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Anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic properties of Clitoria ternatea root
Abstract
Clitoria ternatea roots methanol extract when given by oral route to rats was found to inhibit both the rat paw oedema caused by carrageenin and vascular permeability induced by acetic acid in rats. Moreover, the extract exhibited a significant inhibition in yeast-induced pyrexia in rats. In the acetic acid-induced writhing response, the extract markedly reduced the number of writhings at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg (p.o.) in mice.
... Anti-inflammatory activity [41] Autophagy measurement ...
... C. ternatea flower, root, and leaf extracts have been shown to have anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic properties [41,45]. As an anti-inflammatory, a study evaluated the anti-inflammatory activity of petroleum ether extract of C. ternatea flower using the paw edema method with healthy albino rats of either gender. ...
... The study demonstrated the possibility that the extract may have protective benefits against the release of prostaglandins, kinnins, and other chemicals in carrageenan-induced edema [40]. Another study reported that carrageenin-induced rat paw oedema and acetic acid-induced vascular permeability in rats were considerable reduced after oral administration of methanolic root extracts of C. ternatea [41]. The extract's antipyretic efficacy was found to be comparable to paracetamol. ...
Due to the beneficial health effects of polyphenolics and their limited stability during inadequate processing conditions, there is an increasing interest in their microencapsulation in order to improve the stability. As previous publications do not include a substantive review focusing on these topics, in the present work, we focused on recent reports on the topic of Clitoria ternatea flower bioactive components and the conditions under which they are microencapsulated for subsequent use in food and nutraceuticals. Our findings highlighted the importance of optimizing the variables of the microencapsulation process for optimal application.
... Antibacterial of S. aureus can be produced from ultrasound-assisted aqueous leaf and petal extract, as well as ethanolic leaf and callus extract of C. ternatea (Shahid et al. 2009;Anthika et al. 2015). In addition, C. tertanea has also an antipyretic activity that can reduce fever (Devi et al. 2003). ...
... Leaf and flower extracts of C. ternatea have been identified as having inflammatory activity (Devi et al. 2003;Bathia et al. 2013;Suganya et al. 2014;Singh et al. 2018). Petroleum ether extract and ethanol resulted in the analgesic activity that ethanol-treated extract showed up to 2 hours of long-lasting effect (Bathia et al. 2013). ...
... Petroleum ether extract and ethanol resulted in the analgesic activity that ethanol-treated extract showed up to 2 hours of long-lasting effect (Bathia et al. 2013). Flavonoids were indicated to have important roles for antiinflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic activities in C. ternatea (Devi et al. 2003). The methanol extract of C. ternatea root at doses of 200, 300, and 400 mg/kg body weight., yeast-provoked raised the temperature in a dosedependent manner and decreased the temperature body to be normal (Parimaladevi et al. 2004). ...
Clitoria ternatea L., known as "bunga telang" in Indonesia, is an important medicinal plant belongs Fabaceae, which is an ornamental perennial climber. It has widely distributed throughout Africa, Asia, Australia, North and South America, Pacific (Northwestern, South-Central, and Southwestern). This review aims to study the relation between ethnobotany and bioprospecting of C. ternatea. The literature study revealed that Indonesian communities use flowers part of C. ternatea as an eye medicine, boils disease, an ornamental plant, and a symbol in traditional ceremonies. Leaf, flower, seed, and root of this species have bioprospecting for medicine, agriculture, as well as food and beverage. Ethnobiology exploration of C. ternatea in Indonesia is an initial step to observe the bioprospecting potential. Then, it can be continued to further research to produce commercial products where these products will provide an economic impact and motivate communities to take a part of conservation actions. The present study assesses the limited works that have been carried out on bioecology, ethnobotany, bioprospecting, and market potential. We hope that the study's output can spur further research and industry approach.
... Clitoria ternatea is widely used in various ayurvedic formulation and its various parts like root and root bark, flowers, whole plant have traditionally been proved for various ailments like purgatives, ascites, diuretics, and bronchitis, anxiolytic, antidepressant, anticonvulsant, colouring agent in food preparation, migraine, memory enhancer, antimicrobial, hepatoprotective, and nootropic. [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11] Moreover Clitoria ternatea contain a lactone aparajitin, taraxerol, flavanoids, phenol glycoside, alkaloid, Phydroxy cinnamic acid polypeptide, hexacosanol, anthoxanthin, clitorin ,cyanin chloride, palmitic, stearic, oleic, linolcic, linolenic acids, protein and amino acids. It was hypothesized that Clitoria ternatea might possess gastroprotective effect due to presence of flavanoids. ...
... Macroscopic gastric damage 0.0 No lesions 0.5 Diffuse hyperemia 1.0 1 to 2 small erosions 1. 5 3 to 6 small erosions 2.0 7 to 10 small erosions 2.5 ...
The objective of the present study was to evaluate antiulcer potential of aqueous and ethanolic extract Clitoria ternatea in different experimental induced ulcer models in rats. In the present study different extracts [ethanolic (200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg) and aqueous (200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg) extract of whole plant were examined in Pylorus ligation and Indomethacin induced gastric ulcer in rats. Various parameters like volume of gastric acid secretion, pH, total acidity, ulcer index and antioxidant parameters were determined and compared between extract treated, standard and vehicle control group animals following ulcer induction. Among different dose of alcoholic extract, high dose showed significant antiulcer activity in Pylorus ligation and Indomethacin induced ulceration. The result of present study concluded that the alcoholic extract of whole plant of Clitoria ternatea has antiulcer activity in Pylorus ligation and Indomethacin induced gastric ulcer model in rats. The extract containing flavonoids show antiulcer activity, indicating the flavonoids component of the extract to be responsible for the activity of the extracts.
