No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the author.
The Importance of the Ratio of Omega-6/Omega-3 Essential Fatty Acids.
Abstract
Several sources of information suggest that human beings evolved on a diet with a ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 essential fatty acids (EFA) of approximately 1 whereas in Western diets the ratio is 15/1-16.7/1. Western diets are deficient in omega-3 fatty acids, and have excessive amounts of omega-6 fatty acids compared with the diet on which human beings evolved and their genetic patterns were established. Excessive amounts of omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and a very high omega-6/omega-3 ratio, as is found in today's Western diets, promote the pathogenesis of many diseases, including cardiovascular disease, cancer, and inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, whereas increased levels of omega-3 PUFA (a low omega-6/omega-3 ratio) exert suppressive effects. In the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease, a ratio of 4/1 was associated with a 70% decrease in total mortality. A ratio of 2.5/1 reduced rectal cell proliferation in patients with colorectal cancer, whereas a ratio of 4/1 with the same amount of omega-3 PUFA had no effect. The lower omega-6/omega-3 ratio in women with breast cancer was associated with decreased risk. A ratio of 2-3/1 suppressed inflammation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, and a ratio of 5/1 had a beneficial effect on patients with asthma, whereas a ratio of 10/1 had adverse consequences. These studies indicate that the optimal ratio may vary with the disease under consideration. This is consistent with the fact that chronic diseases are multigenic and multifactorial. Therefore, it is quite possible that the therapeutic dose of omega-3 fatty acids will depend on the degree of severity of disease resulting from the genetic predisposition. A lower ratio of omega-6/omega-3 fatty acids is more desirable in reducing the risk of many of the chronic diseases of high prevalence in Western societies, as well as in the developing countries, that are being exported to the rest of the world.
... Hemp seed oil is not recommended for cooking or frying at high temperatures due to its low smoke point (Cherney and Small, 2016). Cold-pressed, this oil stands out for its nutritional value thanks to its content of polyunsaturated fatty acids, phenols, flavonoids, and vitamin E, which give it significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties by neutralizing free radicals (Simopoulos, 2002;Cherney and Small, 2016;Cerino et al., 2021;Popa et al., 2021;Kaur and Kander, 2023). Thanks to its distinctive flavor, hemp oil is frequently used in salads, canned goods, pastries, and confectionery, as well as a dietary supplement with benefits for skin and hair health (Șandru et al., 1996;Cherney and Small, 2016;Gherasim, 2017;Popa et al., 2021;Kaur and Kander, 2023). ...
... The use of hemp leaves provides a significant intake of calcium, magnesium, iron, vitamin E, flavonoids, phenols, chlorophyll, and other beneficial compounds, making them an exceptional natural and regional ingredient for teas, infusions, smoothies, or dietary supplements. They are an ideal source of minerals and nutrients in their natural form, especially recommended for vegans, without inducing psychotropic effects (Simopoulos, 2002;Popa et al., 2021;Teleszko et al., 2022;EIHA Conference 2023). ...
This review explores the multiple directions of industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) utilization at a global level, highlighting the importance of this crop as a renewable, sustainable, and environmentally friendly resource. While hemp has traditionally been employed for the production of fibers, seeds, and medicinal products, recent studies have expanded its applications into innovative fields such as eco-friendly construction materials (e.g., hempcrete and composite materials), automotive and aerospace industries, cosmetics, biofuels, and others. The remarkable properties of hemp, including low density, superior mechanical strength, carbon sequestration capability, and moisture regulation, help reduce energy consumption and enhance the performance of construction materials, thereby providing competitive advantages in sustainability-oriented sectors. Moreover, hemp extracts and oils, rich in bioactive compounds (essential fatty acids, vitamins, antioxidants, and cannabinoids), have demonstrated therapeutic potential, reinforcing the role of hemp in the development of food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical products. Additionally, hemp significantly contributes to phytoremediation by absorbing heavy metals and contaminants from the soil, and hemp fibers stand out for their durability and resistance, being valued in the textile industry for their ecological characteristics and superior performance. Industrial hemp stands out for its high versatility, and its valuable properties along with its favorable environmental impact, support its integration into a wide range of sectors, opening promising perspectives for a more sustainable and environmentally responsible future.
... These types show different effects on human health and can have both positive and negative consequences [5]. As an illustration, Omega-3 and Omega-6 fatty acids, both classified as polyunsaturated fatty acids, hold significant importance for human well-being, offering a range of advantages including the modulation of inflammation, bolstering the immune system, and lowering the likelihhood of heart disease [6]. However, trans fatty acids, which are frequently appearing in processed foods, are established to include harmful influences on vascular health and heightens the probability of cardiovascular disease. ...
... Natural food sources such as fish, nuts and vegetable oils are rich in Omega-3 and Omega-6 fatty acids and are an essential part of a healthy diet. These fatty acids contribute significantly to the synthesis of eicosanoids that regulate inflammation and phospholipids in cell membranes [6], [8]. ...
... The primary reasons for the differences between n-6 and n-3 are their genetics, contrasting metabolisms and diets. The diet of the neotropical species has higher n-3 in the seeds and insects they consume whereas n-6 is higher in the grains and processed feeds of domestic species (Lall et al. 2018;Simopoulos 2002). Table 7 shows that agouti has a much lower zinc content compared to that of cattle, pigs, lamb, and chicken shown in Table 8. ...
A comparative review of the nutritional profiles of neotropical mammals: agouti (Dasyprocta leporina), lowland paca (Cuniculus paca), capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) and collard peccary (Tayassu tajacu) vs domestic species ABSTRACT Neo-tropical mammal meats are one of the most widely consumed foods in rural communities of South America and the Caribbean. This review examined the meat yields and nutritional compositions of neo-tropical mammals and compared them to domestic animals. A total of 76 studies published between 1992 and 2024 in English, Portuguese, and Spanish were reviewed. The results show that neo-tropical species generally exhibit higher carcass yields compared to cattle and lamb, indicating the efficiency of meat production as larger portions of the animal's live weight are converted to usable meat. Neo-tropical animals stand out with their higher levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and greater PUFA to saturated fatty acid (SFA) ratios, contributing to potential health benefits. Notably, the lower n-6 to n-3 fatty acid ratios in neo-tropical mammal meats align with decreased incidences of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as arteriosclerosis, strokes, and heart attacks. On the other hand, domestic species had higher protein content and a more favourable omega-6 to omega-3 ratio, which is important for muscle growth and reducing inflammation, respectively. Neo-tropical species generally exhibited lower levels of cholesterol, beneficial for individuals looking to reduce their sodium intake. However, neo-tropical species generally had a higher polyunsaturated fat content ranging from 15.9%-36.1%, whereas domestic animals had lower levels ranging from 2.7%-22.0%.
... In modern diets, the average ratio of ω-6/ω-3 is 15:1-16.7:1 [46]. ...
Sheep milk is emerging as a valuable alternative to cow milk, and to use sheep milk in the dairy industry, it is important to know its chemical composition and nutritional value. The physicochemical attributes and chemical composition of milk from a prominent sheep breed, Edilbay (Edilbayevskaya), were collected from farms in the Kazakhstani Almaty (AR) and Turkestan (TR) regions and compared with the available reference data. For the first time experimentally, the values of water activity aw, 0.952 (for AR) and 0.967 (for TR), and moisture binding energy E, 4.423 kJ/kg (for AR) and 4.395 kJ/kg (for TR), of sheep milk are reported. All known essential amino acids were accessible in sheep milk of AR and TR. Five fatty acids (C10:0, C14:0, C16:0, C18:0, and C18:1) comprised a total of 73.5% and 73.2% of the fatty acids in AR and TR sheep milk, respectively. The content of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, including the ratios of linoleic acid/linolenic acid (ω-6/ω-3) and linoleic acid/oleic acid (ω-6/ω-9), in sheep milk samples are comparable to known literature values. Electropherogram analysis showed the presence of all four fractions of casein: αS1-, αS2-, β- and κ-caseins, as well as α-lactalbumin and β-lactoglobulin. The concentration of κ-caseins in sheep milk of AR and TR were found to be 8.5%-9.2% and 7.1%-8.2% of total protein, respectively, and thus Edilbay milk can be considered as a valuable raw material. The study lays the foundation for the increasing export and adoption of ovine milk products to emerging dairy markets.
... The nutritional and health indices, PUFA/ SFA, n-6/n-3, and the atherogenicity (AI) and thrombogenicity (TI) indices are commonly used to assess nutritional value and effects on consumer health. Generally, a dietary PUFA/ SFA ratio greater than 0.45 and a n-6/n-3 ratio less than 4.0 are expected to reduce the risk of diseases such as coronary heart disease and cancer [83]. This study reported a PUFA/SFA ratio of 0.04 g/100 g of FAME and a n-6:n-3 ratio of 1.69 g/100 g of FAME. ...
Introduction
Some studies have associated dairy consumption with a lower risk of obesity. However, these studies are concentrated in developed countries with high dairy consumption. In developing countries, the evidence is scarce. This study aimed to evaluate the association between the consumption of different types of dairy products and obesity in Chilean adults.
Materials and methods
A cross-sectional study, stratified by sex and age, was carried out using a validated online survey to assess the consumption of dairy products among adults living in Chile. Dairy product consumption was then classified into tertiles. Obesity was determined based on self-reported body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30 kg/m². Logistic regression models were used to assess the association between dairy consumption and obesity, adjusting for several confounding variables.
Results
In total, 2008 participants were included in the analyses. Forty-seven percent, 39% and 14% belonged to the <35 years, 35–60 years, and ≥60-year groups, respectively. 55% were female, 86% had a low-medium socioeconomic level. Cow-derived cheese, milk, and yogurt were the most commonly consumed dairy products. Obese participants had a lower total consumption of dairy products (17.1%) than normal-weight subjects (25.7%, p<0.05). Higher cheese intake was significantly associated with a lower obesity risk (ORadj: 0.70; 95%CI 0.51–0.96, p<0.05). Other types of dairy products and total consumption of dairy products were not significantly associated.
Discussion and conclusions
Habitual cheese consumption, but not other dairy products, was associated with a lower risk of obesity in this sample of Chilean adults.
... Since the human body is unable to synthesize these two fatty acids, they must be supplied from diet. Additionally, eating fish has been linked to several health advantages because long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids have drawn more attention due to their ability to prevent coronary artery disease, enhance retinal and brain development, lower the risk of breast cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, asthma, psoriasis, inflammatory bowel disease, and regulate prostaglandin synthesis (Simopoulos, 2002;Dhaneesh et al., 2012). ...
Fish are widely recognized as a preferable source of protein and other essential nutrients for maintaining a healthy body, making it one of the most crucial animal protein sources. In this study, eight small indigenous fish species (SIS) were collected from various sites within the study area and "namsing”, a fermented fish product by mising the Mising tribe, was prepared to estimate their proximate composition using the techniques outlined by the Association of Official Analytical Chemists. The protein content of Amblypharyngodon mola, Puntius sophore, Mystus vittatus, Barilius barila, Gudusia chapra, Macrognathus aral, Anabas testudineus, and Nandus nandus ranged from 51.06±0.68 to 60.47±1.22g/ 100g. Lipid content was the highest in Barilius barila (22.0±0.66 g/100g) and the lowest in Nandus nandus (11.01±0.24g/ 100g). Ash content ranged from 9.61±0.41% in Anabas testudineus to 19.87±0.40% in Puntius sophore. Moisture content varied from 7.96±0.86g/ 100g in Nandus nandus to 12.38±0.41g/ 100g in Barilius barila. This study concludes that traditionally fermented fish i,e., “naming” is a rich source of essential nutrients, making it an effective food for combating malnutrition and preventing various health issues.
... These dietary patterns are characterized by an emphasis on fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and healthy fats, have garnered attention for their potential to influence the inflammatory processes underlying OA [9,10]. Empirical evidence indicates notable efficacy of anti-inflammatory diets in reducing inflammation, irrespective of concurrent weight loss, as substantiated in academic literature [11,12], suggesting this might be promising for OA. ...
