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Effect of mineral oil, sunflower oil, and coconut oil on prevention of hair damage
Abstract
Previously published results showed that both in vitro and in vivo coconut oil (CNO) treatments prevented combing damage of various hair types. Using the same methodology, an attempt was made to study the properties of mineral oil and sunflower oil on hair. Mineral oil (MO) was selected because it is extensively used in hair oil formulations in India, because it is non-greasy in nature, and because it is cheaper than vegetable oils like coconut and sunflower oils. The study was extended to sunflower oil (SFO) because it is the second most utilized base oil in the hair oil industry on account of its non-freezing property and its odorlessness at ambient temperature. As the aim was to cover different treatments, and the effect of these treatments on various hair types using the above oils, the number of experiments to be conducted was a very high number and a technique termed as the Taguchi Design of Experimentation was used. The findings clearly indicate the strong impact that coconut oil application has to hair as compared to application of both sunflower and mineral oils. Among three oils, coconut oil was the only oil found to reduce the protein loss remarkably for both undamaged and damaged hair when used as a pre-wash and post-wash grooming product. Both sunflower and mineral oils do not help at all in reducing the protein loss from hair. This difference in results could arise from the composition of each of these oils. Coconut oil, being a triglyceride of lauric acid (principal fatty acid), has a high affinity for hair proteins and, because of its low molecular weight and straight linear chain, is able to penetrate inside the hair shaft. Mineral oil, being a hydrocarbon, has no affinity for proteins and therefore is not able to penetrate and yield better results. In the case of sunflower oil, although it is a triglyceride of linoleic acid, because of its bulky structure due to the presence of double bonds, it does not penetrate the fiber, consequently resulting in no favorable impact on protein loss.
... Vegetable oil can protect damaged hair first by forming a hydrophobic coating on the surface of hair and second by filling the gaps produced from oxidative damage as the oil penetrates into the cortex of hair (Dias, 2015;Gode et al., 2012;Keis et al., 2005;Lee & Ahn, 2022;Sarkar et al., 2017). Vegetable oils extracted from plant have been used and studied as raw materials for hair treatment formulations (Dias, 2015;Gode et al., 2012;Keis et al., 2005;Kim et al., 2021;Lee & Ahn, 2022;Min et al., 2013;Oh et al., 2014;Rele & Mohile, 2003;Sarkar et al., 2017). Vegetable oils are made up of fatty acids (> 95%) and other minor components (< 5%) (Vegetable oil, 2022). ...
... While a number of research discussed about the effect of penetration of vegetable oils into hair (Keis et al., 2005;Lee & Ahn, 2022;Rele & Mohile, 2003) there has been only a few research efforts which provided the empirical data (Gamez-Garcia, 2009;Gode et al., 2012;Hornby et al., 2005;Ruetsch et al., 2001). Ruetsch et. ...
... Analysis of concentration of protein extractable from hair is one way to determine the degree of hair damage and the possible amount of protein leak from the damaged hair Rele & Mohile, 2003). Different methods are used for the extraction and quantification of protein from hair. ...
Hair treatments containing vegetable oils protect the damaged hair by surface coating and by penetrating in hair thereby filling the gaps caused by oxidative damage. Vegetable oil is composed mostly of medium-chain or long-chain fatty acids which exist as triglycerides. Although there are literatures which deal with the penetration of specific natural oils into hair there is a lack of research which provide the empirical data that can be used to explain the penetration of larger population of vegetable oils. This research was aimed to examine whether the chain length of fatty acid affect the penetration of fatty acid and protection in hair and also to apply the results on explaining the protective effect of Medium-Chain Triglyceride oil (MCT oil) and Coconut oil. Nine different hair treatments were formulated with three medium-chain fatty acids (C8:0, C10:0, C12:0), three long-chain fatty acids (C14:0, C16:0, C18:0), MCT oil, Coconut oil, and a blank. Composition of fatty acids of hair was examined by the Gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Penetration of fatty acid in hair was examined by the UV–VIS spectrophotometry. Protection of damaged hair was examined by the differences in color, tensile strength, thickness, and the concentration of protein leak of 21-day vs. 0-day measurements. Results of t-test indicated that the penetration and the protection of the medium-chain fatty acid was significantly better than those of the long-chain fatty acid, and that MCT oil and coconut oil were not significantly different.
... Dias (2015) suggested that applying oil to hair regularly would enhance lubrication effect and prevent the breakage of hair. Rele and Mohile (2003) who compared the effect of mineral oil, coconut oil, and sunflower oil on damaged hair reported that the loss of protein from hair was minimized by coconut oil because it was able to penetrate the hair and fill the gap to keep hair protein intact. Mineral oil and sunflower oil did not penetrate the hair but they were adsorbed to the surface of hair, enhancing shine and reducing friction (Rele & Mohile, 2003). ...
... Rele and Mohile (2003) who compared the effect of mineral oil, coconut oil, and sunflower oil on damaged hair reported that the loss of protein from hair was minimized by coconut oil because it was able to penetrate the hair and fill the gap to keep hair protein intact. Mineral oil and sunflower oil did not penetrate the hair but they were adsorbed to the surface of hair, enhancing shine and reducing friction (Rele & Mohile, 2003). ...
... This would account for the relatively small increase of protein leak in BH compared to VH. Wolfram et al. (1970) suggested that the reaction of hydrogen peroxide on hair keratin was mostly limited to cystine amino acid based on the fact that the amount of cysteic acid in the protein extracted from bleached hair quadrupled that of the protein extracted from untreated hair. High alkaline condition of bleaching which swells and opens up the cuticle layer would allow bleaching agent to pass through the cuticle, and as a result protein of cell membrane complex and also the matrix protein of cortex, which are more susceptible than the α-helix protein, could be oxidized into smaller molecules which could leak by cosmetic treatments such as shampooing, permanent wave, etc. (Grosvenor et al., 2018;Rele & Mohile, 2003). The effect of bleaching reported in this research was based on the usage of a specific brand of the bleaching agent chosen for this study. ...
Effect of hair conditioner formulated with Argan oil or Camellia oil was investigated on the protection of hair damaged by bleaching. Six different rinse-off type hair conditioners were made with the basic ingredients of hair conditioner and one of the following conditioning agent; Argan oil (AO), Camellia oil (CO), Palmitic acid (PA), Stearic acid (SA), Oleic acid (OA), and Linoleic acid (LA). L*, a*, b* color values and tensile strength, elongation were measured, and the amount of protein leak was examined using the Bradford Protein Assay. Statistical significance was tested using the SPSS statistical software. Although both AO and CO were effective in protecting the tensile properties of bleached hair, significant effects were observed with AO in enhancing the tensile strength and retaining the color of bleached hair. This might be due possibly to the difference in the composition of four major fatty acids in Argan oil and Camellia oil.
... 8 Several agents including mineral oil, coconut oil and sunflower oil, have been evaluated for their use in hair fall or prevention of hair damage. 9 Micronutrients are important components in the normal hair follicle cycle and cellular turnover. 10 Sulphur amino acids (cysteine and methionine) are useful for keratin hair protein synthesis. ...
... Affinity for hair proteins and structure and molecular weight of the components decides its ability to penetrate inside the hair shaft and prevent loss of proteins from hairs. 9 In this survey, desired control was rated positively by more than 82% in TE (41-80% desired control) and 69% dermatologists in AGA (21-60% desired control). This is another surrogate marker for the efficacy of Folliserum. ...
... For example, mineral oil is commonly used in hair oil formulations due to its non-greasy property. 9 Folliserum is non-sticky and non-greasy formulation. Most (84%) dermatologists in this survey rated Folliserum as "Very good" or "Good" for its aesthetic properties. ...
p>To evaluate practice pattern and preference for use of serum peptide formulation by dermatologists for the treatment of alopecia. Dermatologists in India were administered a questionnaire consisting of questions related to number of patients with alopecia seen every week, investigations, prevalence of nutritional deficiencies and use of serum peptide formulation in telogen effluvium (TE) and androgenetic alopecia (AGA). The responses were analysed as number and percentages. Out of 124 dermatologists, 38 (31%) reported that they see 11-15 patients with TE every week and 31 (25%) reported seeing 11-15 patients of AGA per week. According to 51 (41%) dermatologists, 40-60% patients with hair loss have some nutritional deficiency and 95 (77%) reported that iron deficiency profile, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), vitamin B1 and vitamin D level estimation is necessary in patients with TE. A total of 86 (69%) dermatologists preferred serum peptide formulation in patients with TE and AGA. Ninety nine (80%) and 75 (60%) dermatologists reported “very good” or “good” efficacy of serum peptide in TE and AGA respectively. Ninety nine (80%) dermatologists said, gender is not an important criterion for choosing a serum peptide in hair fall. For aesthetics related parameters, Folliserum (Abbott Health care Pvt Ltd) was rated as “Very good” and “Good” by 66 (53%) and 38 (31%) dermatologists respectively. According to dermatologists in India, nutritional deficiency is common in patients with alopecia. Majority of the survey participants rated Folliserum as “Very good” or “Good” for its efficacy and aesthetic parameters. </p
... They showed that active ingredient extracts from medicinal plants, especially vegetable oils, have a positive effect on hair growth. This is the case of the activity of Cocos nucifera oil that prevents hair loss [6,8], Ricinus communis oil entering into the composition of medicinal preparations [9] and cosmetic preparations [6] as well as Cannabis sativa L. seed oil [10] which stimulate hair growth [5,6]. In India, the flowers of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis are traditionally used to promote growth, prevent hair loss and premature graying, and fight dandruff [4,8]. ...