... Along with its seed extract, the plant is employed in treating conditions such as stomatitis, piles, female sterility, hematemesis, insomnia, epilepsy, psychosis, and leucorrhea [13]. The root of C. T. exhibits anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic properties [14], making it beneficial for treating a wide range of conditions such as sore throat, skin diseases, eye ailments, tubercular glands, amentia, hemicrania, burning sensation, stranguary, leprosy, leucoderma, elephantiasis, arthritis, bronchitis, asthma, pulmonary tuberculosis, ascites, ulcers, visceromegaly, and joint-related issues [12][13][14][15], while the leaves are recommended for managing neurodegenerative diseases and diabetes mellitus, as well as regulating excessive sweating [16,17]. The plant's medicinal properties in China are utilized to treat various reproductive organ ailments. ...
... Along with its seed extract, the plant is employed in treating conditions such as stomatitis, piles, female sterility, hematemesis, insomnia, epilepsy, psychosis, and leucorrhea [13]. The root of C. T. exhibits anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic properties [14], making it beneficial for treating a wide range of conditions such as sore throat, skin diseases, eye ailments, tubercular glands, amentia, hemicrania, burning sensation, stranguary, leprosy, leucoderma, elephantiasis, arthritis, bronchitis, asthma, pulmonary tuberculosis, ascites, ulcers, visceromegaly, and joint-related issues [12][13][14][15], while the leaves are recommended for managing neurodegenerative diseases and diabetes mellitus, as well as regulating excessive sweating [16,17]. The plant's medicinal properties in China are utilized to treat various reproductive organ ailments. ...
Butterfly Pea (Clitoria ternatea Linn.), renowned in traditional medicine across diverse cultures, is explored in this study for its pharmacological and phytochemical aspects. Focusing on blue and white varieties from Kerala, India, the research compares elemental phytochemistry and pharmacological activities of aqueous extracts. The plant's medicinal applications, from Ayurvedic treatments to culinary uses, are highlighted. The investigation identifies the White variant as beneficial for bone health, while the blue variant offers antioxidant, antidiabetic, and antifungal properties. The study emphasizes Butterfly Pea flower tea as a caffeine-free alternative with diverse therapeutic potentials for health-conscious individuals.
... The leaves possess strong antioxidant and free radical-scavenging properties and are used in eruptions too. The roots and their barks possess anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic, diuretic and laxative properties [8][9][10][11]. ...
... In order to limit the disruptive consequences of free radicals on the human body, antioxidants and substances that scavenge free radicals are vital. There is a relationship between the cytotoxicity to cancer cells and potential effects of scavenging free radicals [9,11]. We have previously demonstrated the plant's leaves' and stems' capacity to scavenge free radicals and to behave as antioxidants using methanol extracts [8]. ...
Aim: The present study aims at the comparison of cytotoxic effect of methanolic extracts of leaves and stems of Clitoria ternatea (Fabaceae) by brine shrimp lethality assay. Methodology: Dried leaves and stems were macerated with methanol separately and preliminary phytochemical screenings were carried out. Hatched brine shrimp nauplii were chosen for the assay. The effect was assessed by calculating % mortality of nauplii with different concentrations of the test extracts (1, 10, 25, 50, 100, 500 and 1000 μg/ml) and standard vincristine sulphate. All sets were performed in triplicate. Results: The extracts of leaves and stems revealed to possess chiefly alkaloids, phenols and flavonoids. Both the extracts exhibited promising outcomes in dose dependant manner while significant responses in most of the doses were also calculated. Leaves were found to be more potent (LC50 value of 276.29 µg/ml.) compared to the stems (LC50 value of 322.95 µg/ml.). All the doses of the standard Vincristine sulphate were found to display significant activity compared to the control and was calculated to have LC50 value of 11.75 µg/ml. Conclusion: The methanolic extracts of leaves and stems have shown potential cytotoxicity against brine shrimp which were highly comparable with standard. Further work on isolation, characterization and tests on cell lines may lead to identification of active principles.
... CT does possess anti-inflammatory activities. In a study, antiinflammatory effects were found to have in the methanolic extraction of CT roots (@200 mg/kg and 400 mg/ kg) in rats as CT inhibits acetic acid induced rat paw oedema (Parimala et al., 2003) [36] . Anti-inflammatory activity was also shown in the ethanolic extract of leaves and flowers of CT (Suganya et al., 2014) [37] . ...
... CT does possess anti-inflammatory activities. In a study, antiinflammatory effects were found to have in the methanolic extraction of CT roots (@200 mg/kg and 400 mg/ kg) in rats as CT inhibits acetic acid induced rat paw oedema (Parimala et al., 2003) [36] . Anti-inflammatory activity was also shown in the ethanolic extract of leaves and flowers of CT (Suganya et al., 2014) [37] . ...
Dyes and Food Colorings play an important role in the Food Industry. A trend was seen at that time for using natural dyes instead of artificial dyes. A natural dye can be extracted from Clitoria ternatea (CT/Blue pea) flower because of its vivid blue color. The reason for this deep blue color is because of the Anthocyanin compounds contained in the flower. Clitoria ternatea extraction was obtained through different methods and they vary with their manufacturing process. This plant was widely used in traditional medicine because it is rich in bioactive compounds. In treating diabetics, blood pressure, retinal damage, edema, and indigestion both the aerial and underground parts of this plant are being used. Researchers proved this plant's medicinal activities such as nootropic activity, antioxidant activity, analgesic activity, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activity. Currently, this plant's uses are widely spread in the nanotechnology field as well.