This study aimed to evaluate the impact of various dietary interventions on managing osteoarthritis (OA), a condition significantly affecting global health due to joint alterations driven by inflammatory mediators. A systematic review and meta-analysis, adhering to PRISMA guidelines, examined Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) investigating dietary interventions in OA. Two reviewers independently conducted study selection, data extraction, and quality assessment. Random effects models calculated standardized mean differences (SMD) and mean differences (MD). Risk of bias was evaluated with the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool (RoB2), and heterogeneity was assessed using I² values. Nine RCTs (898 participants) were identified, assessing various diets: reduced energy ( n = 4), Mediterranean ( n = 2), low-fat ( n = 2), anti-inflammatory ( n = 1), low-carbohydrate ( n = 1), and plant-based ( n = 1). Dietary interventions significantly improved pain (SMD: –0.67; 95% CI: [–1.01, –0.34]; p < 0.0001), and physical function (SMD: –0.62; 95% CI: [–0.94, –0.30]; p = 0.0001) and body weight (MD: –3.18; 95% CI: [–3.52, –2.83], p < 0.0001). Subgroup analyses revealed reduced energy diets improved pain (SMD: –0.85; 95% CI: [–1.15, –0.55], p < 0.0001), physical function (SMD: –0.95; 95% CI: [–1.33, –0.58], p < 0.0001) and body weight (MD: –3.13; 95% CI: [–3.77, –2.49], p < 0.0001). The Mediterranean diet did not significantly impact pain (SMD: –0.27; 95% CI: [–1.14, 0.60], P = 0.54), or physical function (SMD = –0.28; 95% CI: [–0.79, 0.24], p = 0.29). This study emphasizes the significant impact of dietary interventions on pain, physical function, and weight management in people with OA, with reduced energy diets showing the most effectiveness. Specific dietary patterns show promise but require further investigation.
... Consuming a high omega-6 to omega-3 ratio, which is common in the modern Western diet, tends to promote a higher level of inflammation and contributes to chronic low-grade inflammation [7]. This condition is associated with the development of various diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, cancer and inflammatory diseases [8]. Omega-3 intake has the potential to reduce these risks, particularly for individuals with a acid. ...
A high-fat diet is a key factor contributing to hyperlipidemia. Perilla seed oil, a plant-based source of omega-3, has the potential to reduce this risk. However, its effects have not been fully established. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of perilla seed oil on blood lipid levels, oxidative stress, and inflammation in rats induced with hyperlipidemia through a high-fat diet. Male Wistar rats were administered perilla seed oil at a dosage of 0.67 g/kg body weight per day for 8 weeks. The results showed that perilla seed oil significantly reduced triglyceride levels by 38.00% and 41.88% and total cholesterol levels by 17.16% and 15.91% in the high-fat diet and normal diet groups, respectively (p < 0.05). However, perilla seed oil had no significant effect on HDL and LDL levels. Additionally, perilla seed oil supplementation significantly reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, a biomarker of oxidative stress, by 68.18% in the high-fat diet group and 29.72% in the normal diet group. Regarding its anti-inflammatory effects, perilla seed oil reduced interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels by 15.21% and 64.27% in the high-fat diet and normal diet groups, respectively (p < 0.05). These findings suggest that perilla seed oil has the potential to reduce the risk of metabolic syndrome.
... Some studies have shown positive effects of Cannabis seeds derivatives in animal nutrition, leading to improved nutritional performance, final body weight gain, and feed utilization efficiency in poultry and ruminants (Bień et al., 2024; Khan et al., 2010;Simopoulos, 2002). In a recent experiment, it was observed that administering 10 ml of Cannabis oil to Awassi rams contributed to improving some biochemical parameters in blood serum, in addition to enhancing growth efficiency and preventing oxidative stress (Al-Obaidi et al., 2022). ...
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of supplementing Russian Cannabis Seed powder to Awassi ewes, as part of a research project at the Department of Animal Production, College of Agriculture, University of Kirkuk. The animals were divided into three groups: a control group that received no supplements, and two experimental groups that received Cannabis Seed powder at two different doses (200 and 300 mg per animal daily). The researchers used a specific behavioral assessment protocol, with eight students and two professors observing the ewes' behavior every other day and recording seven behavioral descriptions using a visual scale. The results showed clear differences between the two groups. The groups receiving the supplements experienced a decrease in stress, aggression, and anorexia, while the supplemented subjects reported increases in calmness, comfort, sleepiness, and positive social interaction. These effects were most pronounced in the group receiving the highest dose (300 mg per animal daily), suggesting a potential dose-response relationship. These results suggest that Cannabis Seed supplements may contribute to improved behavior and health in ewes through their calming effects, likely due to their cannabidiol and essential fatty acid content. However, the study recommends further research to confirm the long-term safety and effectiveness of these supplements.
... These distinct characteristics include short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), odd-chain fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acids (CLA). Some of these characteristics are being studied for their effect on human physiology, such as the anti-inflammatory effect of butyric acid, a SCFA (Saini & Keum, 2018;Simopoulos, 2002), cell membrane stabilizing effect of pentadecanoic acid, an odd chain fatty acid (Dąbrowski & Konopka, 2022;Venn-Watson et al., 2020), and the cardio-protective effect of CLA (Benjamin & Spener, 2009;Collomb et al., 2006;Silveira et al., 2007). A scheme was developed to compare the six ghee samples to capture the effect of processing on these individual fatty acids and fatty acid groupings. ...
... 41,42 Consequently, excessive consumption of refined oils (e.g., soybean oil, corn oil) and highly processed foods rich in n-6 fatty acids may create a pro-inflammatory environment that heightens athletes' n-3 requirements. 43 Paradoxically, even athletes who meet established n-3 dietary guidelines exhibit lower O3i levels compared to the general population. For example, collegiate Rugby players in Japan, despite adhering to dietary recommendations and consuming more n-3 fatty acids than non-athletes (3.4 vs. 2.4 g), had an O3i 1.8% lower than their non-athlete counterparts (4.4% vs. 6.2%) ...
Introduction: The omega-3 index (O3i), the amount of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) as a percentage of total fatty acids within erythrocytes, has emerged as a potentially important biomarker for sport. The purpose of this review is to quantify the O3i in athletes across various sporting contexts. Methods: Two databases (PubMed, Google Scholar) were searched for cross-sectional studies reporting the O3i in athletes. Simple pooled mean analyses were used to quantify the O3i in all studies and by subgroup (i.e., sex and sport). Results: Based on 18 studies (25 observations) comprised of 1,452 athletes, the combined O3i was 4.43 ± 0.59% and ranged between 2.98% and 5.19%. According to studies that reported the O3i proportion within their sample, less than 1% of all athletes had an O3i > 8%, whereas 32% of athletes had an O3i < 4%. The O3i mean difference between all subgroups (sex and sport activity) was within ± 1%. Conclusions: Athlete programs should make a concerted effort to: 1) routinely test the O3i, 2) provide education from nutrition professionals on the potential benefits and sources of n-3 fatty acids and, 3) provide meal options comprised of rich sources of EPA and DHA at least three times per week and consider providing supplementation as needed, if allowed by governing organizations.
... Replacing saturated fats with unsaturated fats has been shown to reduce low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and improve cardiovascular health (12). A higher ratio, indicating excessive omega-6 intake relative to omega-3, is associated with increased inflammation (13). The VitE/PUFA ratio is crucial for preventing oxidative stress, as PUFAs are susceptible to lipid peroxidation, requiring adequate vitamin E to protect against cellular damage (10). ...
Background
The global impact of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19 (has highlighted the necessity of understanding factors influencing its severity and hospitalization duration. While a balanced diet is crucial for immune support, the role of dietary fats in this context has not been well understood. This study explored associations between the quality and quantity of fatty acids and severity and the length of hospitalization in COVID-19 patients in 2022.
Method
This cross-sectional study included 107 COVID-19 patients aged 20–60 years who were hospitalized at Amir Alam Hospital in Tehran, Iran. Dietary fat intake was assessed using 24 h food recall. Data on symptoms were collected using a demographic questionnaire and verified against their hospital records. Linear and binary logistic regressions were employed for statistical analysis.
Result
A higher omega 6/omega 3(N6/N3) ratio was linked to increased odds of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) and elevated D-dimer levels, while correlating with lower odds of fever. While RDS odds increased over Vit E/polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) ratio tertiles, chills decreased. [PUFA + monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA)]/saturated fatty acid (SFA) ratio was associated with reduced odds of chest pain, duration of hospitalization (DH) time, c-reactive protein (CRP), and D-dimer levels. Furthermore, PUFA intake was negatively associated with odds of poor appetite, RDS, and headaches, whereas SFA intake was positively associated with odds of fever. Additionally, there was a positive correlation between cholesterol-saturated index (CSI) levels and DH time (P < 0.7).
Conclusion
Our findings indicate that higher N6/N3 and VitE/PUFA ratios were associated with increased RDS and D-dimer levels, while the VitE/PUFA ratio was linked to reduced chills. Higher (PUFA + MUFA)/SFA ratios were associated with lower chest pain, DH, CRP, and D-dimer levels. While higher PUFA intake was related to reduced poor appetite, RDS, and headache, higher SFA intake was linked to increased fever. Additionally, there was a positive association between CSI levels and DH. Current findings indicate that the quality and balance of dietary fats may play a crucial role in modulating inflammatory responses and clinical outcomes.
... Clinical trials suggest that with the increase in intake of omega-3 fatty acid (EPA and DHA) rich foods, found in fish, such as Anguilla species, Wallago aatu, there is a reduction in the formation of Thromboxane A2 (TXA2), Leukotriene B4 (LTB4), IL-1, IL-6, Tumour Necrosis Factor (TNF), and C-reactive protein, which are linked to many diseases such as diabetes, obesity, cancer, autoimmune diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, and asthma. [24][25][26] These studies are in line with the number of remedies used by ethnic groups of Northeast India to treat several ailments. For example, Anguilla bengalensis is used to treat Rheumatoid arthritis by the Karbis while Channa gachua is used to treat the same by Bodos of Assam. ...
... The n6/n3 ratio is outside the recommended range in TML, AD, and LMW, while it is below 2 in LM [85]. Lowering the ratio between omega-6 and omega-3 (n6/n3 ratio) is important for controlling the risk for inflammation, carcinogenesis, and cardiovascular diseases, with optimal values being around 1-4 [86,87]. Despite the n6/n3 ratio in almost all the insects approved being high due to the abundance of α-linoleic acid, it must be observed that the fatty acid composition of the insects can exhibit great variability and is highly dependent on the insect feed [88]. ...
Insects represent a traditional food in different parts of the world, where eating insects is not only related to nutrition, but also results from a variety of sociocultural customs. Insects’ nutritional profiles typically vary by species. Nevertheless, in terms of nutrition, edible insects can be a rich source of protein, dietary fiber, healthy fatty acids, and micronutrients, including minerals and vitamins. Insects have a low carbon footprint and require fewer resources in terms of land, water, and food with respect to animal livestock. Interestingly, insects are a source of bioactive compounds with different pharmacological activities, including antioxidant, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, antiobesity, antihypertensive, and antilipidemic. Among the bioactive compounds, polyphenols, chitosan, and protein hydrolysates are the most important ones, with direct activity on ROS quenching and enzymatic inhibition. Glucosidase, DPP-IV, ACE, and lipases are directly inhibited by insects’ bioactive peptides. Lipids and tocopherols reduce inflammation and lipid peroxidation by acting on LOX and COX-2 enzymes and on ROS quenching. The insects’ nutrient composition, coupled with their easy and economical breeding, is the cause of the growing interest in edible insects. During the last 20 years, the study and development of novel insect-based products increased, with relevant effects on the market. This review focuses on the edible insects currently approved in Europe, namely, Acheta domesticus, Alphitobus diaperinus, Locusta migratoria, and Tenebrio molitor. The nutrient profile and the functional compounds are examined, with an eye on market trends and on the patent applications filed in the last decades.