... This is the case of the activity of Cocos nucifera oil that prevents hair loss [6,8], Ricinus communis oil entering into the composition of medicinal preparations [9] and cosmetic preparations [6] as well as Cannabis sativa L. seed oil [10] which stimulate hair growth [5,6]. In India, the flowers of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis are traditionally used to promote growth, prevent hair loss and premature graying, and fight dandruff [4,8]. ...
Aim: This study aims to identify the physicochemical parameters for the stability of emulsions prepared with medicinal plant extracts (i); to study the optimum parameters contributing to the stabilization of emulsions used for hair care (ii); to determine the physicochemical and galenical conditions for better stable formulation and the reproducible to ensure a pharmaceutical use (iii) and finally to evaluate the capillary activity of the emulsions prepared in vivo on Cavia porcellus L. (iv). Methodology: To achieve the goal of this study, the water-oil emulsions prepared by the mixture of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. flowers extracts (1mg/g and 10mg/g), Cannabis sativa L. seeds oil (1mg/g and 10mg/g), Ricinus communis L. oil, Olea europaea crude oil, and beeswax. The prepared emulsions were tested in vivo on Cavia porcellus L. for 28 days following the protocols established in preliminary studies on cosmetic systems with natural extracts as well as those established for the evaluation of the antialopecic activity. Results: The water-oil emulsion, with a ratio of 4/6, a Hydrophilic/Lipophilic Balance [HLB] of 7, an average globule size of 2.57 ± 1,91μm made with Cannabis sativa L. seed oil (10mg/g), Ricinus communis L. oil, Olea europaea oil, extract of flowers of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. (10mg/g), and beeswax exhibited good stability as well as stimulating activity of capillary growth. Conclusion: The stability of a water-in-oil emulsion formulated with natural substances selected for this research depends on the hydrophilic/lipophilic balance, uniformity of the globules distribution in their average size as well as the hydrophilic/lipophilic ratio.
... Topic application of coconut oil on the limbs can moisturize skin [228]. Instead, it reduces protein loss if put to the hair before or after shampooing [229]. Coconut oil can be used as natural deodorant [228], body scrub, lip scrub, shaving cream, and personal cleansing agents (e.g., soaps, shampoo, and detergents) [229][230][231][232]. ...
... Instead, it reduces protein loss if put to the hair before or after shampooing [229]. Coconut oil can be used as natural deodorant [228], body scrub, lip scrub, shaving cream, and personal cleansing agents (e.g., soaps, shampoo, and detergents) [229][230][231][232]. ...
Nowadays, much attention is paid to issues such as ecology and sustainability. Many consumers choose "green cosmetics", which are environmentally friendly creams, makeup, and beauty products, hoping that they are not harmful to health and reduce pollution. Moreover, the repeated mini-lock downs during the COVID-19 pandemic have fueled the awareness that body beauty is linked to well-being, both external and internal. As a result, consumer preferences for makeup have declined, while those for skincare products have increased. Nutricosmetics, which combines the benefits derived from food supplementation with the advantages of cosmetic treatments to improve the beauty of our body, respond to the new market demands. Food chemistry and cosmetic chemistry come together to promote both inside and outside well-being. A nutricosmetic optimizes the intake of nutritional microelements to meet the needs of the skin and skin appendages, improving their conditions and delaying aging, thus helping to protect the skin from the aging action of environmental factors. Numerous studies in the literature show a significant correlation between the adequate intake of these supplements, improved skin quality (both aesthetic and histological), and the acceleration of wound-healing. This review revised the main foods and bioactive molecules used in nutricosmetic formulations, their cosmetic effects, and the analytical techniques that allow the dosage of the active ingredients in the food.
... 23 Coconut oil reduces keratin loss in hair when used in hair grooming products, particularly for African hair. 24 It is a major component of hair shampoos, conditioners creams and ointments where it is employed for its strengthening properties for both damaged and undamaged hair. 24 The medium-chain fatty acids in coconut oil primarily destroys lipid coated viruses such as CMV, Epstein-Barr virus, influenza, virus, leukemia virus, pneumo virus and hepatitis C virus, by disrupting their membranes, thus interfering with virus assembly and maturation. ...
... 24 It is a major component of hair shampoos, conditioners creams and ointments where it is employed for its strengthening properties for both damaged and undamaged hair. 24 The medium-chain fatty acids in coconut oil primarily destroys lipid coated viruses such as CMV, Epstein-Barr virus, influenza, virus, leukemia virus, pneumo virus and hepatitis C virus, by disrupting their membranes, thus interfering with virus assembly and maturation. 18 ...
Plant and seed oils have been used for centuries and possibly millennia in Nigeria and Africa for the maintenance of healthy skin and the traditional treatment of skin disorders. In recent times, some of these oils have regained popularity due to their availability and affordability coupled with concerns about the side effects of commercially processed skin care products. This is to assess the chemical properties, current knowledge, source of procurement, indications for topical use, benefits, and possible adverse effects of six plant oils and one animal fat commonly used in Nigeria.
Methodology
This is a literature review and interview with traditional healers and alternative health practitioners to document the traditional, medical, cosmetics, and other usage of oils for skin and scalp care in the African context. Literature review was done on the biochemical and pharmacological properties of each of the seven oils. Searches were made from PubMed, African Journal online, Medline and google scholar. Medical subject heading terms used in the search include Shea butter, coconut oil, palm kernel oil, palm oil, soy oil, Baobab oil and python oil.
Result and Conclussion
Plant and seed oils used locally in Nigeria and other African countries for skin care and treatment have several benefits due to the constituents of the plant oils (free fatty acids, triglycerides, ceramides, phospholipids, vitamins and antioxidants) which have been shown to promote healthy skin barrier function, wound healing and have anti‐inflammatory and antimicrobial effects. They are however not without adverse effects, which may be mainly due to processing and storage hygiene. Further studies are required on these oils in view of their potential in the development of novel skincare products and dermatological therapies.
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... 112 CNO is found to have a strong affinity for hair proteins and it easily penetrates the hair shaft due to its low molecular weight and straight linear chain. 43 Supporting this, a study done using mineral oil, CNO and sunflower oil on prevention of hair damage showed that CNO was the only oil to show a marked decline in protein loss for both damaged and undamaged hair when it was used as a pre-washed or post-washed product. This observation was explained in terms of the FA composition of CNO. ...
... Lauric acid, the principal FA, leads to CNO being a hair-enriching oil compared to other oils tested. 43 Ruetsch et al. 113 investigated on the penetration of CNO and mineral oil into human hair fibers. The study showed a higher penetration of CNO compared to mineral oil. ...
Coconut oil is an integral part of Sri Lankan and many South Asian diets. Initially, coconut oil was classified along with saturated fatty acid food items and criticized for its negative impact on health. However, research studies have shown that coconut oil is a rich source of medium-chain fatty acids. Thus, this has opened new prospects for its use in many fields. Beyond its usage in cooking, coconut oil has attracted attention due to its hypocholesterolemic, anticancer, antihepatosteatotic, antidiabetic, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and skin moisturizing properties. Despite all the health benefits, consumption of coconut oil is still underrated due to a lack of supportive scientific evidence. Even though studies done in Asian countries claim a favorable impact on cardiac health and serum lipid profile, the limitations in the number of studies conducted among Western countries impede the endorsement of the real value of coconut oil. Hence, long-term extensive studies with proper methodol-ogies are suggested to clear all the controversies and misconceptions of coconut oil consumption. This review discusses the composition and functional properties of coconut oils extracted using various processing methods.
... 112 CNO is found to have a strong affinity for hair proteins and it easily penetrates the hair shaft due to its low molecular weight and straight linear chain. 43 Supporting this, a study done using mineral oil, CNO and sunflower oil on prevention of hair damage showed that CNO was the only oil to show a marked decline in protein loss for both damaged and undamaged hair when it was used as a pre-washed or post-washed product. This observation was explained in terms of the FA composition of CNO. ...
... Lauric acid, the principal FA, leads to CNO being a hair-enriching oil compared to other oils tested. 43 Ruetsch et al. 113 investigated on the penetration of CNO and mineral oil into human hair fibers. The study showed a higher penetration of CNO compared to mineral oil. ...
... Ketones have powerful benefits for the brain and treatment of epilepsy and Alzheimer's. Vitamins, and minerals improves insulin secretion and symptoms of diabetes, protects the body from cancers by the removal of free radicals that cause premature aging and degenerative disease, support thyroid function, protect against kidney disease and bladder infection, keep hair and skin healthy, prevent wrinkles, sagging skin and age spots and provides sun protection, treat drug resistant epilepsy, improve dental health and reduces bad breath and abdominal fat[89][90][91][92][93][94][95][96][97][98][99][100]. ...