... Blue pea is a perennial herb found in India, Madagascar, China and Philippines. It is broadly originate in the low land tropics, humid, occurring naturally and in cultivated form (Devi et al. 2003, Gupta et al. 2010 [6,9] . White and blue flower of butterfly pea are found in India, China, Madagascar and Philippines. ...
... Blue pea is a perennial herb found in India, Madagascar, China and Philippines. It is broadly originate in the low land tropics, humid, occurring naturally and in cultivated form (Devi et al. 2003, Gupta et al. 2010 [6,9] . White and blue flower of butterfly pea are found in India, China, Madagascar and Philippines. ...
The present study was to evaluate the phytochemical analysis, antimicrobial activity and radical scavenging and antioxidant properties of the Garcinia mangostana L. pericarp and Clitoria ternatea flower (blue) extract obtained by methanol solvent. The extracts were evaluated antioxidant activity by DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) and antimicrobial activity through well diffusion method. Antimicrobial activity of mangosteen pericarp extract was recorded highest zone of inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus (11mm) while butterfly pea flower extract was recorded highest inhibition against E. coli (12mm). Manosteen extract and butterfly pea extract were observed to have high-quality antioxidant activity. The IC50 values of mangosteen extract was 51.53 μg/ml and butterfly extract was 92.42μg/ml evaluated. Based from the results methanol was proper solvent to extract the antioxidant antimicrobial compounds form Clitoria ternatea and mangosteen.
... The leaves of Clitoria ternatea are useful for treating otalgia (ear pain), hepatopathy (liver disease), and neurological disorders [59]. According to Devi et al., this plant has also been used to treat bronchitis and regulate respiratory issues (asthma) [60]. The plant contains secondary metabolites and phytochemicals like phenols and flavonoids. ...
Abstract
Nanotechnology has a broad spectrum in various fields such as chemistry, biology, physics, material sciences, and engineering. Due to the unique features of nanoparticles, it has a wide range of biological applications like Nanomedicine, biosensors, agriculture, and industry. The current study uses an environmentally friendly method of green synthesis of copper nanoparticles using Clitoria ternatea leaf extract. By using sophisticated instruments like UV-visible spectroscopy, FTIR, SEM, and zeta potential, the copper nanoparticles were characterized. The FTIR spectrum analyzed the functional groups in leaf broth. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) confirmed the size and morphology (spherical) of copper nanoparticles. The charge and size of CuNPs were confirmed by Zeta potential. The copper nanoparticles exhibited good antibacterial activity on Gram-positive (Bacillus subtilis) and Gram-negative (E.Coli) bacteria and antifungal properties on fungal strain A. niger. The free radical scavenging activities of copper nanoparticles were studied with DPPH and Hydrogen Peroxide in vitro assay methods. The biogenic CuNPs act as good antioxidants and larvicidal agents. The antiviral activity of CuNPs was investigated on Sesbania mosaic virus (SeMV), which infects Sesbania plants. The green synthesized CuNPs act as good antiviral agents for decreasing the mosaic symptoms caused by the Sesbania Mosaic Virus in the Sesbania plant, and it indicates the antiviral efficacy of copper nanoparticles in the Agricultural sector.
... In terms of peripheral analgesic activity, at both 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg doses, crude methanolic extract exhibited promising activity with 75.6% and 76.7% inhibition of writhing, which is similar to the analgesic activities reported for C. ternatea root and leaf crude extracts [67,68]. Several studies conducted in animal models have shown the analgesic potential of phytoconstituents like kaempferol, quercetin glycosides, and ellagic acid, all of which are also present in leaves of C. ternatea [69][70][71]. ...
Citation: Ahmed, N.; Tabassum, N.; Rashid, P.T.; Deea, B.J.; Richi, F.T.; Chandra, A.; Agarwal, S.; Mollick, S.; Dipto, K.Z.; Mim, S.A.; et al. Clitoria ternatea L. (S.A.) † These authors contributed equally to this work. Abstract: Clitoria ternatea L. (CT) is a perennial herbaceous plant with deep blue flowers native to tropical Asia. This work explores the endometrial pain (EP) regulation of CT flower through a multifaceted approach. Phytochemical screening unveiled the presence of alkaloids, steroids, flavonoids, glycosides, and tannins in CT flower methanolic extract (ME). In the in vitro membrane stabilizing experiment, the ME demonstrated 91.47% suppression of heat-induced hemolysis. Upon carrageenan-induced paw edema assay conducted on male Swiss albino mice at doses of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg, 65.28% and 81.89% inhibition rates, respectively, of paw edema were reported. For the same doses, upon acetic acid-induced-writhing assay, 75.6% and 76.78% inhibition rates, respectively , were observed. For network pharmacology analyses, a protein-protein interaction network was constructed for 92 overlapping gene targets of CT and EP, followed by GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses. Network pharmacology-based investigation identified the anti-EP activity of CT to be mostly regulated by the proteins SRC homology, ESR1, and PI3KR1. Physicochemical, pharmacokinetic, and toxicity property predictions for the compounds with stable ligand-target interactions and a molecular dynamics simulation for the highest interacting complex further validated these findings. This work affirmed the anti-EP role of CT flower against EP, suggesting a probable molecular mechanism involved.