... It was suggested that the right percentage of omega-3 fatty acid in relation to omega-6 fatty acids is important [66]. In Western countries the diet is often very rich in saturated fats what might lead to less flexibility of the cell membranes what can affect the way they work. ...
Omega-3 long-chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (n-3 PUFAs) found in fish oil capsules have a critical role and significance for human health. Partic-
ularly EPA and DHA are known for their potential benefits in preventing cardiovascular disease, treating inflammatory conditions, improving early
life neurodevelopment, and preventing cognitive decline. n-3 PUFAs are highly prone to oxidation and degradation reactions due to their chemical
structure containing several double bonds. Here, we emphasize the importance of quality assurance in the production of omega-3 capsules, from
raw material extraction to manufacturing, packaging, and storage. Oxidation protection is identified as a key factor in preserving the freshness and
efficacy of omega-3 products. Various factors influencing oxidation are discussed, including exposure to air, temperature, time, light, transition met-
als, and water. The role of antioxidants in reducing oxidation is highlighted and the importance of monitoring oxidation levels through tests like the
TOTOX value. The article emphasizes the need for proper storage, handling and testing of omega-3 capsules to ensure their quality and effectiveness
for consumers. The review provides a comprehensive analysis of the literature on omega-3 fatty acids and underscores the significance of quality
assurance in delivering high-quality omega-3 products.
... Although with different types of diets, previous studies have shown that the inclusion in the diet of by-products rich in MUFA, such as olive pomace, has a significant effect on the fatty acid profile of cheese, characterized by an increase in MUFA and a reduction in SFA [68,69]. These changes reflect the FA composition of the diet and support the hypothesis of positively influencing the fat profile of cheese by reducing SFA in favor of MUFA, which are considered beneficial for human health [70][71][72]. In addition to dietary effects, cheese ripening processes, including lipolysis and microbial activity, further contribute to changes in the fatty acid profile. ...
The use of former foodstuff and by-products in cow diets could improve the environmental sustainability of livestock. However, knowledge about the effects of these feeds in ruminant diets on the quality of dairy products is lacking. This study investigated the effects of integrating wheat distillers’ grain with solubles (WDGS) and a former foodstuff product (FFP) into the diet of dairy cows on milk and cheese quality. The environmental impact of the two feeding systems has been evaluated by LCA. A double crossover design was set up with 84 Holstein cows, alternating a control diet and a circular one. In the circular diet, traditional feeds were partially replaced with 4 kg/d WDGS and 3 kg/d FFP. The results showed no effects on dry matter intake and milk yield, while fiber digestibility improved. A reduction in the milk fat content and a modification of the fatty acid profile of milk and cheese were observed. Conversely, cheese yield, composition, and sensory attributes were not affected. The environmental impact of the diet was significantly reduced in terms of land occupation, net fresh water, and global warming potential. These findings suggest that these feeds can be safely included in dairy cow diets. This approach could significantly contribute to reducing greenhouse gas emissions, enhancing the sustainability of the dairy system.
... Consequently, current guidelines recommend limiting SFA intake to less than 10% of total daily energy for the general healthy population, with more stringent recommendations (e.g., 5-6% of total daily energy) for individuals with hypercholesterolemia [28]. On the other hand, increasing attention is being directed toward PUFA, particularly the optimal balance between omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids that may prevent various pathological events [29]. Emphasis is also placed on the administration of biologically active omega-3 fatty acids, specifically eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in PN [30]. ...
Background: Parenteral nutrition (PN) is a lifesaving therapeutic approach for patients unable to meet nutritional needs through oral or enteral routes. Lipid nanoemulsions (NEs), a critical component of PN, provide essential fatty acids and influence the formulation’s physicochemical properties. Advances in drug delivery systems have led to novel intravenous NEs with improved stability, purity, or ability for nutrient/active substance delivery. Due to scattered information and the lack of a standardized protocol for testing intravenous lipid NEs, this study aimed to develop a robust assessment method. The protocol focuses on characterizing the physicochemical properties, stability, and biological efficacy of novel NEs while adhering to bioethical standards. Methods: Four NEs were formulated based on fatty acid profile analysis, and to demonstrate the applicability of our protocol, each NE utilized a distinct emulsifier system. A comprehensive in vitro assessment protocol integrating multiple analytical techniques was employed to evaluate their performance. Results: The mean droplet diameter (MDD) of developed NEs ranged from 180.7 to 185.9 nm, significantly smaller than commercial formulations (249.6–335.4 nm). PFAT5 remained below 0.02%, except for ILE-HS (0.12%), and the zeta potential (ZP) was below −29.8 mV. The freeze–thaw stability constant (KF) of developed NEs was in the range of commercial formulation, and the sterilization stability constant (KS) was below 10, except for ILE-HS (23.61 ± 1.65). Injectability tests confirmed that ILE-ELP and ILE-T could be infused at 50 mL/h using an intravenous access with a minimum diameter of 21 G. Hemolytic activity met the strictest criteria (<5%), and MTT assays showed higher cell viability at low concentrations for all NEs except ILE-ELP. Conclusions: The developed five-step protocol provides a unified framework for assessing intravenous lipid NEs, allowing for the selection of NEs with the highest potential for further in vivo assessment.
... The optimal n:6-n-3 ratio should be approximately 1:1 to 4:1 to maintain optimal balance in the human diet [52]. A lower n-6:n-3 ratio is more favorable for human health [53]. The differences in PUFA, MUFA, and SFA content further demonstrate the regional variation in egg yolk fatty acids. ...
Regenerative, pasture-raised layer hen systems create synergistic relationships between the hens, forage, soil, and weather, fostering a sustainable system. However, the influence of these factors on egg nutrient profile and quality may vary by region. This study took place over two years; samples were collected from a farm in Ohio during the first year and a farm in Indiana during the second year. Egg (n = 12) and forage (n = 3) samples were collected monthly from September to December. Fatty acids were quantified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, micronutrients were assessed in a commercial laboratory, and carotenoids and polyphenols were analyzed colorimetrically. Ohio eggs had significantly darker yolks (average yolk fan score: 8.5 ± 1.8 vs. 3.9 ± 2.0; p < 0.0001), a higher beta carotene and carotenoid content, and a lower n-6:n-3 fatty acid ratio across the season. Indiana eggs had a lower average total phenolic content (0.07 ± 0.00 mg GAE/g vs. 0.14 ± 0.10 mg GAE/g) and lower average total cholesterol (5.35 ± 2.9 mg/g vs. 10.99 ± 1.54 mg/g). Forage composition and soil parameters varied between farms. Regional variations in forage composition, soil nutrients, and regional weather can significantly influence the nutrient density of eggs produced in sustainable, pasture-raising systems. This research highlights how local environmental factors can shape the nutritional profiles of eggs in different regions. Future studies should explore this relationship in more regions.
... The fatty acid n − 3/n − 6 ratio can manipulate an animal's inflammatory, metabolic and homeostatic status [28]. Optimal ratios range from 4:1 to 1:4 [69]. From the perspective of human nutrition, a diet rich in omega-3 polyunsaturated fats are progressively more valued [4]. ...
... Diets rich in omega-6 sources are recognized as pro-inflammatory and detrimental to health, connected to higher morbidity and mortality related to CVDs, carcinoma, and COVID-19, not only because of the increased risk of an energy surplus, but also because of the imbalance between Ω-3 and Ω-6 fatty acids [58,59]. In our population, the consumption of physiologically active, very-long-chain Ω-3 fatty acids (which derive from marine sources, less from fortified eggs and other animal sources) is very low compared to the consumption of their precursor from plant sources (flax-seed oil, flaxseeds, walnuts, and chia). ...
This study offers a comprehensive analysis of the anthropometric and nutritional status among Serbian adults aged 18–64 years, using the data from the EFSA EU Menu food consumption survey conducted between 2017 and 2022. Based on a nationally representative sample of 1139 participants, this research utilized validated 24 h dietary recalls and anthropometric measurements. The results indicate significant dietary imbalances, characterized by a heavy reliance on energy-dense foods, such as grains, fats, and meat, with an underrepresentation of fruits, vegetables, and dairy. Men exhibited a higher total energy intake, obtaining more energy from meat and fats, while women consumed more fruits and vegetables but often did not meet the recommended protein intake. Approximately 67.8% participants had a insufficient dietary fiber intake, and 15.4% did not meet the protein recommendations, particularly women. Anthropometric measurements showed a high prevalence of overweight and obesity, especially among men. These findings highlight critical deficits in dietary adequacy and, from a clinical practice perspective, underscore the necessity for the formulation of policies, targeted public health strategies aimed at improving dietary habits, and provide evidence for the development of national dietary guidelines and clinical guidelines to support preventive healthcare strategies, especially in the management of diet-related conditions, such as obesity and metabolic disorders.
... Long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) are vital for maintaining immune function (36), promoting skin and hair health (37), and reducing the risk of chronic diseases (38,39). Furthermore, maintaining an optimal dietary balance between n-3 and n-6 fatty acids is crucial (40). A high n-6/n-3 ratio may enhance inflammatory responses and increase the risk of chronic diseases 37 (41). ...
Introduction
Tibetan pigs, native to the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, have adapted over millennia to extreme conditions such as low oxygen, harsh cold, and high UV radiation, impacting their muscle characteristics and digestive tract microbiota. The quality of pork from Tibetan pigs (TP) and black pigs (BP) is influenced by various factors, including genetics, diet, and environmental adaptation. However, the specific influence of digestive tract microbiota metabolites on muscle traits remains poorly understood. Our goal was to correlate omic variations with meat quality traits and identify potential biomarkers predictive of superior meat quality, elucidate the regulatory effects of digestive tract microbial metabolites on Tibetan pig muscle characteristics, and reveal the genetic and nutritional mechanisms that promote adaptation to extreme environmental conditions.
Methods
This analysis encompassed metabolomic profiling of the entire digestive tract-including the stomach, jejunum, cecum, colon, and rectum-as well as histological, amino acid, fatty acid composition, and transcriptomic assessments of the longissimus dorsi muscle tissues to investigate how digestive tract microbial metabolites influence muscle adaptation to high altitudes.
Results
Analyses revealed that Tibetan pig muscles contain smaller, more oxidative fibers enriched with flavor-enhancing amino acids. This was accompanied by a more favorable n-6/n-3 fatty acid ratio. Distinct patterns of microbial metabolites were observed in the digestive tract, influencing protein digestion and purine metabolism, and correlating with muscle glycine levels. Transcriptomic data showed varied gene expression in metabolic pathways related to salivary and pancreatic secretion, as well as carbohydrate and fatty acid metabolism. Integrated multi-omics approaches linked stomach metabolism, particularly through bile secretion pathways influenced by acetylcholine, to muscle functionality, highlighting the important role played by the ATP1B4 gene in enabling muscle physiology in Tibetan pigs.
Discussion
This study highlights the importance of targeted dietary interventions in improving meat quality for specific pig breeds. It also provides a theoretical foundation for precision agriculture strategies aimed at enhancing the meat quality of both TP and BP pigs.
... Fatty Acid Desaturase 1 (FADS1) encodes an enzyme that plays a crucial role in the metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids, particularly as a regulator of the synthesis of ω−3 and ω−6fatty acids (Zhao et al. 2020). Although there is no direct link between FADS1 and endometriosis, ω−6 fatty acids are generally considered to promote inflammatory responses, while ω−3fatty acids have anti-inflammatory effects (Simopoulos 2002, Omega-6 2024. Therefore, the function or gene polymorphisms of FADS1 may indirectly influence the development and severity of endometriosis by affecting these metabolic pathways. ...