... Coconut uses, nutrition content and health benefits[89][90][91][92][93][94][95][96][97][98][99][100]. ...
1. Abstract The main aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of adding natural food flavoring additives (annas, cloves, cinnamon, cocoa, chocolate, vanilla and coconut) and food coloring additives (Raspberry Rose E124, Sunset Yellow E 110 and Tartrazine Yellow E 102) to traditional Egyptian cookies containing spirulina, as a source of natural bioactive molecules, on the acceptability of the smell, taste and color of the cookies using a sensory evaluation panel of 10 members. The initial smell of cookies containing spirulina was musty-seawater to fishy-seawater and the taste was sour and bitter. The food flavoring additives cocoa, chocolate and cinnamon powders and anise and clove oils affected the taste and smell of spirulina cookies, but their effects did not enhance the acceptability of these cookies. Addition of coconut and vanilla oils improved the taste and smell and enhanced the acceptability of the cookies. They made the taste delicious, made the smell extremely pleasant and much sweeter and significantly increased the degree of acceptance. The color of cookies containing spirulina was dark bluish green. This bluish green color of spirulina shifted towards red and brownish red after the addition of the Raspberry Rose E124 and Sunset Yellow E110, respectively. However, the acceptability of these cookies was low as the first added salty taste and the second added sour taste to the cookies. Addition of Tartrazine Yellow E 102 enhanced the acceptability of the cookies color. The color of spirulina shifted towards brown which was highly acceptable as the cookies looked like chocolate cookies. The results showed that adding spirulina and coconut and vanilla oils into cookies increased their nutritional values. Spirulina and coconut and vanilla oils contain protein, fatty acids, vitamins and minerals and are rich in antioxidants, all of which will have significant health benefits to school children in Egypt who suffer from malnutrition. 2.
... It is an excellent conditioner and helps in the regrowth of damaged hair. Massaging coconut oil on the scalp reduces lice and dandruff [13]. According to the Coconut Research Center, coconut oil kills the viruses that cause influenza, measles, hepatitis, herpes, SARS, and other serious health risks. ...
Hair-related problems are a global concern and an ever-increasing problem. Compared to chemicals, herbal ingredients are more preferred because of their easy availability and lesser side effects. Using novel medicinal plant ingredients in various formulations, such as hair tonics, hair gels, hair oils, and hair dyes, has proved to be more beneficial than formulations containing chemical components. These novel ingredients have helped enhance hair's beauty and treat various hair problems, such as dandruff, alopecia, and many more. Problems related to hair are a universal concern affecting both sexes. Herbal cosmetics are now an appropriate solution to the current problem. This review describes the use of some natural medicinal plants for hair growth and prevention of grey hair with a brief description of the plant parts and the active compounds responsible for using the herbal plants.
... Hair masks are consisted of a fatty acid, amino acid and other additives for prevention or repair of the damage. A. Rele et.al reported that, coconut oil remarkably reduces protein loss for both undamaged and damaged hair in comparison to sunflower and mineral oils (India, 2003; Sisca V, et. al., 2019). ...
... The permeation and absorption properties of solutes, such as surfactants [22][23][24], phenols [25,26], dyes [27][28][29][30], fats [31][32][33], and metal ions [17,34], have been investigated, and several different permeation mechanism models have been proposed. However, owing to the complex mechanism of solute absorption in hair and the many influencing factors, existing models have certain limitations. ...
The permeation and absorption of solutes into human hair are highly relevant to various applications, including the formulation of hair-care products, the development of water pollution control and remediation, and the risk assessment of environmental exposure. Based on a detailed introduction of the structure and composition of hair, the effects of the properties of hair (structure, composition, and charge properties), the physicochemical properties of solutes (molecular size, shape, and hydrophobicity), and the conditions of the surrounding medium (solvent composition, temperature, and pH) on the permeation and absorption were comprehensively analyzed. Several theoretical models were reviewed, including two-part/two-state, porous media diffusion, homogeneous medium diffusion, heterogeneous medium partition, and diffusion models. Finally, future research directions for the permeation and absorption of solutes in hair were proposed to provide a foundation for the further optimization and application of permeation models.
... It is comprised of monounsaturated, polyunsaturated fats and essential vitamins (Vitamin A, B and E) [11] which benefit to control an ideal LDL/HDL (good cholesterol) ratio in the body [12]. It could be also used to treat of acne, arthritis and hair damage [13][14][15]. However, seed germination was unpredictable under natural conditions. ...
... Coconut oil has been proven to be good for the skin of newborns (Nangia et al., 2015), children (Evangelista et al., 2014), and adults (Agero and Verallo-Rowell, 2004;Verallo-Rowell et al., 2008). Coconut oil was reported to prevent loss of protein in hair more effectively than sunflower and mineral oil when used as a pre-and post-wash product (Rele and Mohile, 2003). ...
The effect of virgin coconut oil (VCO)-supplemented diet on sodium benzoate (SB)-induced neurotoxicity in male Wistar rats was investigated. Twenty (20) male Wistar rats weighing 160-180g were divided into four (4) groups: Control which received 1ml /kg b.w. of normal saline, SB-treated received 200 mg/kg b.w, SB + Low Dose VCO-treated (SB + 5% VCO mixed with 95g of rat chow), and SB + High Dose VCO-treated (SB+ 15% VCO mixed with 85g of rat chow). The brain was removed, homogenised and centrifuged for NRF-2, NF-kB, and acetylcholinesterase (AchE) gene expression levels. Also, the blood sample was collected and centrifuged for assessment of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and IL1B levels. One-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc tests were used to analyse data. SB-treated rats with no intervention showed anxiety-like behaviour and impaired memory as depicted by a significant (p<0.0001) increase in anxiety index, brain NF-KB, serum IL1B and AchE gene expression level, decreased in the recognition ratio, spontaneous alternation performance, CAT and SOD levels, and NRF-2 expression level when compared to other groups (especially control and SB + 5% VCO). VCO-supplemented diet (both 5% and 15%) significantly (p<0.0001) increased the CAT and SOD levels, increased the NRF-2 gene expression level, and significantly (p <0.0001) decreased the IL1-B level. Moreover, 5% VCO significantly (p<0.0001) decreased the anxiety index, decreased AchE and NFkB gene expression levels, increased spontaneous alternation performance, and increased recognition ratio compared to 15% VCO. VCO showed a neuroprotective effect in attenuating cognitive impairment and anxiety-like behaviour in SB-induced model by modulating oxidative stress and inflammatory pathways, and also enhancing cholinergic neurotransmission.
... Coconut oil, amongst vegetable oils, is the most useful. [38][39][40][41] Traction alopecia [ Figure 2] is a commonly documented complication of hair care practices in community studies across all age groups in Africans. [10,12,21,42] There appears to be an underreporting of traction alopecia and diffuse hair loss generally amongst the participants. ...
Introduction:
The scalp hairs on an average African is dry with low tensile strength and a tendency to break easily. This is mostly due to poor penetration of the natural oils on the scalp and the very curly hair texture. Various techniques developed to manage African hair are associated with certain hair and scalp disorders and are sources of distress.
Objectives:
This was a cross-sectional survey to compare natural African hair and chemically processed (relaxed) hair to determine the effect of hair care and grooming practices on common scalp disorders and the psychological effect in Nigerian women.
Subjects and methods:
Questionnaires were administered to women at the market, churches and outreaches with many women in attendance to document the hair grooming practices, common scalp symptoms and psychological effects experienced. They were also examined for the presence of seborrhoeic dermatitis and traction alopecia.
Results:
The study involved 452 women (62.17%) with relaxed hair and 275 women (37.83%) with natural (untreated) hair. Women with relaxed hair experienced significantly more flaking of the scalp (P = 0.046, x2 = 6.16), hair breakage (P = 0.023, x2 = 11.35) and hair loss (P = 0.020, x2 = 7.87) than those with natural hair. The most common psychological effects of hair scalp disorders in all participants were feeling of uneasiness 142 (19.5%), frustration 49 (6.7%), poor body image 40 (5.5%) and anger 38 (5.2%). Significantly more women with relaxed hair experienced moderate hair loss from traction than women with natural hair (P = 0.014, x2 = 8.52).
Conclusion:
Nigerian women experienced clinical and psychological distress consequent to their hair grooming practices. Individuals with relaxed hair had more physical symptoms, hair loss and psychological disturbances than those with natural hair.
... Coconut oil has been proven to be good for the skin of newborns (Nangia et al., 2015), children (Evangelista et al., 2014), and adults (Agero and Verallo-Rowell, 2004;Verallo-Rowell et al., 2008). Coconut oil was reported to prevent loss of protein in hair more effectively than sunflower and mineral oil when used as a pre-and post-wash product (Rele and Mohile, 2003). ...