... To change the sink condition, we added the same amount of new dissolving media at the same temperature. The drug release percentage was calculated relative to the drug content of the microspheres (Devi et al., 2003;Ahirrao et al., 2023). ...
... Additionally, albumin (Alb) assays were obtained from (El-Nasr Pharmaceutical Chemicals Company), while (GSH, and GSSG) assays were procured from (Nawah Scientific in Almokattam, Cairo, Egypt). Parimaladevi et al.,(2003) and Elhassaneen et al,. (2023) instructions were followed in the preparation of the Clitoria ternatea flowers ethanol extract (CTEE). ...
... 31,32 Clitoria ternatea has been reported for nootropic, anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, 33 antidiabetic, 34 and antipyretic, anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities, 35 among others. It enhances the memory 36 and increases acetylcholine content in rats 37 as well as antidepressant activity. 38 ...
Depression refers to a state of low mood and aversion to activity characterized by depressed mood, loss of interest, reduced energy and concentration. The reasons for the disease include stimulation of MAO-A, inhibition of NA and 5-HT. Symptoms include the diminished interest of pleasure, feelings of worthlessness or inappropriate guilt, a decrease in appetite and libido, insomnia, and recurrent thoughts of death or suicide. There are plenty of synthetic drugs used to treat depression but not enough blissful for patients, moreover, these synthetic drugs have potential side effects. After decades of serious obsession with the modern medicinal system, people have started looking at the ancient healing systems like Ayurveda, Siddha, and Unani. Many scientists are researching plant material for treating this disorder and there are lots of publications on it. But this is not sufficient for treating depression; further outcome should come into light that's the purpose of our review.
... Wykazano ponadto, że oba rodzaje ekstraktów wykazały skuteczność przeciwgorączkową wyższą niż powszechnie stosowany lek przeciwgorączkowy (paracetamol). Badania prowadzone z wykorzystaniem ekstraktu z korzenia CT potwierdziły ten efekt w przypadku gorączki wywołanej drożdżami [9]. ...
... Clitoria ternatea is commonly also called Clitoria, blue-pea (sudan), cunh (Brazil or pokindon (Philippines). This plant is known as Aparajit (Hindi), Aparajita (Bengali), and kokkattan (Tamil) in Indian traditional medicine 8 . It has several synonyms in Ayurvedic scriptures like: Sanskrit names: Aparajita girikarnu, Aspota and Vishnukranta. ...
... Methanolic seed extract showed about 70% DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl) radical scavenging activity and 68% hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging activity (Arora & Gill, 2020). Anti-inflammatory activity of T. dioica has also been studied in oedema afflicted rats by carrageenin stimulation and vascular permeability by acetic acid (Devi et al., 2003). In another study, Yadav et al. (2016) also reported the antioxidant activity of pointed gourd fruit extract. ...
Trichosanthes dioica Roxb. is a widely cultivated cucurbitaceous vegetable of tropical and subtropical regions. Its unripe fruits are consumed as vegetable. This review aims to present an umbrella overview of botany, ethno-medicinal uses, nutritional and phytochemical profile of T. dioica and compilation of research confirming many pharmacological and healing properties of its plant parts. Importantly, several reports from India and Bangladesh have confirmed its ethnomedicinal usage in many biomedical conditions. Bioactive compounds like triterpenes, polyphenols present in different parts of T. dioica make it a powerhouse of health, immunity and nutrition. Different parts of T. dioica including root, stem, leaf, fruit and seed exhibit wide range of therapeutic properties including antidiabetic, anti-tumour, antiulcer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiarrheal, antihyperlipidemic, antipyretic, wound healing, laxative, antinociceptive and hepato-protective. Results signified that it may be useful to re-look to find possibilities for using its active metabolites in contemporary medicine and nutraceuticals.
... The effects were comparable to diclofenac 20 mg/kg oral dosage of diclofenac sodium, an nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). [30] The antiinflammatory effects of Matricaria chamomilla extract has been reported in a study done on mice macrophages, there was an association of the use of the extract in increased cell viability of macrophages, reducing free radical production e.g. Nitric oxide. ...
It is of interest to prepare and evaluate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of a novel Clitoria ternatea and Matricaria chamomilla infused mouthwash. The floral extract using the two flowers in dried form was prepared in concentrations of 10μL, 20μL, 30μL, 40μL and 50μL. To assess the antioxidant activity, DPPH assay was done with L-ascorbic acid as the control agent. The anti-inflammatory activity of the floral extract was assessed by the Albumin Denaturation Assay for which diclofenac sodium was used. The absorbance value of the floral extract was determined for each of the concentrations for the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. After 50 μL the prepared extract began to show close absorbance values compared to the standard solutions; at this concentration, the mouthwash was prepared. The preparation and evaluation of the floral extract of Clitoria ternatea and Matricaria chamomilla infused mouthwash shows promising anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties and can be used as an adjunct in oral hygiene practices to reduce gingival inflammation. Further clinical studies using the prepared mouthwash are needed to test its efficacy.
... Bunga telang atau dalam bahasa latin disebut Clitoria ternatea Linn merupakan tanaman jenis kacang-kacangan yang merambat serta tumbuh subur di bawah sinar matahari dan mudah untuk ditanam. Bunga telang dikenal memiliki banyak manfaat dalam bidang kesehatan seperti: anti inflamasi [4] dan analgesik [5], dapat mencegah penyumbatan pembuluh darah [6], anti diabetik [7] dan memiliki aktivitas antioksidan dan anti bakteri [8], dan sebagai pencahar, dikarenakan manfaat inilah maka bunga telang dapat disebut sebagai pangan fungsional yang dapat memberikan manfaat tambahan disamping fungsi gizi dasar dari bahan. Varietas yang banyak digunakan dalam penelitian yaitu varietas bunga telang warna biru. ...