Endometriosis is caused by the migration of endometrial cells to locations outside the uterine lining. Despite the increasing prevalence of endometriosis, there has been limited research on genetic effects, and its molecular mechanisms remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the mechanisms underlying the development of endometriosis and to identify new genetic targets for endometriosis by integrating data from gene chips, single-cell mapping, and genome-wide association study databases. Using the Gene Expression Omnibus database, we downloaded data on normal endometrium, eutopic endometrium, and ectopic lesion tissues to explore the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between normal and eutopic endometrium, and between eutopic and ectopic endometrium. Assessment of the relationships between DEGs and endometriosis involved differential expression, expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL), and Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses. Two single-cell atlas datasets were then analyzed to explore the mechanisms underlying disease development and progression. Intersection of MR results with DEGs between normal and eutopic endometrium highlighted 28 candidate biomarker genes (17 upregulated and 11 downregulated). Similarly, we identified two additional candidate biomarker genes by intersecting the DEGs between eutopic and ectopic endometrium with MR results. Among these 30 candidates, further filtering using single-cell datasets revealed that the histamine N-methyltransferase (HNMT), coiled-coil domain containing 28 A (CCDC28A), fatty acid desaturase 1 (FADS1) and mahogunin ring finger 1 (MGRN1) genes were differentially expressed between the normal and eutopic groups, consistent with transcriptomic and MR results. Our findings suggested that eutopic endometrium exhibits epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Cell communication analysis focused on ciliated epithelial cells expressing CDH1 and KRT23 revealed that, in the eutopic endometrium, ciliated epithelial cells are strongly correlated and interact with natural killer cells, T cells, and B cells. We identified four novel biomarker genes and found evidence for EMT in the eutopic endometrium. The mechanism of endometriosis progression may be closely related to EMT and changes in the immune microenvironment triggered by damage to ciliated epithelial cells.
... FAO recommended an omega-6/omega-3 ratio of 5:1 to 10:1 in a balanced diet to support child growth and development. Based on previous studies, the omega-6/omega-3 ratio is 2.5:1 or 1:1 [28,31], which can adequately support neuronal and genetic development. In the RUTF requirements, omega-6 should be a maximum of 780 mg/100 kcal, while omega-3 should be a minimum of 110 mg/100 kcal [15]. ...
RUFF (Ready-to-Use Fish Food) has been formulated to address severe acute malnutrition (SAM) in children under five. However, its effect on malnourished models has not been reported. This study explains how mackerel meal-based RUFF with sardine, soybean, and red palm oil affects body weight in malnourished rats. Using a completely randomized design, 25 male Sprague-Dawley rats were split into five groups: reference (standard diet), control (protein deficiency 5%), protein-deficiency + sardine oil treatment (PD FO; RUFF A), protein-deficiency + soybean oil treatment (PD SO; RUFF B), and protein deficiency + red palm oil treatment (PD RO; RUFF C). After 14 days of inducing malnutrition, the treatment groups received RUFF. The study found that the RUFF formulation met the nutritional standards set by FAO and WHO for RUTF (Ready-to-Use Therapeutic Food). In terms of growth, the body weight of the treatment group increased significantly. Statistical analysis showed significant differences in the PD FO (p = 0,001), PD SO (p = 0,007), and PD RO (p = 0,001) treatment groups. This study shows that RUFF products, adding sardine, soybean, and red palm oil, can improve the nutritional status of malnourished animal models, which can be further studied in human subjects.
... Esansiyel yağ asitleri (EFA), vücut içerisinde birbirine dönüştürülemediği için omega-3 yağ asitleri sağlıklı beslenme açısından kritik bir öneme sahiptir. Bu nedenle yağların besinsel ve sağlık açısından optimal fayda sağlaması için omega-6/omega-3 oranının ≤4/1 olması gereklidir (Simopoulos, 2002). ...
In this study, the changes in the physical structure and chemical composition of margarine caused by modification techniques such as hydrogenation, interesterification and fractional crystallisation applied in the production of edible vegetable breakfast margarine were evaluated in terms of nutrition, health and food safety. In this context, iodine number, total polar compounds (TPC), melting point, fatty acid and sterol compositions of breakfast margarine samples were analysed. It was determined that the iodine number ranged between 69.33 ±0.58 and 75.33 ±0.58, and the melting points ranged between 33.00 ±1.04°C and 36.00 ±1.00°C. In the fatty acid composition, unsaturated fatty acids are mainly oleic acid (C18:1) (40.33 ±0.15%; 54.30% ±0.20%), followed by linoleic acid (C18:2) (11.05-26.52%) and linolenic acid (C18:3) (0.83-3.50%). In sterol composition, β-Sitosterol (60.28 ±0.19%; 73.90 ±0.20%) was the most dominant component followed by Campesterol (12.30 ±0.33%; 27.05 ±0.15%), Stigma sterol (3.82 ±0.18 %; 11.30 ±0.70 %), ∆7-stigma sterol (2.47 ±0.03 %; 6.00 ±0.50%). In conclusion, it was determined that total polar compounds in breakfast margarine samples were close to the upper limit determined by the World Health Organisation, and omega-3 fatty acids were very low. Within the scope of these parameters, it is thought to pose long-term risks regarding healthy nutrition and food safety. These parameters, which are used for the first time in the evaluation of breakfast margarine, will contribute to the development of healthy nutrition scientists and raise awareness among producers and consumers.
... Finally, promoting a balanced and life-long n-3 rich diet for greater SPM bioavailability requires the interest and involvement of multiple sectors and stakeholders. The current "Western diet" contains excessive n-6 PUFAs compared to n-3 leading to an unbalanced ratio with consequences to brain health [23,196]. A 2024 worldwide n-3 PUFA status map shows most Western countries to have low n-3 consumption including the United States, Canada, and Australia [197]. ...
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia globally and is characterised by reduced mitochondrial respiration and cortical deposition of amyloid-β plaques and neurofibrillary tangles comprised of hyper-phosphorylated tau. Despite its characterisation more than 110 years ago, the mechanisms by which AD develops are still unclear. Dysregulation of microglial phagocytosis of amyloid-β may play a key role. Microglia are the major innate immune cell of the central nervous system and are critical responders to pro-inflammatory states. Typically, microglia react with a short-lived inflammatory response. However, a dysregulation in the resolution of this microglial response results in the chronic release of inflammatory mediators. This prolongs the state of neuroinflammation, likely contributing to the pathogenesis of AD. In addition, the microglial specialised pro-resolving mediator (SPM) contribution to phagocytosis of amyloid-β is dysregulated in AD. SPMs are derivatives of dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and potentially represent a strategic target for protection against AD progression. However, there is little understanding of how mitochondrial respiration in microglia may be sustained long term by n-3-derived SPMs, and how this affects their clearance of amyloid-β. Here, we re-evaluate the current literature on SPMs in AD and propose that SPMs may improve phagocytosis of amyloid-β by microglia as a result of sustained mitochondrial respiration and allowing a pro-resolution response.
Microbial pathogenesis is the intricate interaction between host and microorganism that significantly impacts the health of the host. This chapter explores the dual perspective of the pathological outcome of this interaction which is directly involved to the level of harm imposed on the host and emphasizing the complex interplay of microbial factors along with the host’s response. The pursuit of innovative strategies becomes imperative due to the constant threat of microbial pathogenesis remains to human health. Therefore, focus on the bioactive compounds and their pivotal role on microbes is a promising option to combat the microbial pathogenesis. The chapter unfolds the diverse array of natural compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, and terpenoids which are derived from nature, including plants, microorganisms, and marine life. The study extends to the application of these bioactive compounds as potent antimicrobial agents like antibacterial, antiviral, and antifungal activity. The chapter discoursed the mechanisms of action of bio active compounds, explores their way of interaction and possible combination therapies to enhance the efficacy, and addresses the drugs resistance issues. Challenges and future perspectives are also discussed in association with bioavailability, potential toxicity, and safety. The role of emerging technologies and global collaboration for enhancing the production, research, and development are also discussed. Ultimately, this chapter represents a comprehensive overview of the bioactive compounds in the battle against infectious diseases.
In the past few years, there has been a notable rise in global demand for milk and dairy products. Milk fat represents an important component of milk, playing a crucial role in energy provision and contributing to numerous physical characteristics and manufacturing qualities of both milk and dairy products. The fatty acids found in milk fat are regarded as important nutritional components in the human diet. Generating milk with an increased concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), particularly from the n3 category, is advantageous because dietary patterns containing more n3 fatty acids and fewer n6 fatty acids are considered healthier for humans. There are numerous factors that influence the fatty acid in the milk profile, with nutrition being the most critical aspect among them. Primary dietary factors, including the type and quantity of either forages or concentrates within the dietary regimen, extensive research has been conducted on the balance between forage and concentrate ratios, as well as the inclusion of fat or oil supplements in diets.
This study explores the potential of utilizing black bullhead (Ameiurus melas Rafinesque, 1820), an invasive freshwater species, as a stocking fish for aquaculture. Fish were mass-removed from Ponjavica Nature Park during two periods (2018–2019 and 2020–2021), with selected individuals reared to evaluate growth, survival, and meat quality. A total of 20,145 individuals were removed in the first period (168 reared), and 15,921 in the second (120 reared). Two rearing systems—cages and recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS)—and four feed types were tested. Results demonstrated the species’ adaptability to intensive aquaculture, with good growth, resilience to high-protein diets, and tolerance to high stocking densities. Cage systems generally showed superior growth performance, while RAS produced higher survival rates. Both systems achieved favorable feed conversion ratios. Meat analysis revealed optimal levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in RAS and cage-reared fish, enhancing the species’ nutritional value for human consumption. These findings demonstrate the feasibility of repurposing black bullhead as a sustainable aquaculture resource. This dual-purpose approach addresses ecological concerns while offering economic benefits through increased fish production and affordable, nutritious food availability. Further technological development is needed to optimize production systems for broader implementation.
Egg albumin and yolk are rich in bioactive compounds, giving them diverse biological effects and functional characteristics. In the current study, a total of 140 ISA Brown laying hens divided randomly into five groups (n = 28 in each group) were used in duration of 52 weeks (from 20 to 71 weeks of age). Enhancing the diet of them to improve the chemical and lipid composition of their eggs is crucial. This research monitored changes in egg composition from hens fed with diet containing 1.5% different vegetable oils. The analyzed egg groups are described as follow: G1 – control, diet without additional of vegetable oil; G2 – diet containing 1.5% flaxseed oil; G3 – diet containing 1.5% sunflower oil; G4 – diet containing 1.5% soybean oil and G5 – diet containing 1.5% canola oil. No significant changes were observed in water content, crude protein, fat, ash, or nitrogen-free extract across all groups. However, significant differences were found in the lipid composition (fatty acids, sterols, and phospholipids) of the eggs, with the most notable changes occurring after incorporating flaxseed oil into the diet. High quantities of palmitic acid (30.08 – 32.30%) were observed, with the highest level found in the diet with 1.5% soybean oil. Similarly, oleic acid (42.03 – 49.13%) was present in high amounts, with the highest level found in the diet with 1.5% sunflower oil. The quantities of biologically active substances in egg yolk varied with different diets, with unsaponifiables ranging from 1.03 – 1.53%, total sterol content from 0.50 – 1.03%, and phospholipids from 0.97 – 2.07%. Cholesterol (4.73 – 10.22%) was the main sterol, while phosphatidylcholine (47.17 – 59.63%), phosphatidylethanolamine (19.60 – 24.60%), and phosphatidylinositol (8.83 – 16.33%) were the main components of phospholipids.
