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Adhesive bonding of titanium-aluminum-nobium alloy with nine surface preparations and three self-curing resins
Abstract
The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the adhesive performance of metal conditioners when used for bonding between auto-polymerizing methacrylic resins and a titanium alloy. Disk specimens were cast from a titanium-aluminum-niobium (Ti-6Al-7Nb) alloy, air-abraded with alumina, and bonded with 24 combinations of eight metal conditioners (Acryl Bond, ACB; All-Bond 2 Primer B, ABB; Alloy Primer, ALP; Cesead II Opaque Primer, COP; Metafast Bonding Liner, MBL; Metal Primer II, MPII; MR Bond, MRB; Super-Bond liquid, SBL) and three autopolymerizing methacrylic resins (Repairsin, RE; Super-Bond C & B, SB; Tokuso Rebase; TR). Unprimed specimens were used as controls. Shear bond strengths were determined both before and after thermocycling (4-60 degrees C, 20, 000 cycles). The ALP-SB group recorded the greatest post-thermocycling bond strength (21.8 MPa) followed by the COP-SB group (17.8 MPa) and the MPII-SB group. The post-thermocycling bond strengths of the unprimed-SB group and the ALP-RE group were statistically comparable. No significant differences were found among the nine TR resin groups, and these groups showed the lowest bond strength. In conclusion, the use of one of the three conditioners (ALP, COP, and MPII) in combination with the SB resin is recommended for bonding the Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy.
... Current bonding methods include mechanical retention 10) and surface modification of prostheses, but one of the most effective methods is the application of functional adhesive monomers to the adherend surface. Many reports have been published on bonding to titanium [11][12][13][14][15][16][17] and Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy 16,[18][19][20][21][22][23][24] , and the effectiveness of acidic functional monomers on base metal alloy has become apparent 25) . The bonding strength of titanium has been evaluated using primers containing carboxylic monomers 13) and hydrophobic phosphates [11][12][13][14][15][16] . ...
... Specifically, EOP-and ALP-priming agents containing 10-methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate (MDP) monomers demonstrated good bonding durability (category A-a). This result agrees with previous studies, although the types of luting materials, titanium alloys, primers, and experimental conditions were not identical [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][19][20][21][22][23] . Tsuchimoto et al. reported the effectiveness of MDP monomer on the adhesion of pure titanium. ...
... However, the bond strength obtained by applying carboxylic or phosphonoacetate monomers was low (categories A-b, A-c). These results are consistent with those of previous studies 16,20) . The failure analysis revealed similar trends. ...
This study evaluated the effect of luting system with acidic primers on the durability of bonds with Ti-15Mo-5Zr-3Al titanium alloy (Ti-15Mo-5Zr-3Al) and its component metals. Adherend metals were Ti-15Mo-5Zr-3Al, Ti, Mo, Zr, and Al. Four primers were evaluated as adhesion promoters: Alloy Primer (ALP), Estenia Opaque Primer (EOP), M. L. Primer (MLP), and Super Bond liquid (SBL). An acrylic resin was used as the luting material. Pre- and post-thermocycling shear bond strength was determined to evaluate the bonding durability, and the results were compared using non-parametric statistical analyses (n=11/group). The post-thermocycling bond strength in MPa (median) associated with ALP, EOP, MLP, and SBL were 18.8, 19.8, 4.1, and 0.8, respectively, for Ti-15Mo-5Zr-3Al. The results showed that two primers containing 10-methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate (MDP) were effective for the durability of bonding of Ti-15Mo-5Zr-3Al to the resin. MDP enhanced the bonding durability of the resin bonded to either Ti, Zr, or Al.
... 37 However, only limited information is available concerning the retention of contemporary bonding systems to Ti-6Al-7Nb. 38,39 The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the push-out retention of contemporary resin bonding systems (with and without metal primers) to Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy and its retention after a storage time of up to 150 days with thermal cycling (TC) and to compare it with the welded joint stability of laser welding. The null hypotheses to be tested were the bonded resin push-out retention to the Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy is not influenced by the use of metal primers and different storage conditions (thermal cycling) and that the resin push-out retention to Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy is equivalent to the joint stability of laser welding. ...
... However, a study which evaluated the adhesive performance of Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy bonded with combinations of 9 surface preparations and 3 acrylic resins showed that Superbond can provide a significantly different bond strength, depending upon the applied primer and particularly after thermal cycling. 38 Considering these results, the current study used alloy primer (AP). 38 However, in contrast to the previous study, 38 the current results demonstrated that the primer application had no statistically significant effect on the push-out retention values regardless of thermal cycling. ...
... 38 Considering these results, the current study used alloy primer (AP). 38 However, in contrast to the previous study, 38 the current results demonstrated that the primer application had no statistically significant effect on the push-out retention values regardless of thermal cycling. A possible explanation might be that push-out retention has not been entirely dependent on the chemical bond to the metal surface but also on the mechanical properties of the bonded resin material itself, for example, micromechanical interlocking. ...
Statement of problem:
Conical abutments can be laser welded to the abutment base to compensate for differing implant axes. As laser welding requires expensive equipment, alternative methods for bonding the conical abutment part with the abutment base should be considered.
Purpose:
The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the retention of Ti-6Al-7Nb copings bonded adhesively to Ti-6Al-7Nb abutments and to compare it with the stability achieved by laser welding.
Material and methods:
A total of 104 two-part Ti-6Al-7Nb specimens were prepared and divided into 13 groups with 8 specimens each. In this 2-part study, 3 luting resins (Panavia F 2.0 [PF]; Multilink Automix [MA]; Superbond C&B [SB]) were used with or without metal priming (PR). The laser welding group (LW) served as the control. After storage for 1 or 150 days (150 days with thermal cycling [TC]), push-out retention and welded joint stability were tested. The data were analyzed with ANOVA and the Tukey HSD multiple comparison tests.
Results:
The choice of resin, thermal cycling, and metal priming had a significant effect on resin push-out retention. LW provided the strongest retention, followed by PF, MA, and SB. For PF and SB, TC decreased retention. PR did not lead to higher retention but provided better bonding stability when TC was applied.
Conclusions:
The retention values suggest that considering the maximum mastication forces, resin retention is an appropriate substitute for the laser welding method.
... The strength of bonding to titanium has been evaluated extensively with the use of etchants, 1,7,18,37 mechanical retention, 6 surface modification systems, 2,10,14,20,31,40 carboxylic monomers, 3,18,27,41 and a hydrophobic phosphate. 5,9,17,36,41 In addition, bonding to titaniumaluminum-vanadium (Ti-6Al-4V) alloy 8,28,30 and titaniumaluminum-niobium (Ti-6Al-7Nb) alloy 12,13,16,32,33,35,38,39 has been evaluated for the applicability of these alloys to both fixed 26 and removable dentures. 15,22,23 Application of either a tribochemical surface modification or a phosphate metal priming agent effectively enhances the bonding between an indirect composite and Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy. ...
... 15,22,23 Application of either a tribochemical surface modification or a phosphate metal priming agent effectively enhances the bonding between an indirect composite and Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy. 33,38 Surface modification systems and acidic primers are also useful for bonding Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy to denture base resins, 32,35 repair resin, 39 relining resin, 39 and luting materials. 13,16,39 Although a number of published studies have investigated the adhesive bonding of titanium and titanium alloys, only a limited number have looked at the bonding characteristics of titanium alloys and their component metals. ...
... 15,22,23 Application of either a tribochemical surface modification or a phosphate metal priming agent effectively enhances the bonding between an indirect composite and Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy. 33,38 Surface modification systems and acidic primers are also useful for bonding Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy to denture base resins, 32,35 repair resin, 39 relining resin, 39 and luting materials. 13,16,39 Although a number of published studies have investigated the adhesive bonding of titanium and titanium alloys, only a limited number have looked at the bonding characteristics of titanium alloys and their component metals. ...
To evaluate the effects of acidic functional monomers on the bond strength and durability of an acrylic resin joined to Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy and component metals.
Disk specimens of two different sizes (10 and 8 mm in diameter and 2.5 mm in thickness) were prepared from uncast Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy, titanium, aluminum, and niobium. The specimens were ground with abrasive paper and divided into 8 groups: unprimed control, primed with Acryl Bond, Alloy Primer, All Bond II Primer B, Estenia Opaque Primer, M.L. Primer, MR. Bond, and Super-Bond Liquid. The disks were bonded with tri-n-butylborane (TBB)-initiated acrylic resin, and shear bond strengths were determined both before and after thermocycling.
The Alloy Primer and Estenia Opaque Primer agents, which contain a hydrophobic phosphate monomer (MDP), and Super-Bond Liquid demonstrated a durable bond with Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy. MDP was also effective in bonding Ti, Al, and Nb.
The two primers containing MDP were effective for treating Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy and Ti. Al and Nb showed bonding behavior similar to Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy and Ti when the two metals were treated with acidic primers and bonded with the TBB-initiated acrylic resin.
... [4][5][6][7] Metal primers are used to create a strong bond between metal and resin-based materials. [8][9][10][11] It is known that metal primers contain active monomers that promote chemical bonding between the cement and the oxides present on the metal surface. [12][13][14][15] Metal primers containing MDP (10-methacryloyloxydecryl dihydrogen phosphate), [16][17][18][19] MEPS (thiophosphate methacryloyloxyalkyl) derivatives, 11,17,19 or 4-META (4-methacryloyloxyethyl trimellitate anhydride) 20,21 are reported to yield high bond strengths between resinbased materials and base metal alloys. ...
... [8][9][10][11] It is known that metal primers contain active monomers that promote chemical bonding between the cement and the oxides present on the metal surface. [12][13][14][15] Metal primers containing MDP (10-methacryloyloxydecryl dihydrogen phosphate), [16][17][18][19] MEPS (thiophosphate methacryloyloxyalkyl) derivatives, 11,17,19 or 4-META (4-methacryloyloxyethyl trimellitate anhydride) 20,21 are reported to yield high bond strengths between resinbased materials and base metal alloys. ...
... These studies 7,24,25 were encouraged by the attractive biologic, physical, chemical, and mechanical properties of titanium, 26,27 as well as the poor bonding between cast titanium and composite resin materials. 11,[27][28][29] Another important point is that these materials are used in the oral cavity and are subject to the actions of humidity and temperature variations, which may influence the durability of resin bonding to metal surfaces. 21,30,31 The purpose of this study was to eval-uate the chemical efficacy of metal primers on the shear bond strength of resin cements to CP Ti and NiCr alloy. ...
A strong and durable bond between a metal framework and a resin-based luting agent is desired. Metal primers have been shown to be very effective on noble alloys. However, there is insufficient information about their effect on base metals.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of metal primers on the shear bond strength of resin cements to base metals.
A total of 160 cast commercially pure titanium (CP Ti) and NiCr alloy (VeraBond II) disks were embedded in a polyvinyl chloride ring, and their surfaces were smoothed with silicon carbide papers (320, 400, and 600 grit) and airborne-particle abraded with 50-mum aluminum oxide. Specimens of each metal were divided into 4 groups (n=20), which received one of the following luting techniques: (1) Panavia F, (2) Alloy Primer plus Panavia F, (3) Bistite II DC, or (4) Metaltite plus Bistite II DC. Forty minutes after preparation, all specimens were stored in distilled water at 37 degrees C for 24 hours and then thermal cycled (1000 cycles, 5-55 degrees C). After thermal cycling, the specimens were stored in 37 degrees C distilled water for an additional 24 hours or 6 months before being tested in shear mode. Data (MPa) were analyzed using 3-way ANOVA and the post hoc Tukey test (alpha=.05). Each specimen was examined under an optical microscope (x30), and the failure mode was classified as adhesive, cohesive, or a combination of these.