Telang flower or Clitoria ternatea L is a kind of legume that is vines and easily planted and has the potential as a source of antioxidants. The blue substance contained in telang flowers has high anthocyanin content. Anthocyanin can be useful for health and in the world of food. This study was conducted to determine the potential of telang flower extract as a colorant on tape. Telang flowers are extracted by maceration method using citric acid with variations concentration 0, 0,25, 0,50, 0,75 and 1%. After extracting, each extract of telang flowers was tested for antioxidants by the DPPH method (1.1 diphenyl-2-picrihydazyl) and was applied as a coloring agent on tape products. IC50 value of telang flower extract before being applied was 53.61 ppm which is included in the category of having strong antioxidants, whereas after being applied to coloring on tape the IC50 value was 142.8 ppm which was included in the category of moderate antioxidant content. Organoleptic test results on 50 untrained panelists showed that in the color aspect the panelists tended to prefer coloring from a concentration of 1%, while in the aspect of aroma, taste, and texture the panelists tended to be neutral.
... In one early study by Devi et al. [20], it was found that all doses of C. ternatea methanolic root extract effectively decreased the body temperature of rats. The rats were subjected to yeast-induced pyrexia and were orally given the extract. ...
Clitoria ternatea is a revered flower and plant in botanical science. While its health benefits are only recently gaining popularity, the plant itself has been the recipient of many traditional and indigenous medicines, including that of Ayurvedic medicine in South Asia. The peculiar property of this flower is its ability to change color depending on its pH. This review article encompasses the literature surrounding this plant and its valuable flower and attempts to cover all aspects of its benefits in the food matrix, including its existing applications. It also aims to look at the flower from a holistic perspective and imagine it as a source of future food.
... Clitoria ternatea is esteemed as an essential tropical medicine owing to its abundance of phytochemical compounds . This plant contains phytochemical compounds such as pentacyclic triterpenoids (taraxerol, taraxerone), alkaloids, anthocyanins, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, resins, glycosides, phenols, and steroids (Chauhan et al., 2012;Manjula et al., 2013;Al-snafi, 2016;Lijon et al., 2017;Lee et al., 2021) associated with pharmacological properties of nootropic, anxiolytic, analgesic, antipyretic, sedatives, anticonvulsant, anti-inflammatory, antidepressant, antioxidants, and others (Taranalli & Cheeramkuzhy, 2000;Devi et al., 2003;Gomez & Kalamani, 2003;Jain et al., 2003;Mukherjee et al., 2008). Particularly, pentacyclic triterpenoids such as taraxerol and taraxerone are the dominant phytochemical compounds that exist in C. ternatea (Lijon et al., 2017) which demonstrated a wide spectrum of pharmacological properties, including being anticancer, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antiacetylcholinesterase activities (Takasaki et al., 1999;Lin et al., 2001;Singh et al., 2002;Jang et al., 2004;Lee et al., 2004;Naik et al., 2004). ...
Clitoria ternatea (Butterfly pea) is a tropical medicinal and fodder legume from the Fabaceae family possessing various beneficial phytochemical compounds linked to the mammalian neuroprotective mechanism. Callus and cell suspension cultures are excellent alternatives for harnessing secondary metabolites from medicinal plants. The current study aims to induce callus from cotyledon and hypocotyl explants of C. ternatea for the establishment of cell suspension cultures. Cotyledon and hypocotyl explants from two-weeks-old seedlings were subjected to half-strength MS medium supplemented with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) at different concentrations (0.5 mg/L to 2.5 mg/L) and callus scoring and morphology were assessed at week 8 of culture. Results revealed that the treatment of 0.5 mg/L 2,4-D resulted in the highest percentage of callus induction (100%) and the highest callus scoring for both cotyledon and hypocotyl explants with friable callus morphology. Cotyledon explants exhibited a higher callus scoring with a relative value of 3.03 ± 0.20 compared to hypocotyl explants at 1.80 ± 0.12. This study thereby provides a basis for future studies on callus induction studies and the establishment of cell suspension cultures of C. ternatea for the production of valuable secondary metabolites linked to the memory enhancing properties of the plant.
... The anthocyanins and delphinidin glucoside present in blue flowered variety [23]. Pharmacologically it is reported for improved cognitive abilities, learning and memory, neuronal degenerative disorders [24][25][26][27]; nootropic and anticonvulsant activities [28]; antimicrobial and insecticidal [29][30]; antipyretic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory [31][32]; antioxidant, hepatoprotective, antidiabetic, [33] and platelet aggregation inhibitory [34] activities. The detailed pharmacognostic study of two varieties of C. ternatea viz. ...
... Ethnobotanically, it is used in various urinary troubles like infection, burning sensation in urinary track, lack of urination, frequent urination (Singh et al., 2010) and also reported for purification after surgical removal of tumor (Das et al., 2003). Pharmacologically, it is reported for improved cognitive abilities, memory and learning, neuronal degenerative disorders (Rai et al., 2000), nootropic and anticonvulsant activities (Rai et al., 2005), antimicrobial and insecticidal (Yadava et al., 2003), anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, analgesic (Parimaladevi et al., 2004), antidiabetic, antioxidant, hepatoprotective (Devi et al., 2003) and platelet aggregation inhibitory (Zingare et al., 2013) activities, anthelmintic (Salhan et al. 2011). The plant contains several secondary metabolites such as Kaempferol and its glucoside-clitorin, taraxerol and a lactone aparajitin (Barik et al., 2007). ...