Background/Objectives: Ketogenic diets (KDs) have gained attention for their potential to promote weight loss and metabolic improvements. However, data on long-term body composition changes and adherence rates in real-world settings remain limited. Objective: This study aimed to assess the effects of a personalized ketogenic dietary program on anthropometric parameters over a 9-month period and to evaluate adherence across time. Methods: A total of 491 adults participated in a longitudinal intervention involving a structured ketogenic nutrition plan with follow-up at 3, 6, and 9 months. Body weight, fat mass (FM), skeletal muscle mass (SMM), and other composition metrics were measured at each visit. Results: Significant reductions in body weight (–12.6 kg) and fat mass (–10.3 kg) were observed after 3 months (p < 0.001), with minimal changes at 6 months and partial regain by Month 9. SMM remained relatively stable throughout the study. Retention dropped substantially after 3 months, dropping from 487 to 115 participants at Month 6 and 41 at Month 9. Despite this, participants who completed the program maintained significant anthropometric improvements. Conclusions: A well-formulated ketogenic diet may promote rapid fat loss while preserving lean mass in the short term. However, long-term adherence poses significant challenges. Strategies to enhance dietary sustainability and retention are essential for maximizing the benefits of KDs in clinical practice.
Manilkara zapota, commonly known as sapota, is a tropical fruit valued for its rich phytochemical profile. This study investigates the bioactive compounds in sapota (Manilkara zapota) fruit extract, focusing on their potential as anti-diabetic agents. Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis identified 1,2,4-benzenetriol, gallic acid, and chlorogenic acid as the secondary components contributing to significant α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. These enzymes are critical targets in managing type 2 Diabetes mellitus, positioning these compounds as promising candidates for anti-diabetic drug development. The assays used for antidiabetic assessment included the DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) assay, α-amylase inhibition assay, and α-glucosidase inhibition assay. Based on the results, the mature unripe sapota fruit extract of the PKM-1 variety recorded an IC50 antioxidant activity value of 166.41 µg/mL. The presence of high phenolic content in mature fruit favors antioxidant activity. In the enzyme inhibition assays, the mature unripe sapota fruit of the PKM-1 variety showed IC50 values of 166.41 µg/mL and 138.81 µg/mL for α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition, respectively. These values were compared to the standard drug acarbose, which demonstrated better inhibition activity with IC50 values of 49.77 µg/mL and 50.10 µg/mL for the same enzymes. Phytochemical screening of the PKM-1 variety of sapota revealed the presence of over 20 secondary metabolites, including fats, phenolic compounds, organic acids, methyl groups, alkaloids, carbohydrates, glycosides, proteins, amino acids, steroids, flavonoids, and sugars in both unripe and ripe fruit extracts. Specific retention times and peak areas highlighted the concentrations of 1, 2,4-benzenetriol (12.20 μg/mL), chlorogenic acid (26.00 μg/mL), and gallic acid (22.25 μg/mL) in the mature unripe extract. In molecular docking studies, sapota phytochemicals such as malic acid, benzenetriol, gallic acid, and diisooctyl phthalate were used as ligands and interacted with the protein enzymes α-amylase and α-glucosidase. The binding energy values indicated that the lower the binding affinity value, the stronger the binding of the inhibitor to the target protein. Chlorogenic acid was identified as the best inhibitor of both α-glucosidase and α-amylase, with binding affinity values of −7.9 kcal/mol and −8.3 kcal/mol, respectively, outperforming acarbose (−7.9 kcal/mol).The mature sapota fruit of the PKM-1 variety contains various bioactive compounds, including 1,2,4-benzenetriol, chlorogenic acid, and gallic acid, which exhibit antioxidant and anti-diabetic properties. In conclusion, the mature unripe sapota fruit shows significant potential for use as an anti-diabetic agent in the future.
Our understanding of how diet affects the Acne vulgaris pathogenesis is still evolving. Recent studies have revealed a significant correlation between dietary fats and Acne vulgaris. To illustrate, high levels of saturated fatty acids in our diet promote metabolic changes that lead to sebum production and inflammatory Acne vulgaris. Also, Numerous worldwide Observations have found a positive significant correlation between dietary saturated/trans fats and acne vulgaris. On the other hand, omega-6 compounds are linked to the production of inflammatory mediators, while omega-3 compounds are thought to have an opposing or natural effect through their ability to ameliorate acne and reduce sebum production and inflammatory mediators. However, Balancing the omega-6 to omega-3 ratio is crucial for preventing acne development and before that maintaining the overall body health.
The study of the chemical composition of plants and their use to produce pharmaceuticals and biologically active additives are becoming increasingly important in the context of the development of the chemical and pharmaceutical industries of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Within the framework of the state program «Digital Kazakhstan» and other national strategies, the country is dedicated to creating innovative solutions in biotechnology, agrochemistry, chemical technology, and pharmaceuticals. Special attention is paid to plants, which can become sources of useful substances. Research on plants such as Calligonum setosum Litv. is especially relevant in the context of increasing domestic pharmaceutical capacities.
The article presents data on the study of the amino acid and fatty acid composition of plant material Calligonum setosum Litv., which grows on the territory of Kazakhstan. The study revealed a high content of amino acids, including glutamic and aspartic acids, as well as polyunsaturated fatty acids such as γ-linolenic acid. An analysis of the commodity, evaluation of heavy metal content, and assessment of technological parameters were carried out. The results indicate the potential of using this plant for isolating substances in their pure form, as well as for developing medicines and biologically active additives. The obtained data can become the basis for further research and development of new methods of processing plant raw materials.
Essential amino acids and essential fatty acids are vital nutrients that must be obtained from the diet. However, traditional sources face limitations amid increasing global food security and sustainability challenges. This study aims to evaluate the nutritional potential of novel foods, including microalgae (e.g., spirulina and chlorella), fungi (e.g., oyster and shiitake mushrooms), edible insects (e.g., mealworms and migratory locusts), and unconventional plants (e.g., water lentils and canihua). The study will compare their amino acid and fatty acid profiles with those of conventional animal and plant sources. The comparative analysis conducted in this study reveals that these innovative foods offer balanced and high-quality protein and lipid profiles, and contribute essential nutrients needed to prevent deficiencies and support metabolic health. Significantly, the integration of these novel foods into established dietary patterns, such as the Mediterranean diet, has the potential to enhance nutritional quality while promoting environmental sustainability. In conclusion, the adoption of these innovative food sources provides a viable strategy to meet nutritional demands and address global health and ecological challenges, paving the way toward a more resilient and sustainable food system.
Post-exercise recovery is a vital aspect of athletic performance, aimed at restoring homeostasis, repairing muscle tissues, replenishing energy stores, and reducing exercise-induced fatigue. The Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE) scale, a subjective measure of exercise intensity, is used to personalize recovery strategies by categorizing the intensity of the workout and guiding nutritional recommendations accordingly. This chapter delves into post-exercise recovery nutrition strategies, integrating RPE to provide tailored guidance for effective recovery.
In low-intensity exercise (RPE 6-11), recovery is based on 5–7 g/kg/day carbohydrate intake, 1.2–1.4 g/kg/day protein, and 0.8–1.0 g/kg/day fat intake, while in moderate-intensity exercise (RPE 12–16), recovery depends on 7–12 g/kg/day carbohydrate intake, 1.4–1.8 g/kg/day protein, and 1–1.2 g/kg/day fat. On the other hand, in high-intensity exercise (RPE 17–20), recovery focuses on 10–12 g/kg/day carbohydrate intake, 1.6–2.2 g/kg/day of protein, and 1–1.5 g/kg/day of fat intake. For a quick efficient recovery, a 3 to 4:1 ratio of carbohydrate/protein has been given in a time window of 40 min–1 h to meet the glycogen storage replenishment, energy balance, and muscle repair. While fat is like omega-3 fatty acids, MUFA has been given to reduce the inflammatory response. During the post-exercise condition, hydration must be given as a measure of 1.5 times fluid loss, whereas sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, etc. minerals along with vitamins (especially vit – A/ C/ E/ D) should also be added adequately to meet faster recovery.
The inclusion of alternative fodder in livestock diets can improve the production and quality of products, particularly milk. This experiment aimed to investigate the effect of replacing berseem clover (BC) (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) with cactus cladodes (CC) (Opuntia ficus-indica) at inclusion levels of 0, 150, and 300 g/ kg on a dry matter (DM) basis in the diets of dairy goats on nutrient intake, rumen fermentation, blood metabolites, and milk yield, composition, and fatty acid profile. Twenty-one pregnant Damascus goats (56.6 ± 0.55 kg of body weight (BW)), were randomly allocated into three experimental groups 30 days before their expected kidding date and continued for 90 days after parturition during the lactation period. Results indicated that as the proportion of CC in the diet increased, there was a linear increase (P < 0.01) in non-fiber carbohydrates intake, whereas the intakes of neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber decreased linearly (P < 0.05). Ruminal levels of total volatile fatty acids increased linearly (P = 0.004), along with acetate (P = 0.022) and butyrate (P = 0.002), whereas ruminal pH (P = 0.048) and ammonia-N concentration (P = 0.001) decreased linearly with a higher proportion of CC. Additionally, there was a linear increase in triglyceride (P = 0.050) and cholesterol (P = 0.025), while blood urea levels decreased linearly (P < 0.01) and quadratically (P = 0.015) with a higher proportion of CC. The yields of milk (P = 0.016), fat-corrected milk (P = 0.005), fat (P = 0.012), protein (P = 0.030), lactose (P = 0.011), total solids (P = 0.042), and milk fat concentration (P = 0.014) all increased linearly with higher proportions of CC. Furthermore, final BW (P = 0.026) and average daily gain (P = 0.037) of kids increased linearly with a higher proportion of CC. The concentrations of fatty acids in milk, including C6:0 (P = 0.037), C14:0 (P = 0.003), C14:1n-5 (P = 0.001), C16:1n-7 (P = 0.010), C18:1n-9c (P = 0.046), C18:3n-3 (P = 0.001), and C20:5n-3 (P = 0.013), increased linearly with higher CC levels. In contrast, concentration of C18:0 (P = 0.010), C20:4n-6 (P = 0.044), total content of saturated fatty acids (SFA) (P = 0.012), SFA/MUFA ratio (P = 0.021), and n-6/n-3 ratio (P = 0.009) decreased linearly, while the total content of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) (P = 0.038), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (P = 0.013), and n-3 (P = 0.001) increased linearly in milk as the levels of CC increased. It can be concluded that the use of CC forage as an alternative to BC forage, enhanced rumen fermentation, and improved the productive performance of lactating dairy goats. Moreover, it enhanced the quality of the milk produced, especially its content of PUFAs and omega-3 fatty acids.
Overview: SARS CoV‐2 infection is accompanied by the development of acute inflammation, resolution of which determines the course of infection and its outcome. If not resolved (brought back to preinjury status), the inflamed state progresses to a severe clinical presentation characterized by uncontrolled cytokine release, systemic inflammation, and in some death. In severe CoV‐2 disease, the required balance between protective inflammation and its resolution appears missing, suggesting that the ω‐3–derived specialized proresolving mediators (SPMs) needed for resolution are either not present or present at ineffective levels compared to competing ω‐6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) metabolic derivatives.
Aim: To determine whether ω‐6 PUFA linoleic acid (LA) metabolites increased in those infected with severe disease compared to uninfected controls.
Findings: Increased levels of ω‐6 LA metabolites, e.g., arachidonic acid (AA), epoxyeicosatrienoic (EET) acid derivatives of AA (8,9‐, 11,12‐, and 14,15‐EETs), AA‐derived hydroxyeicosatetraenoic (HETE) acid, dihydroxylated diols (leukotoxin and isoleukotoxin), and prostaglandin E2 with decreased levels of ω‐3–derived inflammation resolving SPMs. Therapeutic treatment of SARS CoV‐2 patients with ω‐3 PUFA significantly increased 18‐HEPE (SPM precursor) and EPA‐derived diols (11,12‐ and 14,15‐diHETE), while toxic 9,10‐ and 12,13‐diHOMEs (leukotoxin and iosleukotoxin, respectively) decreased.
Conclusion: Unbalanced dietary intake of ω‐6/ω‐3 PUFAs contributed to SARS CoV‐2 disease severity by decreasing ω‐3–dependent SPM resolution of inflammation and increasing membrane‐associated ferroptotic AA peroxidation.
