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Propolis, An old remedy used in modern medicine
Abstract
Propolis is one of the few natural remedies that has maintained its popularity over a long period of time. The pharmacologically active molecules in the propolis are flavonoids and phenolic acids and their esters. These components have multiple effects on bacteria, fungi and viruses. In addition, propolis and its components have anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities. Moreover, propolis has been shown to lower blood pressure and cholesterol levels. However, clinical studies to substantiate these claims are required.
... The anti-bacterial properties of propolis have also been reported due to presence of caffeic acids, benzophenone derivatives, ferulic acid, prenylated coumaric acid and diterpenic acids [12,[138][139][140][141]. The anti-bacterial properties of propolis have been shown to prevent the formation of bacterial plaques [142]. ...
... Clinical and in vivo animal studies have shown that propolis is safe and non-toxic. At higher doses (>15 g/day) it shows toxic effects in humans [12]. However, incidences of propolis allergy and contact dermatitis have long been observed, primarily among beekeepers. ...
... Antioxidants 2023,12, 1452 ...
Honey bee products comprise various compounds, including honey, propolis, royal jelly, bee pollen, bee wax and bee venom, which have long been recognized for their pharmacological and health-promoting benefits. Scientists have discovered that periodontal disorders stem from dental biofilm, an inflammatory response to bacterial overgrowth produced by dysbiosis in the oral microbiome. The bee products have been investigated for their role in prevention of oral diseases, which are attributed to a myriad of biologically active compounds including flavonoids (pinocembrin, catechin, caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) and galangin), phenolic acids (hydroxybenzoic acid, hydroxycinnamic acid, p-coumaric, ellagic, caffeic and ferulic acids) and terpenoids. This review aims to update the current understanding of role of selected bee products, namely, honey, propolis and royal jelly, in preventing oral diseases as well as their potential biological activities and mechanism of action in relation to oral health have been discussed. Furthermore, the safety of incorporation of bee products is also critically discussed. To summarize, bee products could potentially serve as a therapy option for people suffering from a variety of oral disorders.
... The major bee products are honey, bee wax, royal jelly, and propolis. Term apitherapy is very popular nowadays and is used to treat illness, pain from acute and chronic injuries by using honey bee products [1][2][3]. Illness like multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis can be treated with apitherapy [4]. One of the most innovative and rapidly evolving field is nanotechnology, which has the potential to increase the efficacy of the bee products. ...
... Against pathogenic microorganisms propolis also acts as a chemical weapon of bees [10]. Antiseptic and antimicrobial properties of propolis help bees to protect the colony from diseases [2,3,6,7,15]. Bees also use propolis to reduce air flow into the hive to retain heat [16]. Apis dorsata (giant honey bee) uses propolis to reinforce the hive's adhesion, although Apis cerana does not use it at all. ...
... Egyptians use propolis in the practice of mummifying corpses [58]. Propolis is being used from the ancient times in the treatment of gastroduodenal ulcers (internal use) and as an antiseptic (external use) [3]. Propolis was extensively used in several Soviet clinics during the Second World War for its antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties [12]. ...
The most fascinating product of honeybee is propolis. It has an immense role in dentistry, dermatology, and otorhinolaryngology. The increased popularity of propolis as an important remedy is due to its constituents, which have anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antihepatotoxic, anti-cancerous, antifungal, antioxidant, antidiabetic, and antiviral activities. The diverse biological and pharmacological activities of propolis have piqued the interest of many scientists. Many techniques like gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, chromatography, and spectroscopy are being used to identify different propolis constituents. Flavonoids, phenolic acids, and their esters are the most pharmacologically active molecules of propolis and are known to disrupt the replication machinery of the virus corroborating the anti-coronavirus activity of propolis. The main aim of this article is to provide an insight of the increasing theragnostic uses of propolis and its nanoparticles, including their chemical analysis, diverse biological activities, and the necessity for chemical standardization. In this review, we have focused at the promising effects of propolis, its optimization, and its liposomal formulation as a therapeutic intervention for COVID-19 and its accompanying comorbidities.
... The antibacterial activity of ethanolic extract of propolis (EEP) alone or in synergy with antibiotics against Salmonella has been examined (Ayhan TEMİZ et al., 2011). Propolis has been observed to exhibit antiinflammatory effects in acute and chronic models of inflammation (Castaldo and Capasso, 2002). ...
... Our findings revealed that in the Bulgarian EEP-treated group (test group), the inflammatory response was markedly reduced and had almost disappeared. This could be attributed to the direct antibacterial action of propolis extract (Kalia et al., 2012) in addition to its anti-inflammatory and tissue damage repair actions (Castaldo andCapasso, 2002, Kalia et al., 2015), which aid to ameliorate the inflammation severity induced by S. Enteritidis infection. The degenerative changes in the hepatocytes found in Bulgarian EEP-treated group were determined to be mild and reversible. ...
... Propolis is a suitable alternative that has been used as a traditional substance since ancient times; today, new researches are being done on its compounds and therapeutic effects. The word propolis is of Greek origin and consists of two parts: Pro means support or endorsement of something, and Polis means city, so the combination means support of the city (Castaldo et al. 2002). ...
... More than 180 chemical constituents have been isolated from propolis which mainly consists of polyphenols (Castaldo et al. 2002). The major polyphenols are avonoids, accompanied by phenolic acids and esters, phenolic aldehydes, ketones, and others. ...
The present study aimed to investigate the effects of oral European Propolis supplementation on health status, growth performance, hematological, and serum biochemical variables of neonatal dairy calves.
Twenty-four neonatal dairy calves were enrolled in this study from 48 hours after birth until seven days old. A complete clinical examination was performed daily during the study, by the same person. Blood sampling, body measurements, and lung ultrasonography were conducted on days 0,7,14 and 28. The concentrations of albumin, total protein, total immunoglobulin, triglyceride, total cholesterol, urea, creatinine, inorganic phosphate, and activities of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and gamma-glutamyl transferase were measured.
PEE supplementation had no significant effect on body weight, daily weight gain, length, and height (P > 0.05). Pulmonary examination scores by ultrasonography for subclinical pneumonia in this study showed a significant difference at different times of examination. However, no significant difference between treatment and control groups. Days with navel ill infection were significantly lower in the propolis treatment group in comparison with control (P value = 0.016). There was not any significant difference concerning days in fever and diarrhea between trial groups (P value = 0.44 and 0.15, respectively).
There was not a significant difference in hematological and biochemical variables between trial groups. Our results suggest that European Propolis had no positive effects on growth performance, hematological, and biochemical blood variables. In conclusion, supplementation of the Propolis may be beneficial for better navel ill diseases control in new- born dairy calves. Even though, further studies are needed to clarify propolis effects.
... tree buds, sap flows, or other botanical sources). It is an effective anti H. pylori agent (Shapla et al., 2018), and this activity is attributed to polyphenolic (Romero et al., 2019) and caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) fractions (Castaldo et al., 2002) of propolis. Chrysin, pinocembrin, galangin and CAPE are the principal polyphenolic compounds of propolis as confirmed by fractionation (by CPC and preparative HPLC) and identification (by TLC-MS and LC-MS); and the minimal inhibitory concentrations and fractional inhibitory concentrations of these four compounds were in the range of 256À1024 and 64À512 mg ml À1 , respectively (Romero et al., 2019). ...
... Chrysin, pinocembrin, galangin and CAPE are the principal polyphenolic compounds of propolis as confirmed by fractionation (by CPC and preparative HPLC) and identification (by TLC-MS and LC-MS); and the minimal inhibitory concentrations and fractional inhibitory concentrations of these four compounds were in the range of 256À1024 and 64À512 mg ml À1 , respectively (Romero et al., 2019). It is noteworthy that there are more than 300 different chemical compounds in propolis of different origins (Castaldo et al., 2002). Chilean propolis was found to contain chemically diverse fractions such as flavonoids, phenolic acids and their esters, with a relatively high abundance of CAPE, chrysin, galangin, kaempferol, pinobanksin, pinocembrin and quercetin, revealed by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis (Barrientos et al., 2013;Castro et al., 2014). ...
... Fakat bir basketbol karşılaşması sadece takımlar ve oyunculardan ibaret değildir. Hakemler de bir 77 basketbol maçının önemli bir etkenidir. Hakemler, maç içinde verdikleri kararları belirli el işaretleri ile gösterirler. ...
... It has been shown that the activities of propolis on tissue regeneration and repair may be related to its immunomodulatory, anti-microbial, and antiinflammatory properties [77]. The normally occurring healing process continues with the initiation of the hemostasis process and the consequent activation of a complex inflammatory cell cascade [78]. ...
–Afet yönetimi; genel olarak afet öncesinde ve sonrasında yapılabilecek olan her türlü yönetim ve organizasyonu kapsayan koordinasyon ve bu koordinasyonun yönetilmesi olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Son yıllarda afet öncesi ve sonrasına afet sırasında kavramı da eklenerek kavram genişletilmiştir. Afet yönetimi afet oluşmadan önce yapılması gereken planlamaların en önemlisidir. Böylece afet gerçekleşmeden afete karşı alınabilecek önlemler, afet sırasında yaşanabilecek sorunlara karşı çözümler ve afet sonrası normalleşme süreci için atılacak adımlar yönetim ve organizasyonu planlanmış olacaktır. Türkiye’nin afet geçmişine bakıldığında, ülkemizin deprem kuşağında olması nedeniyle yaklaşık olarak %61 oranın da depremlerin olduğu geri kalan afetlerin ise %15 heyelan %14 sel %5 kaya düşmesi ve %1 lik kısımın ise çığ, fırtına, kar, yağmur kaynaklı olduğu görülmektedir. Bir toplum için afet sayılabilecek bir durum, başka bir toplum için ise afet olarak nitelendirilmeyebilir. Bu, genellikle toplumların gelişmişlik durumlarıyla doğru orantılıdır. Bu duruma en belirgin örnek Japonya’da gerçekleşen depremler verilebilir. Japonya gibi ülkelerde depremle yaşam günlük rutin olarak görüldüğünden deprem genel manada bu tip ülkeler için afet olarak görülmez çünkü yapıların dayanıklı olmasının yanı sıra halk bilinçlendirilmiştir. Fakat ülkemizde depremin büyüklüğü ve şiddeti farketmeksizin doğal afet olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Bu problemden yola çıkarak çalışmamızda 6 Şubat 2023 Büyük Anadolu Depremleri öncesi ve sonrası Türkiye’nin Afet Yönetim Politikaları ele alınmaktadır. Yaşanan afet öncesindeki politikalar ile afet sonrası ortaya konan politikalar değerlendirilerek Türkiye’nin yaşanan afet karşısındaki durumu değerlendirilmiştir.