The effect of virgin coconut oil (VCO) supplemented diet on sodium benzoate (SB) – induced neurotoxicity in male Wistar rats was investigated. Twenty (20) male Wistar rats weighing 160-180g were divided into four (4) groups: Control which received 1ml of normal saline, SB-treated; received 200 mg/kg b.w, SB + Low Dose VCO-treated (SB + 5% VCO mixed with 95g of rat chow), and SB + High Dose VCO-treated (SB+ 15% VCO mixed with 85g of rat chow). The brain was processed for NRF-2, NF-kB, and acetylcholine esterase (AchE) gene expression levels. Also, the blood sample was processed for assessment of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and IL1B levels. One-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc tests were used to analyze data. SB-treated rats with no intervention showed anxiety-like behavior and impaired memory as depicted by a significant (p<0.0001) increase in anxiety index, increase in brain NF-KB, increase in serum IL1B and increase in AchE gene expression level, reduction in the recognition ratio, decreased spontaneous alternation performance, decreased CAT and SOD levels and decreased NRF-2 expression level when compared to other groups (especially control and SB + 5% VCO). VCO supplemented diet (both 5% and 15%) significantly (p<0.0001) increased the CAT and SOD levels, increased the NRF-2 gene expression level, and significantly (p <0.0001) decreased the IL1-B level. Moreover, 5% VCO significantly (p<0.0001) decreased the anxiety index, decreased AchE and NFkB gene expression levels, increased spontaneous alternation performance, and increased recognition ratio compared to 15% VCO. VCO shows a neuroprotective effect in attenuating cognitive impairment and anxiety-like behavior in SB-induced model by modulating oxidative stress and inflammatory pathways, and also enhancing cholinergic neurotransmission. Keywords: Virgin coconut oil; sodium benzoate; acetylcholinesterase; catalase; superoxide dismutase; oxidative stress
... Natural oils have long been used in skin of color patients for hair and skin care. In patients with tightly coiled hair curl patterns, the lubricating effects of oils reduce fiber friction and the abrasive damage caused by grooming [8]. Some oils may also penetrate the hair and fill gaps protecting against surfactant damage from shampoos [9]. ...
... Sulfate-free shampoos are a trend in hair cosmetics [11]. Coconut oil was found to reduce protein loss in both undamaged and damaged hair when used as either a washout or a leave-on product [12]. In this context, we selected three types of coconut-based surfactants that were accompanied by a safety data sheet for use in the no-rinse shampoo formulations developed in this study. ...
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) cases are continuing to rise around the world, with more than 607 million confirmed cases and more than 6.51 million deaths as of September 2022. The World Health Organization (WHO) has emphasized the importance of hygiene in the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, especially in elderly and bedridden patients. The use of no-rinse shampoo represents a simple change in hair-cleansing products. Daily hospital hair washing for the elderly, bedridden, and ICU patients would be more readily adopted. The objective of this study was to design and optimize a new no-rinse shampoo based on electrochemically reduced water (ERW) using response surface methodology. The relationship between coconut-based surfactant mixtures in a no-rinse shampoo and the resulting physicochemical properties, effectiveness (antibacterial and antifungal activity), and stability of the shampoo was investigated. The vesicle size, size distribution, zeta potential, conductivity, pH, foamability, wetting time, turbidity, and stability of the model formulation were optimized. The optimal formulation with the appropriate physicochemical properties and stability was selected. The effectiveness of the optimal formulation was compared to that of commercially available products. The dry shampoo (DS4) containing 3.5% of the mixed detergent with ERW may prevent infection by Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans. The no-rinse shampoo based on ERW successfully demonstrated good stability in addition to efficacy in terms of antibacterial and antifungal activity. The treated hair fiber was not significantly different from that of the intact hair fiber. Under the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the atomic force microscopy (AFM), the cuticle layer of the treated hair fiber was not damaged. Thus, no-rinse shampoos may reduce the time of hair rinsing and improve the quality of life of caregivers.
... In contrast, mineral oil has no affinity for proteins and cannot penetrate the hair shaft. [19] The various actions of VCO might be due to its chemical constituents such as lauric acid as an antiviral, antibacterial, and antiprotozoal agent. Myristic acid is a flavoring agent and also helps in stabilizing many proteins. ...
Background: Coconut oil is of two varieties: virgin and refined oil. Virgin coconut oil (VCO) is made by cold-pressing the liquid from the fresh part of coconut meat. It has a milky appearance. This oil extraction method prevents the loss of vitamin E, pro-vitamin A, and polyphenols. It has various properties such as analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer. Skin is the general structure of the body. It is the first line of protection against traumatic injuries and microorganisms. Aim: This review is focussed on the existing data on the effect of VCO on the skin. Materials and Methods: PubMed and Google Scholar were searched for citations for keywords "virgin coconut oil and dermatology" and "virgin coconut oil and skin." In search of the various databases, 13 articles were found on VCO related to skin. Result: Virgin coconut oil is used as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, as skin protector, in Alzheimer's disease, in wound healing and as moisturizer. Conclusion: From this review, it can be concluded that VCO is beneficial for various dermatological disorders. It is antifungal and antibacterial and also acts as an immunomodulator. It also has anti-inflammatory, angiogenic, wound-healing, and skin protective properties.
... No óleo de Macaúba (Acrocomia aculeata), entre seus ácidos graxos, o que se ressalta é o láurico. Suas propriedades, como peso molecular e cadeia linear possibilitam a polarização da molécula, juntamente com seu diâmetro, e ajudam na penetrabilidade no fio e, dessa forma, acabam inibindo a perda proteica da haste capilar (RELE; MOBILE, 2003). ...
O aumento do consumo sustentável na cosmetologia tem desencadeado um maior uso de matérias-primas naturais para o desenvolvimento de formulações. Os óleos vegetais contêm ácidos graxos fundamentais para o organismo. O objetivo deste trabalho é executar uma prospecção tecnológica sobre o uso de ácidos graxos dos óleos vegetais na cosmetologia. Foram usados os bancos de dados EPO, WIPO, INPI, LENS e Google Patents, com as palavras-chave “Ácidos Graxos Óleos Vegetais/Fatty Acids Vegetable Oils”, “Cosméticos Óleos Vegetais/Cosmetics Vegetable Oils” e “Cosméticos Ácidos Graxos/Cosmetics Fatty Acids”. O Instituto Nacional da Propriedade Industrial (INPI) apresentou o menor número de depósitos de patentes, já o LENS teve o maior número de patentes. O cenário internacional aparenta mais investimentos. Já o Brasil precisa de mais estímulos para alcançar mais avanços nessa área de estudo. Além disso, o país deve utilizar seus recursos naturais como um diferencial competitivo em meio ao mercado nacional e internacional.
... Such weakening of the fiber structure leads to crack generation under stress leading to loss of tensile strength and combing breakage [3,4]. Oiling hair as a treatment to control such damage caused by the above-mentioned vectors has been established with several studies [5][6][7][8]. Amongst various hair oils, coconut-based hair oil (CBHO) has been shown to provide maximum benefit owing to its composition and conformational property [9][10][11]. Multiple studies have established that due to its unique chemical structure, coconut oil or its majority combination with other oils can penetrate deeper and faster into the hair cortex as compared to other oils by themselves [5,[12][13][14][15]. ...
Objective:
The present study is intended to characterize the surfactant damage suffered by the hair cortex in routine washing and the mechanistic effect of Coconut Based Hair Oils (CBHO) to mitigate the damage.
Methods:
Surfactants which diffuse into the hair structure solubilize protein moieties, leading to an increase in porosity and internal surface area as well as the pore volume. The changes in hair pores occurring in the hair cortex are measured by nitrogen sorption method in line with the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) theory. Single fiber tensile parameters were measured using Diastron MTT 175. Color protection was measured quantitatively using spectrophotometer as well as visual rating by trained panelists.
Results:
The pore surface area data clearly show the benefit of introducing coconut-based hair oils (CBHO) into the hair by preventing increase in hair porosity. A statistically significant decrease in break stress and toughness were observed and the same were reversed by the application of CBHO. A pronounced color protection effect was also recorded with the application of CBHO.
Conclusion:
The porosity reduction effect seen with the use of CBHO is attributed to the CBHO molecules blocking the diffusion pathways in the endocuticle and the matrix part of the cortical cells, limiting protein surfactant interaction resulting in reduced solubilization and loss. Since, the color molecules are likely to be much smaller than the protein moieties, a pronounced color protection effect suggests that the penetrated CBHO molecules form a dense diffusion barrier in the matrix, cell membrane complex (CMC) and the endocuticle regions of hair - which are the main diffusion pathways out of hair. The study confirms the damage repair potential of CBHO and that it works by increasing the hydrophobicity of hair - both on the hair surface and in the cortex.
... Coconut oil contains lauric acid, which has a high affinity for hair proteins, and a low molecular weight, allowing the oil to penetrate to the cortex. 28,29 Another common oil in hair formulations is castor oil that is extracted from the seeds of the Ricinus communis plant. The oil is rich in ricinolein, a monounsaturated fatty acid that allows it to act as moisturizer. ...