The only significant difference between the Panavia F and Alloy Primer plus Panavia F groups occurred in the NiCr alloy at 24 hours, at which point Panavia F demonstrated superior bond strength compared to Alloy Primer plus Panavia F (P<.001). The Bistite II DC and Metaltite plus Bistite II DC groups were not significantly different. The Bistite II DC and Metaltite plus Bistite II DC groups demonstrated significantly lower bond strength to CP Ti (P<.001) than the Panavia F and Alloy Primer plus Panavia F groups, and significantly lower bond strength to NiCr alloy (P<.001) than Panavia F. The Panavia F (P<.01) and Alloy Primer plus Panavia F groups' bond strength to titanium presented a significant increase (P<.001) in shear bond strength at 6 months. In general, the groups exhibited higher shear bond strength to CP Ti than to NiCr alloy (P<.01). The failure mode was 100% adhesive for all groups.
The metal primers did not promote an increase in adhesive bonding of resin cements to NiCr alloy and to CP Ti. Water storage had no adverse effect on the shear bond strength of the groups. The shear bond strengths to titanium were significantly higher than those to the NiCr alloy.
... The use of titanium and its alloys for cast restorations and fixed partial denture frameworks has increased substantially over the last years. This trend can be mainly attributed to the development of casting technology for titanium alloys, such as new casting machines and investment materials and the extensively reported advantages of titanium over other base metal alloys123. Also, excellent biocompatibility, high strength to weight ratio, low density, high corrosion resistance and low cost compared to noble metals are attractive properties which have favored the application of prosthetic restorations456789101112 . However, problems with porcelain bonding have been reported when titanium is used in metal–ceramic restorations as thick and non-adherent layers of titanium oxide are formed at the high temperatures used for porcelain fused to metal (PFM) technique131415. ...
... These monomer acids are dissolved in solvents or in methacrylate-based liquids to bond to the com- posites [6,19,23,29,30]. Several studies have shown that silicoating and functional monomer systems improve the composite-to-metal bond strength with noble and non-noble dental alloys1718192023,26,28,30] and with titanium and its alloys12328,313233. However, the stability of composite–titanium bond is still questionable. ...
... GR system employs a methacrylate thiophosphoric acid (GC Metal Primer II TM ) for metal surface treatment. This dual functional primer has shown to be effective for bonding composites to titanium alloys in several studies [2,3,6,19,24,25,30,31,44], which are in agreement with the present work. The SF system utilizes tribochemical silica coating and a silane coupling agent (Rocatec TM and EspeSil TM ) to create a bond between the monomers of the composite and the silica layer on the titanium surface. ...
The purpose of this study was to determine the microtensile bond strength of various resin composite/adhesive systems to alumina particle abraded Ti-6Al-4V substrate after aging for 24h, 10 days, and 30 days in distilled water at 37 degrees C.
Four laboratory resin composite veneering systems (Gradia, GR; Solidex, SOL; Ceramage, CER; and Sinfony, SF) were bonded to 25 mm diameter machined disks of Ti-6Al-4V with their respective adhesive and methodology, according to the manufacturer's instructions. Microtensile bars of approximate dimensions 1 mm x 1 mm x 6 mm were prepared for each resin composite/adhesive system. After cutting, groups (n=12) from each adhesive system were separated and either stored in water at 37 degrees C for 24h (baseline) or aged for 10 or 30 days prior to loading to failure under tension at a cross head speed of 1.0mm/min. Failure modes were determined by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Statistical analysis was performed through one-way ANOVA and Tukey's test at 95% level of significance.
Significant variation in microtensile bond strength was observed for the different systems and aging times. SOL and GR showed the highest mean bond strength values followed by SF and CER at baseline. Aging specimens in water had an adverse effect on bond strength for SOL and CER but not for the SF and GR groups.
In vitro bond strength of laboratory resin composites to Ti-6Al-4V suggests that strong bonds can be achieved and are stable for certain systems, making them useful as an alternative for esthetic fixed prosthetic restorations.
... Surface modification techniques were also reported to be effective for bonding titanium and Ti-6Al-4V alloy [13][14][15][16][17][18] . According to recent studies [19][20][21][22] , both a phosphate monomer and a surface modification technique effectively bonded Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy. Although priming agents containing different acidic functional monomers are available on the market, there is limited information about their adhesive performance to Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy when used with resinbased materials. ...
... Either Dunnett's T3 test or a combination of Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests was performed with the value of statistical significance set at p＝0.05. Bond strength results of the Unprimed-SB and AP-SB combinations have already been reported in a previous study 21) , and were therefore quoted from literature. ...
... Comparison between categories B and C in Table 2 suggested that both MDP in the Alloy Primer and MHPA in the M.L. Primer enhanced MB resin's bonding to the titanium alloy. Indeed, similar results for MDP were obtained using different combinations of primers and resin materials 19,21) . ...
This study aimed to evaluate the bonding behavior of two acrylic resin adhesives joined to titanium-aluminum-niobium (Ti-6Al-7Nb) alloy primed with two metal conditioners. Cast Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy disks were air-abraded with alumina and bonded with six combinations of two resin adhesives (Super-Bond C&B and Multi Bond) and three surface conditions (Alloy Primer, M.L. Primer, and unprimed control). Shear bond strengths were determined both before and after 20,000 thermal cycles. The tri-n-butylborane initiated Super-Bond C and B resin exhibited greater bond strength than the BPO-amine initiated Multi-Bond resin. Both the Alloy Primer with a hydrophobic phosphate and the M.L. Primer with a phosphonoacetate effectively improved the 24-hour bond strength of Multi-Bond resin as well as the post-thermocycling bond strength of Super-Bond C and B resin.
... However, the purity of the hydrophobic -O-P(=O)(OH) 2 of 10-MDP was higher than the impure -O-P(=S)A 3-n of MEPS with substituents, and therefore, this was the reason ascribed for the high bond strength by 10-MDP over MEPS. 16 Concerning Ti-Al-Nb, however, VBATDT + 10-MDP yielded higher bond strength than 88 This may be attributed to the presence of two carbonyl group bonding units in VBATDT + 10-MDP which is in contrast to a single carbonyl unit of MEPS. Hence, in the present review, 10-MDP, VBATDT + 10-MDP, and MEPS were admitted for meta-analyses concerning base alloys keeping the number of studies adhering to the inclusion criteria in consideration. ...
... Therefore, from the initiator system's context, durable stable bonding may be impossible to achieve at the primed ARI when the polymerization kinetics of the superjacent adhesive resin is overseen. 88 Thermocycling adversely deteriorated the bonding in all the studies included in this review at the ARI on both primed and unprimed alloys. The bond strength reduction rates for alloy-toacrylic rod/cylinder adhesion and alloy-to-alloy adhesion were 94.0% and 22.4%, respectively. ...
... Ti-based alloys have received widespread attention due to their favorable mechanical properties including high specific strength, good corrosion stability, and biocompatibility after implantation (1,2). This trend can be mainly attributed to the development of casting technology for titanium alloys, such as new casting machines and investment materials and the extensively reported advantages of titanium over other base metal alloys (3)(4)(5). However, problems with porcelain bonding have been reported when titanium is used in metalceramic restorations as thickand non-adherent layers of titanium oxide are formed at the high temperatures used for the porcelainfused to metal (PFM) technique (6)(7)(8). ...
... Several studies have shown that functional monomer systems improve the composite-to-metal bond strength with titanium and its alloys (3)(4)(5). Some studies suggested that primers containing MDP or thiophosphate monomer (MEPS) were effective for chemical bonding between resin and Ti (29)(30)(31). ...
... [20][21][22] Many researchers compared the bond strengths between PMMA and metal alloys to which metal primers were applied, or not applied, and metal primers increased bonding strength. [17,18,[23][24][25] Therefore, authors of this study determined metal primer application as a standard for metal surface treatment. ...
... But this lowest bonding strength of this study did not differ from previous studies. [23][24][25][26][27] On the other hand, especially in the titanium made attachments of implant-supported dentures, there is very little space in the PMMA denture base. Patients, who use these dentures, apply more chewing force as they feel free to eat whatever they want as a result of having more retentive and comfortable dentures. ...
... Before application of alloy/metal primer, the titanium surfaces were airborneparticle-abraded with aluminum oxide to remove the superficial oxide layer, to mechanically clean the surface from investment and to increase the surface bonding area. This procedure has been used in several studies to prepare the surface for bonding (3,8,10,12). Metal Primer II contains MEPS (thiophosphoric methacrylate), which promotes bonding of LinkMax resin cement to different types of metal alloys (15)(16)(17). ...
... The results of this study showed that the application of Metal Primer II increased the bond strength of LinkMax to a titanium surface. The functional monomer of Metal Primer II has a high affinity for the oxide layer created on the titanium casting surface, contributing to a high bond strength (9)(10)(11). ...
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of adhesive primer applications on the bond strength of resin cements to cast titanium. Four adhesive primers - Metaltite, Metal Primer II, Alloy Primer and Ceramic Primer - and their respective resin cements - Bistite II DC, Link Max, Panavia F 2.0, RelyX Unicem and RelyX ARC - were tested. Cast plates were prepared from titanium ingots (n=6 specimens/cement) and had their surfaces airborne-particle abraded with Al2O3 (50 μ m). Three resin cement cylinders were built on each bonded titanium surface, using a cylindrical translucent tubing mold and were subjected to micro-shear testing. Data were analyzed statistically by two-way ANOVA and Tukey's post-hoc test (α=0.05). The application of Metal Primer II and Ceramic Primer resulted in significant higher bond strength for Link Max and RelyX Unicem resin cements, respectively, than nonuse of adhesive primers. Panavia F 2.0 and RelyX ARC yielded high bond strength means with or without adhesive primers. The use of adhesive primers might increase the bond strength to cast titanium depending on the resin cement used.
... Five representative cements with elastic modulus ranging from 1.8 GPa to 22.4 GPa were selected for the study, among which, glass ionomer cement, zinc polycarboxylate cement, and zinc phosphate cement possessed weak bonding power 26 and Superbond C&B and Panavia F were from the category of resin cement which possessed strong bonding power to dental enamel, dentin and metal. [27][28][29] Paralleled post was selected in this study based on previous reports about its ability to distribute occlusal force more evenly and thus reduce fracture risk of the root. In this study, effect factor of cements was the only studied factor; other factors were considered to be constant because the focus of the study was on the effect of cements on stress distribution in restored weakened roots. ...
... The stress analysis under our experimental conditions would provide some useful guidance for clinic practice. For examples, although Superbond C&B is currently used in clinic for its super adhesive ability, [27][28][29] it is not our recommendation to use it in the restoration of weakened root designed like the study. According to our analysis, deformation of cements was greater than that of the root dentin when occlusion force was passed to the root, which resulted in the majority of the force being borne by the root. ...
It is very difficult and relatively unpredictable to preserve and restore severely weakened pulpless roots. To provide much needed benefit basis for clinical practice, this study was carried out to analyze the stress distribution in weakened roots restored with different cements in combination with titanium alloy posts. Finite element analysis (FEA) was employed in the study.
A pseudo three-dimensional model of a maxillary central incisor with flared root canal, theoretically restored with titanium alloy posts in combination with different cements, was established. The analysis was performed by use of ANSYS software. The tooth was assumed to be isotropic, homogenous and elastic. A load of 100 N at an angle of 45 degrees to the longitudinal axis was applied at the palatal surface of the crown. The distributions of stresses in weakened roots filled with cements of different elastic modulus were analyzed by the three-dimensional FEA model.