... Fakat bir basketbol karşılaşması sadece takımlar ve oyunculardan ibaret değildir. Hakemler de bir 77 basketbol maçının önemli bir etkenidir. Hakemler, maç içinde verdikleri kararları belirli el işaretleri ile gösterirler. ...
... It has been shown that the activities of propolis on tissue regeneration and repair may be related to its immunomodulatory, anti-microbial, and antiinflammatory properties [77]. The normally occurring healing process continues with the initiation of the hemostasis process and the consequent activation of a complex inflammatory cell cascade [78]. ...
Disaster management; It is generally defined as the coordination covering all kinds of management and organization that can be done before and after the disaster and the management of this coordination. In recent years, the concept has been expanded by adding the concept before and after the disaster during the disaster. Disaster management is the most important planning that should be done before a disaster occurs. Thus, the management and organization of the measures to be taken before the disaster occurs, solutions to the problems that may be experienced during the disaster and the steps to be taken for the post-disaster normalization process will be planned. When we look at the disaster history of Turkey, it is seen that approximately 61% of earthquakes occur due to the fact that our country is in the earthquake zone, while the remaining disasters are caused by 15% landslides, 14% floods, 5% rockfall and 1% avalanche, storm, snow, rain. . What may be considered a disaster for one society may not be considered a disaster for another society.This is generally directly proportional to the development status of societies. The most obvious example of this situation is the earthquakes in Japan. Since life with earthquakes is seen as a daily routine in countries such as Japan, earthquakes are not generally seen as a disaster for such countries because the public awareness has been raised in addition to the durability of the structures. However, in our country, regardless of the magnitude and severity of the earthquake, it is defined as a natural disaster. Based on this problem, our study deals with Turkey's Disaster Management Policies before and after the 6 February 2023 Great Anatolian Earthquakes. Turkey's situation in the face of the disaster was evaluated by evaluating the policies before the disaster and the policies put forward after the disaster.
... Bal arıları bitkilerden çeneleriyle aldıkları reçineyi ağızlarında ıslatıp, yumuşattıktan sonra arka ayaklarındaki polen sepetiyle kovana taşırlar (Şekil 1). Propolis, yapışkan kıvamlı bir madde olması nedeniyle "arı tutkalı" olarak da isimlendirilir (11). Propolis, kovanın tamir edilmesinde kullanılır, ayrıca kovanın içindeki yaşam alanını dezenfekte etmek ve iç sıcaklığı 35°C civarında tutabilmek için kullanılır. ...
... Fareler ve ratlar üzerindeki gözlemlenmeyen yan etki seviyesi, 60 günde 1.470 mg/kg/gün, 90 günde 2.470 mg/kg/gündür (4). İnsanlarda, toksik etkiler 15 g/sıklık kadar yüksek dozlarda kullanımda ortaya çıkabilir (11). Bununla birlikte, güvenli gözükse de alerjik reaksiyonlara sebep olabilir. ...
Bal arıları tarafından bitkilerin tomurcuk, kabuk veya öz bölgelerinden toplanan reçineli, yapışkan maddelere genel olarak propolis denilmektedir. Propolis kelimesi Yunanca “pro” ve “polis” kelimelerinden oluşmaktadır. Savunma anlamındaki “Pro” ve şehir anlamındaki “polis” kelimelerinin birleşmesiyle türetilen propolis, arıların şehri olarak imgelenen kovanın savunması anlamına gelmektedir. Bal arıları ağaç tomurcuklarından ve filizlerinden salgılanan, ağaç kabuğu çatlaklarından sızan reçineli eksudatı, arka ayaklarını ve ağzını kullanarak koparır. Sonrasında bal arıları bu reçineli parçaları çiğneyerek tükürük salgısıyla nemlendirir, pelte haline getirir, bal mumuyla karıştırır ve böylece propolis üretilmiş olur. Bir kovandan bir yılda ancak 150-200 g propolis elde edilebilir. Kuzey yarım kürede ılıman iklim kuşağında özellikle Kavak, At Kestanesi, Kara Ağaç, Huş Ağacı, Kızılağaç, Kayın Ağacı ve Kozalaklı ağaçlar propolisin kaynağını oluşturur. Propolis, bal arıları tarafından kovanın delik ve çatlaklarının kapatılması, peteğin ince duvarlarının desteklenmesi, kovanın dezenfeksiyonu, kovana giren istilacı canlıların ve yabancı cisimlerin kaplanması, putrefekasyonun önlenmesi amaçlarıyla kullanılır. Arı ve kovan sağlığı için
olumlu etkileri yanında, içerdiği terapötik etkiler sebebiyle milattan önceki dönemlerde bile propolis tedavi amacıyla kullanılmıştır. Günümüzde, sahip olduğu biyoaktif özellikleri sebebiyle propolisin krem, merhem, losyon, solüsyon, tablet gibi birçok farmasötik şekli kullanılmaktadır
... The applications of propolis for skin treatment and healing of wounds and ulcers has been documented since ancient times (Dantas Silva et al., 2017;Silva-Beltrán et al., 2021). In fact, examples and proof of ancient use of propolis for therapeutic purposes are found in biblical records (Castaldo and Capasso, 2002;Silva-Beltrán et al., 2021). Propolis began to be industrially incorporated into food and pharmaceutical products, especially for topical applications, in the 1980s (Silva-Beltrán et al., 2021). ...
... Propolis began to be industrially incorporated into food and pharmaceutical products, especially for topical applications, in the 1980s (Silva-Beltrán et al., 2021). The pharmacologically active chemicals in propolis are flavonoids and phenolic acids as well as their esters (Castaldo and Capasso, 2002). The composition of propolis is exceptionally diverse and depends on geographic location and botanical origins (Wilson et al., 2013;Hlokoane et al., 2022a). ...
We evaluated the therapeutic potential and physicochemical characteristics of propolis samples collected from three councils, namely Khoelenya (F03), Lithipeng (F04) and Thaba-mokhele (F05), in the Mohale's Hoek district, Lesotho. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship of the therapeutic potential, physicochemical characteristics and colour variation to the geographical location and botanical sources of the collected propolis samples. The collected samples presented remarkable colour variation, ranging from green (25%) to brown (58%) to grey (17%). The highest antioxidant activity was observed in green-coloured propolis samples collected from Lithipeng F04P01 and Khoelenya F03P01, with 2,2–diphenyl–1–picryl–hydrazyl–hydrate (DPPH) half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 0.21 and 0.23 mg/mL, respectively. The antioxidant activity (DPPH IC50) did not correlate completely with the total polyphenolic content (R² = 0.1733) and total flavonoid content (R² = 0.4836). Moreover, the highest antimicrobial activity was observed on grey propolis collected from Thaba-mokhele, F05P04 and F05P03, with minimum inhibitory concentration of 3.13 mg/mL for both samples, especially against Staphylococcus aureus. The qualitative phytochemical analysis detected the presence of polyphenols, alkaloids and flavonoids in all collected samples. Thus, our findings could lead to the formulation of a “local” Lesotho type of propolis that could be used as an official medicine. This could be a big marketing advantage for the Lesotho pharmaceutical and beekeeping industries.
... It has been used in Eastern Europe as an antiseptic and an anti-inflammatory agent for the treatment of wounds and burns (Bankova et al. 1999). According to Castaldo and Capasso (2002), the pharmacologically active molecules in propolis are flavonoids and phenolic acids and their esters. These components have multiple effects on bacteria, protozoa, fungi, and viruses. ...
Insects and the substances extracted from them have been used as medicinal resources by human cultures all over the world. Besides medicine, these organisms have also played mystical and magical roles in the treatment of several illnesses in a range of cultures. Science has already proven the existence of immunological, analgesic, antibacterial, diuretic, anesthetic, and antirheumatic properties in the bodies of insects. Several authors have surveyed the therapeutic potential of insects, either recording traditional medical practices or employing insects and their products at the laboratory and/or clinical level. Thus, insects seem to constitute an almost inexhaustible source for pharmacological research. Chemical studies are needed to discover which biologically active compounds are actually present within insect bodies. The therapeutic potential of insects represents a significant contribution to the debate on biodiversity conservation, as well as opening perspectives for the economic and cultural valorization of animals traditionally regarded as useless. Their use needs to be at a sustainable level to avoid overexploitation.
... Rich phenolic content of propolis creates a strong antioxidant effect and may protect human health against the damage of oxidative stress (Castaldo & Capasso, 2002;Viuda-Martos et al., 2008;Zabaiou et al., 2017). ...
Kefir drinks with sugar (5%, w/v), strawberry flavor (0.15%, v/v), and propolis extract (PE) at different ratios (0.150%, 0.225%, and 0.300%, v/v) were produced and stored at 4°C, and their physicochemical, rheological, microbiological, and sensory properties were monitored during storage. The ratio of PE and storage time had an insignificant effect on the dry matter, protein, fat contents, Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE) L* and a* color values, apparent viscosity, consistency coefficient, flow behavior index, Lactobacillus spp., Lactococcus spp., and yeast counts of kefir drinks (p > .05). The CIE b* values of kefir drinks increased with an increase in PE ratio (p < .05). All kefir samples exhibited a pseudoplastic flow behavior. Initially, the total antioxidant capacity of kefir drinks was 2.19 μmol TE/100 mL, which increased to 2.51 μmol TE/100 mL for kefir drinks with 0.225% PE. The total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of kefir drinks with PE decreased during storage. PE addition did not influence the sensory color and taste liking scores of kefir drinks adversely until the 8th day of storage. In terms of odor liking scores, kefir drinks with 0.225% and 0.300% PE had a similar score to control drinks. Additionally, kefir drinks with 0.150% and 0.225% PE received an overall liking score similar to control drinks. Results indicated that the incorporation of PE at a ratio of 0.225% was recommended for the production of strawberry-flavored kefir drinks with acceptable sensory characteristics and increased functional properties, and this product could be stored for up to 8 days.
... It has been widely recognized for a long time for its numerous medicinal benefits including antimicrobial, antioxidants, and anti-inflammatory properties (Boulechfar et al. 2022;dos Santos et al. 2022). The medicinal efficacy of propolis is linked to its various chemical compounds, including over 300 biologically active components such as polyphenols, essential oils, amino acids, and waxes (Castaldo and Capasso 2002;Piccinelli et al. 2011). Extraction is a critical step that requires a proper protocol to obtain the desired propolis components. ...