Background
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), particularly Omega-3 (ω-3) and Omega-6 (ω-6) PUFAs, may exert neuroprotective effects via the endocannabinoid system (ECS) and are promoted as brain health supplements. However, despite their potential role in endocannabinoid biosynthesis, the impact of PUFAs on ion channels such as TRPV1 and TRPA1, which are modulated by endocannabinoids, remains incompletely understood. Furthermore, the potential in vitro actions of ω-6 and ω-3 PUFA combined in the ratios available in supplements remains uncertain. Therefore, the objective of this study is to evaluate the functional activity of individual PUFAs, their combination in a specific ratio, and their endocannabinoid-related derivatives on TRPV1 and TRPA1 ion channels.
Methodology
We employed a fluorescent calcium-sensitive dye in HEK-293 Flp-In T-REx cells expressing human TRPV1, TRPA1, or an empty vector to measure changes in intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca] i ).
Results
Capsaicin and PUFA derivatives such as docosahexaenoyl ethanolamide (DHEA), γ-linolenoyl ethanolamide (γ-LEA) and anandamide (AEA) stimulate TRPV1 activity directly, whereas eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), γ-linolenic acid (γ-LA), and their 9:3:1 ratio triggered TRPV1 response only after prior exposure to phorbol ester. Cinnamaldehyde and PUFA derivatives such as eicosapentaenoyl ethanolamide (EPEA), DHEA, γ-LEA, 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), 2-arachidonoylglycerol ether (2-AG ether) and AEA triggered TRPA1 response, with EPA, DHA, γ-LA, and the 9:3:1 ratio showing significant effects at higher concentrations.
Conclusions
PUFAs alone and their combined form in 9:3:1 ratio stimulate TRPA1 activity, whereas their metabolites trigger both TRPV1 and TRPA1 response. These findings suggest new avenues to explore for research into potential mechanisms underlying the neurological benefits of PUFAs and their metabolites.
In Eastern Europe, the number of vegetarians is growing, and the number of people adhering to Christian Lents is traditionally high. However, data on the nutritional value of plant-based diets in this part of the world are limited. The aim of this study was to compare the nutritional intakes of three groups with different plant-based patterns with that of omnivores in Russia, Moscow region. The nutrient intakes of 46 vegans, 49 lacto-ovo-vegetarians, 42 people who adhered to Orthodox Great Lent, and 48 omnivores were assessed. The food frequency questionnaire method was used for data collection and analysis. The differences in absolute and calorie adjusted nutrient intakes between the groups were analysed. Additionally, a pairwise comparison of the general plant-based group (combined of the vegan, lacto-ovo-vegetarian, and Great Lent samples) and the omnivorous groups was conducted. Vegan diet was the most favourable in micronutrient composition. The intake of many micronutrients increased when switching to a more plant-based diet from a more animal-based one. The opposite association was observed only for selenium and vitamins D and B12. Fasting people consumed more iodine and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids; however, after the calorie content was standardized, the omnivores caught up with them. The omnivores had the largest list of dietary inadequacies: they significantly more often than all other groups had inadequate intake of cholesterol (excessive), fibre, potassium, magnesium, iron, and vitamins B1, B6, B9, and E (insufficient). Inadequate intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids, calcium, iodine, chromium, molybdenum, and zinc; or vitamins B2, PP, H, B12, and D was observed rather often in all the studied groups. Although, the vegan diet was richer in most micronutrients, plant products often contain substances that reduce the bioavailability of various nutrients, which can partially affect their status in the body, and, thus, may increase the need in them in vegetarians and fasters.
Meat and its products are significant nutrient sources. There is a growing demand for healthier meat options. Fatty acids play a crucial role in various aspects of meat quality, from texture and coloration to flavor development and shelf life. The emphasis on creating “healthy” food has gained significant attention, considering the potential health risks associated with consuming high-fat diets. Reducing fat content while adjusting the fatty acid profile presents a potential strategy to address these concerns. This can be achieved by modifications involving the reduction of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) while increasing monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), particularly n − 3 PUFAs, aiming to lower the n − 6/n − 3 ratio. Among the strategies used for meat products’ fatty acid modification, animal diet can strongly influence the fatty acid composition of the meat produced itself and hence the products prepared too. Another important approach is modification of product formulation by reducing the unwanted fat, i.e., SFAs, and fortifying the desired one (unsaturated fatty acids-MUFAs/PUFAs). To address the impact of fat reduction on the quality of meat products, the incorporation of replacer ingredients such as inulin, barley β-glucan, etc. can be of great help. As the market for designed food continues to grow, the development of meat products with modified fatty acid profiles and health-enhancing ingredients holds promising results in meeting the evolving preferences of consumers for healthier and more nutritious food options.
Omega−3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are essential components required for normal cellular function and have been shown to exert many preventive and therapeutic actions. The amount of n−3 PUFAs is insufficient in most Western people, whereas the level of n−6 PUFAs is relatively too high, with an n−6/n−3 ratio of >18. These two classes of PUFAs are metabolically and functionally distinct and often have important opposing physiological functions; their balance is important for homeostasis and normal development. Elevating tissue concentrations of n−3 PUFAs in mammals relies on chronic dietary intake of fat rich in n−3 PUFAs, because mammalian cells lack enzymatic activities necessary either to synthesize the precursor of n−3 PUFAs or to convert n−6 to n−3 PUFAs. Here we report that adenovirus-mediated introduction of the Caenorhabditis elegans fat-1 gene encoding an n−3 fatty acid desaturase into mammalian cells can quickly and effectively elevate the cellular n−3 PUFA contents and dramatically balance the ratio of n−6/n−3 PUFAs. Heterologous expression of the fat-1 gene in rat cardiac myocytes rendered cells capable of converting various n−6 PUFAs to the corresponding n−3 PUFAs, and changed the n−6/n−3 ratio from about 15:1 to 1:1. In addition, an eicosanoid derived from n−6 PUFA (i.e., arachidonic acid) was reduced significantly in the transgenic cells. This study demonstrates an effective approach to modifying fatty acid composition of mammalian cells and also provides a basis for potential applications of this gene transfer in experimental and clinical settings.
omega-3 fatty acids, alpha-tocopherol, ascorbic acid, beta-carotene and glutathione determined in leaves of purslane (Portulaca oleracea), grown in both a controlled growth chamber and in the wild, were compared in composition to spinach. Leaves from both samples of purslane contained higher amounts of alpha-linolenic acid (18:3w3) than did leaves of spinach. Chamber-grown purslane contained the highest amount of 18:3w3. Samples from the two kinds of purslane contained higher leaves of alpha-tocopherol, ascorbic acid and glutathione than did spinach. Chamber-grown purslane was richer in all three and the amount of alpha-tocopherol was seven times higher than that found in spinach, whereas spinach was slightly higher in beta-carotene. One hundred grams of fresh purslane leaves (one serving) contain about 300-400 mg of 18:3w3; 12.2 mg of alpha-tocopherol; 26.6 mg of ascorbic acid; 1.9 mg of beta-carotene; and 14.8 mg of glutathione. We confirm that purslane is a nutritious food rich in omega-3 fatty acids and antioxidants.
Immunohistochemistry of human atherosclerotic arteries demonstrates expression of the intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) on endothelial cells, macrophages, and smooth muscle cells of the plaques. Normal arterial endothelial cells and intimal smooth muscle outside plaques give weaker or negative reactions; these differ from the strong endothelial expression in small vessels. Quantitative color-image analysis of the endothelial layer shows increased expression of ICAM-1 in all subtypes of atherosclerotic lesions, except fibrous plaques. Endothelial expression of ICAM-1 may be involved in the recruitment of monocytes to the lesion, as suggested by its role in the entry of leukocytes, including monocytes, into foci of inflammation. Collaboration with other mechanisms, particularly chemoattractant factors, may be important for this effect. ICAM-1 enhanced monocyte recruitment is a potential mechanism for the growth of an atherosclerotic plaque.
The relation of trans-fatty acid intake to fasting serum lipid concentrations was evaluated in a cross-sectional study of 748 men aged 43-85 y. Multiple-linear-regression analysis was used to adjust for age, body mass index, waist-to-hip circumference ratio, smoking status, physical activity, alcohol intake, total energy, dietary cholesterol and linoleic acid, and previous serum cholesterol concentration. Trans-fatty acid intake was directly related to total serum (r = 0.07, P = 0.04) and low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) (r = 0.09, P = 0.01), and inversely related to high-density-lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (r = 0.08, P = 0.03). Trans-fatty acid intake was positively associated with the ratios of total to HDL cholesterol (r = 0.11, P = 0.002) and LDL to HDL cholesterol (r = 0.12, P = 0.001). The estimated ratios of total to HDL cholesterol were 4.4 and 4.9 for persons at the 10th (2.1 g/d) and 90th (4.9 g/d) percentiles of trans-fatty acid intake, respectively. On the basis of results from other studies, these ratios would correspond to a 27% increase in risk of myocardial infarction.
Intakes of partially hydrogenated fish oil and animal fats have declined and those of palm, soybean, sunflower, and rapeseed oils have increased in northern Europe in the past 30 y. Soybean and rapeseed oils are currently the most plentiful liquid vegetable oils and both have desirable ratios of n−6 to n−3 fatty acids. However, soybean and rapeseed oils are commonly partially hydrogenated for use in commercial frying to decrease susceptibility to oxidative degradation. This process leads to selective losses of α-linolenic acid (18:3n−3). Intake of linoleic acid (18:2n−6) has risen in many northern European countries. In the United Kingdom, intakes have increased from ≈10 g/d in the late 1970s to ≈15 g/d in the 1990s. The intake of α-linolenic acid is estimated to be ≈1–2 g/d but varies with the type of culinary oil used. There are few reliable estimates of the intake of long-chain n−3 fatty acids, but those are generally ≈0.1–0.5 g/d. The increased use of intensive, cereal-based livestock production systems has resulted in a lower proportion of n−3 fatty acids in meat compared with traditional extensive production systems. Overall, there has been a shift in the balance between n−6 and n−3 fatty acids over the past 30 y. This shift is reflected in the declining concentrations of docosahexaenoic acid and rising concentrations of linoleic acid in breast milk.
Several sources of information suggest that man evolved on a diet with a ratio of ω6 to ω3 fatty acids of ∼ 1 whereas today this ratio is ∼10:1 to 20–25:1, indicating that Western diets are deficient in ω3 fatty acids compared with the diet on which humans evolved and their genetic patterns were established. Omega-3 fatty acids increase bleeding time; decrease platelet aggregation, blood viscosity, and fibrinogen; and increase erythrocyte deformability, thus decreasing the tendency to thrombus formation. In no clinical trial, including coronary artery graft surgery, has there been any evidence of increased blood loss due to ingestion of ω3 fatty acids. Many studies show that the effects of ω3 fatty acids on serum lipids depend on the type of patient and whether the amount of saturated fatty acids in the diet is held constant. In patients with hyperlipidemia, ω3 fatty acids decrease low-density-lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol if the saturated fatty acid content is decreased, otherwise there is a slight increase, but at high doses (32 g) they lower LDL cholesterol; furthermore, they consistently lower serum triglycerides in normal subjects and in patients with hypertriglyceridemia whereas the effect on high-density lipoprotein (HDL) varies from no effect to slight increases. The discrepancies between animal and human studies most likely are due to differences between animal and human metabolism. In clinical trials eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in the form of fish oils along with antirheumatic drugs improve joint pain in patients with rheumatoid arthritis; have a beneficial effect in patients with ulcerative colitis; and in combination with drugs, improve the skin lesions, lower the hyperlipidemia from etretinates, and decrease the toxicity of cyclosporin in patients with psoriasis. In various animal models ω3 fatty acids decrease the number and size of tumors and increase the time elapsed before appearance of tumors. Studies with nonhuman primates and human newborns indicate that DHA is essential for the normal functional development of the retina and brain, particularly in premature infants. Because ω3 fatty acids are essential in growth and development throughout the life cycle, they should be included in the diets of all humans. Omega-3 and ω6 fatty acids are not interconvertible in the human body and are important components of practically all cell membranes. Whereas cellular proteins are genetically determined, the polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) composition of cell membranes is to a great extent dependent on the dietary intake. Therefore appropriate amounts of dietary ω6 and ω3 fatty acids need to be considered in making dietary recommendations, and these two classes of PUFAs should be distinguished because they are metabolically and functionally distinct and have opposing physiological functions. Their balance is important for homeostasis and normal development. Canada is the first country to provide separate dietary recommendations for ω6 and ω3 fatty acids.