Pharmacognostic screening is the first and foremost step to determine identity and to assess the quality and purity of the crude drug. The genus “Clitoria” includes about 48 species under the family “Fabaceae”. Clitoria ternatea Linn. isa traditional Ayurvedic medicinal plant commonly known as “Aparajita”, “Butterfly pea” and also “Shankhapushpi”, is found all over India. Clitoria ternatea Linn. have reported to possess a number of pharmacological activities such as nootropic, anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, sedative, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anthelmintic and antidote to animal stings. The present study provided the scientific data for the proper identification and establishment of standards for the Clitoria ternatea Linn. The pharmacognostic screening were focused on macroscopic, qualitative and quantitative microscopy, powder behavior, physico-chemical parameters, quantitative estimation of primary and secondary metabolites and also the TLC profile. The plant extracts were subjected to phytochemical analysis for screening of medical constituents. Establishing standard is an essential step to identify the quality and purity of the drug. The study establishes the pharmacognostical standards of the crude drug and helps to differentiate the plant sample from the adulterants. Keywords: Clitoria ternatea Linn., Fabaceae, Pharmacognosy, Qualitative analysis, Quantitative analysis, Phytochemical screening, TLC profile.
... Clitoria ternatea Linn (Fabaceae) is a high nutrient legume that is widely used as a cattle fodder plant in many regions (Gomez and Kalamani, 2003). All components of the plant (roots, seedlings, and leaves) are used for medicinal purpose and have been found to improve cognitive performance and reduce dementia, cure respiratory illnesses including asthma and bronchitis, reduce inflammation, and work as a laxative and diuretic (Devi et al., 2003;Jain et al., 2003). Numerous investigations on the therapeutic characteristics of this plant have been done, with much of this study focusing on the study of C. ternatea neurological function. ...
Many people around the world believed that herbal tea had a lot of antioxidants contained in it, thus it was widely drunk all over the world. However, the antioxidant capacities of herbal tea may be various because it is affected by the usage of different plants as its primary ingredient. As a result, this study examines the antioxidant activity of herbal tea made from dried Citrus sp. and Clitoria ternatea flower petals. The antioxidant potential was assessed by performing a DPPH and H2O2 scavenging activity assay on 2,2-diphenyl-1picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) scavenging activity assay, total phenolic, and flavonoid content assay, ABTS reduction, and FRAP assay. This study showed that pure telang (Clitoria ternatea) herbal tea has antioxidant properties. Dried Telang (Clitoria ternatea) tea had the highest activity of antioxidants as we refer to the results of it had the highest activity value in DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assay and also had the lowest IC-50 value. Followed by TEMON infusion which showed the second-highest antioxidant activity after pure telang infusion. The decrease in antioxidant activity in the mixture of telang and lemon was due to the mixture of lemons which tended to have the lowest antioxidant activity among the three types of infusions tested. The addition of dried lemon has the aim of enhancing the flavor of the tea infusion.
... Different parts of the C.ternatea were also found to have high levels of phenolic and antioxidant contents [30]. Several studies have reported that phenolic compounds acts as a potent iron-chelating, antiinflammatory, nutrigenomic epigenetic antioxidants [31,32]. e phenolic compound such as alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, myricetin, coumarins, and lignans [33,31], present in CT extract may have different functional properties such as scavenging of ROS [34,12], inhibiting the generation of free radicals and chain-breaking antioxidant activity [35]. ...
In the present study catecholaminergic neurotoxin MPTP was used to lesion dopaminergic pathways in the experimental animal model of Parkinson's disease (PD). e main objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of Clitorea ternatea (CT) on biomarkeres of Parkinson's disease in mice. Swiss albino mice (adult male) were divided into control group, MPTP-treated group (30 mg/kg body weight, i.p in 0.9% saline, single dose), CTE treated groups (200 and 400 mg/kg body weight) after MPTP exposure for 21 days. Striatal total antioxidant capacity (TAC), serum and striatal xanthine oxidase (XO) activity, the marker of oxidative stress, and the DNA repair enzyme PARP (poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase) were estimated. ere was a significant increase (p<0.05) in XO and PARP activities and a significant decrease (p<0.05) in TAC with MPTP treatment. CT treatment significantly (p<0.05) reduced these changes showing a significant neuronal protection. MPTP-challenged mice treated with 200 and 400 mg/kg of CT indicated significant neuronal protection by decreasing the XO and PARP activities. MPTP challenged mice treated with CT restored the TAC level significantly (p<0.05). Comparatively CT treatment at higher dose (400 mg/kg) was more effective in neuronal protection as indicated by biochemical parameters. In conclusion, CT extract enriched with bioflavonoids showed a significant neuroprotective effect against MPTP-induced neurotoxicity in mice by decreasing XO and PARP activities in and increasing TAC activity.
... The effect lasted up to 5 hours after the drug administration. The antipyretic effect shown by the methanolic extract of the plant can be compared to that of paracetamol (150 mg/kg body wt.) which is a well-known standard antipyretic agent [12] . ...
... The whole plant and seed extracts are used for stomatitis, hematemesis, insomnia, epilepsy, psychosis, purgative, cathartic [10,11]. The roots and root bark possess anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic and diuretic, laxative properties [10,12]. The leaves are mainly used for the treatment of nostalgia and eruptions. ...