This research aims to analyse the richness of propolis ethanolic extract from Kherrata (EEPKh) in phenolic and flavonoid compounds and its antioxidant effects using different methods. Further investigations were conducted to evaluate the antibacterial and antibiofilm potential of propolis against Enterococcus faecalis strains originated from oral diseases. The antiquorum-sensing ability against Chromobacterium violaceum CV 026 was also investigated. The results revealed that ethanolic extract contains a high content of phenolic and flavonoid compounds, with an amount of 734.3 9± 11.54µg GAE.mg-1 of Extract and 224.30 ± 0µg QE.mg-1of extract respectively. Caffeic acid (23.79 mg.g-1), hesperetin (15.42 mg.g-1), cynarin (7.59 mg.g-1), apigenin (5.91 mg.g-1), naringenin (4.90 mg.g-1), and kaempferol (3.43 mg.g-1) were identified as the major compounds by the HPLC-DAD analysis. The antioxidant activity showed good scavenging and reducing abilities. Furthermore, EEPKh demonstrated high antibacterial potency against E. faecalis strain 2 at concentration 20 mg.mL-1 with an inhibition diameter of 20.33 ± 0.57 mm. The MIC and MBC values were found to range between 0.625 and 10 mg.mL-1. Biofilm formation by E. faecalis strains was inhibited at MIC with a percentage ranging from 65.93 ± 1.11 to 51.54 ± 0.81%. Quorum sensing mechanisms in CV 026 was inhibited by EEPKh, with diameter zone of 11.16 ± 0.29 mm at MIC. This study indicated that propolis extract is considered as a new source of natural medication with therapeutic potential against oral pathology caused by free radicals, E. faecalis, biofilm formation and quorum-sensing.
... Castadlo et al., (2002) reported that the antimicrobial effect of propolis comes from the content of flavonoids, pinocembrin, galangin and pinobanksin. Other substances such as prenylatid p coumaric and diterpenic acid, are antibacterial [16]. Takaisi et al., (1994) reported that propolis has an antimicrobial effect by preventing cell division resulting in a material called Pseudo multicellular Strepthococus, which can damage the cytoplasm, cytoplasmic membranes and cell walls causing partial bacteriolysis which inhibits protein synthesis [17]. ...
Objective: The goal of endodontic treatment is to eliminate bacteria and their products from the root canal. Bacteria are the main etiological factors of pulpal and periapical diseases. Chemomechanical preparation and administration of root canal medicaments cannot completely eliminate bacteria in the root canal system, especially Enterococcus faecalis, which have high resistancy, therefore, an ideal obturation material is required. Adequate root canal filling quality affects the success of endodontic treatment. The aim of this study was to observe the effect of addition 5% propolis nanoparticles to the commercial epoxy resin and the bioceramic sealer on the growth of E. faecalis ATCC 29212 and the dentinal tubular penetration. Methods: Thirty-five tooth samples were randomly divided into 5 groups. Root canal preparation was carried out with the same working length of 14 mm by cutting the tooth at the Cementoenamel Junction (CEJ); sample was inoculated with E. faecalis ATCC 29212 for 48 h. Obturation used four types of sealer, Group I (epoxy resin with 5% propolis nanoparticles), Group II (bioceramic with 5% propolis nanoparticles), Group III (bioceramic) and Group IV (epoxy resin). Data were analyzed using the Kruskal wallis test with a significant level of p<0.05. Results: In the bacterial growth test, there was a significant difference in the number of bacterial colonies between the epoxy resin groups with 5% propolis nanoparticles, bioceramic with 5% of propolis nanoparticles, bioceramic and epoxy resin (p = 0.000<0.05). In the dentinal tubular penetration there was a significant difference between epoxy resin with 5% of propolis nanoparticles, bioceramic sealer with 5% propolis nanoparticles, bioceramic, and epoxy resin (p = 0.001<0.05). Conclusion: The addition of 5% propolis nanoparticles to commercial bioceramic and epoxy resin sealers can eliminate E. faecalis bacteria in the root canals and increase dentinal tubular penetration. Bioceramic sealer has a higher antibacterial effect and dentinal tubular penetration compared to epoxy resin.
... Crude propolis contains more than 300 components, and more than 180 compounds, most of which are polyphenols, have been identified as components of propolis. The main polyphenols in the content of propolis are phenolic acid and its esters, flavonoids, phenolic aldehydes, and ketone groups [3,4]. It is not possible to use crude propolis directly due to the high amount of waxy substances it contains, the low proportion of the bioactive composition, and the pollution it contains [5]. ...
With the determination of the biological activity of different components in the chemistry of propolis, its importance has increased day by day and its use in the field of integrative medicine has become widespread. Propolis is not used in its crude form due to its physical properties, it has to be extracted. The type of solvent used in the extraction process is quite important for the efficiency of the biological activity of propolis. Solvents commonly used in propolis extraction; are water, ethanol, and methanol. Besides being quite easy to extract propolis components using ethanol; extraction of propolis with ethanol creates a usage limit for children, pregnant women, and Muslim people that don't use alcohol. The limited use of ethanol and the fact that it has some harm to health have led researchers to search for different types of solvents. As a result of this research, vegetable oils, and various kinds of vinegar have started to be in the literature as alternative solvents. In our study, the vinegar of hawthorn fruit, which is rich in flavonoids and has been used in traditional medicine for many years, was used in the extraction of propolis. The solubility of propolis in hawthorn vinegar was investigated in terms of its physicochemical properties (pH, titratable acidity, brix, and color) and bioactive properties (phenolic, flavonoid contents, and antioxidant activity). As a result of the investigation, it was observed that the addition of propolis to hawthorn vinegar caused changes in the physicochemical properties of vinegar at an acceptable level for the consumer and increased its bioactive properties. It is thought that propolis-added hawthorn vinegar will provide functionality in dishes where vinegar is used today, in salads, and even in foodstuffs such as brine and pickles. Öz: Propolisin yapısındaki farklı bileşenlerin biyolojik aktivitesinin belirlenmesiyle, önemi gün geçtikçe artmış ve tamamlayıcı tıp alanında kullanımı yaygınlaşmıştır. Propolis fiziksel özelliklerinden dolayı ham halde kullanılamamakta, ekstraksiyon işleminden geçirilmesi gerekmektedir. Ekstraksiyon işleminde kullanılan çözücü tipi, propolisin biyolojik aktivitesinin etkinliği açısından oldukça önemlidir. Propolis ekstraksiyonunda yaygın olarak kullanılan çözücüler; su, etanol ve metanol olarak gösterilebilir. Etanol kullanarak propolis bileşenlerinin ekstraksiyonu oldukça kolay olmasının yanı sıra; propolisin etanol ile ekstraksiyonu çocuklar, hamileler ve alkol kullanmayan müslümanlar için kullanım sınırı oluşturmaktadır. Etanolün sınırlı dozda kullanımı ve sağlığa bazı zararlarının olması, araştırmacıları farklı çözücü tipleri aramaya yöneltmiştir. Bu araştırmalar sonucunda alternatif çözücüler olarak, bitkisel yağlar ve çeşitli sirkeler literatürde yer almaya başlamıştır. Çalışmamızda propolisin ekstraksiyonunda, flavonoidler bakımından zengin ve özellikle geleneksel tıp alanında uzun yıllardır kullanılan bir meyve olan alıç meyvesinin sirkesi kullanılmıştır. Alıç sirkesinde propolisin çözünürlüğü, fizikokimyasal özellikler www.dergipark.gov.tr/tdfd Tr. Doğa ve Fen Derg. 2 25 (pH, titrasyon asitliği, ºbriks ve renk) ve biyoaktif özellikler (fenolik ve flavonoid içerikleri ile antioksidan aktivite) açısından araştırılmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda alıç sirkesine propolis ilavesinin sirkenin fizikokimyasal özelliklerinde tüketici için kabul edilebilir düzeyde değişikliğe neden olduğu ve biyoaktif özelliklerini arttırdığı gözlemlendi. Propolis katkılı alıç sirkesinin; günümüzde sirkenin kullanıldığı yemeklerde, salata ve hatta salamura, turşu gibi gıda maddelerinin yapımında fonksiyonellik sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir.
... The trend to lead a healthy lifestyle is becoming increasingly popular For this reason, consumers are looking for healthy, organic, and functional foods. To meet the consumers' demands, in 2006, the European Union introduced a total ban on the use of feed antibiotics (27) This prompted breeders to search for substances of natural origin with antibiotic properties (5) These natural feed additives are served as growth promoting which are healthful and improve production performance of animal and poultry without any harmful effect (13) The use of propolis as natural antibacterial and immunostimulating agents seems to be an interesting alternative to the use of pharmaceuticals (25) Propolis means a gum that is gathered by bees from various plants, it may vary in color from light yellow to dark brown (16) It may cause staining of the comb or frame and may be found in extracted honey (36) The precise composition of raw propolis varies with the source In general, it is composed of 50% resin and vegetable balsam, 30% wax, 10% essential and aromatic oils, 5% pollen and 5% various other substances, including organic debris (26) The wax and organic debris are removed during processing, creating propolis tincture (9) There is a long history using of propolis at least to 300 before Christ (16) and its use continues to the day in home remedies and personal products because propolis is reputed to have antiseptic antimycotic bacteriostatic astringent cholericspasmolytic anti-inflammatory anaesthetic and antioxidant propertiesthe list of preparations and uses is nearly endless (12) These applications include over-the-counter dermatological items where it has been claimed useful in wound healing , tissue regeneration treatment of burns , neurodermatitis leg ulcers, psoriasis, morphoea, herpes simplex genitalis and activity against dermatophytes (4) It has been marketed as a treatment for rheumatism and sprains and in dental medicine it is claimed to be an anaesthetic five times as effective as cocaine (14) It is used in toothpaste and mouthwash preparations treating gingivitis cheilitis and stomatitis (20) It has also found its way into pharmaceutical and cosmetic products such as face creams (vanishing creams and beauty creams), ointments lotions and solutions (6) It is marketed in tablets, powder and chewing gum (25) (11) observed that weight gain feed intake and feed efficiency were significantly increased when propolis fed in fattening quails (39) noticed that live body weight and feed efficiency were significantly increased when supplemented with propolis into broilers diet (16) reported that inclusion of 500 ppm propolis in broilers improved body weight (20 %) for propolis fed birds in comparison to control group. (15) referred that addition 150 mg propolis in broiler improve the immune status of laying hens via minimizing the residual feed intake. ...
أستهدفت الدراسة الحالية بيان تاثير أعطاء المستخلص الكحولي للبروبوليس بماء الشرب في الصفات ألانتاجية للسمان الياباني. أستخدم في البحث 700 فرخ من أفراخ السمان الياباني، وزعت الافراخ على خمسة مجاميع متساوية وكل مجموعة أحتوت على أربعة مكررات متساوية بحيث رتبت المجاميع كلاتي: المجموعة ألاولى (مجموعة السيطرة ) أعطيت ألافراخ في هذه المجموعة ماء شرب بدون أي أضافة. المجموعة الثانية أعطيت : أيثانول بجرعة قدرها 300 ملغ / لتر ماء شرب . المجموعة الثالثة : أعطيت المستخلص ألايثانولي للبروبولس بجرعة قدرها 200 ملغ / لتر ماء شرب. المجموعة الرابعة: أعطيت المستخلص ألايثانولي للبروبوليس بجرعة قدرها 250 ملغ / لترماء شرب. المجموعة الخامسة : أعطيت المستخلص ألايثانولي للبروبولس بجرعة قدرها 300 ملغ / لتر ماء شرب.أشارت نتائج البحث الى وجود زيادة عالية المعنوية في وزن الجسم الحي خلال فترة التربية أذ تميزت المجموعة الخامسة بأعلى ألاوزان الجسمية خلال ألاسابيع المتعاقبة للتجربة فضلا عن أعطاء المستخلص ألايثانولي للبروبولس بماء الشرب أدى الى زيادة أستهلاك العلف وتحسين صفات الذبيحة في طيور السمان الياباني.