Lee, et al, have demonstrated that fish — oil ingestion leads to decreased production of leukotriene B4 (LTB4) derived from arachidonate through the 5-lipoxygenase pathway with the new production of leukotriene B5 (LTB5) from EPA(1). Since LTB4 is a potent inflammatory and chemotactic compound, a decrease in its production could favorably affect the clinical manifestations of an inflammatory disease like rheumatoid arthritis. It was not surprising, then, when we observed improvement in certain clinical manifestations of rheumatoid arthritis which were significantly correlated with decreased production of neutrophil LTB4 in patients receiving fish — oil(2).
Background There is conflicting evidence on the benefits of foods rich in vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol), n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), and their pharmacological substitutes. We investigated the effects of these substances as supplements in patients who had myocardial infarction. Methods From October, 1993, to September, 1995, 11324 patients surviving recent (less than or equal to 3 months) myocardial infarction were randomly assigned supplements of n-3 PUFA (Ig daily, n=2836), vitamin E (300 mg daily, n=2830), both (n=2830), or none (control, n=2828) for 3.5 years. The primary combined efficacy endpoint was death, non-fatal myocardial infarction, and stroke. Intention-to-treat analyses were done according to a factorial design (two-way) and by treatment group (four-way). Findings Treatment with n-3 PUFA, but not vitamin E, significantly lowered the risk of the primary endpoint (relative risk decrease 10% [95% CI 1-18] by two-way analysis, 15% [2-26] by four-way analysis). Benefit was attributable to a decrease in the risk of death (14% [3-24] two-way, 20% [6-33] four-way) and cardiovascular death (17% [3-29] two-way, 30% [13-44] four-way). The effect of the combined treatment was similar to that for n-3 PUFA for the primary endpoint (14% [1-26]) and for fatal events (20% [5-33]). Interpretation Dietary supplementation with n-3 PUFA led to a clinically important and satistically significant benefit. Vitamin E had no benefit. Its effects on fatal cardiovascular events require further exploration.
Background
ω3 Fatty acids may inhibit neuronal signal transduction pathways in a manner similar to that of lithium carbonate and valproate, 2 effective treatments for bipolar disorder. The present study was performed to examine whether ω3 fatty acids also exhibit mood-stabilizing properties in bipolar disorder.
Methods
A 4-month, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, comparing ω3 fatty acids (9.6 g/d) vs placebo (olive oil), in addition to usual treatment, in 30 patients with bipolar disorder.
Results
A Kaplan-Meier survival analysis of the cohort found that the ω3 fatty acid patient group had a significantly longer period of remission than the placebo group (P=.002; Mantel-Cox). In addition, for nearly every other outcome measure, the ω3 fatty acid group performed better than the placebo group.
Conclusion
ω3 Fatty acids were well tolerated and improved the short-term course of illness in this preliminary study of patients with bipolar disorder.
The Workshop on the Essentiality of and Recommended Dietary Intakes (RDIs) for Omega-6 and Omega-3 Fatty Acids was held at The Cloisters, National Institutes of Health (NIH) in Bethesda, Md., USA, April 7–9, 1999. The workshop was sponsored by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism-NIH, the Office of Dietary Supplements-NIH, The Center for Genetics, Nutrition and Health, and the International Society for the Study of Fatty Acids and Lipids, and cosponsored by several industry groups1.
Background:
It has been hypothesized that depletion of cell membrane n3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), particularly docosahexanoic acid (DHA), may be of etiological importance in depression.
Methods:
We measured the fatty acid composition of phospholipid in cell membranes from red blood cells (RBC) of 15 depressive patients and 15 healthy control subjects.
Results:
Depressive patients showed significant depletions of total n3 PUFA and particularly DHA. Incubation of RBC from control subjects with hydrogen peroxide abolished all significant differences between patients and controls.
Conclusions:
These findings suggest that RBC membranes in depressive patients show evidence of oxidative damage. Possible interpretations, and implications for the etiology and treatment of depression, are discussed.
The advanced lesions of atherosclerosis represent the culmination of a specialized form of chronic inflammation followed by a fibroproliferative process that takes place within the intima of the affected artery. Proliferation of smooth muscle cells and generation of connective tissue occur. Proliferation results from interactions between arterial smooth muscle, monocyte-derived macrophages, T lymphocytes, and endothelium. The initial lesion of atherosclerosis, the fatty streak, begins as an accumulation of monocytederived macrophages and T lymphocytes, which adhere and migrate into the intima of the affected artery. Smooth muscle cells, which are present in the intima or which migrate into the intima from the media, then replicate. Monocyte-derived macrophages and T cells also replicate during lesion formation and progression due to the production of cytokines and growth-regulatory molecules. These molecules determine whether there is proliferation and lesion progression or inhibition of proliferation and lesion regression. Several growthregulatory molecules may play critical roles in this process, including platelet-derived growth factor (PGDF), transforming growth factor beta, fibroblast growth factor, heparinbinding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor, and others. PDGF may be one of the principal components in this process because protein containing the PDGF B-chain has been demonstrated within activated lesion macrophages during every phase of atherogenesis. The presence of this growth factor and its receptors on lesion smooth muscle cells creates opportunities for smooth muscle chemotaxis and replication. Smooth muscle proliferation depends upon a series of complex signals based upon cellular interactions in the local microenvironment of the artery. The intracellular signalling pathways for mitogenesis versus chemotaxis are being investigated for smooth muscle. The roles of the cytokines and growth-regulatory peptides involved in these cellular interactions represent critical points of departure for intervention and the development of new diagnostic methods. In addition, magnetic resonance imaging has been developed to demonstrate the fine structure of lesions of atherosclerosis in peripheral arteries not subject to cardiac motion. This noninvasive methodology holds great promise for the future of these approaches.
To determine the safety and benefit of n-3 fatty acid therapy in the prevention of early restenosis after coronary angioplasty, we conducted a randomized, unblinded study comparing a conventional antiplatelet regimen (325 mg of aspirin and 225 mg of dipyridamole per day; control group) with a similar regimen supplemented with 3.2 g of eicosapentaenoic acid per day (treatment group). Treatment began seven days before angioplasty and continued for six months afterward. All angiographic analyses were blinded and performed by a method that was validated by comparison with quantitative coronary angiography. In 82 male patients, 103 coronary lesions were dilated. Both groups had similar base-line clinical and angiographic characteristics. The incidence of early vessel restenosis, as determined on a second angiogram three to four months after angioplasty, was 36 percent in the control group and 16 percent in the treatment group (P = 0.026). The incidence of restenosis per patient was also significantly lower in the treatment group (46 vs. 19 percent). Both multiple logistic regression and Mantel-Haenszel statistical analyses demonstrated a significant independent benefit of treatment with n-3 fatty acids. No important bleeding complications developed in the treated patients. These results, in a male population at relatively high risk for restenosis, suggest that a dietary supplement of n-3 fatty acids, administered for one week before and for six months after coronary angioplasty, is safe and reduces the occurrence of early restenosis after that procedure. Whether this beneficial effect also applies to other populations is unknown.
A comparison has been made of the tissue fatty acids in domestic bovids and bovids from free-living and undisturbed habitats. In the domestic state, the proportion of polyunsaturated to non essential fatty acids was of the order of 1/50, whereas in the free-living animal it was 1/2.3. There also seemed to be a greater diversity of polyunsaturated acids in free-living species. These differences may arise partly because oil-rich vegetation which is available to free-living animals has been eliminated from the diet of domestic animals raised on grassland. Since man's tissue lipids approximate to the domestic pattern on which he is dependent, the question arises as to whether the total domestic development of water-rich vegetation is nutritionally detrimental and that a resultant low balance of polyunsaturated to saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids may be related to arterial disease.
Several studies have indicated dietary fish oil (FO) as a protective agent in colon carcinogenesis. Rectal cell proliferation as an intermediate biomarker of cancer risk was shown to be reduced by dietary FO in patients with adenomatous polyps and healthy subjects consuming a low-fat diet. Because the synthesis of prostaglandins (PG) which seem to be involved in this process is dependent on the ratio of n-3:n-6 fatty acids in the diet, the present study was designed to investigate whether this FO effect is also detectable in volunteers eating a high-fat diet (50% of energy) with a low n-3:n-6 ratio of 0.25. Twelve healthy volunteers received in addition to a controlled basal diet either FO (4.4 g n-3 fatty acids/day) or corn oil supplements (double-blind, crossover) for two 4-week periods. No significant differences between the two study periods were found for rectal cell proliferation as assessed by bromodeoxyuridine immunohistochemistry and ornithine decarboxylase activity, as well as for mucosal PGE(2) release and mucosal membrane fatty acid composition. The results emphasize the importance of dietary n-3:n-6 ratio in determining the effects of FO on rectal cell proliferation.
• Human physiology during evolution would have been adapted to the nature of wild foods, yet there is a striking qualitative and quantitative difference between the fat in wild or extensive meat consumption compared to what we eat today.
• The total proportion of ω-3 has fallen 10-fold from a range of 12–16% of the fatty acids in wild bovids to 1.0–2.6% in currently sold meat.
• The intensively reared animal carcass ratio is >1 often with between four and nine times the calories coming from fat compared to protein so that a chicken thigh eaten today provides the consumer with 100 more calories from fat than it did in the 1970s.
• Most of the fat is of a saturated type and there is a discernable loss of ω-3 fatty acids in the meat of beef and poultry so that the ω6/ω-3 ratio in chickens as purchased was found to be about 9 compared to wild birds in which it is approximately 2.
• A high level of fat infiltration in muscle which is purchased as meat has happened because of the intensive conditions of high-energy diets, growth promotion and absence of exercise which encourages weight gain as fat and fat infiltration at the expense of muscle loss.
• Human physiology is adapted to wild foods; so drift from the genetic adaptation background contributed to the rise in the Western cluster of non-communicable diseases and the current concern with obesity, metabolic syndrome and mental ill health.
In this article, Dr. Simopoulos proposes that, in developing food guides for various populations, attention be directed to the dietary patterns that prevailed early in the evolutionary history of that population and its current health status. She emphasizes that the dietary aspects of the environment have changed much more over the centuries than has the human genome. Because of the diverse genetic patterns in various cultures, she argues that universal dietary recommendations are not applicable and that, to be effective, food guides must incorporate the unique dietary components in which the group has evolved and thrived.
(C) Williams & Wilkins 1995. All Rights Reserved.
This article presents a review of the recent findings on the role of insulin resistance in obesity, the importance of fatty acid composition of muscle cell membranes in modulating insulin action, and dietary factors that require consideration.
(C) Williams & Wilkins 1994. All Rights Reserved.
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) of lean meat from domesticated and wild ruminants (cattle, sheep, goat, sambar deer and buffalo) and non-ruminants (pig, horse and kangaroo) have been examined by capillary gas-liquid chromatography. Ten different PUFA were found in all specimens with linoleic acid accounting for at least 50% of the total, and arachidonic and linolenic acids being the next most abundant. The total PUFA content for the ruminants ranged from 9 % in beef to 31 % in sambar deer and for the non-ruminants from 25 % in pig to 43 % in horse. In all species the meat phospholipids (PL) were rich in PUFA (range 24–46% of PL fatty acids), whereas the triglycerides were relatively more saturated (PUFA content range 2–17%). Overall, horse and kangaroo meat had the combination of lowest fat and highest PUFA content, whilst beef and sheep had the highest fat and lowest PUFA content. These results indicate that significant reductions in total fat intake and increases in the proportion of polyunsaturated fat in the diet could be achieved without necessarily requiring a diet low in meat.