Medical professionals that treat patients with alopecia usually lack knowledge about hair cosmetics. Trichologists focus on hair cycling and growth problems and not on the hair shaft integrity. This may lead to abandon of the use of the prescribed treatment, such as topical minoxidil or to inadequate traumatic grooming habits that may jeopardize hair follicle health. Shampoos, hair dyes, and hair-straightening products may alter hair fiber structure, remove lipids, and elude protein. Hair procedures such as hair dying and straightening have side effects and health concerns, especially for pregnant women or sensitive hair and scalp patients. Hair breakage, follicle traction, frizz, contact dermatitis, and mutagenicity are possible side effects of hair cosmetics misuse. The proper use of hair care products may help to increase patients' adherence to alopecia treatments and avoid health problems related to inadequate application of hair cosmetics and procedures.
... Among coconut, sunflower and mineral oil, coconut oil was the only oil found to reduce the protein loss for both undamaged and damaged hair when used as a pre-wash and post-wash grooming product. 22 Coconut oil, because of its low molecular weight and straight linear chain, is able to penetrate inside the hair shaft. The mineral oil and the sunflower oil may have a film effect and adsorb to the surface of the cuticle enhancing shine and diminishing friction. ...
p>Modern shampoos are much more than just cleansing agents. With rising demands for new milder and ‘greener’ products, the developments in the field of shampoo and conditioners are moving at a faster pace than ever before. Soaps were initially used to clean scalp but are not recommended for hair cleansing because they leave behind a soap scum when mixed with hard water that is difficult to rinse from the hair and scalp. There are different types of shampoos. Besides “normal” cleaning shampoo, there are “specific” shampoos that have additional ingredients targeting some hair problems. Dermatologists most frequently prescribe shampoos but little is taught in medical schools about the hair cosmetics. Most of the prescriptions are based only on the treatment of the scalp and usually disregards the hair fibre health. Hence it is imperative for dermatologists to known about the mechanism of shampoos, different surfactants and where to choose which shampoo.</p
... É gorduroso e rico em ácidos graxos poli e monoinsaturados (62% e 25% de sua composição, respectivamente) destacando o ômega 9. Rico em vitamina E, poderoso antioxidante. Em uma colher de sopa (12 ml) possui 4,92 mg da vitamina (Summers, 2019;Rele, 2003). É utilizado em cosméticos devido aos altos níveis de concentração dessa vitamina. ...
A memória é a capacidade em que o nosso cérebro possui de adquirir, armazenar e recuperar informações disponíveis, de modo interno no cérebro. É o armazenamento de informações e fatos obtidos através de experiências ouvidas ou vividas. Diante dos prejuízos que possam ocorrer com o passar da idade e devido a esta cultura atual da sociedade, foram criados suplementos no mercado com objetivo de melhorar o armazenamento da memória.
Assim, o presente estudo pretende avaliar os efeitos do produto Memoryn da empresa Life Natural® a partir de uma revisão de literatura realizada por meio das seguintes bases de dados: PubMed, Scielo e Google Acadêmico, através da análise da composição do produto, usando como referência, os dados enviados pela empresa Life Natural, cujo produto é aprovado e assinado pelo neurocientista, Doutor Fabiano de Abreu Rodrigues.
... As it can be seen, the effect of oils on breakage is better as compared to other hair care formats. The same can be attributed to the external occlusive layer formation on the hair surface to prevent the water and surfactant to enter into hair cortex and hence, avoid the progressive removal of hair building blocks [7]. Amongst the oils, coconut oil shows the better benefit with less than 10% increase in breakage post 20 cycles of SLES wash -this is in-line with the various studies reported on the two-way action of coconut oil on hair. ...
Hair Breakage is a complex phenomenon which depends upon multiple factors and parameters. A battery of tests has been proposed by hair researchers to evaluate the hair breakage at lab scale; each of the tests used standardized instruments and techniques to measure relevant hair breakage parameters. A model to connect the hair breakage found in consumer testing with the various strand level and bulk level hair parameters was proposed earlier. We have extended the model and used it to discriminate the anti-breakage potential of various hair care product formats and regimens. The approach exemplifies the use of regression model to extend the in-vitro lab testing data to help predict the in-vivo consumer experience. To compare different hair care products on their anti-breakage potential, an index Hair Breakage Number (HBN) is formulated using the predicted consumer hair breakage counts. Proposed HBN presents a tool to aid formulators and cosmetic scientists in their quest to make anti-breakage hair care products with consumer relevant benefit.
... Only coconut oil showed significant effects on hair as it reduced protein loss from hair when applied before or after shampooing. This applies on both healthy and damaged hair [49,58]. Coconut oil may also be used as makeup removers, as it can remove even the most resistant waterproof mascara. ...
Virgin coconut oil is a useful substance in our daily life. It contains a high percentage of lauric acid which has many health benefits. The current industry has developed several methods to extract the oil out from the coconut fruit. This review paper aims to highlight several common extraction processes used in modern industries that includes cold extraction, hot extraction, low-pressure extraction, chilling, freezing and thawing method, fermentation, centrifugation, enzymatic extraction and supercritical fluid carbon dioxide. Different extraction methods will produce coconut oil with different yields and purities of lauric acid, thus having different uses and applications. Challenges that are faced by the industries in extracting the coconut oil using different methods of extraction are important to be explored so that advancement in the oil extraction technology can be done for efficient downstream processing. This study is vital as it provides insights that could enhance the production of coconut oil.
... Few scientific research data is available on the ethnopharmacology of vegetable oils that possess fatty acids as chief phytochemicals [15,16]. Fatty acids have a promoting effect on hair growth [17,18]. ...
Watercress oil (WCO) is the seed oil of Nasturtium officinale, Brassicaceae family. WCO is a cosmetic for hair growth approved by the Saudi Food and Drug Authority (SFDA). The study aimed to analyze by GC-MS, the phytochemical profile and the safety of WCO as a cosmetic according to SFDA, validates the traditional method of applying hot oil mixtures to the scalp, and also reports the pH, UV absorption, and in-silico binding mechanism of fatty acids for hair growth. The absorption of UV-B light (284.50 nm and 290.60 nm) by WCO suggests that it acts as a sunscreen for the scalp. The pH of the marketed WCO, 5.53 ± 0.02, shall not damage the scalp and hair. The GC-MS analysis confirmed fatty acids as the principal constituents (65.65%) of WCO composed of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs): cis-11-Octadecenoic acid (17.14%), cis-9-Octadecenoic acid (17.11%), cis-13-Eicosenoic acid (11.13%), cis-11-Eicosenoic acid (3.48%), and cis-13-Docosenoic acid (1.64%); saturated fatty acid: n-Hexadecanoic acid (12.89%); saturated fatty alcohol: Docosanol (2.26%). The GC-MS results also confirmed the absence of colorants, toxic solvents, and therapeutic substances in WCO, a cosmetic requirement, according to SFDA. The densities of mixtures of WCO+Coconut oil was 0.801 ± 0.03 mg/mL, and WCO+Olive oil was 0.885 ± 0.01 mg/mL; the kinematic viscosities of WCO+Coconut oil was 21.5 ± 0.0 mm²/s, and WCO+Olive oil was 28.6 ± 0.1 mm²/s at 40℃, which was lesser than the mixtures at 27℃. The decrease in density and viscosity of hot oil mixtures can improve the penetration of oil into the hair filament, which substantiated the traditional application method. In-silico, molecular docking results revealed that all the fatty acid constituents except Docosanol contributed to the hair growth promotion effect by activating MAPK1, MAPK3, and MAPKp38 receptors. This work is the first report on WCO to establish the phytochemical profile to confirm SFDA standard by GC-MS and its in-silico efficiency of activation of MAPK receptors for hair growth.
... Also, increasingly used in product formulations, plant oils have gained wide acceptance over the years as interesting components that promote a safer, natural and sustainable approach. Coconut oil showed significant reduction of protein loss in both damaged and undamaged hair, treated with pre-wash and post-wash preparations containing this oil [16]. The association of antioxidant shampoo and coconut oil as post-shampoo application provided protection against hair damage because of the effect of pollution, in several study participants [17]. ...
Objective:
Cosmetic and dermatological products, mainly the hair treatments, are projected to have remarkable growing in coming years. Nanotechnology, specifically nanoemulsions, have potential to be used in several hair products, owing to their beneficial properties. Concurrently, plant-derived cosmetics have become more popular over the years to consumers who prefer a safer, natural, and sustainable approach. There is a lack of studies combining plant oils and nanotechnology for haircare formulations. In this work, different plant oil-loaded nanoemulsions were prepared to investigate the influence of their particle size, zeta potential, and composition on hair treatment efficacy.
Methods:
Coconut, olive and abyssinian oils, alone or in combination, were loaded into nanoemulsions by High-Pressure Homogenization method (HPH). The mean particle size, polydispersity index and zeta potential were measured by the dynamic light scattering (DLS) method and a stability test was performed for five months. A sensorial screening evaluation performed by the analyst and the combing test using Dia-Stron® instrumentation were applied on hair tresses treated by these nanoemulsions.