... At room temperature, it is sticky and becomes rigid and brittle at low temperature (Parolia et al., 2010). Commercially, it can be found in raw form, capsule, tablet, gel, powder and alcoholic, hydro-alcoholic and aqueous extracts (Castaldo et al., 2002). ...
Na odontologia, a própolis tem despertado interesse devido aos seus resultados satisfatórios obtidos em diversas especialidades. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar se o extrato de própolis verde aplicado em concentrações de 17% e 21% na dentina exposta de dentes bovinos hígidos foi capaz de promover um efeito de manchamento na respectiva estrutura dentária. Trata-se de um estudo experimental no qual foram utilizadas 40 coroas de dentes bovinos hígidos seccionados ao meio, em corte axial, no sentido mésio distal, a fim de expor a dentina. Os espécimes foram enumerados e divididos aleatoriamente em quatro Grupos (G1 a G4) para a realização do condicionamento ácido a fim de simular a dentina hipersensível e posteriormente receberam aplicação das soluções de extrato de própolis verde, utilizado como possível agente obliterador no tratamento da hipersensibilidade dentinária, sendo: Grupo 1 (G1): ácido fosfórico a 37% e extrato de própolis a 17% sem escovação, Grupo 2 (G2): ácido fosfórico a 37% e extrato de própolis a 21% sem escovação, Grupo 3 (G3): ácido fosfórico a 37% e extrato de própolis a 17% com escovação e Grupo 4 (G4): ácido fosfórico a 37% e extrato de própolis a 21% com escovação. Na semana seguinte à aplicação dos extratos de própolis, os dentes foram submetidos a um procedimento de profilaxia e observou-se que em todos eles a solução permaneceu fixada, conferindo um efeito de manchamento tanto na dentina como no esmalte. Pode-se concluir que o extrato de própolis verde proporcionou um efeito de manchamento nos dentes bovinos estudados.
... In addition, ethanol extraction of propolis appeared to be more influential against gram-positive bacteria. It has been reported that the growth of gram-negative bacteria only stops with high propolis concentration [29,[39][40][41][42][43]. ...
Not only for bees, but also for humans the variety of chemical constituents gives propolis an additional advantages such as antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, anesthetic, antioxidant, antitumoral, antiplatelet, antiprotozoal, anticancer, an tihypertensive properties, as well as anticarcinogenic, anti-hepatotoxic, cytotoxic activity [11,31–37]. Thanks to the bioactive components in its structure, propolis is frequently mentioned in researches by providing resistance against many diseases. The biological and pharmacological effects of propolis, its importance in cell biology and the development of potential drugs have been extensively explored. Therefore propolis is a folk medicine and health supplement all over the world [31,38]. The effects of flavonoids, the most important group in its structure, attributed to propolis and the diseases it impresses are as shown in Table 2 [23].
Propolis (bee glue) is a natural sticky bee product that is gathered and processed by worker honey bees (Apis mellifera) from leaves, buds and similar parts of trees such as poplar, pine, eucalyptus, oak, chestnut and some herbaceous plants [1–3]. Worker honey
bees that go out to propolis first pull the lipophylic resinous materials of the plant with their mandibles. They turn it into pellets forms by moisturizing, softening and adding their some salivary enzymes, mainly 13-glucosidase enzyme and β-glucosidase, in the mouth. It transfers pellets to the pollen basket on its hind legs using its front legs [4–7]. Worker honey bees mix propolis with beeswax and use it to fill the gaps and narrow spaces in their
hive walls and to make the hive entrance hole easily defendable. Moreover it is also used to reduce the entrance on cold days, torepair and harden the edges of the honeycombs, to connect the frames at the end of the summer, to clean, protect against microorganisms and polish the cells of the honeycombs before the queen puts her eggs down[8,9].Thereforethis antimicrobial features of propolis are essential for providing a healthy hive environment for honey bee colony [10].
... Compounds obtained from propolis such as CAPE 59 and artepillin C have been reported to possess anti-tumoral properties. 60 This composition of propolis is involved in cell-cycle arrest, hault of matrix metalloproteinases, antiangiogenesis consequence and inhibit transfer of cancer cells from their origin to other body parts. 61 Propolis has capability to halt DNA synthesis in cancer cells and the activity to cause aging of tumour cells (programmed cell death) and have the ability to place into action the white blood cells for engendering those molecules which are involved in the regulating the function of B, T, and natural killer cells. ...
Propolis is a resinous mixture collected by honey bees from different flowers, buds, fruits, and several other parts of plant. The bees bring it to their hive on their hind legs, just like pollen. They mix it with their own wax and saliva, resulting in the formation of propolis. Propolis has an extremely complex chemical composition that includes flavonoids, phenolic acids, their esters, ketones, alcohols, amino acids, and several other inorganic compounds, making it a good Pharmacologicallyuseful compound for dealing with various hepatic disorders. Propolis protects liver toxicity by reducing the free radicals by its magical Activitiescompounds. Propolis possess antioxidative, antiulcer, antimicrobial, and antitumor activities induced by several xenobiotics and has shown to be a magical remedy in handling and inhibition of several disorders of liver related to severe clinical stages, from acute liver failure to hepatocellular carcinoma.
... It has been shown that the activities of propolis on tissue regeneration and repair may be related to its immunomodulatory, anti-microbial, and antiinflammatory properties [77]. The normally occurring healing process continues with the initiation of the hemostasis process and the consequent activation of a complex inflammatory cell cascade [78]. ...
Propolis is a resinous mixture collected by honey bees from tree buds or other plant sources.Propolis compounds have been the focus of many studies due to their anti-microbial, anti-cancer, and antiinflammatory effects. In addition, propolis is also recognized to have regenerative properties. It has beenfound to regulate a number of cellular and molecular processes such as wound repair and regeneration,hemostasis, inflammation, cell proliferation, and tissue remodeling. Many in vivo studies on wound modelsshow that propolis has beneficial roles in wound healing. These beneficial roles have also been confirmedby clinical research studies. However, more research is needed on the dose, side effects, and clinicalefficacy of propolis on wounds. In conclusion, research with different experimental models is promising asa potential therapeutic strategy in wound healing.
... Its antifungal properties have been associated with the presence of flavonoids and of aromatic, diterpenic and phenolic acids in the composition of propolis (Sawaya et al., 2002;Oliveira et al., 2006). These properties of propolis are exploited in alternative medicine as a treatment for local and systemic fungal infections caused by Candida species and other yeast-like fungi, dermatophyte and nondermatophyte molds fungi (Burdock, 1998;Castaldo, Capasso, 2002;Khalil, 2006). ...
... Its antifungal properties have been associated with the presence of flavonoids and of aromatic, diterpenic and phenolic acids in the composition of propolis (Sawaya et al., 2002;Oliveira et al., 2006). These properties of propolis are exploited in alternative medicine as a treatment for local and systemic fungal infections caused by Candida species and other yeast-like fungi, dermatophyte and nondermatophyte molds fungi (Burdock, 1998;Castaldo, Capasso, 2002;Khalil, 2006). ...
... In addition, CAPE, a phenolic acid present in propolis of various geographical origins, is associated with significant chemoprotective and anticancer properties [33,[65][66][67], including against melanoma cells [68]. Acacetin identified in subfractions I and K exhibited anticancer effects in diverse types of cancer such as breast cancer, lung cancer, prostate cancer, and colon cancer [69]. ...
Melanoma is the deadliest type of skin cancer, with about 61,000 deaths annually worldwide. Late diagnosis increases mortality rates due to melanoma’s capacity to metastasise rapidly and patients’ resistance to the available conventional therapies. Consequently, the interest in natural products as a strategy for drug discovery has been emerging. Propolis, a natural product produced by bees, has several biological properties, including anticancer effects. Propolis from Gerês is one of the most studied Portuguese propolis. Our group has previously demonstrated that an ethanol extract of Gerês propolis collected in 2018 (G18.EE) and its fractions (n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol) decrease melanoma cell viability. Out of all the fractions, G18.EE-n-BuOH showed the highest potential as a melanoma pharmacological therapy. Thus, in this work, G18.EE-n-BuOH was fractioned into 17 subfractions whose effect was evaluated in A375 BRAF-mutated melanoma cells. The subfractions with the highest cytotoxic activity were analysed by UPLC-DAD-ESI/MSn in an attempt to understand which phenolic compounds could account for the anti-melanoma activity. The compounds identified are typical of the Gerês propolis, and some of them have already been linked with antitumor effectiveness. These results reaffirm that propolis compounds can be a source of new drugs and the isolation of compounds could allow its use in traditional medicine.
... Chinese medicinal materials such as white fungus: At the same time, it can up-regulate the TH1/TH2 immune response [165]. Propolis adjuvant: By enhancing the role of macrophages, the body, in turn, promotes the immune response to antibodies [166]. Astragalus and other Chinese medicinal materials: Astragalus polysaccharide powder can stimulate the immune function of T and B lymphocytes [167]. ...
Failure of cross-protection among interserotypes and intratypes of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is a big threat to endemic countries and their prevention and control strategies. However, insights into practices relating to the development of a multi-epitope vaccine appear as a best alternative approach to alleviate the cross-protection-associated problems. In order to facilitate the development of such a vaccine design approach, identification and prediction of the antigenic B and T cell epitopes along with determining the level of immunogenicity are essential bioinformatics steps. These steps are well applied in Eurasian serotypes, but very rare in South African Territories (SAT) Types, particularly in serotype SAT2. For this reason, the available scattered immunogenic information on SAT2 epitopes needs to be organized and clearly understood. Therefore, in this review, we compiled relevant bioinformatic reports about B and T cell epitopes of the incursionary SAT2 FMDV and the promising experimental demonstrations of such designed and developed vaccines against this serotype.
... Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), which is structurally similar to flavonoids, is an active component of honeybee propolis 6 . CAPE is known for its antitoxic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, immunomodulatory, neuroprotective, and cytostatic effects 7,8 . Since it strongly modulates the arachidonic acid cascade compared to other propolis components, its anti-inflammatory effect is more pronounced 6 . ...
... This type of impact might be due, at least in part, to plant-derived beeswax components [26]. Propolis and beeswax in combinations (1:1, v/v) have also been examined for their antibacterial efficacy against S. aureus, S. epidermidis, B. subtilis, and Candida albicans [27]. ...