Several stress trends were observed when the stress cloud atlas obtained in the study was analyzed. With the increase of the elastic modulus of cements from 1.8 GPa to 22.4 GPa, the stress values in dentin decreased from 39.58 MPa to 31.43 MPa and from 24.51 MPa to 20.76 MPa (respectively, for maximum principle stress values and Von Mises stress values). When Panavia F and zinc phosphate cement were used, the stress peak values in dentin were very small with no significant difference observed, and the Von Mises stress values were 20.87 MPa and 20.76 MPa respectively. On the other hand, maximum principle stress value and Von Mises stress value in cement layer increased with the increase of the elastic modulus of cements.
The result of this study demonstrated that elastic modulus was indeed one of the important parameters to evaluate property of the cements. Our three-dimensional FEA model study also found that the cement with elastic modulus similar to that of dentin could reinforce weakened root and reduce the stress in dentin. Thus, it may be a better choice for the restoration of weakened roots in clinical practice.
... Bond strength to base metal alloys has improved thereafter with the use of a hydrophobic phosphate monomer [4][5][6][7][8][9] . In addition, bonding to titanium-aluminum-niobium (Ti-6Al-7Nb) alloy has been widely evaluated as this alloy is applicable to both fixed and removable dentures [10][11][12][13][14][15][16] . A thiol monomer was originally developed for coating copper 17) , but its bonding to dental noble metal alloys has also been evaluated [18][19][20][21] . ...
... In contrast, bond strength yielded with Alloy Primer (with MDP and VTD) was 12.3 MPa. In a study by Suzuki et al. 24 These results agreed with previous investigations which found MDP monomer to be effective for bonding Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy 10,[12][13][14][15][16] . As for the bonding mechanism between the Alloy Primer or Estenia Opaque Primer and base metal alloys, it is considered to be chemical interaction between MDP phosphate monomer and chromium 24) . ...
This study aimed to evaluate the bonding behaviors of a gold alloy and a titanium-aluminum-niobium (Ti-6Al-7Nb) alloy after priming with three metal conditioners. Cast alloy disks were ground and divided into the following four conditions: (1) unprimed control versus priming with (2) Alloy Primer, (3) Estenia Opaque Primer, or (4) V-Primer. The disks were bonded with tri-n-butylborane (TBB) initiated methacrylic resin, and shear bond strengths were determined both before and after 20,000 times of thermocycling. Alloy Primer and V-Primer--which contained a vinyl-thione monomer--were effective for bonding the Au-Pt-Pd alloy. As for the hydrophobic phosphate monomer contained in Alloy Primer and Estenia Opaque Primer, it was effective for bonding the Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy. Further, when specimens were primed with Alloy Primer that contained both functional monomers, bond strength to Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy was greater than that to Au-Pt-Pd alloy.
... Yanagida et al. could not find any long-term stable bond to titanium alloys and recommend the use of phosphate-based primers in combination with resins if necessary. However, they refer to the repair of denture base resins, which are exposed to different stresses than the materials examined here [35]. Nakamura et al. assumed that sandblasting titanium and zirconia with same size and pressure of Al 3 O 2 results in less roughened zirconia surfaces in comparison to titanium due to the extreme hardness of zirconia. ...
This study aimed to investigate adhesive shear bond strength (SBS) on an ultrafine-grained niobium alloy (UFG-Nb) that is a potential dental implant material. SBS of three adhesive systems combined with three composites to UFG-Nb was compared to corresponding SBS to Ti-6Al-4V and to zirconia. Specimens of the substrates UFG-Nb, Ti-6Al-4V and zirconia with plane surfaces were sandblasted with Al2O3, cleaned and dried. Three adhesive systems (Futurabond U, Futurabond M + , Futurabond M + DCA; all VOCO GmbH, Cuxhaven, Germany) were applied each on specimens of each substrate and light cured. One composite (BifixSE, BifixQM, GrandioSO; all VOCO GmbH) was applied and light cured resulting in 27 groups (n = 10) for all substrate-adhesive-composite-combinations. SBS was measured after 24 h of storage. To simulate aging equally prepared specimens underwent 5000 thermocycles before SBS measurement. There was no significant difference in SBS within the non-aged groups. Among the artificially aged groups, GrandioSO-groups showed a greater variance of SBS than the other composites. All significant differences of corresponding UFG-Nb-, Ti-6Al-4V- and zirconia-groups with same adhesive-composite-combination (ACC) were observed between UFG-Nb and zirconia or Ti-6Al-4V and zirconia but never between the two metallic substrates. The similarity between these materials might show in their adhesive bonding behavior. As there were no differences comparing corresponding groups prior to and after artificial aging, it can be concluded that aging does not affect SBS to UFG-Nb, Ti-6Al-4V and zirconia using the tested ACCs. Adhesive bonding of established ACCs to UFG-Nb is possible resulting in SBS comparable to those on Ti-6Al-4V and zirconia surfaces.
Graphical Abstract
... The study results indicated that the bond strength in those specimens wherein a combination of sandblasting , acid etching, and priming was done as surface pre-treatment showed the maximum values as compared to other groups. Yanagida [25] further evaluated the adhesive properties of metal conditioners when used for bonding between autopolymerizing methacylic resins and a titanium alloy. A disk specimens were cast from a titanium-aluminium-niobium alloy, air abraded with alumina, and bonded with twenty four combinations of 8 metal conditioners and three polymerizing methacrylic resins. ...
... The bonding system between titanium and resin has also been reported [18][19][20][23][24][25][26][30][31][32][33][34]37,38,42,43,[45][46][47]49]. The resin bonding system to titanium is used for cementation of restorations, veneering indirect composite materials, and repair of removable prostheses 22,27,[39][40][41]48]. Titanium has excellent resistance to corrosion depending on a passive oxide film; therefore, the resin requires bonding to the passive oxide film in order to create bonding between titanium and resin. ...
Recently in Japan, due to the increased prices of palladium and gold, cast titanium restorations have been included in the Japanese national health insurance system. The purpose of this review was to survey the available literature on titanium bonding systems, focusing on the adhesive monomer in the luting agent in order to expand the application of resin-bonded fixed prostheses made of titanium or titanium alloys. It was found that adhesive monomers are effective for bonding to titanium, and provide results equal to the procedures of silanization and tribochemical silica coating. A primer or a luting agent, including 10-methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate (MDP), methacryloyloxyalkyl thiophosphate derivative (MEPS), 6-methacryloxyhexyl phosphonoacetate (6-MHPA), and 4-methacryloyloxyethl trimellitate anhydride (4-META) promotes bonding characteristics between titanium and the resin material.
... Contrary to our expectations, the MDP-containing primer exhibited superior bond strength with the abraded alloy surfaces. Such acidic functional monomers are known to be suitable for base metal alloys [14][15][16]. Furthermore, surface oxidation was shown to be the main contributor toward the improved adhesive bonding of a Ag-Pd-Cu-Au alloy [13]. ...
This article presents a review of silver-based dental alloys, with a focus on their bonding behavior and their chemical and mechanical properties. The most effective pretreatment for bonding silver-based alloys involves alumina air-abrasion followed by the application of a metal adhesive primer containing both the vinyl-thione monomer and a hydrophobic phosphate monomer. Silver-based alloys are readily sulfurized, making it clinically important to limit their use to cast post and core restorations to avoid direct exposure to salivary components. Fracture of the post and core restorations can be prevented by reinforcing their mechanical properties by applying the cast joining technique with tougher metals.
... However, the fracture mode analysis indicated that the fracture patterns in the AP group were different from those of the control, suggesting that there was indeed some effect to the dentin adhesion. It has been proven that the use of Alloy Primer is beneficial for adhesion of resin cement to metal alloys [21][22][23] when applied to a metal surface. However, the close proximity of the tooth substrate and the metal restoration subjected to repair would almost certainly lead to contamination of the dentin with the alloy primer. ...
The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of phosphoric acid etching, metal primer or silane coupling agent application on dentin bonding performance of a 2-step self-etch adhesive system. Human dentin surfaces were prepared and divided into four groups depending on the pre-treatment method: no pretreatment (Clearfil SE Bond 2, CONTROL); 40% phosphoric acid (K-Etchant GEL, K); metal primer (Alloy Primer, AP); or silane coupling agent (Porcelain Bond Activator, PB). The specimens were sectioned into beams, separated into 2 subgroups (n=20): no thermocyling or thermocycled (TC), and subjected to a µTBS test and an acid-base challenge for SEM observation. Statistically lower results were observed between K and AP groups, PB and CONTROL, and PB with/without TC (p<0.05). SEM images at the dentin-adhesive interface revealed that all groups produced an acid-base resistant zone (ABRZ), with a funnel-shaped erosion under the ABRZ for the K group.
... Titanyum ve alaşımları için geliştirilen yeni döküm makinaları ve bu alanda artan yatırımlarla birlikte yapılan çalışmalarda titanyumun diğer baz metal alaşımlardan daha avantajlı olduğunun rapor edilmesi titanyuma olan ilginin daha da artmasına neden olmaktadır. [1][2][3] Ayrıca titanyum alaşımların mükemmel biyouyumluluğu, düşük yoğunluğu, ağırlık oranına göre var olan yüksek dayanım kuvveti, korozyona karşı dirençli olması ve kıymetli metallere göre daha ucuz olması protetik restorasyonlarda tercih edilmesinde önemli rol oynamaktadır. 4,5 Titanyum alt yapılı restorasyonların üretiminde, sıklıkla kullanılan yöntemlerden biri mum atım tekniği ile döküm yöntemidir. ...
... implants), and root canal posts. 3 An essential problem is durable bonding with various resin composite cements. 4 5 A number of mechanical surface treatments together with chemical surface treatments have been explored to enhance the properties. ...
The present research was aimed to assess the enclosed mold shear bond strength (EM-SBS) and investigate the effect of different storage conditions on composite cement to titanium (Ti) adhesion using an experimental primer. Twelve planar Ti specimens were prepared, grit-blasted and silica-coated with Rocatec Soft, and randomly assigned to 2 groups i.e., control treated with ESPE Sil while the experimental group was treated
3-acryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (1.0% v/v) and bis-1,2-(triethoxysilyl)ethane (0.5% v/v) based primer. Composite cement was used to build resin stubs on each Ti specimen. Ti specimens were subjected to artificial
aging: in a desiccator (24 h), water aging for 2 and 4 months (37 C ± 3 C), immersed in artificial saliva for
2 and 4 months (26 C ± 3 C), and thermo-cycled for 12,000 cycles. Specimens were characterized for elemental and contact angle analysis. Shear bond adhesion strength was performed using a universal mechanical
tester and failure modes were analyzed visually with a light stereomicroscope. The experimental data was handled using SPSS (Version 21, Chicago, IL, USA). The data were analyzed statistically using a two-way analysis
of variance (ANOVA, p = 0.05) followed by Tukey’s post hoc analysis. The chemical analysis revealed roughly the same wt-% of [Si] content in both groups. The contact angles were in the range of 16–37 in both control and experimental groups. The experimental group showed statistically higher EM-SBS (10.8 MPa± 3.4 MPa) following 12,000 thermo-cycles (p < 0.05). On the effect of aging by distilled water and artificial saliva, the mean EM-SBS of the experimental group was remarkably higher compared to the control. The predominant failure type in control group was adhesive in nature. However, mixed failure mode was observed in most of the storage media experimental groups. The use of experimental silane primer likely to enhance the hydrophilicity of the Ti surfaces. In addition, a significant increase in the EM-SBS between resin composite cement and silica-coated Ti was observed without being much affected in aging conditions.