Patients with familial hypercholesterolemia (type IIa) were given 30 ml cod liver oil (CLO) as dietary supplement daily for 6 weeks. The effects on platelets, bleeding time, coagulation and blood and platelet lipids were examined. The major findings were a reduced collagen-induced platelet aggregation and a decrease in thrombin-stimulated thromboxane B2 generation in platelets in vitro. The primary bleeding time was not significantly prolonged. Statistically significant increase in ***eicosapentaenoic add/arachidonic acid ratios in the main platelet phospholipids were also observed. These changes did not correlate with any of the changes in platelet behavior observed after CLO intake. The serum total and HDL cholesterol and triglycerides were not altered during the trial.
Advances in molecular and recombinant DNA technology have led to exquisite studies in the field of genetics and the recognition in a much more specific way, through DNA sequencing, of how unique each one of us is, and the extent to which genetic variation occurs. The importance of the effects of genetic variation has been extensively studied and applied by pharmacologists in drug development and evaluation of drug metabolism and adverse reactions to drugs. In the past two decades, physicians, geneticists, and nutritionists have begun to study the effects of genetic variation and gene−nutrient interactions in the management of chronic diseases, such as coronary heart disease, hypertension, cancer, diabetes and obesity; and the role of nutrients in gene expression. A new era is being ushered in that may be called ‘nutrigenetics/nutrigenomics’. The new genetics has enormous implications for nutrition research both in the prevention and management of chronic diseases. Because families share both genes and environment (in this case, diet), similarity may result from either. Much research has been carried out to define the contribution of each and their interaction in the development of the individual. Knowledge of genetic susceptibility to disease will help identify those at higher risk for disease, as well as their response to diet. The prospect of targeting specific dietary treatment to those predicted to gain the most therapeutic benefit clearly has important clinical and economic consequences, particularly in diseases of high prevalence such as coronary artery disease, hypertension, osteoporosis, and possibly cancer. With the unfolding genomic and technological revolution, continuing investments in research offers unprecedented opportunities to understand disease processes, prevent intrinsic and environmental risks to health and develop new approaches to improve the quality of life worldwide. Furthermore, knowledge of genetic susceptibility to disease will help identify those at higher risk for disease, as well as their response to diet. As a result, there will be a need for the development of novel foods targeted to individuals, families and subgroups within populations. Although the emphasis of new genetics has been on pharmacogenetics, it is the responsibility of the nutrition scientists to expand in parallel the relationship of genetics and nutrition and establish nutrigenetics/nutrigenomics as a major discipline in nutrition in the 21st century.
Let X be the solution of an Itô differential equation with jumps over . Under some auxiliary assumptions on the parameters of the equation, we characterize the support of the law of X in the Skorohod space as the closure of the set of solutions to piecewise ordinary differential equations. This gives an analogue in the Poisson space to the classical Stroock-Varadhan support theorem.
To identify the arrhythmogenic and the antiarrhythmic eicosanoids, cultured, spontaneously beating, neonatal rat cardiac myocytes were used to examine the effects of various eicosanoids added to the medium superfusing the cells at different concentrations on the contraction of the myocytes. Superfusion of the myocytes with the prostaglandins (PGD(2), PGE(2), PGF(2 alpha)) or the thromboxane (TXA(2))-mimetic, U 46619, induced reversible tacharrhythmias characterized by an increased beating rate, chaotic activity and contractures. These effects are concentration-dependent. PGF(2 alpha) and U 46619 were much more potent than PGD(2) or PGE(2) in the production of tachyarrhythmias. Prostacyclin (PGI(2)) induced a marked reduction in the contraction rate of the cells with a slight increase in the amplitude of the contractions and showed a protective effect against the arrhythmias induced by PGF(2 alpha) and TXA(2) (U 46619). PGE(1) exerted a dose-dependent dual effect on the contraction of the myocytes. At low concentrations (<2 mu M), PGE(1) reduced the contraction rate of the cells with an increase in the amplitude of the contractions and effectively terminated the tachyarrhythmias induced by arrhythmogemic agents, such as isoproterenol, ouabain and U 46619. At higher concentrations (>5 mu M), PGE, caused cell contractures and chaotic activity In contrast, the lipoxygenase products [leukotriene (LT) B-4, LTC4, LTD4 & LTE4] of arachidonic acid (AA) had no significant effect on the myocyte contractions.
The amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in the food chain in Japan is reviewed on the basis of the newest nutrition survey data. The Japanese are currently consuming, on average, approximately 26% of energy as fats with ratios of polyunsaturated to saturated fats and n-6 to n-3 fatty acids of approximately 1.2:1 and 4:1, respectively. The significant contributors to this relatively high n-3 PUFA intake are not only fish and shellfish but also edible vegetable oils, almost exclusively rapeseed and soybean oils. Thus, the dietary habits of the Japanese have made possible a high n-3 PUFA intake within a low-fat regimen. In this context, the gradual decline, particularly in younger persons, in fish consumption habits weighs on our minds. Analyses of health indexes, including the increased average life span, support the superiority of the current Japanese eating pattern that harmonizes with the Western regimens. However, at present it cannot be disregarded that food intake varies considerably in all age groups, and only a limited number of people are consuming the recommended allowance for dietary fats.
Intakes of partially hydrogenated fish oil and animal fats have declined and those of palm, soybean, sunflower, and rapeseed oils have increased in northern Europe in the past 30 y. Soybean and rapeseed oils are currently the most plentiful liquid vegetable oils and both have desirable ratios of n-6 to n-3 fatty acids. However, soybean and rapeseed oils are commonly partially hydrogenated for use in commercial frying to decrease susceptibility to oxidative degradation. This process leads to selective losses of alpha-linolenic acid (18:3n-3). Intake of linoleic acid (18:2n-6) has risen in many northern European countries. In the United Kingdom, intakes have increased from approximately 10 g/d in the late 1970s to approximately 15 g/d in the 1990s. The intake of alpha-linolenic acid is estimated to be approximately 1-2 g/d but varies with the type of culinary oil used. There are few reliable estimates of the intake of long-chain n-3 fatty acids, but those are generally approximately 0.1-0.5 g/d. The increased use of intensive, cereal-based livestock production systems has resulted in a lower proportion of n-3 fatty acids in meat compared with traditional extensive production systems. Overall, there has been a shift in the balance between n-6 and n-3 fatty acids over the past 30 y. This shift is reflected in the declining concentrations of docosahexaenoic acid and rising concentrations of linoleic acid in breast milk.
The interaction between lymphocytes, cytokines, and endothelial cells (EC) is a key step in the inflammatory process. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) a pleiotropic cytokine in its effects, seems to be an early indicator of acute systemic inflammation. In this study, we have examined the effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on the production of IL-6 by human unstimulated EC or EC stimulated with TNF-alpha (100 U/ml); IL-4 (100 U/ml); LPS (1 ug/ml); or allogeneic peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL). Twenty-four hour culture supernatants of immunoreactive IL-6 were measured by Sandwich ELISA. We have shown that the production of IL-6 was potentiated when EC were stimulated with TNF-alpha; IL-4; LPS; or monocyte-depleted PBL in comparison to unstimulated EC. The addition of n-3 PUFAs in culture medium (100 ug/ml DHA or EPA) significantly reduces the production of IL-6 by unstimulated EC; or stimulated with TNF-alpha; IL-4 pg/ml); LPS or depleted PBL respectively for DHA and EPA, whereas the n-6 PUFAs (Arachidonic acid), even used at the highest concentration, was ineffective. This inhibitory effect is PUFA dose dependent but is more potent with EPA than DHA. Regardless of the mode of action, since IL-6 is known to be involved in hematopoiesis, in the regulation of the immune response and in the inflammatory reaction, these results suggest that n-3 PUFAs may play a role in suppressing inflammation. Further studies are needed to elucidate the mechanism involved and the choice between the two fatty acids for clinical and therapeutic purposes.
Platelet function in vivo and in vitro was examined in 10 patients with type IIa-, 8 patients with type IIb-, and 16 patients with type IV-hyperlipidemia (HLP) and 24 control subjects closely matched for age and sex. Patients with type IIb- and IV-HLP showed significantly shorter template bleeding times in the presence of similar blood platelet concentrations. Increased platelet factor 3-availability in intact platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and PRP exposed to collagen was observed in all patient groups. Plasma antiheparin activity was increased in patients with type IIa- and type IV-HLP. Platelet adhesiveness, platelet aggregation and 14C-serotonin release in response to ADP, epinephrine and collagen, as well as plasma von Willebrand factor activity, were generally not increased in either patient group. Increased platelet function in endogenous HLP may be related to both increased platelet turnover secondary to premature atherosclerotic disease and abnormalities of platelet lipid composition induced by HLP-plasma.
Thirty healthy male subjects were randomly allocated into one of two treatment groups: group H subjects were maintained on a high-linoleic acid (LA) diet with the saturated fatty acids kept low and those in group L were kept on a low-LA, low saturate diet. After a 3-wk run-in period, subjects consumed a fish-oil supplement containing 1.6 g eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)/d and 0.32 g docosahexaenoic acid as triglycerides for a further 4 wk. The diets alone resulted in a significant change in neutrophil phospholipid LA (H = 12.7 +/- 2.9%, L = 9.0 +/- 0.9%; P less than 0.05). Dietary supplementation with fish oil resulted in a significant increase in EPA in neutrophil phospholipids that was greater in group L (mean 2.0 +/- 0.4%) than group H (mean 1.5 +/- 0.3%; P less than 0.005). Reductions in arachidonic acid concentrations in neutrophil membranes were not different, nor could differences in leukotriene B4 production be detected. Our study indicates that the ingestion of n-6 fatty acids within the diet is an important determinant of EPA incorporation into neutrophil membranes.
To test whether a fat reduced diet rich in soluble dietary fibre, antioxidant vitamins, and minerals reduces complications and mortality after acute myocardial infarction.
Randomised, single blind, controlled trial.
Primary and secondary care research centre for patients with myocardial infarction.
505 patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction. Those with definite or possible acute myocardial infarction and unstable angina based on World Health Organisation criteria were assigned to diet A (n = 204) or diet B (n = 202) within 24-48 hours of infarction.
Both groups were advised to follow a fat reduced diet. Group A was also advised to eat more fruit, vegetables, nuts, and grain products.
Mortality from cardiac disease and other causes. Serum lipid concentrations and compliance with diet.
Blood lipoprotein concentrations and body weight fell significantly in patients in group A compared with those in group B (cholesterol fell by 0.74 mmol/l in group A v 0.32 mmol/l in group B, 95% confidence interval of difference 0.14 to 0.70, and weight by 7.1 v 3.0 kg, 0.52 to 7.68). The incidence of cardiac events was significantly lower in group A than group B (50 v 82 patients, p less than 0.001). Group A also had lower total mortality (21 v 38 died, p less than 0.01) than group B.
Comprehensive dietary changes in conjunction with weight loss immediately after acute myocardial infarction may modulate blood lipoproteins and significantly reduce complications and mortality after one year.
In this study, levels and sources of omega-3 fatty acids (FA) available for consumption in the US food supply, dating from 1935, are estimated. omega-3 FA assessed are eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and linolenic acid (LNA). Estimates are based on annual per capita food use data and data on the omega-3 FA content of foods. Although fish use increased, the EPA level was slightly lower in 1985 than in 1935-1939, reflecting a marked decline in use of certain fatty fish. The level of DHA increased, due to greater use of poultry. The level of LNA increased because of greater use of soybean oil. These estimates are currently the only source of data on omega-3 FA in the American diet.