Bees produce beeswax, which is used to make honeycombs is biodegradable, sustainable, compostable, eco-friendly. In addition to honey and pollen, honey bees use comb to store nectar and rear their young. More than 300 things are made with beeswax, such as candles, shoe polish and vehicle and floor polishes. Beeswax can also be used in the food processing and packaging, wax crayons, metal casting and modelling, food processing, and cosmetics industries. In addition to these, embalming, papyrus preservation, and artwork conservation are all possible uses for honey beeswax. Beeswax has numerous industrial, pharmacological, and medical uses that demand an understanding of its chemical makeup. Similar to honey, beeswax is considered effective in the treatment of bruising, inflammation and burns. Beeswax’s antibacterial properties have recently been the subject of inquiry, despite the fact that there are currently few studies on the subject. For example, beeswax has been proven to significantly reduce affectivity of disease casing bacteria like: Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans and Salmonella enterica . This study discusses the characteristics, composition, and adulteration of beeswax, as well as its medicinal effects as an antibiotic and in skin therapy.
... In this context, BGP-AF and BGP-AG showed good stability because photodegradation was not fast after blue LED irradiation using high-intensity energy. Considering the main light sources usually found in dental offices, the present study suggests that the marketed BGP is a highly potential alternative to conventional PS regularly used in aPDT in dental treatments [54]. ...
The synergic effect of Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans increases dental caries severity. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) is a non-invasive treatment for antimicrobial aspects. However, the current photosensitizers (PS) have many downsides for dental applications. This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of two different Brazilian green propolis (BGP-AF and BGP-AG) as PS for aPDT against these microorganisms. A single-species biofilm was irradiated with crude extracts and their fractions and controls. Such extracts showed the best results and were evaluated in dual-species biofilms. Photodegradation, reactive oxygen species (ROS), cytotoxicity, and color stability assays were also investigated. Reductions higher than 3 log10 CFU/mL (p < 0.0001) occurred for crude BGP in single- and dual-species biofilms. Singlet oxygen was produced in BGP (p < 0.0001). BGP-mediated aPDT delayed S. mutans and C. albicans regrowth after 24 h of treatment (p < 0.0001). Both BGP did not change the color of dental materials (p > 0.05). BGP-AF-mediated aPDT showed 72.41% of oral keratinocyte viability (p < 0.0001). BGP extracts may be used in aPDT against S. mutans and C. albicans. Specifically, BGP-AF may represent a promising PS for dental applications.
... Propolis has been used in traditional medicine from ancient times in many countries 20,21 . It possesses various biological and pharmacological activities such as antioxidative [22][23][24] , antibacterial [25][26][27][28] , antiviral 13,29 , antiinflammatory 29 , anticancer 29,30 , antifungal 29,31 , immunomodulatory 13,32 , therapeutic/cosmetic 33 and also as a feed additive in poultry nutrition 34,35 . ...
Due to emerging drug resistance in pathogenic organisms, most of the second generation antibiotics are not effective in
controlling the disease. As a consequence, the dosage and duration of drug intake has increased leading to drug induced toxicity
and various side effects. A large number of natural products are being reported to ameliorate the toxicity and oxidative stress
caused by antibiotics. Here, we explored the antioxidative potential of honey bee product propolis alone as well as in
combination with antibiotics in Staphylococcus aureus infected BALB/c mice. For experimental design, mice were divided in to
seven groups and decapitated after experimental period. Kidney was excised, homogenized and then used for different
biochemical and histopathological estimations. Results observed after treatment with propolis and antibiotics were compared
with those of S. aureus infected group. Results showed increase in lipid peroxidation, decrease in reduced glutathione levels and
antioxidant enzymes such as; catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione-S-transferase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione
reductase. On the contrary, treatment with propolis, led to reduction in levels of LPO and increase in activities of antioxidant
enzymes. Also, histopathology of kidney and all kidney function enzymes were restored to near normal.
... It has been reported that the solvent used affects the antimicrobial activity of propolis. While glycerine solutions have little inhibitory effect on bacteria, ethanol solutions create an excellent inhibitory effect against bacteria and yeasts (Castaldo and Capasso, 2002). ...
This study aimed to investigate the effects of propolis-containing mucoadhesive gel in experimentally induced periodontitis in rats. Propolis-containing mucoadhesive gel was prepared by using chitosan with a modified mechanical method. Thirty-five Sprague Dawley rats were used in the study. Rats were divided five groups as negative control, periodontitis + 50 mg/dl propolis, periodontitis + 100 mg/dl propolis, periodontitis + chitosan and healthy control. Experimental periodontitis was induced by placing ligatures on the inferior frontal teeth. After 11 days, the ligatures were removed, and gel applications were started. On the eighth day, blood samples were taken under anaesthesia. Haematological and biochemical analyses were performed from whole blood and serum samples. As a result of the statistical analysis, non-statistically significant decreases were determined in serum CRP, IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-α levels in the groups that were applied a mucoadhesive gel containing propolis. As a result, it was thought that mucoadhesive gel containing propolis might help treat periodontitis.
... The healing properties of propolis have been recognized by humans since ancient times, and currently, it is well known to possess a wide spectrum of biological and pharmacological activities: antimicrobial, antifungal, antioxidant, antiviral, hepatoprotective, etc. [10][11][12]. Its potential to improve human health through the prevention and treatment of various diseases, such as laryngological, dermatological, gastrointestinal and cardiovascular disorders and coronavirus disease (COVID- 19), was recently summarized [13]. ...
The present study aimed to analyze and compare the chemical profile and antioxidant capacity of propolis from different bee species and different regions. The chemical profiles of propolis from six stingless bee species (Tetragonula iridipennis, T. laeviceps, Lepidotrigona terminata, L. ventralis, Lisotrigona carpenteri and Homotrigona apicalis) collected from a total of eight locations in Vietnam were investigated by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). More than 70 compounds were identified, amongst which phenolic lipids (cardanols, resorcinols and anacardic acids), aromatic acids, triterpenes and xanthones. Taxonomic markers for Mangifera indica (phenolic lipids and cycloartane triterpenes) were detected in propolis from bees of the genera Tetragonula and Lepidotrigona, although in different amounts, whereas propolis from H. apicalis was characterized by triterpenes of the amyrine type, typical of dipterocarp trees. A clear discrimination between both groups was observed by principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares–discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). Propolis from Tetragonula and Lepidotrigona spp. and from Lisotrigona carpenteri, which is rich in xanthones, possesses higher radical scavenging and ferric-reducing capacity than that from H. apicalis. Propolis produced by all six stingless bee species in Vietnam was analyzed for the first time. In addition, this is the first report on L. carpenteri propolis.
... The Greeks used propolis as an antiseptic and in wound healing, while the Assyrians used it in wound and tumor treatments. Egyptians used propolis to mummify the dead [16,18]. Propolis in Greek "pro" means "in defense for" and "polis" means "city" [19]. ...
Candida species live as commensal in humans and cause candidiasis in the presence of some predisposing factors. They are the most common among systemic mycosis agents. Currently, existing drugs used in the treatment of Candida infections may develop resistance, especially azole group compounds, and may lead to serious side effects and problems that may occur in therapy. Therefore, alternative natural treatment methods with very low side effects or no side effects should be considered. Propolis is one of the most natural products which has been used as a natural drug in traditional medicine for the treatment of various diseases for thousands of years. Propolis is a sticky resinous substance collected and deposited by bees from plant buds, leaves, and stems. Propolis has a wide spectrum of biological activities such as antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antiparasitic, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and antioxidant. The compounds responsible for the biological activity of propolis are thought to be flavonoids, caffeic acid and esters, phenolic compounds, aromatic acid and esters. In this chapter, I aimed to investigate the antifungal activity of propolis against Candida species. Considering the safety, low cost, and usefulness of propolis, it should be considered as an alternative natural treatment method.
Natural rubber (NR) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) have emerged as promising materials for biomedical applications. By combining these polymers and employing bioactive agents to functionalize the surface of electrospun nonwoven mats, the biological response of the final material can be significantly enhanced. This study aimed to establish a methodology for producing NR and PVP electrospun nonwoven mats functionalized with propolis, with the goal of advancing their potential clinical applications and contributing to biomedical advancements. Chloroform was used to solubilize NR (15 mg.mL−1) and PVP (200 mg.mL−1), while different solvents were employed for propolis solubilization, with chloroform proving to retain the highest concentration of flavonoids. The propolis was then incorporated into the NR:PVP solution with a 50:50 wt% ratio, followed by electrospinning and subsequent characterization involving Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), contact angle measurements and cytotoxicity evaluations. FT-IR analysis confirmed successful chemical integration of the polymers with propolis. The functionalization of the surface with propolis had a discernible impact on the average fiber diameter and wettability properties of the mats, rendering them more hydrophilic compared to previous study data. Additionally, no significant cytotoxicity was observed in the evaluated samples. Thus, the developed methodology for fabricating NR:PVP electrospun nonwoven mats functionalized with propolis yielded promising results, positively influencing the surface characteristics of the mats. These finds encourage further research to explore their potential biomedical applications, such as wound dressings for the treatment of skin lesions.
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) mainly affects respiratory tracts including the trachea and lungs. As inflammation and cytokine storm are major pathological features in a Syrian hamster for SARS-CoV-2 infection, reducing inflammatory responses or antiviral therapy is an effective strategy for treating SARS-CoV-2 infections. Herbal medicines and natural substances are applied worldwide due to their health-beneficial effects. Although chemical and pharmacological verifications have not been made for all substances, the pharmacological effects of many substances are being studied. In this study, Boswellia serrata, Commiphora myrrha, and propolis known to have anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties were selected as candidates for therapeutic herbal medicine targeting SARS-CoV-2. When this herbal mixture was treated to SARS-CoV-2 infected Vero E6 and Calu-3 cells, effective antiviral effects were demonstrated. Next, this herbal mixture was administered to SARS-CoV-2-infected Syrian hamsters, and histopathological lesions were significantly reduced. Viral spike protein and viral enzyme gene were also significantly less detected in immunohistochemistry and quantitative real-time PCR results, respectively. Thus, it can be concluded that a mixture of Boswellia serrata, Commiphora myrrha, and propolis as natural substances has the potential to reduce lesions of respiratory tracts upon SARS-CoV-2 infection.