... The application of 10-methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate results in a better bond than 4-methacryloyloxyethyl trimellitate anhydride when applied on nickel-chromium alloys (49). It forms its most predictable bond with commercially pure titanium and titanium alloys (50)(51)(52)(53). Noble metal alloy primers include functional monomers that contain thionic groups. ...
Introduction:
The aim of this review was to analyze the potential of successful bonds of endodontic posts to radicular dentin as well as the limitations of the post-endodontic adhesive interface.
Methods:
The MEDLINE/PubMed and Web of Science electronic databases were searched. The search was augmented by a manual search of the pertinent bibliographies.
Results:
The post-endodontic adhesive interface finds application in the endodontic cohesive units. Many techniques and materials exist to improve the bond between endodontic posts and resin-based materials as well as between resin-based materials and radicular dentin. Different techniques used for the adhesion of metallic and fiber-reinforced posts are discussed and critically analyzed.
Conclusions:
Although adhesive cementation of endodontic posts is popular, a long-term predictable bond may be compromised because of procedures related to the endodontic treatment and/or the adhesive cementation procedures. Microleakage and degradation phenomena may further jeopardize the post-endodontic adhesive interface.
... In their study, the use of the primers was found to enhance bonding. Furthermore, Yanagida et al. [19] evaluated the adhesive performance of metal conditioners used for bonding between autopolymerizing methacrylate resins and a titanium alloy, and reported that the use of one of the three conditioners (Alloy Primer, Cesead II Opaque Primer, and Metal Prime II) in combination with autopolymerizing luting resin consisting of methyl methacrylate and tri-n-butylborane with 4-methacryloyloxyethyl trimellitate anhydride (Super-Bond C and B) is recommended for bonding to the Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy. Several adhesive primers, including Meta Fast (Sun Medical Co. Ltd., Shiga, Japan), containing 4-META monomer, and metal primer (Ivoclar Vivadent AG, Schaan, Liechtenstein), containing 10-methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate, have been developed and are commercially available for resin-bonded prostheses, composite-veneered prostheses, and RPDs. ...
Statement of Problem
Because of the toxicity of vanadium in Ti-6Al-4V alloy, next generation of titanium alloys is proposed to focus on niobium-containing alloy, but for clinical applications, it is crucial for this alloy to bond with acrylic resins with or without the use of primers. However, literature was lacking about the effect of primers on bonding of autopolymerizing resins to Ti-6Al-7Nb.
Objectives
To evaluate the effect of different metal primers on the shear bond strength of acrylic resin to Ti-6Al-7Nb.
Materials and Methods
A total of 30 dis-shaped wax patterns (10 mm in diameter and 2 mm thickness) were prepared and casted using Ti-6Al-7Nb. After casting, the disk surfaces were finished with abrasive paper under water. Specimens were equally divided into three groups on the basis of the use of primer: metal primer (GC II metal primer) (Group 1), Universal Tokuyama primer (Group 2), no primer (Group 3). Tape of 50 μm thickness was applied on each of the specimens. Then, self-cure acrylic resin was mixed and applied on the center part of the tape, on which Bernouilles tube was placed. The tensile bond strength was measured with a universal testing machine. The data were obtained for all the specimens and analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 17.0 at a statistically significance level of <0.05.
Results
Mean tensile force was maximum for Group 2 (28.58 ± 39.40 N) and minimum for control Group 3 (6.24 ± 10.97 N), thereby showing a significant inter-group difference (P < 0.001). On applying post hoc test (Tukey HSD), both the Group 1 and Group 2 showed a statistically significant difference as compared to control Group 3; however, the difference between two experimental groups was not statistically significant (P > 0.05).
Conclusions
Tokuyama primer and GC II metal primer had a significant effect on improving the bond strength between autopolymerizing denture base resin and Ti-6Al-7Nb.
... Before cementation of titanium-based restoration, airborne particles abrasion of the titanium surfaces was carried out to mechanically clean the surface, to remove the superficial oxide layer, and to increase the surface bonding area [40, 41] . This oxide layer will formed again when the surface comes in contact with oxygen [23][24][25]. ...
Purpose. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the margin adaptation and fracture resistance
of two crown systems utilizing CAD/CAM technology; Lave TM ultimate (Resin-Nano Ceramic)
and Lava TM zirconia (zirconia-based ceramic) cemented with two adhesive mechanism.
Materials and methods. Twenty sound maxillary premolars were prepared to receive twenty
Lava TM crown systems. Prepared teeth were divided into two equal groups (n=10) according to
the material used for construction. Group I: Resin-Nano Ceramic block (Lava TM Ultimate). Group
II: zirconia- based ceramic block (Lava TM Zirconia). Each group was further subdivided into two
equal subgroups (n=5) according to the adhesive bonding mechanism. Subgroup A: Etch and rinse
mechanism (Rely X ARC) and subgroup B: Self-adhesive mechanism (Rely X U 200). Vertical
marginal gap assessment was carried out using Digital microscope. The crowns were loaded
until failure by means of a materials testing machine. Fractographic assessment of the fractured
specimens and morphological evaluation of the dentin-resin interfaces were carried out using
scanning electron microscope (SEM) Statistical analysis was performed using Mann Whitney - U
test (P ≤ 0.05).
Results. For group I; the mean values of the marginal gap were 7.260 ± 0.8692µm (etch and
rinse) and 15.56 ± 1.953 µm (self- adhesive) while, For group II; the mean values were 5.222 ±
0.5611 µm (etch and rinse) and 5.724 ± 0.3277 µm (self- adhesive). For group I; Mann Whitney
- U test revealed significant difference between the two adhesive systems (P= 0.0079), while, no
significant difference (p=0.2222) for group II. Regarding to fracture resistance, the mean values
were 727.9 ± 11.88 N for group IA (etch and rinse), and 638.5 ± 19.22 N for group IB (self-adhesive
etch) at p= 0.0079. While, the mean value was 1431 ± 41.17 N for group IIA (etch and rinse) and
1404 ± 23.07N for group IIB (self-adhesive etch) with no significant difference between them
(p=0.4206).
Conclusions. In term of better marginal adaptation and fracture resistance, etch and rinse
adhesive bonding mechanism is crucial for Lava TM Ultimate crowns. While, the two mechanisms
of bonding can be equally used with Lava TM zirconia-based crowns.
... Before cementation of titanium-based restoration, airborne particles abrasion of the titanium surfaces was carried out to mechanically clean the surface, to remove the superficial oxide layer, and to increase the surface bonding area [40,41] . This oxide layer will formed again when the surface comes in contact with oxygen [23][24][25] . ...
Statement of problem. Due to the oxidative nature of titanium, mechanical removal of
oxide layer is mandatory before cementation. Thus, the storage period affects the oxide layer
thickness which may have direct influence on marginal and internal fit.
Purpose. The purpose of this in vitro study was to compare the marginal and internal fit
of CAD/CAM titanium based-ceramic crowns luted with resin cement to that luted with resin
modified glass ionomer at 10 minutes and 24hours after the removal of oxide layer.
Material and methods. 20 CAD/CAM titanium based metal-ceramic crowns were
constructed and divided into two groups; group I: cemented with self-adhesive resin cement
and group II: cemented with resin modified glass ionomer (RMGI) at 10 mins (A) and 24 hours
(B) after sandblasting. The vertical marginal gap before and after cementation and the internal
gap were measured using a stereomicroscope. The titanium-cement interfaces were subjected to
scanning electron microscopic analysis and the thickness of the oxide layer was measured (µm).
Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used for comparison between the vertical marginal gap distances
pre- and postcementation. Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare between the two cements
and between 10 min. and 24 h (α=0.05). Correlation between the vertical marginal and internal
fit was carried out using Spearman’s correlation coefficient.
Results. The mean values of marginal discrepancies of the cemented groups were
significantly higher than that of the uncemented groups (P ≤ 0.05). Mann-Whitney U test
revealed no significant effects by the luting agent and significant effects by cementation time at
10min. and 24h for vertical marginal and internal fit. SEM photomicrographs revealed that the
thickness of the oxide layer for group I (resin) is larger than group II (RMGI). For both groups,
24h cementation has thicker oxide layer than at 10 min.
Conclusions. Cementation influenced negatively the vertical fit of CAD/CAM titaniumbased
metal ceramic crowns. The accuracy of fit was achieved with resin modified glass ionomer
followed by resin cement. Immediate cementation (10 min.) after sand blasting provided a high
precision of fit when compared to delayed cementation (24h).
CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS
To enhance the accuracy of fit of CAD/CAM titanium-based ceramic crowns, air-born
particle abrasion should be carried immediately before cementation.
... This trend can be mainly attributed to the development of casting technology for titanium alloys, such as new casting machines and investment materials and the extensively reported advantages of titanium over other base metal alloys. [14,15] Also, excellent biocompatibility, high strength to weight ratio, low density, high corrosion resistance, and low cost compared to noble metals are attractive properties which have favored the application of titanium alloys in prosthetic restorations. [16,17] The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of surface pretreatments on the shear bond strength (SBS) of base and noble metals to resin cement included of: Only sandblasting and sandblasting with followed by application of a metal primer solution. ...
Background: Resin-bonded fixed partial dentures appeared to prevent the excessive preparation of dental tissue. Investigation of surface treatments to improve the bond of resin cements to metals may contribute to the longevity of these restorations. Due to the potential lack of ideal preparation form, the type of alloy and its surface pretreatment may have clinically relevant correlations with the retentive strength of castings to minimally retentive preparations.
Aim: The aim of this search is to study the bonding resin cement strength to different types of the metal alloy due to the surface treatment.
Purpose: Evaluate the effects of two different surface treatments on shear bond strength (SBS) between a palladium-silver alloy (Pb-Ag) and commercially pure titanium (CP Ti) cast alloy with resin luting cements.
Materials and Methods: A total of 120 cylinders having 5 mm in diameter and 4 mm in height were divided into two different main groups of metal type: 60 cylinders cast from CP Ti Grade I (Tritan - Reintitan - Germany-Dentaurum) as a base metal and 60 cylinders cast from Pb-Ag (Status-Yamakin, Japan) as a noble metal. 30 cylinders from each type were embedded in acrylic resin, and the rest were left without embedded in acrylic resin. All of the cylinders were smoothed with silicon carbide papers and sandblasting with 50-μm aluminum oxide. Specimens of each metal type were divided into two subgroups, which received one of the following luting techniques: (1) Multilink (Ivoclar Vivadent), (2) Multilink (Ivoclar Vivadent) plus metal zirconia primer (MZP). Every two cylinders from the same metal type and surface treatment were bonded to each other. All specimens were stored in distilled water at 37°C for 24 h and then thermal cycled (500 cycles, 5–55°C). After thermal cycling, the specimens were stored in 37°C distilled water for an additional 24 h before being tested in shear strength. Data (MPa) were analyzed using T-s tests to study the significance of various - means among groups and perform a comparison between each two groups of them.
Results: The T-s tests indicated significant effect of combination of the sandblasting technique (aluminum oxide particles 50 μm) with the application of primer MZP before using resin cement (P < 0.05) independent of the metal type used. The metal type did not significantly affect SBS for any of the compared surface pretreatments.
Conclusion: Metal primer application significantly enhanced SBS to base and a noble metal. No significant differences in shear strength were found between alloys.