Objective: The present study aims at the investigation of antioxidant activities both by qualitative (thin-layer chromatography [TLC] bioautography) and quantitative (in vitro) methods and thereby comparison of the same in different parts of the plants of Clitoria ternatea (Fabaceae). Methods: Leaves, stems, and seeds were macerated with methanol separately and preliminary phytochemical screening was carried out. The extracts were developed using two mobile phase combinations such as Toluene: Ethyl acetate: Formic acid (5:4:0.2) for test 1 and toluene: Ethyl acetate: Methanol (5:3:2) for test 2 on silica gel GF254 TLC plates and further sprayed with DPPH. Antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities were assayed by inhibition of lipid peroxidation and DPPH method with the different concentrations of test extracts (25, 50, 100, 150 and 200 μg/ml) and standard ascorbic acid. Results: The methanolic extract of the leaves, stems, and seeds revealed to possess chiefly alkaloids, phenols, and flavonoids and have shown promising antioxidant activity by all the methods in dose-dependent manner. Leaves were found to be most potent having IC50 value of 111.652 µg/ml and 106.683 µg/ml which is almost similar to the stems (IC50 of 111.685 µg/ml and 106.26 µg/ml), respectively, in DPPH method and inhibition of lipid peroxidation. Seeds failed to produce any significant activity in any of the methods performed. Conclusion: The methanolic extract of leaves and stems can act as a potential antioxidant and antiradical, which are highly comparable with standard.
... The effect lasted up to 5 hours after the drug administration. The antipyretic effect shown by the methanolic extract of the plant can be compared to that of paracetamol (150 mg/kg body wt.) which is a well-known standard antipyretic agent [12] . ...
... Anti-inflammatory activity of polyherbal formulation "Jatyadi Ghrita", the ingredients of Jatyadi Ghrita are Jasmine officinale, Azadirachta indica, Berberis aristata, Curcuma longa, Picrorrhiza kurroa, Rubia cordifolia, Trichosanthes dioica, Aristolochia indica, Hemidesmus indicus, Randia spinosa, Glycyrrhiza glabra and Cow's ghee 26 . Trichosanthes dioica (TSD) was studied for Anti inflammatory activity in different in vivo methods as Carrageenininduced rat paw oedema and Acetic acid-induced vascular permeability in rats 27 . ...
... In several countries it is also utilized as livestock (Gomez and Kalamani, 2003). The biological activity of C. ternatea, was reported as follows: improvement of cognitive function, reduction of dementia, treatment of bronchitis and asthma, diuretic actions, and insecticidal and antimicrobial activity (Devi et al., 2003). However, the other activities of the flowers are little known, except that the flowers are a source of flavonoids and anthocyanins (Kazuma et al., 2003). ...
The present study explored the total phenolic contents, antioxidant, antibacterial, and antidiabetic activities of four Indonesian plants, namely Theobroma cacao pod husk (yellow variant and purple variant of pod husk), Annona muricata leaves, and Clitoria ternatea flower. Antioxidant properties of the extracts and fractions were evaluated using a DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl) assay, and their antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli by the microdilution method using resazurin as a colouring agent. The antidiabetic assay was performed by an α-glucosidase inhibitory activity using a glucosidase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The results revealed that the pod husk extract of T. cacao of both variants (yellow and purple) had good antioxidant activity and antidiabetic activity with IC50 as of 41.3 and 44.5 μg/ml for the DPPH assay, and 41.6 and 27.7 μg/ml for the α-glucosidase inhibitory assay, respectively. Meanwhile, for antibacterial test, T. cacao pod husk of both variants also possessed the most active extracts with MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) as of 0.62 mg/mL against S. aureus. Moreover, the FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) analysis suggested the presence of phenolic molecules containing in the extracts. This study revealed that T. cacao pod husk could be a potentially rich source of naturally occurring antibacterial, antioxidant, and antidiabetic medicine.
... Roots of Clitoria ternatea are used in treatment of scorpion bites. Analgesic and antiinflammatory, [78] antihistaminic, antipyretic, antioxidant, respiratory protective and neuroprotective [79] properties of roots are proven scientifically. ...
Scorpions use their sting as a defensive weapon or as a mechanism to incapacitate prey. The scorpion sting possesses venom and the character of the poison depends on the scorpion species. Some may lead to death. Ayurveda and Sri Lankan traditional physicians treat scorpion sting by administering medicines internally and externally, in various forms. Data was gathered from Ayurveda and Sri Lankan traditional medical books, through interviewing physicians, research journals and internet. Herbs, minerals and animal sources are used to treat scorpion sting. Analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antihistaminic, antipyretic, antispasmodic, antioxidant, cardioproective, respiratory protective, neuroprotective properties and anti-scorpion venom activity of these ingredients are scientifically proven. Due to these properties, these ingredients are capable of overcoming the symptoms such as pain, swelling, redness, itching, spasms, neurotoxicity and also cardiac and respiratory failure occurring through scorpion sting. It is concluded that Ayurveda and Sri Lankan traditional physicians possess multi-faceted, effective treatment methods for scorpion stings which can be scientifically proven.
... The present study was carried out to evaluate the antiinflammatory and anti-arthritic activity of C. ternatea based on the reports that C. ternatea possesses antioxidant activity and anti-inflammatory activity (Mukherjee, Kumar, Kumar, & Heinrich, 2008;Devi, Boominathan, & Mandal, 2003). Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic inflammatory, autoimmune disease characterized by swelling, pain and injuries of cartilage, synovial membrane, tendons, muscles and bone. ...
