcinogenesis and aging. Therefore, we studied the involvement of iron and ROS in the modulation
of Jun N-terminal kinase 2 (JNK2) activity, c-jun and c-fos mRNA levels, key signaling steps in the transcriptional control of matrix-degrading metalloprotease (MMP)-1/interstitial
collagenase and MMP-3/stromelysin-1 after UVB irradiation of human dermal fibroblasts in vitro. The iron-driven generation of lipid peroxides and hydroxyl radicals were identified as early events in the downstream signaling
pathway of the UVB response leading to a 15-fold increase in JNK2 activity, a 3.5-fold increase in c-jun, to a 6-fold increase in MMP-1, and a 3.8-fold increase in MMP-3 mRNA levels, while virtually no alteration of c-fos mRNA levels were observed. Diminished generation of reactive oxygen species resulted in a significant reduction of JNK2 activity,
c-jun, MMP-1, and MMP-3 mRNA levels after UVB irradiation compared with UVB-irradiated cells. Collectively, we have identified
the iron-driven Fenton reaction and lipid peroxidation as possible central mechanisms underlying signal transduction of the
UVB response.
In mammalian cells, the level of the iron-storage protein ferritin (Ft) is tightly controlled by the iron-regulatory protein-1 (IRP-1) at the posttranscriptional level. This regulation prevents iron acting as a catalyst in reactions between reactive oxygen species and biomolecules. The ultraviolet A (UVA) radiation component of sunlight (320-400 nm) has been shown to be a source of oxidative stress to skin via generation of reactive oxygen species. We report here that the exposure of human primary skin fibroblasts, FEK4, to UVA radiation causes an immediate release of "free" iron in the cells via proteolysis of Ft. Within minutes of exposure to a range of doses of UVA at natural exposure levels, the binding activity of IRP-1, as well as Ft levels, decreases in a dose-dependent manner. This decrease coincides with a significant leakage of the lysosomal components into the cytosol. Stabilization of Ft molecules occurs only when cells are pretreated with lysosomal protease inhibitors after UVA treatment. We propose that the oxidative damage to lysosomes that leads to Ft degradation and the consequent rapid release of potentially harmful "free" iron to the cytosol might be a major factor in UVA-induced damage to the skin.
The catalytic reactions of metal ions may be divided into two general classifications: reactions in which the metal chelate compound is permanently altered, as a result of the reaction which takes place, and reactions in which the metal chelate compound remains unchanged. The first class includes both redox reactions, in which the metal ion changes valence, and reactions in which no change of oxidation state takes place. Examples of metal-catalyzed redox reactions are the oxidation of oxalate through the formation of the Mn(III) chelate and the oxidation of ascorbic acid by the Cu(II) ion. Examples of reactions in which the chelating compound is changed without the involvement of the metal ion in a redox step are catalysis by various metal ions of β-keto acid decarboxylation, transamination reactions of Schiff bases derived from pyridoxal, and the hydrolytic cleavage of various Schiff bases through chelate formation. Reactions of the second type, which take place without effecting a permanent change in the structure or composition of the metal chelate compound, may be considered to represent a true metal chelate catalysis. The peptidase action of metalactivated enzymes is one of a large number of examples of this type which have been proposed for biological systems. The action of Cu(II) chelates of various diamines is described as an example of metal chelate catalysis in the hydrolysis of diisopropylfluorophosphate. The probable nature of these catalytic reactions is outlined, and the factors which seem to render a metal chelate compound an effective catalyst are described.
The reaction of lipid peroxides in animal tissues with thiobarbituric acid was dependent on pH of the reaction mixture as was the case for linoleic acid hydroperoxide. The optimum pH was found to be 3.5. Taking this fact into consideration, a standard procedure for the assay of lipid peroxide level in animal tissues by their reaction with thiobarbituric acid was developed as follows. Ten percent ( tissue homogenate was mixed with sodium dodecyl sulfate, acetate buffer (pH 3.5), and aqueous solution of thiobarbituric acid. After heating at 95°C for 60 min, the red pigment produced was extracted with n-butanol-pyridine mixture and estimated by the absorbance at 532nm. As an external standard, tetramethoxy-propane was used, and lipid peroxide level was expressed in terms of nmol malondialdehyde. Using this method, the liped peroxide level in the liver of rats suffering from carbon tetrachloride intoxication was investigated. The results were in good agreement with previously reported data obtained by measuring diene content.
The purpose of this study was to develop a simple antioxidant screening assay for quantifying the protective effects of antioxidant enzymes, inhibitors and scavengers against extracellularly generated oxygen species on human skin fibroblast cytotoxicity. Different in vitro oxidative stresses have been studied: xanthine oxidase-hypoxanthine, flavin mononucleotide-NADH, and hydrogen peroxide. Cytotoxicity and protection were evaluated by two procedures: evaluation of the living cells using a colorimetric method (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide MTT), and ability of the viable cells to adherate and proliferate. Hypoxanthine-xanthine oxidase and H2O2 induced a dose dependent cytotoxicity only when we considered the delayed toxicity. The influence of the cell density was also investigated. The delayed toxicity was higher when cell density increased. One hundred percent protection against free radical cytotoxicity induced by the three systems were obtained with catalase (500 U/ml). When the oxidative stress used was H2O2 90-96% protection was obtained with deferoxamine an iron chelating agent that prevents iron catalysed radical reactions. Using the colorimetric method no significant protection was obtained when SOD was added before and during the stresses. Using the fibroblasts ability to proliferate SOD (10-150 micrograms/ml) reduced xanthine oxidase (20 U/l)-hypoxanthine (0.10-0.30 mM) or H2O2 (1-6 mM) cytotoxicity by 15-20%. SOD did not act as antioxidant when the applied stress was mediated by flavin. In this study we showed a paradoxical effect and the cytotoxicity of flavin-NADH system increased when we added SOD to the cell medium. This simple and reliable antioxidant screening assay required no costly or radioactive equipment.
Reactive oxygen species are regarded as merely pernicious. This is incorrect for they play a pivotal role in many physiologic reactions, such as cytochrome P450-mediated oxidations, regulation of the tone of smooth muscle, and killing of microorganisms. An imbalance in oxidant-antioxidant activity is involved in many free radical-mediated pathologies, e.g., ischemia-reperfusion and asthma. In an attempt to alleviate these pathologies with antioxidants, it should be noted that these compounds are neither specific nor mere antioxidants. Associated with antioxidant activity is a pro-oxidant action. In the development of new antioxidant therapies, the important question of how these drugs are incorporated in or commensurate with existing integrated physiologic radical-defense systems should be addressed.
A novel series of 2-O-alkylascorbic acids (5a-u) was synthesized, and their scavenging activities against active oxygen species as well as their suppressive effects on the arrhythmias in rat heart ischemia-reperfusion models were evaluated. Some 2-O-alkylascorbic acids (5e-1) exhibited potent inhibiting activities against lipid peroxidation in rat brain homogenates and in alleviating effects in the ischemia-reperfusion models. Studies on the structure-activity relationship demonstrated that a free 3-enolic hydroxyl group and the longer alkyl chains substituted on the 2-hydroxyl group of ascorbic acid were beneficial for the biological and pharmacological activities. 2-O-Octadecylascorbic acid (5k, CV-3611), one of the most potent and promising compounds, markedly inhibited lipid peroxidation (IC50 = 4.3 X 10(-6) M) and alleviated myocardial lesions induced by ischemia-reperfusion at an oral dose of 1 mg/kg in rats.