... Yanagida et al., [25] further evaluated the adhesive properties of metal conditioners when used for bonding between autopolymerizing methacylic resins and a titanium alloy. They concluded that the use of one of the three conditioners (Alloy Primer (ALP), COP, and MP II) in combination with the SB resin is recommended for bonding the Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy. ...
... However, subsequently, they were also indicated for conditioning reinforced ceramics including zirconia. Results with metal primers are not always favorable, chie y because they reach a high bond strength under dry circumstances, but controversial reports emerge concerning their hydrolytic stability 13,[18][19][20] . ...
This study evaluated the effect of chairside and laboratory types of surface conditioning methods on the adhesion of dual-cure resin cement with MDP functional monomer to zirconia ceramic after thermocycling. Disk-shaped (diameter: 10 mm, thickness: 2 mm) Y-TZP ceramics (Lava™, 3M ESPE) were used (N40) and nished with wet 1200-grit silicon carbide abrasive paper. Specimens were randomly divided into four experimental groups according to the following surface conditioning methods (n10 per group): Group 1Chairside airborne particle abrasion with 50-m Al2O3 + Alloy Primer (Kuraray); Group 2Airborne particle abrasion with 50-m Al2O3 + Cesead II Opaque Primer (Kuraray); Group 3Airborne particle abrasion with 50-m Al2O3 + Silano-Pen + silane coupling agent (Bredent); Group 4Laboratory tribochemical silica coating (110-m Al2O3 + 110-m SiOx) (Rocatec) + silane coupling agent (ESPE-Sil). Adhesive cement, Panavia F 2.0 (Kuraray), was bonded incrementally to the ceramic surfaces using polyethylene molds (diameter: 3.6 mm, height: 5 mm). All specimens were thermocycled (5 and 55, 6,000 cycles) and subjected to shear bond strength test (1 mm/min). Data were statistically analyzed (one-way ANOVA, 0.05), whereby no signicant differences were found among the four groups (8.431.3, 8.983.6, 12.026.7, and 8.233.8 MPa) (p0.1357). Therefore, the performance of chairside conditioning methods used for zirconia was on par with the laboratory alternative tested.
... However, several studies [20][21][22][23] indicate that the MDP monomer is effective on the bond between titanium and resinous materials. This observation may explain the fact that at 24 hours the EP group showed 50% mixed failure and 30% cohesive failure in the opaque layer, indicating that the bond between opaque agent and CP Ti provided by both Alloy Primer and Epricord Opaque Primer was more effective than the mechanical strength of the opaque material. ...
This study evaluated the shear bond strength (SBS) and stability of commercially pure titanium (CP Ti)/repair material interfaces promoted by different repair systems. One hundred CP Ti cast discs were divided into five repair system groups: 1) Epricord (EP); 2) Bistite II DC (BT); 3) Cojet (CJ); 4) Scotchbond Multi-Purpose Plus (SB) (control group); and 5) Cojet Sand plus Scotchbond Multi-Purpose Plus (CJSB). The specimens were stored in distilled water for 24 hours at 37°C, thermal cycled (5000 cycles, 5°-55°C) and stored under the same conditions for either 24 hours or six months (n=10). SBS was tested and the data were analyzed by two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey test (α=.05). Failure mode was determined with a stereomicroscope (20×). The repair system, storage time, and their interaction significantly affected the SBS (p<0.001). At 24 hours, CJSB exhibited the highest SBS value, followed by CJ. At six months, these two groups had similar mean SBS (p>0.05) and higher means in comparison to the other groups. For both storage times, BT presented the lowest SBS, while the EP and SB groups did not differ significantly from one another (p>0.05). There were no significant differences in SBS between the storage times for the groups EP and CJ (p>0.05). The groups BT, SB, and CJSB showed 100% adhesive failure, irrespective of storage time. The CJSB group showed the highest SBS at both storage times. At six months, the CJ group exhibited a similar SBS mean value when compared to the CJSB group. Water storage adversely affected the groups BT, SB (control group), and CJSB. Considering SBS values, stability, and the failure mode simultaneously, the CJ group showed the best CP Ti repair performance.
... The Rocatec bonding system was developed as a tribochemical coating system 8,13,18) . Although a number of reports are available concerning the bonding of autopolymerized resin [20][21][22][23] , composite resin 24,25) , or luting agents 26,27) , little information is available on bonding a heat-polymerized denture base resin to base metal alloy with priming agents. ...
The aim of this study was to investigate the bond durability of heat-polymerized denture base resin to cast CP Ti and Co-Cr alloy. The alloy specimens were divided into five groups: 1) airborne-particle abraded with 50 µm alumina (SAND), 2) Rocatec tribochemical silica coating system (RO), 3) air-abraded followed by application of Epricord Opaque Primer (EP), 4) air-abraded followed by application of Super Bond C&B liquid (SB), 5) air-abraded followed by application of Alloy Primer (AL). Heat-polymerized denture resin was applied to the bonding area and polymerized according to the manufacturer's instructions. The halves of all specimens were thermocycled up to 10,000 cycles. Before thermocycling SB and AL showed significantly higher shear bond strengths than SAND, RO, EP for both metals. The shear bond strength of AL group after thermocycling was significantly higher than that of the other groups.
... This phenomenon occurred in the same way with Panavia F composite resin, which showed mean values of 13.96 MPa, 10 min after sandblasting and 14.76 MPa, 24 h after the sandblasting, which are not statistically significantly different. The utilization of acidic resin monomers, like MDP contained in the Panavia F Alloy Primer, would be able to produce an effective and lasting bond between composite resins and basic metals1516171819202122232425 . This bond would occur throughout chemical links between the monomer phosphate radicals and the basic metal oxide layer. ...
The aim of this study was to evaluate the tensile bond strength of dual curing luting resin cements to commercially pure titanium at 10 min and 24h after removal of the oxide layer.
One hundred and twenty titanium discs were obtained by casting and polishing with silicon carbide papers. The titanium discs were sandblasted with 50 microm aluminum oxide, ultrasonic cleaned and bonded in pairs with the resin-based cements Panavia F and Rely X ARC at 10 min and 24h after the sandblasting. The tensile test was performed with a crosshead speed of 0.5mm/min in an Instron Universal testing machine.
The Rely X ARC reached the highest tensile strength value at 24h after sandblasting (18.27 MPa), but there was no statistically significant difference between the two dual curing resin cements for both times tested. All specimens showed a mixture of cohesive fracture in the resin cement and adhesive failure. However, the predominant failure mode for Panavia F was cohesive in resin cement, and the Rely X ARC exhibited a greater proportion of specimens with adhesive failure between the alloy and resin luting cement at 10 min and 24h.
Both cements had, statistically, the same tensile bond strength. But in the fracture mode analysis, the adhesive predominant fracture mode of Rely X ARC cement indicates a premature clinical adhesive failure. On the other hand, the cohesive predominant fracture mode of Panavia F indicates a longer clinical adhesive bond with titanium.
The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the effect of functional monomers with phosphorus on bonding durability to titanium. Three metal conditioners (Alloy Primer, AP; Metal Link, ML; Eyesight Opaque Primer, EP) were assessed. The functional monomers for base metal are 10-methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogenphosphate (MDP) for the AP, 6-methacryloxyhexyl phosphonoacetate (MHPA) for the ML, and methacrylatephosphate (MP) for the EP. Cast disk specimens made of high-purity titanium (T-Alloy H) were air-abraded with 70μm alumina, primed with three conditioners, and then bonded with an acrylic resin adhesive (Super-Bond C&B). Shear bond strengths were determined both before and after thermocycling (20, 000 cycles).
Before thermocycling, the shear bond strengths for the AP and ML groups were significantly higher than those for the EP and unprimed (defined as control) groups (p<0.05). The AP group exhibited significantly higher bond strength than the ML group after thermocycling (p<0.05). Significant difference was not found between the EP and the unprimed groups regardless of thermocycling application (p>0.05).
Objective: This study evaluated the effect of different surface activation regimens on the adhesion obtained by MDP-based cement upon the bonding durability to an yttrium stabilized tetragonal zirconia (Y-TZP) ceramic. Methods: Y-TZP blocks (N=96) were embedded in acrylic resin (free surface for adhesion: 5x5 mm), ground finished and randomly divided into four groups (N=24) according to the ceramic surface conditioning (CSC): CSC-1) cleaning with isopropanol (ALC); CSC-2): ALC + phosphoric acid etching + MDP-based primer application (MDP-primer); CSC-3) silica coating + MPS-based coupling agent application (SiO2+MPS-Sil); CSC-4) SiO2+MDP-primer. The MDP-based resin cement was applied on the treated surface using a cylindrical mold (diameter: 3 mm). Half of the specimens from each surface conditioning were stored in distilled water (37C, 24 h) before testing. The other half of the specimens were stored (90 days) and thermocycled (12000x) during this period (90d/TC) before testing. Shear bond strength (SBS) test was performed at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. Result: Two factors composed the experimental design: ceramic conditioning strategy (4 levels) and storage conditions (2 levels), yielding to 8 groups. After 90d/TC, SiO2+MDP-primer (24.40 MPa) promoted the highest SBS (Tukey; p<0.05). CSC-1 and CSC-2 groups debonded spontaneously during 90d/TC. Conclusion: Bonding values were higher and more stable in the silicatized groups. The use of MDP-primer after silica coating increased the bond strength.
The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the shear bond strengths using six intra-oral repair systems intended for bonding composite resin to alloys. Metal plates were fabricated from Au–Ag, Pd–Ag and Co–Cr alloys. Intra-oral repair systems based on tribochemical silica coating (Cojet), mechanical roughening followed by application of silane (Silistor, Cimara, Ceramic Repair) or functional monomer (Metal Primer II) were tested for their ability to bond composite resins to the fabricated alloys, whereas functional monomers (Alloy Primer) were used in combination with Clearfil AP-X resin (five specimens each). After thermocycling shear bond strengths according to ISO 10477 and failure modes were assessed. Statistical analysis was carried out with one-way ANOVA and Bonferroni–Dunn's multiple comparisons post hoc analysis (α = 0.05). Shear bond strengths exceeding 10 MPa were found for Cojet (Au–Ag 13.0 MPa, Pd–Ag 11.6 MPa and Co–Cr 10.3 MPa with Charisma resin (SD 1.2–2.6 MPa); Au–Ag 19.7 MPa, Pd–Ag 14.6 MPa and Co–Cr 10.3 MPa with Pertac Hybrid resin (SD 5.6–6.3 MPa)) and Alloy Primer (Au–Ag 20.9 MPa, Pd–Ag 15.4 MPa, Co–Cr 25.3 MPa (SD 1.4–3.7 MPa)), regardless of the alloy. Alloy Primer and Cojet exhibited the highest shear bond strengths regardless of the alloy and the repair resin (P < 0.05). Most combinations showed resin-metal interfacial failure modes.
This study aimed to evaluate the bonding behavior of two acrylic resin adhesives joined to titanium-aluminum-niobium (Ti-6Al-7Nb) alloy primed with two metal conditioners. Cast Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy disks were air-abraded with alumina and bonded with six combinations of two resin adhesives (Super-Bond C&B and Multi Bond) and three surface conditions (Alloy Primer, M.L. Primer, and unprimed control) . Shear bond strengths were determined both before and after 20,000 thermal cycles. The tri-n-butylborane initiated Super-Bond C&B resin exhibited greater bond strength than the BPO-amine initiated Multi-Bond resin. Both the Alloy Primer with a hydrophobic phosphate and the M.L. Primer with a phosphonoacetate effectively improved the 24-hour bond strength of Multi-Bond resin as well as the post-thermocycling bond strength of Super-Bond C&B resin.