Results:
The use of different plant oils for nanoemulsion resulted in distinct final particle sizes and zeta potential. However, results suggested no significant difference between them in hair tresses combing efficacy compared by Dia-Stron® instrument testing. Moreover, the plant-loaded nanoemulsions with increased concentration of cationic surfactant indicated a 50% reduction in combing force using this device when compared to control, in addition to better sensory results by screening test compared to other nanoemulsions and control.
Conclusion:
The composition of plant oils, particle size or zeta potential of the prepared nanoemulsions does not seem to significantly influence hair performance. Thus, we suggest that finding the right balance between cationic surfactant and plant oils may be the most appropriate path to develop effective nanoemulsions in hair treatment.
... The minor aroma activity compounds may characterize the variety of coconut oils. Traditionally, coconut oils have been used not only for foods but also for non-food applications 29,30 . Thus, wider research on the volatile composition of coconut oils should be conducted. ...
Abstract Volatile compounds in foods are a significant factor that affects food intake and preference. However, volatile components in edible oils are poorly understood due to a strong matrix effect. In this study, we developed a method of extracting volatile compounds from extra virgin coconut oil (EVCO) by means of oiling-out assisted liquid-liquid extraction (OA-LLE). Consequently, 44 aroma compounds were isolated and identified from only 5 g of EVCO. Various aroma compounds were detected in addition to δ-lactones. The ratio of the natural abundance of the enantiomers of δ-lactones in EVCO was also revealed. Compared with the conventional methods of solvent assisted flavor evaporation (SAFE) and head-space solid-phase micro extraction (HS-SPME), OA-LLE was able to isolate a wide range and large number of volatile compounds from EVCO without leaving oil residues. Therefore, isolating aroma compounds from edible oil based on the oiling-out effect should provide an innovative extraction method.
... However, multiple application results point out that surfactant washes make the hair fiber significantly more rigid and the mineral oil treatment further enhanced the rigidity effect. The leaching out of protein with surfactant wash and the inability of mineral oil to prevent the same (as seen in the studies reported earlier and referenced above 19,23,25 The 'hybrid' tensile technique used in the present study, coupling the torsional and the extensional stress by stretching the twisted fibers, would quantify both cortex as well as cuticle contribution in resistance to extension. The twisting of the fiber would lead to 1) maximum strain on the peripheral region (Cuticle) 28 and 2) realignment of the IFs in the direction of the twist angle 21 causing realignment as well as breakage of bonds. ...
Aim:
Utilize a matrix of single fiber hair testing methodologies to mechanistically understand the impact of common oiling treatments - Coconut Oil and Mineral Oil - on hair strands. Further, the effect of hair twisting - experienced in everyday grooming practices - on hair strength was investigated under different scenarios.
Methods:
Study involved multiple surfactant wash cycles of hair swatches with and without overnight hair oil treatments. Instrumental testing was done on strands from hair swatches - Tensile Extension, Torsional Stretching and Tensile Extension of twisted hair fibers.
Results:
Differentiation was observed in tensile and torsional testing parameters with 20 wash cycles - while no statistical significance was observed in single wash. However, when we combine the two stresses together by extending the twisted hair strands a clear differentiation was seen even in single cycle for coconut oil in comparison with mineral oil and surfactant wash. The differentiation in tensile parameters for twisted fibers becomes much more prominent with multiple cycles. Penetration of coconut oil in hair strands makes the fiber core more flexible and thus, help negotiate the torsional stress at the time of extension.
Conclusions:
Product benefit discrimination in single strand testing can be amplified by combining multiple stresses in one testing methodology. Observing the consumer habits and incorporating the torsion component in standard tensile testing of hair helps differentiate the two commonly used hair oiling treatments. Coconut Oil was found to significantly increase the tensile strength of twisted fibers owing to its penetration inside hair core.
... Another study on hair care which compared mineral oil and sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) oil with coconut oil showed that only coconut oil was able to reduce the protein loss from both undamaged and damaged hair (Rele and Mohile 2003). Dermatological studies on the topical antimicrobial efficacy of VCO have been 3 Improving the Value of the Coconut with Biotechnology 40 reported. ...
After a short presentation of the technical and legal challenges linked to coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) germplasm collecting, this chapter discusses how emerging ethnological and historical approaches have influenced these collecting activities. Then it discloses (i) the various collecting strategies with emphasis on the collection of germplasm showing tolerance to pests and diseases, (ii) varieties with special traits such as the Compact Dwarfs, and (iii) the contribution of geographical and molecular approaches to germplasm identification. In connection with the launching of the recent strategy of the International Coconut Genetic Resources Network (COGENT), an attempt is made to estimate what germplasm will need to be collected in the next decade and the expected outcomes in terms of the number of varieties and populations conserved ex situ. It is suggested that global coordination is needed to limit duplication in the COGENT’s ex situ germplasm collections. Also, special attention needs to be paid to strengthen the involvement of farmers and other stakeholders in the collecting activities.
... The composition of fatty acid showed that the coconut oil is rich in saturated fatty acids, with high proportion of lauric acid (43.83%). Lauric acid is the triglyceride component in coconut oil with short chain fatty acid that has a high affinity for hair proteins and its straight linear chain along with low molecular weight makes them easily to penetrate and absorb deeper into the hair shaft [24]. When VCO penetrates the hair it reduces the amount of water absorbs in the hair and leading to lowering of swelling propensity of the cuticle, which limits the upward curving of the surface cuticle [13]. ...
Tea Tree oil (TTO) contains beneficial properties such as antibacterial, antimicrobial, antiviral and anti-fungal. Whereas, the medium chain fatty acids in Virgin Coconut oil (VCO) able to protect hair follicles from heat, restoring hair’s moisture and other damage. This paper describes the physical properties of seven hair shampoo formulations containing differing amount of TTO and VCO. The essential oils (TTO) applied in these formulations were extracted from fresh tea trees using steam distillation method and the VCO was produced from fermentation of fresh mature kernel coconut. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis was conducted to determine the essential oil components of TTO and fatty acid composition of VCO. The shampoo formulations were subjected to evaluation of several parameters namely organoleptic, pH, viscosity, total solid content, foam stability, and dirt dispersion. The results show that the TTO was composed of terpene hydrocarbons with terpinene-4-ol as the major component; meanwhile lauric acid is major component of VCO. All the shampoo formulations were acid-balanced with pH range between 6.23 – 6.43; total solid contents were between 29.92 – 35.61%; stable foaming with the same foam volume for 4 minutes and no dirt was observed. Rheological test showed formulation with 6% TTO (0% VCO) has pseudo-plastic behavior and relatively lower total solid content which are desirable attributes in hair shampoo. Overall, TTO- and VCO-containing shampoo formulations showed ideal physicochemical properties for hair cleansing and treatments.
Coconuts and its cultivation are very familiar to Sri Lankans as almost every Sri Lankan consume coconuts in every other day. This inspires Sri Lankans to use coconuts as a crop to cultivate and make an earning from it. Since Sri Lankan weather is optimal for this tropical crop Sri Lanka is one of the best well known countries to grow coconut trees. With these possibilities it is important to do harvesting properly and in a timely manner to get the maximum yield from a single coconut tree. To harvest the crop cultivators must have good experience in coconut maturity to understand at what stage is the best time to harvest the crop as it opposes a tricky situation. Only well experienced eyes will tell what bunch is matured from the rest. Otherwise, resulting in harvesting young coconuts which are not mature enough or coconut to fall from the tree after being overmatured. Coconuts are also known as coccus nucifera which is the one of the three main export crops in Sri Lanka.
This study gathers around in developing a system to detect and identify whether the bunch is matured bunch or an immature bunch from the image supplied by the end user using image processing techniques, so it prevents involvement of a domain expert for this process. This research commenced with a goal of developing a convolutional neural network to extract the features from the coconut and aid in the process.
Hyperosmolality-gated calcium-permeable channels (OSCA) are Ca 2 + nonselective cation channels that contain the calcium-dependent DUF221 domain, which plays an important role in plant response to stress and growth. However, the OSCA gene has not been fully identified and analyzed in sunflowers. In this study, we comprehensively analyzed the number, structure, collinearity, and phylogeny of the OSCA gene family in the sunflower, six Compositae species ( Arctium lappa, Chrysanthemum morifolium, Cichorium endivia, Cichorium intybus, Lactuca sativa var. Angustata, and Carthamus tinctorius ), and six other plants (soybean, Arabidopsis thaliana , rice, grape, and maize). The expression of the sunflower OSCA gene in nine different tissues, six different hormones, and NaCl stress conditions were analyzed based on transcriptome data and qRT–PCR. A total of 15 OSCA proteins, distributed on 10 chromosomes, were identified in the sunflower, and all of them were located in the endoplasmic reticulum. Using the phylogenetic tree, collinearity, gene structure, and motif analysis of the six Compositae species and six other plants, we found that the sunflower OSCA protein had only three subfamilies and lacked the Group 4 subfamily, which is conserved in the evolution of Compositae and subject to purification selection. The OSCA gene structure and motif analysis of the sunflower and six Compositae showed that there was a positive correlation between the number of motifs of most genes and the length of the gene, different subfamilies had different motifs, and the Group 4 subfamily had the smallest number of genes and the simplest gene structure. RNA-seq and qRT–PCR analysis showed that the expression levels of most OSCA genes in the sunflower changed to varying degrees under salt stress, and HaOSCA2.6 and HaOSCA3.1 were the most important in the sunflower’s response to salt stress. The coexpression network of the sunflower genes under salt stress was constructed based on weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). In conclusion, our findings suggest that the OSCA gene family is conserved during the sunflower’s evolution and plays an important role in salt tolerance. These results will deepen our understanding of the evolutionary relationship of the sunflower OSCA gene family and provide a basis for their functional studies under salt stress.