With the determination of the biological activity of different components in the chemistry of propolis, its importance has increased day by day and its use in the field of integrative medicine has become widespread. Propolis is not used in its crude form due to its physical properties, it have to be extracted. The type of solvent used in the extraction process is very important for the efficiency of the biological activity of propolis. Solvents commonly used in propolis extraction; are water, ethanol and methanol. Besides being very easy to extract propolis components using ethanol; extraction of propolis with ethanol creates a usage limit for children, pregnant women and muslim people that don't use alcohol. The limited use of ethanol and the fact that it has some harm to health have led researchers to search for different types of solvents. As a result of these researches, vegetable oils and various vinegars have started to be in the literature as an alternative solvent. In our study, the vinegar of hawthorn fruit, which is rich in flavonoids and has been used in integrative medicine for many years, was used in the extraction of propolis. Solubility of propolis with hawthorn vinegar, physicochemical properties (pH, titratable acidity, ºbrix and color) and bioactive properties (phenolic, flavonoid contents and antioxidant activities) in terms of researched. As a result of the research, it was observed that propolis increased the bioactive properties of hawthorn vinegar. As a result of the research, it was observed that propolis increased the bioactive properties of hawthorn vinegar. It is thought that propolisadded hawthorn vinegar will provide functionality in dishes where vinegar is used today, in salads, and even in foodstuffs such as brine and pickles.
Background: Propolis is known to have antioxidant, antiinflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral, immunostimulant and local anesthetic effects. The aim of the present study was to investigate the clinical and histomorphometric effects of propolis on the healing of excisional palatal wounds in rats. Materials and methods: Sixty male Wistar rats were used for the study. Six animals were sacrificed at beginning of the study as initial wound (0 day). The rats were divided into three groups: Propolis (P), Chlorhexidine (CHX) and Control (C). Subjects in all three groups were randomly selected to form nine subgroups of six rats each. Under anesthesia, circular excision wounds with a diameter of 3 mm were formed in the middle of the palate of the rats by punching. The mucoperiosteal part was removed with sharp dissection, and the area on the open bone surface was left to heal the secondary wound. Propolis was administered locally at a rate of 1 ml/day. The rats were sacrificed on days 7, 14, and 21, and pictures of the wound area were taken. Each photograph was transferred to a dedicated program to measure the defect area. Histological sections were taken and the presence of inflammatory cells, epithelialization, and degree of healing were assessed. Results: The average wound area between epithelial margins decreased significantly over time in all groups (p
The increase in health problems related to nutrition directs consumers to more
natural and healthy food additives. Sugars, organic acids, and aroma compounds
in honey are among the reasons why honey is preferred as a component in food
production. In addition to the unique chemical properties of honey, some physical properties
make it difficult to use honey as a component in the food industry. For example,
the increase in water activity during storage causes natural crystallization and a decrease
in the shelf life of honey. Honey powder, which is characterized by its long shelf life, is
an important alternative to liquid honey. Because dried honey can be directly consumed
in powder form; it can be applied as an additive to a variety of food products such as
drinks, yogurts, snacks, sauces, edible coatings, and dietary supplements. In the literature,
it is reported that powdered honey is used as a food additive in turkey meat, bread, cake,
cookie, and some beverages. In this section, general information about the conversion
of liquid honey to powder honey is given and studies on the use of honey powder as a
natural additive in foods are examined. The studies are presented by classifying them with
similar food groups.
Citation: Segueni, N.; Boutaghane, N.; Asma, S.T.; Tas, N.; Acaroz, U.; Arslan-Acaroz, D.; Shah, S.R.A.; Abdellatieff, H.A.; Akkal, S.; Peñalver, R.; et al. Review on Propolis Applications in Food Preservation and Active Packaging. Plants 2023, 12, 1654. https://doi. Abstract: Propolis is a natural hive product collected by honeybees from different plants and trees. The collected resins are then mixed with bee wax and secretions. Propolis has a long history of use in traditional and alternative medicine. Propolis possesses recognized antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. Both properties are characteristics of food preservatives. Moreover, most propolis components, in particular flavonoids and phenolic acids, are natural constituents of food. Several studies suggest that propolis could find use as a natural food preservative. This review is focused on the potential application of propolis in the antimicrobial and antioxidant preservation of food and its possible application as new, safe, natural, and multifunctional material in food packaging. In addition, the possible influence of propolis and its used extracts on the sensory properties of food is also discussed.
In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of pentoxifylline [PTX] and caffeic acid phenethyl ester [CAPE] in D-galactosamine [D-GAL]-induced pulmonary injury in rats. The rats were randomly divided into six groups: control, D-GAL, D-GAL+PTX, D-GAL+CAPE, PTX and CAPE. Each group included eight animals. Lung sections from the control, PTX and CAPE groups had a normal histological appearance. The D-GAL group showed histopathological changes in lung tissue, including haemorrhage, oedema, inter-alveolar septal thickening and widespread infiltration of inflammatory lymphocytes and macrophages. Administration of PTX and CAPE significantly reduced histopathological damage scores in the D-GAL+PTX and D-GAL+CAPE groups compared with the D-GAL group. PTX and CAPE treatment also significantly decreased malondialdehyde levels, increased levels of reduced GSH and increased catalase and superoxide dismutase activity in lung tissue samples. These results indicate that the destructive effects of D-GAL-induced inflammation in the rat lung are significantly reduced following administration of PTX and CAPE.
Unlabelled:
Propolis is a beehive product with great pharmacological potential, including antineoplastic activity.
Objective:
The aim of this study is to provide an actual understanding of the existent scientific information regarding the antiproliferative effect of propolis, proposed mechanisms of action, and challenges to meet.
Method:
An assessment of the scientific literature was attained using the PubMed and SciFinder platforms. Research papers, clinical trials, and reviews published between the years 2000 - 2021, were considered. The words "anticancer", "antitumor", "antiproliferative" and "propolis" were used in the search criteria.
Conclusion:
A summary of several antiproliferative activities of different types of propolis is exposed. The potential health benefits of propolis are discussed. The variable plant origin of propolis partially accounts for its anti-cancer activities. Even when some mechanisms of action of propolis have been proposed, much of the genesis of how this effect is produced is yet to be answered, including several molecular mechanisms in different biological systems.
Nowadays, there is a lot of public and scientific interest in the use of phytochemicals in the treatment of human ailments. Existing cancer medicines still run across obstacles, despite significant advancements in the field. For instance, chemotherapy may result in severe adverse effects, increased drug resistance, and treatment failure. Natural substances that are phytochemically derived provide innovative approaches as potent therapeutic molecules for the treatment of cancer. Bioactive natural compounds may enhance chemotherapy for cancer by increasing the sensitivity of cancer cells to medicines. Propolis has been found to interfere with the viability of cancer cells, among other phytochemicals. Of all the components that make up propolis, caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) (a flavonoid) has been the subject of the most research. It demonstrates a broad spectrum of therapeutic uses, including antitumor, antimicrobial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, and cardioprotective effects. Studies conducted both in vitro and in vivo have demonstrated that CAPE specifically targets genes involved in cell death, cell cycle regulation, angiogenesis, and metastasis. By altering specific signaling cascades, such as the NF-κB signaling pathway, CAPE is able to limit the proliferation of human cancer cells. This review highlights the research findings demonstrating the anticancer potential of CAPE with a focus on multitargeted molecular and biological implications in various cancer model.
Me olemme kaikki tarinan arvoisia, mutta erityisen tärkeä on sellainen tarina, joka koskettaa monia, tuttuja ja tuntemattomia. Tässä kirjassa saamme kuulla Antti Oinaksen tarinan. Terveystoimittaja Christer Sundqvist on kirjannut muistiin Antin tarinan ja kuljettaa meitä kirjan sivuilla sellaista terveyspolkua pitkin, joka vie terveyttä kohti. Terveyspolku vie meidät positiivisuuden kautta emäksiseen laaksoon, jossa vehreys ja erityisesti koivun antimet tuovat meille elinvoimaa. Sokeria tällä polulla ei ole tarjolla, mutta makeaa on havaita hapen parantava teho. Liikunta on lääke ja lukuisat apuaineet, -menetelmät sekä -laitteet pitävät meidät tarvittaessa kaidalla polulla koko elämän. Vakavasti sairastuneen on syytä ottaa selvää sairaudestaan niin, että hänestä tulee oman sairautensa huippuasiantuntija. Lukuisissa lempeissä keskusteluissa terveydenhoidon ammattilaisten kanssa Antti luo pohjan sille, että terveyspolulla voidaan kiitollisena ottaa vastaan koululääketieteen tarjoama paras mahdollinen apu. Kulman takana saattaa odottaa tieteellinen läpimurto.
Propolis is a mass of chemically diverse phytoconstituents with gummy textures that are naturally produced by honeybees upon collection of plant resins for utilization in various life processes in beehives. Since ancient times, propolis has been a unique traditional remedy globally utilized for several purposes, and it has secured value in pharmaceutical and nutraceutical areas in recent years. The chemical composition of propolis comprises diverse constituents and deviations in the precise composition of the honeybee species, plant source used for propolis production by bees, climate conditions and harvesting season. Over 300 molecular structures have been discovered from propolis, and important classes include phenolic acids, flavonoids, terpenoids, benzofurans, benzopyrene and chalcones. Propolis has also been reported to have diverse pharmacological activities, such as antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, immunomodulatory, antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, and anticaries. As chronic diseases have risen as a global health threat, abundant research has been conducted to track propolis and its constituents as alternative therapies for chronic diseases. Several clinical trials have also revealed the potency of propolis and its constituents for preventing and curing some chronic diseases. This review explores the beneficial effect of propolis and its active constituents with credible mechanisms and computational studies on chronic diseases.
Propolis contains substances with antibacterial, antiviral, antioxidant, and immune-stimulatory action and is used in the defense of the colony against microorganisms and parasites. The present study is a systematic review of the use of propolis in bee health and in prevention against the main bee pathogens. A search was performed in databases from 01/01/2009 to 30/04/2020. After applying the criteria, 23 articles were included in the review that investigated the use of propolis to prevent the ectoparasite Varroa destructor, the microsporidium Nosema ceranae, the bacterium Paenibacillus larvae, and the fungus Ascosphaera apis. Of these, nine manuscripts reported the bactericidal effect of propolis against P. larvae (39.13%), and two of these studies simultaneously investigated the fungus A. apis. In total, eight were conducted in vitro and one in the field. Six articles related propolis to acaricidal effect in combating the parasite V. destructor (26.08%), four of which were in vitro and two field experiments. Five studies related propolis to combat the microsporidium N. ceranae (21.73%), all of which were carried out in vitro. Two articles were found (one in vitro and the other in the field) that generically related the importance of the physicochemical composition of propolis to bee immunology and defense against its main pathogens. One study investigated the fungal effect of propolis on the pathogen A. apis in a field experiment. In conclusion, scientific production on this subject is sparse, warranting further research in the field to examine the effects of propolis on bee health.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of adding different concentrations of crude propolis powder and aqueous extract to improve some qualitative characteristics of ground beef stored in different freezing periods. The study included five different treatments control include adding of 1.5 and 3% crude powder, 1% and 0.5% aqueous extract respectively. 10 kg of veal trimmed from external fat and minced twice to ensure an equal distribution of the components, then divided into five portions, 2 kg each. Portions treated with propolis according to the mentioned treatments. Treatment's meat stored for 1, 10, 20 and 30 days then some physical and chemical tests were performed. Results showed an improvement in meat physical and chemical properties for the crude propolis powder and aqueous extract adding treatments compared with control treatment and for all storage periods. There was a decrease in moisture, thiobarbituric acid and cholesterol, while the protein, ether extract, ash, pH, myoglobin and water holding capacity increased. The crude propolis powder and aqueous extract different concentration adding treatments varied from each other in the amount of improvement in the aforementioned traits. The use of crude powder and aqueous extract of propolis with ground beef showed an improvement in physical and chemical properties that were measured with the progression of freeze storage period.