To evaluate the influence of different surface treatments and metal primer application on bond strength of zirconia ceramic to a self-adhesive resin cement.
40 cylinder-shaped (Ø 12 x 5.25 mm high) of zirconia ceramic (Aadva Zirconia) were randomly divided into four groups (n= 10), based on the surface treatment to be performed: (1) Sandblasting with 125 microm Al2O3 particles (S) (positive control); (2) Selective infiltration etching (SIE); (3) Experimental heated etching solution applied for 30 minutes (ST); (4) No treatment (C). Half of the zirconia specimens of each group received the application of Metal Primer II. Eight disks for each group were luted using a self-adhesive resin cement (G-Cem Automix) to composite overlays (Paradigm MZ100). After 24-hour storage (37 degrees C, 100% RH) bonded specimens were cut into microtensile sticks and loaded in tension until failure. Data were analyzed with two-way ANOVA and Games-Howell (P < 0.05). Failure mode distribution was recorded and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to examine the fractured microbars. The remaining cylinders of each group (n = 2) were used for SEM surface analysis.
Both surface treatments and Metal Primer II application improved bond strength values (P < 0.05). When Metal Primer II was not applied ST treatment achieved highest bond strength values (22.17 +/- 10.37 MPa). Sandblasting in combination with Metal Primer II enhanced bond strength values compared to the other groups (23.46 +/- 11.19 MPa).
There are several surface treatment methods to improve the bond strength between dental materials. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of different surface treatments on the tensile bond strength of single crowns on Implant Direct abutments cemented with resin cement.
Materials and methods: In total, 28 Screw Plant implants and abutments were divided into four study groups: I, control; II, sandblasted abutment and crown; III, non-sandblasted abutment and alloy primer applied to a sandblasted crown; and I V, alloy primer applied to a sandblasted abutment and crown. Twenty-eight crowns were cemented to abutments of implants, and a uniaxial tensile force was applied to the crowns using a universal test machine until cement failure occurred. Retention values were statistically analyzed.
Results: All mean retention values significantly differed among groups. While the alloy primer applied to the sandblasted castings and abutments showed the highest mean value (564.73 ± 13.66 N), the control group showed the lowest mean value (357.65 ± 12.89 N). Sandblasting was not as effective as application of an alloy primer (P = 0.05).
Conclusion: Sandblasting is an effective method to increase the bond strength. Sandblasting plus alloy primer application is a very effective method of increasing the bond strength, and these groups significantly differed from each other.
This study was designed to evaluate the effect of sandblasting and metal primers on the shear bond strength of three commercial resin cements to Yttria-Tetragonl Zirconia Polycrystal (Y-TZP) ceramics.
One hundred and twenty Y-TZP ceramic cylinders (Ø7 mm x 12 mm) were embedded in polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) molds using PMMA. The specimens were divided randomly into 12 groups (n=10), according to the surface treatments (control; sandblast-only; metal primer-only; sandblast+metal primer) and metal primer-resin cements (Alloy primer - Panavia F 2.0, V-primer - Superbond C&B, Metaltite - M bond) rendered. The mixed resin cements were placed onto the treated zirconia surfaces in cylindrical shape (Ø3 mm x 3 mm) using PTFE molds. All specimens were thermocycled (5 and 55 degrees C, 5000 cycles) and subjected to shear bond strength test by a universal testing machine with a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. All data were statistically analyzed using two-way ANOVA and multiple comparison Scheffé test (alpha=0.05), and SEM images of the fractured areas were used to evaluate the fracture mode.
In Panavia F 2.0, the bond strength of the specimens treated with sandblasting and metal primer (Alloy primer) was significantly higher than those of the other subgroups. In Superbond C&B and M bond, sandblasting significantly increased the shear bond strength, but the effect of metal primers (V-primer and Metaltite) was not significant and there was disordinal interaction.
Metal primers are not always effective for bonding between Y-TZP ceramics and resin cements. Even though a metal primer is not enough to be used alone, combined application with sandblasting seems to be an appropriate pretreatment for improving the bond strength of resin cement to Y-TZP ceramics, especially in Panavia F 2.0.
Purpose:
Approximately 38% of removable partial denture (RPD) failures involve fracture at the alloy/acrylic interface. Autopolymerizing resin is commonly used to repair RPDs. Poor chemical bonding of repair acrylic to base metal alloys can lead to microleakage and failure of the bond. Therefore, ideal repair techniques should provide a strong, adhesive bond. This investigation compared the tensile bond strength between cobalt-chromium (Super Cast, Pentron Laboratory Technologies, Llc., Wallingford, CT) and nickel-chromium (Rexalloy, Pentron Laboratory Technologies, Llc.) alloys and autopolymerized acrylic resin (Dentsply Repair Material, Dentsply Int, Inc, York, Pa) using three primers containing different functional monomers [UBar (UB), Sun Medical Co., Ltd., Shiga, Japan: Alloy Primer (AP) Kuraray Medical Inc., Okayama, Japan; and MR Bond (MRB) Tokyuyama Dental Corp., Tokyo, Japan] and two processing techniques (bench cure and pressure-pot cure).
Material and methods:
One hundred and twenty eight base metal alloy ingots were polished, air abraded, and ultrasonically cleaned. The control group was not primed. Specimens in the test groups were primed with one of the three metal primers. Autopolymerized acrylic resin material was bonded to the metal surfaces. Half the specimens were bench cured, and the other half were cured in a pressure pot. All specimens were stored in distilled water for 24 hours at 37 degrees C. The specimens were debonded under tension at a crosshead speed of 0.05 cm/min. The forces at which the bond failed were noted. Data were analyzed using ANOVA. Fisher's PLSD post hoc test was used to determine significant differences (p < 0.05). Failure modes of each specimen were evaluated under a dissecting microscope.
Results:
Significant differences in bond strength were observed between combinations of primers, curing methods, and alloys. Primed sandblasted specimens that were pressure-pot-cured had significantly higher bond strengths than primed sandblasted bench-cured specimens. The pressure-pot-curing method had a significant effect on bond strength of all specimens except Co-Cr alloy primed with UB. The highest bond strength was observed for both Co-Cr and Ni-Cr alloys that were sandblasted, primed with MRB, and pressure-pot cured. Co-Cr alloys primed with UB had the lowest bond strength whether bench cured or pressure-pot cured. Primed specimens generally experienced cohesive bond failures within the primer or acrylic resin. Nonprimed specimens generally experienced adhesive bond failures at the resin/metal interface.
Conclusions:
Within the limitations of this study, MRB provided the highest bond strength to both Ni-Cr and Co-Cr alloys. Generally, bond strength improved significantly when specimens were primed. Pressure-pot curing, in most cases, resulted in higher bond strength than bench curing. The results of this in vitro study suggest that MRB metal primer can be used to increase bond strength of autopolymerized repair acrylic resin to base metal alloys. Curing autopolymerized acrylic under pressure potentially increases bond strength.
This investigation was carried out in order to evaluate ammonium hydrogen fluoride (AHF) and cupric chloride (CC) as components of a metal etchant. The surface of cast titanium-aluminum-niobium (Ti-6Al-7Nb) was air-abraded with alumina, etched for 10 s, and rinsed with water. A phosphate or a thiophosphate primer was applied to the bonding area, and an acrylic rod was bonded to the specimen with a tri-n-butylborane-initiated self-curing luting agent. Shear bond strengths were determined after thermocycling (4 degrees C and 60 degrees C) for 10,000 cycles. The average bond strength was significantly influenced by thermocycling, AHF, and primer, but was not influenced by CC. The maximum average bond strengths were obtained when the etchant consisted of 5mass% AHF, with and without 0.3mass% CC. Microphotographs showed that numerous micropits were created on the etched surface, suggesting increased micromechanical retention. In conclusion, chemical etching with 5mass% AHF significantly improved the durability of resin bonding to Ti-6Al-7Nb.
The shear bond strengths of an autopolymerizing denture base resin to cast Ti-6Al-7Nb and Co-Cr alloys using three metal conditioners were investigated.
Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy and Co-Cr alloy discs were cast. The disc surfaces were air-abraded with 50 microm alumina particles and treated with three metal conditioners (Alloy Primer; Cesead II Opaque Primer; Metal Primer II). An autopolymerizing denture base resin was applied on the discs within a hole punched in a piece of sticky tape and a Teflon ring to define the bonding area. All specimens were immersed in 37 degrees C water for 24 h. Half of the specimens were thermocycled up to 20,000 cycles. The shear bond strengths were determined at a crosshead speed of 1.0 mm/min.
Specimens treated with the three metal conditioners had significantly (p<0.05) improved shear bond strengths of the autopolymerizing denture base resin to both Ti-6Al-7Nb and Co-Cr. Although the bond strengths of the bonded Ti-6Al-7Nb specimens were higher than those of the Co-Cr alloy before thermocycling, the decrease in the bond strength of Ti-6Al-7Nb was considerably greater than that of the Co-Cr after thermocycling.
Significant improvements in bond strength of the autopolymerizing denture base resin to cast Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy and Co-Cr alloy were achieved through the application of Alloy Primer, Cesead II Opaque Primer and Metal Primer II. The bond durability to Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy was inferior to that to Co-Cr.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the shear bonding strength and leakage of heat-polymerized denture base resin to titanium-aluminum-niobium (Ti-6Al-7Nb) and cobalt-chromium (Co-Cr) castings using four adhesive systems; three adhesive primers (Metal Primer II, Metal Link, MR. Bond) and one heat-polymerized adhesive resin containing 4-META (Metadent). The resin tab was heat-polymerized directly with or without the primer. Shear bonding strengths and dye penetration distances were determined before and after 10,000 times of thermocycling. The results were analyzed with three-way ANOVA and Tukey's comparison (p<0.05). Thermocycling significantly decreased bonding strength and promoted dye penetration. However, with the application of adhesive systems, post-thermocycling bond strength was significantly improved and dye penetration was inhibited. The bonding strength of Ti-6Al-7Nb was significantly smaller than that of Co-Cr, but the difference was marginal. These results suggested that the examined adhesive systems significantly improved the bonding efficiency of heat-polymerized resin to Ti-6Al-7Nb and Co-Cr alloys.
This study evaluated the effect of chairside and laboratory types of surface conditioning methods on the adhesion of dual-cure resin cement with MDP functional monomer to zirconia ceramic after thermocycling. Disk-shaped (diameter: 10 mm, thickness: 2 mm) Y-TZP ceramics (Lava, 3M ESPE) were used (N=40) and finished with wet 1200-grit silicon carbide abrasive paper. Specimens were randomly divided into four experimental groups according to the following surface conditioning methods (n=10 per group): Group 1--Chairside airborne particle abrasion with 50-microm Al2O2 + Alloy Primer (Kuraray); Group 2--Airborne particle abrasion with 50-microm Al2O3 + Cesead II Opaque Primer (Kuraray); Group 3--Airborne particle abrasion with 50-microm A12O3 + Silano-Pen + silane coupling agent (Bredent); Group 4--Laboratory tribochemical silica coating (110-microm Al2O3 + 110-microm SiOx) (Rocatec) + silane coupling agent (ESPE-Sil). Adhesive cement, Panavia F 2.0 (Kuraray), was bonded incrementally to the ceramic surfaces using polyethylene molds (diameter: 3.6 mm, height: 5 mm). All specimens were thermocycled (5 and 55 degrees C, 6,000 cycles) and subjected to shear bond strength test (1 mm/min). Data were statistically analyzed (one-way ANOVA, alpha=0.05), whereby no significant differences were found among the four groups (8.43+/-1.3, 8.98+/-3.6, 12.02+/-6.7, and 8.23+/-3.8 MPa) (p=0.1357). Therefore, the performance of chairside conditioning methods used for zirconia was on par with the laboratory alternative tested.