Cosmetology is outlined because the science of alteration within the look. In India, the employment of herbals for the aim of change of state finds its occurrence within the ancient literature drugs like writing. Herbal cosmetics is one in every of the foremost potent and effective space of cosmetic technology. It's used for beautifying and overall enhancing the human temperament. Flavoring product square measure characterized by a far better tolerability compared with different artificial product. This study aimed at reviewing the importance of flavoring hair tonic for the treatment of common hair issues as depilation, alopecia, hair fall, gray hair, dryness, and most typical dandruff. Flavoring product gains quality over worldwide as a result of its lack of aspect effects as compared with synthetic product. The aim of victimization cosmetic preparations is to achieve worship and sensual enjoyment. From the centuries the flavoring extracts square measure used as whole or as a district for the ailments of hair, skin and overall look. Hair loss or depilation isn't a life threatening sickness however it ends up in emotional stress and traumatic expertise. For the treatment of such hair disorders the hair tonic is ready from herbs and flavoring extracts. But, still nobody flavoring hair tonic is sufficiently effective as 100%. The market survey shows the increase within the demand of flavoring product for the hair care preparations. This review deals with the big quantity of research, reports and patents obtainable in different aspects of the flavoring hair tonic for the treatment of hair disorders.
Garden herbs have medicinal value and were used traditionally to promote well-being. It also means that herbs were in fact constituents of native diets. However, modern societies have neglected the benefits of herbs and rely on other food sources for nutrition. This study has examined a total of eight herbs; Amomum subulatum, Calendula officinalis, Cymbopogon flexuosus, Eryngium foetidum, Lantana indica,Ocimum bacilicum, Ocimum gratissimum and Salvia mirzayanii from a vast collection of 19 published works by using systematic review. The findings inform that herbs could be prepared in both, dry-form and extracts before being used in various applications. However, it was the essential oils of these herbs that divided them into categories such as safe for consumption and safe for industrial applications. The compounds of these essential oils were later evaluated for either medicinal, anti- microbial or for use in insecticide. The basis of most compounds was aromatic which means that all herbs are rich with phenols, oils and scent. These constituents enabled the herbs to have antioxidant properties. Through a scrutiny, only A. subulatum, C. officinalis, E. foetidum and O. bacilicum could be promoted for supplementary use because these herbs were extensively studied for oral intake. The findings of this work are crucial for the bio-extractive industry because not all herbs although used traditionally, could be processed into supplements to promote well- being.
In the last few years, more and more studies on the biological properties of essential oils (EOs) especially
antimicrobial and antioxidant properties in vitro and food model have been published in all parts of the
world. Herbal oils have been utilized for therapeutic and cosmetic purposes for over 2,500 years, according to
historical records. It is inherited knowledge that has been passed down from generation to generation that provides
a mostly untapped source for cosmetic formulation development. Recently, consumers have developed an everincreasing interest in natural products as alternatives for artificial additives or pharmacologically relevant agents.
Among them, EOs have gained great popularity in the food, cosmetic as well as pharmaceutical industries. Despite
the reportedly strong antimicrobial activity of EOs against food-borne pathogens and spoilage microorganisms,
their practical application as preservatives is currently limited owing to the undesirable flavor changes they cause
in food products. As a result, the current survey was done to explore cosmetic potential herbal on the topical
application of herbal oil for skincare, hair care, foot care, eye care, nail care, lip care, and dental care, data was
collected. The collected data was double-checked against authentic Siddha literatures, and the results are evaluated
for chemical compositions and other factors and relevant pharmacological activities. Nonetheless, more studies are
necessary to the applicability of various EOs on other food models with their utility as therapeutic or cosmetic
agent.
Мета. Визначити оптимальне співвідношення компонентів у жировій основі косметичного засобу та дослідити період індукції отриманої суміші. Методи. Періоди індукції зразків олій та їх сумішей досліджено методом диференційної сканувальної калориметрії. Сумарну кількість вітаміну Е в дослідних зразках олій визначено за допомогою хроматографічного аналізу. Результати. На основі математичного планування та експериментальних досліджень отримано математичну модель залежності періоду індукції від масової частки компонентів у жировій суміші. За допомогою встановленої залежності розраховано жирову основу косметичного засобу з 3-х компонентів: кукурудзяної олії х1=0,30; кунжутної олії х2=0,30; олії жожоба х3=0,40, період індукції якої становить 501,94 хв. Для збільшення кількості природного вітаміну Е та періоду індукції до 3-компонентної жирової основи косметичного засобу додали кокосову олію. Створено нову жирову основу, яка складається з таких компонентів: кукурудзяної олії х1 = 30%; кунжутної олії х2=30; олії жожоба х3=20, кокосової олії х4=20%. Період індукції суміші, встановлений за допомогою диференційної сканувальної калориметрії, — 531,81 хв. У жирової основи косметичного засобу, що має 4 компоненти, період індукції вищий та вона є стабільною до процесів окиснювального псування. Висновки. Одержані наукові результати дають змогу використовувати стабільну до окиснювального псування жирову композицію, до складу якої входять корисні для волосся жирові компоненти.
Hair oils are used all over the world since time immemorial; however, their exact effect on the hair and scalp remains obscure. They are usually easily accessible and are inexpensive. A wide variety of oils have been used and newer ones are coming up every day. The primary function of most of the hair oils is to act like an emollient but the unique characteristics of various hair oils suggests its action just more than emollient action. This article focuses on the different types of hair oils and their possible beneficial effects on the hair. Dermatologists need to be aware of the effects of hair oils and their usage.
Hair related problems are an ever-increasing problem. Compared with chemical herbal ingredients are more preferred because of their easy availability and lesser side effects. The utilization of novel medicinal plant ingredients in various formulations such as hair tonic, hair gels, hair oils and hair dyes has proved to be beneficial than the formulations containing chemical components. These novel ingredients have helped in the enhancement of the beauty of hair and help in the treatment of various hair problems such as dandruff, alopecia and many more. It is a universal problem affecting both sexes. Herbal cosmetics are now appropriate solution to the current problem. This review describes the use of some natural medicinal plants for hair growth promotion, Anti-hair fall and Anti-grey hair with a brief description of the major use, plant parts used and the active compounds responsible for the use of the herbal plants.
Introduction:
In recent years, argan oil has gained increasing interest in hair care products. In this study, attenuated total reflectance technique was utilized as a fast method and the results were compared to protein loss measurements in order to show the preventive effect of argan oil pre-treatment on excised human hair after oxidative hair damage.
Methods:
Hair tresses were divided into three groups: in group-1; they were damaged using oxidant agent solely, in group-2 and 3; hair were pre-treated with argan oil before undergoing the oxidative damage. In group-2, the oil was removed by physical cleaning but in group-3 the oil was removed with a washing procedure. ATR (attenuated total reflectance) spectrum was recorded for different samples. Quantitative studies of protein loss in hair samples were performed by Lowry method. The antioxidant properties of argan oil were also measured in vitro using 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) protocol, which determined the ability of the oil to scavenge the DPPH free radicals.
Results:
The amount of protein loss with oil pre-treated groups was reduced significantly. The ATR spectrum showed oil deposition on hair even after washing. Four distinctive ATR peaks were changed during oxidation. The changes in peak height values were linear. The antioxidant property measured with DPPH method led to a IC50 value of 59 µg/ml.
Conclusion:
Argan oil pre-treatment was effective in protecting hair against oxidative damage. ATR outcomes were in accordance with protein loss results. In this study, the ATR testing method as a fast technique was used efficiently in quantification of hair damage.
Background
Hair loss is a relatively common occurrence that causes concern in people of all ages. In most cases, hair loss is permanent, but it can lead to alopecia. Hair root activation is necessary to improve hair development and prevent hair loss. Herbal cosmetics are increasingly widely used by the general public due to the concept of fewer adverse effects and a higher level of safety and security.
Objective
The primary goal of this study is to prepare and evaluate herbal hair oil made from fresh components of various plants.
Methods
Herbs were acquired from Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology's medicinal garden. Herbs were collected, dried, then ground in a mortar and pestle. Grinded herbs (Murraya koenigii, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Linn., Nigella sativa, Trigonella foenum-graecum) were combined with 60% Cocos nucifera oil, heated, cooled, and filtered. Physical appearance, viscosity, pH, sensitivity test, hair growth activity, hair weight, antimicrobial test, stability test, and other criteria were determined and are reported in this text for the created herbal hair oil.