Potential protective effects of ethanolic extract of Cuban red propolis against toxicity induced by allyl alcohol in mice was investigated. Propolis at doses of 25, 50 and 100 mg/i.p. significantly decreased the activity of alanine amino transferase (EC 2.6.1.2) in serum and the levels of mal-ondialdehyde in mouse liver after induction with a dose of 64 mg/kg of allyl alcohol. However, propolis did not increase the concentration of reduced glutathione in mouse liver which is depleted by allyl alcohol. Propolis also reduced liver damage induced by allyl alcohol in mice. This effect was observed by electron microscopy. The hepatoprotective effects of propolis were dose-dependent and they were produced when propolis was administered 30 min before allyl alcohol administration. It is indicated that the ethanolic extract of red propolis exerts potential hepatoprotective effects in this experimental model which is probably caused by antioxidative properties (e.g. scavenging action against oxygen radicals) of this extract.
New information published since 1995 about propolis constituents is reviewed. The available information on the biological action of new found components is presented. Recent publications are reviewed on propolis of native South American stingless bees. The plant sources of bee glue are discussed, taking into consideration data based on reliable chemical evidence including comparisons between propolis samples and plant material. Some aspects of the chemical standardization of propolis are discussed.
As part of our previous search for new compounds with improved biological activities including antibiotic, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and tumor growth inhibition activities, we synthesized some caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE)-like compounds from commercially available caffeic acid. Nine chemicals were tested by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay on the growth of buccal mucosal fibroblast (BF), oral submucosus fibroblast (OSF), neck metastasis of Gingiva carcinoma (GNM), and tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCCa) cells. CAPE and its ethyl analogue show significant cytotoxicity on OSF, GNM, and TSCCa cells, but not on BF cells. The results suggest that CAPE-like compounds may be potential chemotherapy agents against oral cancer.
Celastrus paniculatus L. (Celastraceae) (CP), Picrorhiza kurroa L. (Scrophulariaceae) (PK) and Withania somnifera L. (Solanaceae) (WS) are Indian medicinal plants having a remarkable reputation, as a factor of health care, among the indigenous medical practitioners. The plants exhibit varying degrees of therapeutic value some of which useful in the treatment of cognitive dysfunction, epilepsy, insomnia, rheumatism, gout, dyspepsia. In this work, we have investigated the free radical scavenging capacity of methanolic extracts from CP, PK, WS and the effect on DNA cleavage induced by H2O2 UV-photholysis. In addition, we investigated whether these plant extracts are capable of reducing the hydrogen peroxide-induced cytotoxicity and DNA damage in human non-immortalized fibroblasts. These extracts showed a dose-dependent free radical scavenging capacity and a protective effect on DNA cleavage; methanolic extracts from PK was more active than extracts from CP and WS. These results were confirmed by a significant protective effect on H2O2-induced cytoxicity and DNA damage in human non-immortalized fibroblasts. These antioxidant effects of active principle of CP, PK and WS may explain, at least in part, the reported anti-stress, immunomodulatory, cognition-facilitating, anti-inflammatory and antiaging effects produced by them in experimental animal and in clinical situations and may justify the further investigation of their other beneficial biological properties.
Some commercial extracts of propolis obtained with different solvents were tested to evaluate their antibacterial and antifungal activity. All propolis preparations exhibited antimicrobial activity, particularly against Gram-positive bacteria, yeasts and dermatophytes with zones of inhibition ranging from 3 to 30 mm. Against yeasts and dermatophytes, oil, ethanol and propylene glycol solutions showed an inhibition for more 2 weeks, while the glycerine solution maintained inhibition only for some days. The results indicate that the solvent employed for the extraction may enhance the potency of the antimicrobial activity of propolis. Consistency in the properties and characteristics of propolis were related to the formulation of extraction procedures.
The effects of an ethanolic extract of Cuban red propolis were examined using the model of acute hepatotoxicity induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCL4) in rats. Propolis extract at doses of 5, 10 and 25 mg/kg i.p. decreased significantly the activity of alanine aminotransferase and the concentration of malondialdehyde in rat serum as well as the concentration of triglycerides in liver which were increased in CCI4-treated animals. An ethanol extract of red propolis also reduced liver damage induced by CCI4 in rats. This effect was observed by electron microscopy. According to our results it is concluded that ethanolic extract of red propolis exerts hepatoprotective effects in this experimental model which are probably caused by antioxidative properties (e.g. scavenging action against oxygen radicals) of this extract.
Artificially induced bone tissue losses after the application of ethanol extract of propolis (EEP) showed an accelerated rate of ossification. The osteogenetic process was just about half as long as in the control group.
Dressing of artificially formed losses of the cartilaginous tissue with the preparation containing ethanol extract of propolis (EEP) caused acceleration of regenerating processes in the lesioned cartilage. EEP inserted into the joint is well tolerated.
The efficacy of the water-soluble derivative (WSD) of natural propolis (bee glue) was examined for augmentation of host resistance against experimental infections caused by Gram-negative pathogens (Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus vulgaris, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa). The substance was found to induce significant non-specific protection, but did not inhibit the in vitro growth of the same strains. Pretreatment with WSD prior to the standard scheme for tumour necrosis factor (TNF) induction (BCG and two weeks later lipopolysaccharide (LPS)) provoked an interval-dependent reduction in the lytic capacity of serum against L 929 target cells. The replacement of the triggering or priming signal with WSD markedly increased TNF production. In vivo administration of WSD led to a rapid and route-dependent change in the alternative complement pathway haemolysis. The alteration in C1q complement component and total protein synthesis, and also in nitroblue tetrazolium reduction, suggests that macrophage activation makes a major contribution to the capacity of WSD to prevent infections.
The antiviral activity of six synthetic substances, esters of substituted cinnamic acids, identical with or analogous to some of the constituents of the Et2O fraction of propolis was studied in vitro. One of them, isopentyl ferulate, inhibited significantly the infectious activity of influenza virus A/Hong Kong (H3N2) in vitro and the production of hemagglutinins in ovo. By the use of diverse experimental patterns, it was found that the maximal inhibition of viral reproduction was observed when test substances were present in the medium during the whole infectious process.
Propolis bee preparations revealed good antibacterial (particularly against Gram-positive bacteria), antifungal (against those responsible for superficial and dermatomycoses) and antiinflammatory (against acute and chronic models of inflammation) effects but no antiamoebic or antipyretic capacity.
The clinic evaluation of the canadian pharmacologic agent "propolis" verified its value known from the literature in common cold infections. 50 persons were treated in ENT Clinic of Marcinkowski's Medical Academy in Poznań during the 1987 year. The observed therapeutic effects were shortening of the disease duration. The regression of symptoms occurred in the first day of the therapy and the complete recovery followed in 1 day in 5 patients, in 2 day in 16, and in 3 day in 3. The placebo group has his full recovery in mean 4.80 days. In the therapeutic group the symptoms lasted 2.5 time shorter than in placebo one.
Microcalorimetric and electron microscopic studies on the mode of the antibacterial action of propolis were performed on Streptococcus agalactiae. It was shown that propolis inhibits bacterial growth by preventing cell division, thus resulting in the formation of pseudo-multicellular streptococci. In addition, propolis disorganized the cytoplasm, the cytoplasmic membrane, and the cell wall, caused a partial bacteriolysis, and inhibited protein synthesis. It was evident that the mechanism of action of propolis on bacterial cells is complex and a simple analogy cannot be made to the mode of action of any classic antibiotics.
The ethanolic extracts of two types of cuban propolis (R and P) showed a similar manner of scavenging action against different species of oxygen radicals which were generated by specific chemical reactions. Chemiluminescence produced by superoxide generated from the xanthine-xanthine oxidase reaction was 50% inhibited by approximately 5 micrograms/ml of propolis R and 9.5 micrograms/ml of propolis P and by catechin (0.15 micrograms/ml) and superoxide dismutase (72 ng/ml). Alkoxy radical scavenging effect was similar to that produced by 0.11 micrograms/ml of alpha-tocopherol: inhibition of chemiluminescence by 50% was caused by approximately 0.6 micrograms/ml of both propolis preparations. The results indicate that the antioxidative properties of both propolis could be attributed to their free radical scavenging activity against alkoxy radicals and to a lesser degree against superoxide.
Ethanolic extract of propolis (EEP), known to possess marked antibacterial activity, was incubated with 8 different common antibiotics in culture medium containing a fixed amount of a standard strain of Staphylococcus aureus. The antibiotic compounds used were: penicillin G, doxycycline, streptomycin, cloxacillin, chloramphenicol, cefradine, ampicillin and polymyxin B. They were used in varying levels, ranging between 0.000005-125.0 micrograms/ml or units, resp. Firstly, their minimal inhibitory concentrations were established in the absence of EEP, than EEP was added in concentrations up to 600 micrograms/ml. EEP had a marked synergistic effect on the antibacterial activity of streptomycin and cloxacillin, and a moderate synergistic effect on the others, except ampicillin.
Cigarette smoking and abnormal serum cholesterol concentrations are risk factors for acute coronary syndromes, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. We studied whether cigarette smoking and abnormal cholesterol values may precipitate acute coronary thrombosis and sudden death resulting from either rupture of vulnerable coronary plaques or erosion of plaques.
We examined the hearts of 113 men with coronary disease who had died suddenly and also analyzed their coronary risk factors. We found an acute coronary thrombus in each of 59 men, and severe narrowing of the coronary artery by an atherosclerotic plaque without acute thrombosis (stable plaque) in 54. Cases of acute thrombosis were divided into two groups: 41 resulting from rupture of a vulnerable plaque (a thin fibrous cap overlying a lipid-rich core), and 18 resulting from the erosion of a fibrous plaque rich in smooth-muscle cells and proteoglycans. Vulnerable plaques that had not ruptured were counted in each heart.
Cigarette smoking was a risk factor in 44 (75 percent) of the men with acute thrombosis, as compared with 22 (41 percent) of the men with stable plaques (P<0.001). The mean (+/-SD) ratio of serum total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol was markedly elevated in the men who died of acute thrombosis with plaque rupture (mean, 8.5+/-4.0) but only mildly elevated in the men without acute thrombosis (5.5+/-2.4; P<0.001) and in the men with thrombi overlying eroded plaques (5.0+/-1.8; P<0.001). Multivariate analysis showed an association between an elevated ratio of serum total cholesterol to HDL cholesterol and the presence of vulnerable plaques (P<0.001).