This study evaluated the effect of chemical and mechanical surface treatments for cast metal alloys on the bond strength of an indirect composite resin (Artglass) to commercially pure titanium (cpTi). Thirty cylindrical metal rods (3 mm diameter x 60 mm long) were cast in grade-1 cpTi and randomly assigned to 6 groups (n=5) according to the received surface treatment: sandblasting; chemical treatment; mechanical treatment - 0.4 mm beads; mechanical treatment - 0.6 mm beads; chemical/mechanical treatment - 0.4 mm; and chemical/mechanical treatment - 0.6 mm beads. Artglass rings (6.0 mm diameter x 2.0 mm thick) were light cured around the cpTi rods, according manufacturer's specifications. The specimens were invested in hard gypsum and their bond strength (in MPa) to the rods was measured at fracture with a universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 2.0 mm/min and 500 kgf load cell. Data were analyzed statistically by one-way ANOVA and Tukey test (alpha=5%). The surface treatments differed significantly from each other (p<0.05) regarding the recorded bond strengths. Chemical retention and sandblasting showed statistically similar results to each other (p=0.139) and both had significantly lower bond strengths (p<0.05) than the other treatments. In conclusion, mechanical retention, either associated or not to chemical treatment, provided higher bond strength of the indirect composite resin to cpTi.
A new adhesive fissure sealant, which consists of a solution of 3% 2-hydroxy-3-β-naphthoxypropyl methacrylate in methyl methacrylate (MMA), poly-MMA powder and an oxidized tri-n-butyl borane, a polymerization initiator, was developed. Tensile bond strength between an acid-etched bovine enamel and a poly-MMA bar joined by this sealant was 60 kg/cm2, and the value did not decrease much after 30 days immersion in water at 37°C. Penetration of fuchsin into the sealant–enamel interface during a percolation test was not observed. SEM observation showed no voids between the enamel and the cured sealant.
The purpose of the investigation was to study the bond strength between silanized titanium specimens and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). The bond strength of silanized specimens joined together with PMMA was measured in 4-point bending tests in dry and wet conditions. The average bond strength of the specimens after dry storage at 37°C was 25 MPa. Water storage for 30, 60 or 90 days at 37°C reduced the bond strength to approximately 9–11 MPa. Infra-red spectroscopy analyses indicated that the adhesion between the silanized titanium interface and the polymer was due to chemical bonds.
This study determined the effects of coating pins with either Panavia EX or with 4-META (Cover-Up) materials on the fracture resistance of pin-retained amalgam and composite cores. Gold-plated stainless steel (TMS) and titanium (Filpin) self-threading pins were used. Findings of this study corroborated the findings of several other studies that the use of pins reduces the fracture resistance of restorations. However, coating the pins with adhesion promoters such as Panavia EX and 4-META materials has been found to be effective in improving the fracture resistance. Cross-preference was observed between TMS and Filpin pins; that is, Panavia material coating was more effective with TMS pins, while 4-META was more effective with Filpin pins.
In Sweden high-gold alloys or cobalt-chromium alloys are used for resin-bonded prostheses. The bond strength between a resin cement and different sandblasted or silicoated metals were measured before and after thermocycling; in connection with this some rapid thermocycling methods were studied. The effect of different storage times and different protection coatings on bond strength were tested. Finally, the influence of rubbing and contamination with saliva on bond strength were investigated. Silicoating increased the bond strength significantly. The highest bond strengths were these of silicoated Wirobond and titanium, unsusceptible to thermal stress; the bond strengths of the sandblasted metals were the weakest, and sensitive to thermocycling as well. The influence on bond strength for silicoated gold alloys, protected with an unpolymerized composite resin coating, stored in sealed plastic bags up to 7 days, was negligible. Rubbing and contamination with saliva did not influence bond strength. Preferably, silicoated Wirobond and titanium should be used for resin-bonded prostheses, but gold alloys may still be adequate for clinical use. The experimental method described for storing, sealing, and cleaning the silicoated metal surfaces in this article can be recommended for laboratory and clinical use.
Adhesive bonding of titanium was evaluated with a titanate primer and adhesive opaque resin. The primer consisted of 2% isopropyl dimethacryloyl isostearoyl titanate in methyl methacrylate. The adhesive was 4-META/MMA-TBB opaque resin that contained 4-methacryloyloxyethyl trimellitate anhydride and was initiated by tri-n-butylborane derivative. Titanium discs were machined and blasted with aluminum oxide. They were primed and bonded together with the opaque resin. A shear test was performed after repeated thermocycles for investigation of the durability of the bond. The shear strength of the primed and 4-META resin-bonded specimens was 37.2 MPa after 50,000 thermocycles, with only a small decrease in bond strength. This was significantly higher than the control values. Thus, titanate primer and 4-META/MMA-TBB opaque resin may be used for the bonding of titanium in prosthodontic practice.
The adhesive bonding of titanium was evaluated with the use of a metal primer and three types of self-curing luting agent. The primer contained 10-methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate (MDP). One luting agent was a composite material that contained the MDP monomer in its liquid part. The other luting agent was based on methyl methacrylate (MMA), initiated with tri-n-butylborane derivative (TBB), and contained 4-methacryloxyethyl trimellitate anhydride (4-META). The MMA-TBB resin without 4-META was used for the control. Pure titanium metal specimens were bonded with various combinations. Shear bond strengths were determined after repeated thermocycles in water. Both MDP and 4-META were effective in bonding titanium. The decrease in bond strength was minimum when the titanium was primed with MDP and then bonded with the TBB-initiated resins.
This study evaluated the bond strength and bond durability of new adhesive systems to pure titanium.
Plexiglass tubes filled with composite were bonded to titanium discs. Groups of 24 samples were bonded using six different bonding systems. Subgroups of eight bonded samples were stored in an isotonic artificial saliva solution (37 degrees C) for 1, 30, or 150 days. In addition, the 30- and 150-day samples were thermal cycled for 7,500 or 37,500 cycles between 5 degrees C and 55 degrees C, respectively. After these storage conditions, all samples were debonded in tension.
The bond strength of a conventional bisphenol-A glycidyl methacrylate composite to sandblasted titanium was significantly lower than using chemomechanical bonding systems and decreased slightly during the storage time of 150 days. The additional use of a silane on sandblasted titanium resulted in an insignificant increase in bond strength and decreased over storage time to the same level as on sandblasted-only titanium. Statistically significant higher bond strengths were achieved either with the combination of silica coating and use of a conventional bisphenol-A glycidyl methacrylate composite or with the combination of sandblasting and the use of composites modified with a phosphate monomer. In the latter systems, the bond strengths were only limited by the cohesive strength of the composite resins. A new phosphate monomer containing composite showed a tendency to lose cohesive strength over time (statistically not significant).
Using chemomechanical bonding systems, ie, silica-coating systems or modified composites with adhesive monomers, resulted in 2 to 2.5 times increased bond strength to titanium compared with the bond strength of a conventional bisphenol-A glycidyl methacrylate composite. With chemomechanical bonding systems, the resin bond to titanium was durable over 150 days, even after being stored in water and thermal cycled.
Transverse bend strength tests and water sorption and solubility tests were done to compare the properties of highly cross-linked autopolymerizing reline resin with those of conventional non-cross-linked autopolymerizing reline resins. The relationship between composition and properties of autopolymerizing reline resins was also investigated. Highly cross-linked reline resins and the one that contained mainly poly(methyl methacrylate) and methyl methacrylate had a higher transverse bend strength and modulus of elasticity than the other reline resins (p < 0.01). The highly cross-linked reline resins also had significantly lower water sorption than the other reline resins (p < 0.01). Reline resins, except for one, had significantly higher solubility than heat-polymerizing denture base acrylic resins (p < 0.01).
Fifty-one patients who had been provided with 104 Dentacolor veneered titanium copings/pontics were recalled after periods varying between 51 and 72 months. Fourty-two patients with 85 units-67 crowns and 18 pontics-attended. In this retrospective study the condition of the veneering material was rated by dentists who had performed the treatment. Seven units exhibited Dentacolor fractures and one obvious discoloration of the veneering material. These eight units correspond to a failure rate of 9.4%. The corresponding failure rate after 3 years was 7.1%.
Premachined titanium frameworks are used in implant-supported fixed complete-arch prostheses. Traditionally, retentive mechanisms are incorporated in the wax patterns to provide retention between polymethyl methacrylate and the cast framework. Nontraditional forms of retention are needed with machined frameworks. This study determined whether three different surface characteristics of titanium improve the bond shear strength of polymethyl methacrylate. Thirty rod shaped specimens of titanium were divided into three equal groups: group 1 received no pretreatment; group 2 was pretreated with 110 microns alumina air abrasive; and group 3 was pretreated with 110 microns alumina air abrasive plus silane (clear). Denture resin was processed around each specimen. A Shell-Nielsen shear test was then performed at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/minute to determine the bond shear strength in kilograms per square centimeter. The bond shear strength of group 3 was 63% greater than group 1 (significant, p < 0.01; ANOVA-Scheffé interval 63 kg/cm2). The results of this study indicated that surface pretreatment of titanium with 110 microns alumina air abrasive plus silane coating significantly enhances the bond shear strength of polymethyl methacrylate.
Three different methods of increasing the bond strength of resin to metal were tested: the original Silicoater technique, the Silicoater MD technique, and the Rocatec system. Metals used for the resin-bonded prostheses were gold, a cobalt-chromium (Co-Cr) alloy, and titanium. Silicoating increased the bond strength to sandblasted specimens. The original Silicoater technique produced the highest bond strengths, especially when used with the Co-Cr alloy and titanium. The Silicoater MD technique showed the lowest bond strengths for all of the test metals. Storage for 7 days with protective film on the silicoated surface did not affect the bond strength, as compared with specimens bonded immediately. The retention of the resin to the gold specimens (Rocatec system) decreased after thermocycling, but retention to the Co-Cr alloy and titanium was not affected. Various resin cements were tested and showed the same retention with the exception of Microfill Pontic, which gave a weaker bond. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX) of the specimens before and after the measurements gave no clear explanation of the differences in bond strengths between the test metals. However, it was concluded that silicoating of the metal surfaces contributed to the retention of the resin by chemical action, as no differences in adaptation of the resin to the metal were seen between specimens pretreated by sandblasting and those which were also silicoated.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the bond strength of veneering composite to commercially pure titanium (cp Ti) using several different bonding systems and a post-cure heat treatment.
Four commercial bonding systems (Cesead, Kuraray; New Metacolor, Sun Medical; Silicaoater MD, Kulzer; Termoresin LC II, GC) were evaluated. Bonding was attempted with the opaque resin provided by each bonding system as well as with the New Metacolor opaque resin. New Metacolor resin composite was used for the veneering composite. Half of the specimens were subjected to a post-cure heat treatment at 100 degrees C for 30 min. The shear bond strengths were tested after aging the specimens in water at 37 degrees C for 1 d and also after thermocycling for 16.5 d (20,000 cycles).