Results
Herbal hair oil was odourless and reddish brown in appearance. Herbal hair oil had an appropriate refractive index, pH, saponification value, and specific gravity. After application, the herbal oil demonstrated Newtonian flow, as well as good hair growth and weight, with no irritation. Phytochemical screening showed the presence of ascorbic acid, sulphur and saponins. The formulation was found to be stable for 30 days.
Conclusion
Conclusively, combination of effective herbs could be used to improve hair growth.
Hair is biologically diverse with a range of textures and thicknesses. Hair also serves as expression of oneself; leading to hair care practices and styling that are influenced by culture, perception of beauty, and environment. The use of hair oils, styling and hair restructuring processes are utilized to help manage and style hair, along with offering options for self-expression. These hair care practices can lead to a range of complications, including contact dermatitis, seborrheic dermatitis, and scarring alopecias.
Background
The use of polymers in hair care products is widespread, and silicones in particular, are extensively used in cosmetic formulations. In addition, plant oils can also be used for hair treatment.
Objective
n the present work, oil-in-water (O/W) nanoemulsions were prepared to repair chemical damage to human hair samples, to investigate the combined use of a silicone polyether copolymer (surfactant) that has a branch composed of poly(ethylene oxide) in its chains, and two types of plant oils: coconut and ojon oil.
Materials and Methods
Surfactant-oil-water formulations were obtained by ultrasonic processing. The nanoemulsions were then applied to human hair strands previously damaged with sodium hydroxide, to compare the treated strands with untreated ones. The efficacy of the formulations was investigated by scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis and mechanical tests.
Results and Discussion
Stables nanoemulsions were obtained with average size of the dispersed droplets up to 400 nm. The micrographs suggest that the action mechanism of the nanoemulsions depends not only on the type of plant oil used and on size of the droplets dispersed in the system, but also on the type of hair that receives the treatment. The thermal analysis showed that the use of nanoemulsion changed the temperature of keratin interconversion to higher values, which can make hair fibers more resistant to heat. Hair resistance was improved when comparing virgin samples to the damaged ones.
Conclusion
The nanoemulsions were efficient in the treatment of the hair samples, which showed a significant improvement in their mechanical properties.
Coconut oil is an integral part of Sri Lanka and many South Asian diets. Initially, coconut oil was classified along with saturated fatty acid food items and criticized for its negative impact on health. However, research studies showed that coconut oil is a rich source of medium‐chain fatty acids. Thus, this has opened new prospects for its use in many fields. Beyond its usage in cooking, coconut oil grabs attention due to its hypocholesterolemic, anticancer, anti‐hepatosteatotic,anti‐diabetic,antioxidant,anti‐inflammatory,anti‐microbial and skin moisturizing properties. Despite all the health benefits, consumption of coconut oil is still underrated due to a lack of supportive scientific evidence. Even though studies done in Asian countries acclaim for the favorable impact on cardiac health and serum lipid profile, the limitations in the number of studies conducted among western countries impede the endorsement of the real value of coconut oil. Hence, long term extensive studies with proper methodologies are suggested to clear all the controversies and misconceptions of coconut oil consumption. This review discusses the composition and functional properties of coconut oils extracted by different processing methods
Coconut is a traditional resource with many uses. It is experiencing a revival in interest due to the health benefits from numerous consumable products that can be derived from it. Processing of the fruit provides coconut milk, which is a basic ingredient for many traditional diets worldwide. Coconut milk is also a nutritious lactose-free substitute for cow milk. Further processing of the milk produces coconut flour and virgin coconut oil (VCO). Coconut flour is a gluten-free cooking and baking ingredient, while VCO is a nutritional and energy-rich supplement with medicinal properties. The fruit also yields coconut water, which provides a nutritious and refreshing drink with therapeutic applications. The coconut water can also be converted into nata de coco and coconut vinegar through fermentation. Nata de coco is not only a popular dessert but has also been developed for various biomaterial applications. Furthermore, coconut elite varieties, such as Makapuno and Aromatics, have been gaining popularity. Makapuno nuts are filled with galactomannan that has also been developed as a natural biocompatible material. Recently, coconut sugar extracted from the inflorescence sap has been gaining popularity due to its high nutritional value and low Glycemic Index. Biotechnology can be used to further enhance the utilization of each of these valuable products as food, nutraceutical, and novel materials. The coconut is truly a bountiful resource with numerous existing and potential applications.
Beneficial effects of coconut oil on prevention of combing damage on different types of hair have been established by protein loss and water retention measurements. In vivo, salon-based, half-head tests confirm these beneficial effects. Beneficial effects were also observed on chemically (bleached) and thermally (treated with boiling water) damaged hair. In addition to providing lubricating film, it is hypothesized that coconut oil used as a prewash penetrates endocuticular material in the intercuticular region and reduces its swelling propensity. The penetration of water into the intercuticular region is prevented by hydrophobic oil film at the edge of the cuticle. Both these effects prevent the lifting of the surface cuticle and its breaking by the force exerted by the comb.
This article describes a simple yet sensitive technique to assess surface damage to hair. It is based on the hypothesis that the damaged hair surface is more susceptible to abrasion/erosion than undamaged hair, and involves shaking hair in water and quantitatively measuring the amount of protein abraded/eroded from the hair using a colorimetric procedure capable of detecting as little as 5 Ixg of protein per mi. With this procedure, we were able to demonstrate significant differences in hair damaged due to bleaching, permanent wave treatments, and Suprox (a diperisophthalic acid based oxidant), and even after extended treatment with different surfactants. Furthermore, hair with exposed cortex was found to be more susceptible to protein loss by surfactants and/or water than hair with intact cuticle.
any other treatment of the COMBABILITY of HUMAN HAIR has been developed. The required instrumentation, experimental procedure, and interpretation of the data are presented in detail. The method involves the continuous recording of the forces, which oppose the motion of a comb through a swatch of hair. The data thus produced consists of graphs showing the forces opposing (or generated by) combing as a function of the position of the comb along the length of the swatch. Examples of applications are presented. The method described in this paper was developed in our laboratories for the purpose of quantitatively evaluating combability. It has been extensively tested with a wide variety of hair products and treatments and is now used as a standard test during product development and for claim substantiation in finished products. A number of instrumental methods for evaluating combabil- ity have been reported in the literature (1-3). Some of the similarities and differences between those methods and ours will be discussed later. It is our opinion that our method has advantages in its simplicity and in the type of information that can be obtained by using it.
During the extension of keratin fibers, their two major morphological components, the cuticula and the cortex, accommodate the stresses imposed on the fiber each in a totally different fashion. While the latter extends by mechanisms that have been discussed extensively and appear to be well understood, the cuticle cells are essentially inextensible and have to move relative to one another. In the multilayer structure of the cuticular sheath of human hair fibers, this relative movement has to be accommodated by the various layers within each cuticle cell and by the bonding layers between cells, and finally causes the lifting of surface scale edges at higher strain levels. It is proposed that extension mainly causes shear stresses between layers of different composition and extensibility within the cuticle cell. This leads to failure in the weak endocuticular layer and results in "delammation" and lifting of the outer layers of the surface cuticle. The damage is irreversible upon release of the fiber and immersion in water, as reflected in the onset of scale lifting at considerably lower strain levels during a second extension. Scale lifting was not observed during the extension of wool fibers, which appears to be a reflection of the higher rigidity of the cuticle cells of wool.
Synopsis Some previously unreported fine variations in the form of normal hairs are described as they are observed in the scanning electron microscope (SEM). They all arise in the course of surface frictional wear and the chipping away of the hair surface scale edges and include remanent surface impressions of cuticle scale edges, 'false' scale edges, granular surface remnants and highly irregular (chevron) scale patterns. Mechanisms are proposed for the way in which each of these different fine features arise. The paper also contains deliberations on the conditions for operating the SEM consistent with obtaining the best information about the architecture of hair surfaces. The correctness of viewing orientation of scanning electron micrographs is also emphasized to avoid misinterpretation of features on the hair surface.
An attempt has been made to show the difference in the penetrability of coconut oil and mineral oil in human hair. We have used secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) in combination with a time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometer. Characteristic ions formed by the pure components when bombarded with gallium ions have been identified with their m/z values. The distribution of the ion, characteristic of the particular treatment, has been established in the cross sections of hair treated with coconut and mineral oils. The results show that coconut oil penetrates the hair shaft while mineral oil does not. The difference may be due to the polarity of the coconut oil compared to the nonpolar nature of the mineral oil. The affinity of the penetrant to the protein seems to be the cause for this difference in their behavior. This study also indicates that the swelling of hair is limited by the presence oil. Since the process of swelling and deswelling of hair is one of the causes of hair damage by hygral fatigue, coconut oil, which is a better penetrant than mineral oil, may provide better protection from damage by hygral fatigue.