Among men with coronary disease who die suddenly, abnormal serum cholesterol concentrations - particularly elevated ratios of total cholesterol to HDL cholesterol - predispose patients to rupture of vulnerable plaques, whereas cigarette smoking predisposes patients to acute thrombosis.
The EtOAc-soluble fraction of the MeOH extract of propolis afforded a new prenylated chromane derivative, 3-hydroxy-2, 2-dimethyl-8-prenylchromane-6-propenoic acid (1), along with 22 known compounds, 2-23. Of the known compounds, 4, 7, 12-19, and 22 were isolated for the first time from propolis, and the absolute configuration of 23 was established as (2S,3R). Investigation suggested that Baccharis spp. are a significant source of tropical Brazilian propolis, in addition to Clusia minor, Clusia major, and Araucaria heterophylla. All the compounds were tested for their cytotoxicity toward human HT-1080 fibrosarcoma and murine colon 26-L5 carcinoma cells. Among these compounds, 9 and 19-21 showed potent cytotoxicity, having ED50 values equal to or less than 10 microg/mL.
Artepillin C was extracted from Brazilian propolis. Artepillin C (3,5-diprenyl-4-hydroxycinnamic acid) has a molecular weight of 300.40 and possesses antibacterial activity. When artepillin C was applied to human and murine malignant tumor cells in vitro and in vivo, artepillin C exhibited a cytotoxic effect and the growth of tumor cells was clearly inhibited. The artepillin C was found to cause significant damage to solid tumor and leukemic cells by the MTT assay, DNA synthesis assay, and morphological observation in vitro. When xenografts of human tumor cells were transplanted into nude mice, the cytotoxic effects of artepillin C were most noticeable in carcinoma and malignant melanoma. Apoptosis, abortive mitosis, and massive necrosis combined were identified by histological observation after intratumor injection of 500 microg of artepillin C three times a week. In addition to suppression of tumor growth, there was an increase in the ratio of CD4/CD8 T cells, and in the total number of helper T cells. These findings indicate that artepillin C activates the immune system, and possesses direct antitumor activity.
Oxygen-derived free radicals have been implicated in the pathogenesis of spinal cord neuronal injury after both trauma and ischemia-reperfusion. Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), an active component of propolis extract, exhibits antioxidant properties. This experimental study was designed to determine the effect of CAPE on ischemia-reperfusion of spinal cord in rabbits.
Forty-one New Zealand white rabbits were used in the study. The animals undergone aortic occlusion were divided into three groups each consisting of 11 rabbits: methylprednisolone (MP), CAPE, and control. CAPE 10 micromol/kg, methyl prednisolone (MP) 30 mg/kg or similar dose saline were injected intraperitoneally before surgical intervention. Animals were subjected to 21 min of cross-clamp time. At the end of occlusion time, the clamps were removed and restoration of the blood flow was verified visually. Animals in sham group (n = 8) underwent a surgical procedure similar to the other groups but the aorta was not occluded. Neurological status was scored by assessment of hindlimb motor function deficit.
The scores in CAPE group was different from control groups at 48 h (3.91+/-0.5 vs. 2.91+/-0.7; P = 0.0013). Spinal cord specimens were obtained to determine the tissue levels of malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and histological changes. Malondialdehyde levels in control group were increased significantly when compared to sham group (124.22+/-24.36 and 41.92+/-10.08 nmol/g wet tissue, P = 0.0003). MDA levels in the CAPE group were lower than MP group and differences between the two groups were statistically significant (56.77+/-15.265 and 107.74+/-19.31 nmol/g wet tissue, P = 0.0001). We did not observe additional tissue injury in CAPE group when compared to control group. SOD and CAT activities were not concordant in all the groups.
These results suggest that CAPE may be an available agent to protect the spinal cord from ischemia-reperfusion injury.
Arnica and propolis have been used for thousands of years in folk medicine for several purposes. They possess several biological activities such as anti-inflammatory, antifungal, antiviral and tissue regenerative, among others. Although the antibacterial activity of propolis has already been demonstrated, very few studies have been done on bacteria of clinical relevance in dentistry. Also, the antimicrobial activity of Arnica has not been extensively investigated. Therefore the aim here was to evaluate in vitro the antimicrobial activity, inhibition of adherence of mutans streptococci and inhibition of formation of water-insoluble glucan by Arnica and propolis extracts. Arnica montana (10%, w/v) and propolis (10%, w/v) extracts from Minas Gerais State were compared with controls. Fifteen microorganisms were used as follows: Candida albicans--NTCC 3736, F72; Staphylococcus aureus--ATCC 25923; Enterococcus faecalis--ATCC 29212; Streptococcus sobrinus 6715; Strep. sanguis--ATCC 10556; Strep. cricetus--HS-6; Strep. mutans--Ingbritt 1600; Strep. mutans--OMZ 175; Actinomyces naeslundii--ATCC 12104, W 1053; Act. viscosus OMZ 105; Porphyromonas gingivalis; Porph. endodontalis and Prevotella denticola (the last three were clinical isolates). Antimicrobial activity was determined by the agar diffusion method and the zones of growth inhibition were measured. To assess cell adherence to a glass surface, the organisms were grown for 18 h at 37 degrees C in test-tubes at a 30 degree angle. To assay water-insoluble glucan formation, a mixture of crude glucosyltransferase and 0.125 M sucrose was incubated for 18 h at 37 degrees C in test-tubes at a 30 degree angle. Arnica and propolis extracts (20 microl) were added to these tubes to evaluate the % of inhibition of cell adherence and water-insoluble glucan formation. The propolis extract significantly inhibited all the microorganisms tested (p < 0.05), showing the largest inhibitory zone for Actinomyces spp. The Arnica extract did not demonstrate significant antimicrobial activity. Cell adherence and water-insoluble glucan formation were almost completely inhibited by the propolis extract at a final concentration of 400 microg/ml and 500 microg/ml, respectively. The Arnica extract showed slight inhibition of the adherence of the growing cells (19% for Strep. mutans and 15% for Strep. sobrinus) and of water-insoluble glucan formation (29%) at these same concentrations. Thus, the propolis extract showed in vitro antibacterial activity, inhibition of cell adherence and inhibition of water-insoluble glucan formation, while the Arnica extract was only slightly active in those three conditions.
Unlabelled:
Ninety men and women with recurrent genital HSV type 2 participated in a randomized, single-blind, masked investigator, controlled multi-centre study comparing the efficacy of ointment of Canadian propolis containing natural flavonoids with ointments of acyclovir and placebo (vehicle) on healing ability and capacity to remedy symptoms. Thirty individuals were randomized to each group. Treatment was intended to start in the blister phase. All participants had HSV type 2 isolated, confirmed by serum immunoglobulin levels. The participants were examined on the 3rd, 7th and 10th days of treatment by gynaecologists, dermatovenerologists or urologists at seven different medical centres. Apart from clinical symptoms the number and size of the herpetic lesions were noted. At each examination the lesions were classified into four stages: vesicular, ulcerated, crusted and healed. The study ointments were applied to affected areas four times daily. In women with vaginal or cervical lesions a tampon with the appropriate ointment was inserted four times daily for 10 days. Endpoint variables were healing time and time until loss of symptoms.
Results:
On Day 10, 24 out of 30 individuals in the propolis group had healed. In the acyclovir group 14 out of 30 and in the placebo group 12 out of 30 had healed. (p = 0.0015). The healing process appeared to be faster in the propolis group. In the propolis group 15 individuals had crusted lesions on Day 3 compared to 8 individuals in the acyclovir group and none in the placebo group (p = 0.0006). On Day 7, 10 participants in the propolis group, 4 in the acyclovir group and 3 in the placebo group had healed. At the initial examination all patients had local symptoms and 28% general symptoms. At Day 3, 3 patients in the propolis group had local symptoms compared to 8 and 9 in the acyclovir and placebo groups respectively. Of the women, 66% had vaginal superinfections of microbial pathogens at the initial examination. In the acyclovir and placebo groups no change in the vaginal flora was found following treatment whereas in the propolis group the incidence of superinfection was reduced by 55%. (p = 0.10 n.s.).
Conclusion:
An ointment containing flavonoids appeared to be more effective than both acyclovir and placebo ointments in healing genital herpetic lesions, and in reducing local symptoms.
Antiapoptotische Effekte von Propolisextrakt und Propol auf die durch minimal-modifiziertes Low Density Lipoprotein induzierte Apoptose in humanen Makrophagen
Ein wäßriger Extrakt von Propolis und des phenolischen Inhaltsstoffs Propol wurden auf antioxidative und antiapoptotische Eigenschaften untersucht. Der wäßrige Extrakt und Propol inhibierten die Cu²⁺-vermittelte Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL)-Oxidation, was sich über eine Verlängerung der lag-time manifestierte, reduzierten die oxidationsbedingte Zunahme der relativen Mobilität in der Elektrophorese und verringerten die durch minimal modifiziertes LDL (mmLDL) in Humanmakrophagen ausgelöste Apoptose. Darüber hinaus wurde sowohl durch den wäßrigen Extrakt als auch durch Propol die durch mmLDL verursachte Reduktion der Glutathionkonzentration und die Aktivierung des Transkriptionsfaktors NF-kB verhindert. Das phenolische Antioxidans Propol verbessert auf diese Weise die Fähigkeit von Zellen, oxidativen Stress zu kompensieren und Apoptose zu verhindern: es sollte deshalb einen deutlichen Anteil an den Propolis zugeschriebenen antioxidativen und anti-inflammatorischen Eigenschaften haben.
Propolis is a resinous hive product collected by honeybees from various plant sources. The composition of the propolis depends upon the time, vegetation and the area of collection. Thus, quality evaluation of the propolis is important, before use in food and beverages. For this propose three different biological activities were carried out, i.e. 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity, cytotoxicity and hepatoprotective activity, of MeOH and water extracts of nine different propolis from Brazil, Peru, the Netherlands and China. The results showed that water extracts of six Brazilian and a Chinese propolis possessed stronger DPPH free radical scavenging activity than the corresponding MeOH extract, whereas in the case of Netherlands and Peruvian propolis MeOH extract exhibited stronger DPPH free radical scavenging activity. The MeOH extracts of all propolis possessed stronger cytotoxicity than the corresponding water extract towards murine colon 26-L5 carcinoma and human HT-1080 fibrosarcoma cells. The result of hepatoprotective activity of Brazilian propolis on D-galactosamine (D-GalN)/tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)-induced cell death in primary cultured mouse hepatocytes were found in accordance with the grade set up by beekeepers in Brazil.
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