Strong bonds, exceeding 20 MPa, were achieved with all of the bonding systems with the exception of Thermoresin LC II, which is designed for noble metals. Bond strengths were only increased by the post-cure heat treatment for the New Metacolor system. Thermocycling caused a significant reduction in bond strength for the New Metacolor adn the Thermoresin LC II systems. The use of the New Metacolor opaque resin produced increased bonding for the Silicoater MD and the opaque resin produced increased bonding for the Silicoater MD and the Cesead systems, but the effect was eliminated after thermocycling.
Strong, durable bonds can be achieved between composite and sandblasted cp Ti, thus enhancing the usefulness of this metal for esthetic resin-veneered crowns and other fixed prosthetics.
The bonding of acrylic resin to dental prostheses constructed from metal has been the subject of extensive research in recent years, much of it between base-metal alloys such as Ni-Cr alloys and dental composite. The development of techniques for the manufacture of dental appliances from titanium and titanium alloys has opened new avenues for investigation of the metal/acrylic resin bond.
In this study, a bond strength comparison between two PMMA products, Trevalon and Metadent, and discs of titanium alloy, Ti-6A1-4V, was investigated using a four-point bend test configuration. Trevalon is a standard, commercially available, heat-cured acrylic resin, while Metadent is an acrylic resin incorporating a chemical bonding agent, 4-META. A comparison was made between two processes that are routinely used to enhance the bond between metal and acrylic, namely sandblasting of the metal surface and using the Silicoater system following sandblasting. Each of the samples was paired, thus allowing a further comparison to be made between samples that had undergone thermocycling in a water bath, with those that had been held at a constant temperature.
The study revealed that a superior metal/acrylic bond was achieved by the use of the silicoating system when either Trevalon or Metadent was used both before and after thermocycling. Reduced debonding loads were recorded for all samples that had undergone thermocycling.
Highest bond strengths were recorded for Trevalon or Metadent processed against a silicoated Ti-alloy surface.
Adhesive cements used with metal endodontic posts may decrease fracture in non-vital teeth. Results from studies that evaluate cements for post retention by pulling posts out of extracted teeth are difficult to interpret owing to the number of interfaces where fracture might occur. The objective of this study was to isolate the metal/cement interface for tensile bond strength testing and microscopic observation.
Three metals and seven cement treatments were examined for bond strength by using a truncated cone tensile test. The bond strength data were analyzed by a two-way ANOVA and Scheffé's multiple comparison test at p = 0.05. Specimens were examined at 50x magnification to determine the failure mode and with scanning electron microscopy (500x) to observe the surfaces after debonding.
Significant differences in tensile bond strengths were found among cements compared within two of the metal groups. One of the metal groups had no significant differences among cement bonds. When comparing within cement treatment groups, two groups had significant differences in bond strength among the metals. Microscopic observations revealed adhesive, cohesive and mixed failure modes that varied with cement treatment and metal combination. The interaction between metal and cement was a critical determinant of the strength and characteristic fracture mode of the bond achieved.
Some of the cement treatments performed better (i.e., higher bond strength) with some metals than with others. Other cements had similar bond strengths with all three metals. Because of this interaction, careful consideration of the materials combination should help to maximize the bond at the metal/cement interface.
Poor chemical bonding of a denture base resin to cast titanium frameworks often introduces adhesive failure and increases microleakage.
This study examined the shear bond strengths of a denture base resin to cast pure titanium, Ti-6Al-4V, and a cobalt-chromium alloy using various adhesive primers.
Disks (6.0 mm diameter, 2.5 mm thick) were cast of the 3 alloys. The disk surfaces were grit-blasted with 50 microm alumina and treated with 5 different metal primers (Metal Primer II ¿MP]; Cesead Opaque primer ¿OP]; Meta Base ¿MB]; experimental primer ¿EP]; Siloc bonding system ¿SI]). A denture base resin (Palapress Vario) was then applied on the disks with hole-punched sticky tape (bonding area of 5.0 mm) and a Teflon (PTFE, New Age Industries Inc, Willow Grove, Pa.) ring (6.0 mm diameter x 2.0 mm thick). Specimens without primer were also prepared as controls. All specimens were immersed in 37 degrees C water and thermocycled up to 2,000 cycles. Shear bond strength values were determined at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. Data were statistically analyzed using 3-way ANOVA, followed by 1-way ANOVA and the Scheffé multiple range test.
Primers significantly (P <.05) improved shear bond strengths of denture base resin to all metals, among which no significant differences were found. Specimens primed with OP, MP, and EP showed higher bond strengths than did those primed with MB. After thermocycling, the bond strengths of MB and SI decreased substantially; MB showed the least durability (22.8% to 35.5% decrease) among the primers.
The application of 5 primers significantly improved the shear bond strengths of a denture base resin to cast CP titanium, Ti-6Al-4V, and Co-Cr alloy. OP and MP primers exhibited greater bond strength and durability than did MB and SI.
The aim of the present study was to compare titanium-base and resin-base maxillary complete dentures. In 13 patients with a maxillary complete denture with a titanium base (group I) and in 12 patients with a maxillary complete denture with a resin base (group II), the (a) patient's adaptation to the denture, (b) denture retention and (c) appearance of the mucosa under the denture were evaluated. In all cases, the adaptation was assessed with a questionnaire, while the retention and the appearance of the mucosa were assessed by clinical examination. None of the three measures considered (adaptation, retention and mucosa appearance) differed significantly between patients with titanium-base dentures and patients with resin-base dentures. Titanium bases are suitable for dentures likely to be subject to severe mechanical stresses (as in the case of maxillary complete dentures opposing natural teeth), and in patients who show hypersensitivity responses to other materials.
This study examined the success of titanium (Ti) removable partial dentures (RPDs) compared with that of cobalt-chromium (Co-Cr) RPDs using a randomized controlled clinical trial. Thirty-eight RPD patients were provided with either Co-Cr (20 patients) or Ti (18 patients) RPDs. The total numbers of dentures was 31 (13 maxillary, 18 mandibular) for Co-Cr and 23 (11 maxillary, 12 mandibular) for Ti. Patients were reviewed for 24 months following denture issue. After the initial 12 months, 20 clinical problems were recorded and became the criteria for subsequent assessment. Incidence of failure was analysed using both Fisher's exact test and the chi square test at a significance level of P<0.05. Fracture of retainers in both metals occurred only in the first 12 months. Some failure types presented at significantly higher levels in the first 12 months but there were no significant differences between the two in all the criteria examined between the 12- and the 24-month reviews. Although differences existed in failure types between Co-Cr and Ti RPDs during the early review stages, the overall success rate of Ti RPDs was comparable with that of Co-Cr RPDs after 24 months. The higher incidence of failures in Ti RPDs prior to the 12-month review suggests the importance of taking its lower rigidity into account when designing RPDs.
The purpose of this study was to measure the in vitro tensile bond strength of 3 types of adhesive resin cements to stainless steel, titanium, carbon fiber-reinforced resin, and zirconium oxide post materials.
Disks of post materials were polished to 600 grit, air abraded, and ultrasonically cleaned. Zirconium oxide bonding surfaces were pretreated with hydrofluoric acid and silanated. Bis-Core, C&B Metabond, and Panavia cements were bonded to the post specimens and placed in a humidor for 24 hours. Post specimens were debonded in tension. Means and standard deviations (n = 5) were analyzed by 2-way analysis of variance. Tukey-Kramer intervals at the 0.05 significance level were calculated. Failure modes were observed.
Panavia 21 provided the highest bond strengths for all types of post materials, ranging from 22 MPa (zirconium oxide) to 37 MPa (titanium). C&B Metabond bonded significantly more strongly to stainless steel (27 MPa) and titanium (22 MPa) than to zirconium oxide (7 MPa). Bis-Core results were the lowest, ranging from 16 MPa (stainless steel) to 8 MPa (zirconium oxide). In most cases, bonds to carbon fiber post materials were weaker than to stainless steel and titanium, but stronger than to zirconium oxide. In general, higher bond strengths resulted in a higher percentage of cohesive failures within the cement.
Panavia 21 provided the highest bond strengths to all post materials, followed by C&B Metabond. In most cases, adhesive resins had higher bond strengths to stainless steel, titanium, and carbon fiber than to zirconium oxide.
The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the adhesive performance of metal conditioners and a surface modification system when used for bonding between a prosthetic composite material and a titanium alloy.
Eight metal conditioners (Acryl Bond, All-Bond 2 Primer B, Alloy Primer, Ces II Opaque Primer, Eye Sight Opaque Primer, Metafast Bonding Liner, Metal Primer II, and MR Bond) and a bonding system (Siloc) were assessed. Cast disk specimens made of a titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-7Nb, T-Alloy Tough) were either primed with one of the eight primers or treated with the Siloc system and bonded with a light-activated prosthetic composite material (Artglass). Shear bond strengths were determined both before and after thermocycling (4 C-60 C, 60 s each, 20,000 cycles) for evaluation of the durability of the bonds.
The results showed that the Siloc-treated group recorded the greatest post-thermocycling bond strength, followed by the two groups conditioned with the Cesead II Opaque Primer and Alloy Primer agents, both of which contain an identical hydrophobic phosphate-methacrylate functional monomer.
The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the surface preparation effects of eight metal conditioners and an adhesive system on bonding between a prosthodontic composite material and cast titanium. Eight primers designed for conditioning base metal alloys (Acryl Bond, All-Bond 2 Primer B, Alloy Primer, Cesead II Opaque Primer, Eye Sight Opaque Primer, Metafast Bonding Liner, Metal Primer II, and MR Bond) as well as a surface modification technique (Siloc) were assessed. Disk specimens cast from titanium (T-Alloy H) were either primed with one of the eight primers or treated with the Siloc system, and then bonded with a light-activated composite material (Artglass). Bond durability was evaluated by thermocycling (4 and 60 degrees C, 1 min each, 20, 000 cycles). After thermocycling, two groups either primed with the Cesead II Opaque Primer material or treated with the Siloc system exhibited significantly greater bond strength (20.0 and 19.0 MPa) than the other groups (0.2-12.6 MPa, P < 0.05). These two systems are considered to be useful for improving bonding between the titanium and the composite material tested.
Castability of Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy, CP Ti, and Co-Cr alloy was examined for mesh type and plate type specimens. The casting was carried out with a pressure type casting machine and commercial molding material. The castability of the mesh type specimen was evaluated in terms of the number of cast segments (castability index), and that of the plate type was evaluated by the area of the specimen (casting rate). X-ray images processed by a digital imaging technique were used to identify the casting porosity. The casting rate of the specimens increased with increasing thickness of the specimens. It was concluded that the castability index and the casting rate of Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy was slightly lower than that of CP Ti, and higher than that of Co-Cr alloy, were as Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy showed fewer casting porosities than CP Ti and smaller ones than Co-Cr alloy, which was advantageous for increasing the reliability of the casting properties.
With the aim of applying a novel titanium alloy, Ti-6Al-7Nb, to a dental casting material, a comprehensive research work was carried out on its characteristics, such as castability, mechanical properties and corrosion resistance in the present study. As a result, Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy exhibited sufficient castability by a dental casting method for titanium alloys and enough mechanical properties for dental application. It is also showed excellent corrosion resistance through an immersion test in 1.0% lactic acid and an anodic polarization test in 0.9% NaCl solution. From these results, it is concluded that this Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy is applicable as a dental material in place of Ti-6Al-4V alloy, which includes cytotoxic vanadium.
Interfaces between metals and 4‐META/MMA‐TBBO resin
- Echizenya T
Echizenya T. Interfaces between metals and 4-META/MMA-TBBO resin. J Dent Mater 1992; 11: 628–641.