Objective
Clitoria ternatea is a well-known bioactive plant used to treat several inflammatory ailments in Ayurvedic system of medicine in India. The present investigation aimed to determine the anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic activity of ethanolic extract of Clitoria ternatea roots (EECT) in animal models.
Methods
The anti-inflammatory activity of the EECT was evaluated by carrageenan and histamine-induced paw edema.
Results
EECT showed a significant reduction in mean paw edema volume in both carrageenan and histamine-induced inflammation. The efficacy of EECT in rheumatoid arthritis was tested against Freund’s complete adjuvant (CFA) induced arthritic model in Wistar rats. The anti-arthritic effect of EECT was determined by systematic scoring of arthritis symptoms and measuring paw edema. A considerable decrease in paw diameter was observed in the EECT (200 and 400 mg/kg) and diclofenac (10 mg/kg) treated groups after day 7. Diclofenac (10 mg/kg) and EECT (400 mg/kg) showed a significant reduction in paw diameter from day 14 compared with CFA control (P < 0.001). The anti-arthritic activity was also confirmed from the altered biochemical, haematological (Hb, RBC and WBC) and anti-oxidant parameters (SOD, MDA, CAT, and GSH). EECT (400 and 200 mg/kg) also showed a marked inhibition of joint destruction.
Conclusion
This study provides a pharmacological rationale for the traditional use of C. ternatea against inflammation and rheumatoid arthritis in India.
... (11). Clitoria ternatea roots methanol extract when given by oral route to rats was found to inhibit both the rat paw oedema caused by carrageenin and vascular permeability induced by acetic acid in rats (12) In our study the ethanoloic extracts of Clitoria ternatea flower showed potential anti-diabetic activity at a dose of 400mg/kg level. Previous studies showed, Antihyperglycenmic Clitorea ternatea showed antihyperglycenmic activity (13). ...
... Antipyretic activity (17,18) Fourteen groups of (6 rats/group) were used and the rectal temperature was recorded with a thermometer. Hyperthermia was induced at first by subcutaneous injection 20% (w/v) aqueous suspension of yeast in a volume of 10 ml/kg. ...
... In traditional Ayurvedic medicine, it has been used to treat infertility, urinogenital disorder, bronchitis, purgative and diuretic 17,18,19,20 . A recent study showed that it has anti-hyperglycemic, antihyperlipidemic 21 , anti-inflammatory 22 and antihelminthic 23 activities. ...
Objective: To investigate the effects of ethanolic extracts of leaf and fruit of Trichosanthes dioica and leaf of Clitoria ternatea were studied on the altered non-enzymatic antioxidant system such as reduced glutathione (GSH), Vitamin E, C and A in streptozotocin-induced diabetic Wistar rats. Methods: Male adult Wistar albino rats divided into eleven groups of six rats each were assigned to non-diabetic and diabetic groups (Group I to XI). Diabetes was induced in Albino rats by single intraperitoneal administration of STZ (60 mg/kg body weight), on confirming diabetes after 48 h of injection. Group I and II were kept as non-diabetic and diabetic control. The other diabetic groups (Group III to Group X) were treated with both individual and combined ethanolic extracts of T. dioica and C. ternatea at the doses of 200, and 400 mg/kg of body weight were administrated orally at a single dose per day for 28 consecutive days. Group XI was treated with Glibenclamide (600 μg/kg body weight), a standard oral hypoglycemic drug used as a reference drug for comparison. After completion of experimental period serum, liver and kidney were used for estimating GSH, plasma, and liver for estimating Vitamin E, C and A, and pancreas, liver and kidney were used for histopathological changes in the diabetic rats. Results: A significant increase in GSH, Vitamin E, C and A levels were observed in diabetic rats treated with ethanolic extracts of T. dioica (leaf and fruit) and C. ternatea (leaf) compared to diabetic control rats. Histopathological studies demonstrated the reduction in the pancreas, liver and kidney damage and confirmed the biochemical findings. Conclusion: These results suggest that T. dioica and C. ternatea are beneficial in the control of diabetes by the noticeable antioxidant property.
... (11). Clitoria ternatea roots methanol extract when given by oral route to rats was found to inhibit both the rat paw oedema caused by carrageenin and vascular permeability induced by acetic acid in rats (12) In our study the ethanoloic extracts of Clitoria ternatea flower showed potential anti-diabetic activity at a dose of 400mg/kg level. Previous studies showed, Antihyperglycenmic Clitorea ternatea showed antihyperglycenmic activity (13). ...
To evaluate the anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic potential of extracts Clitoria ternate flower (CTF) AND Tribulus terristris seed (TTS) by in-vivo pharmacological models using rats. Ternate flower (CTF) AND Tribulus terristris seed (TTS). Extraction by cold maceration techniques using hydro-alcoholic solvent. Evaluation of chemical constituents by various chemical tests. Acute toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines and calculation of ED 50 Anti-inflammatory activity by Carragenan induced rat paw models. Anti-diabetic activity by Alloxon induced diabetes in rats. Statistical analysis by Students t Test. Extraction by Cold Maceration method. Estimation of Phytochemicals by various chemical tests.(3) Acute Toxicity studies by OECD guidelines and dose selected were 200mg and 400mg/kg(4) Phytoconstituents are mostly presents in the Clitoria terneta flower and photosterols and flavonoids are not present in the Tribulus tertaris seed which are highly present in Clitoria terneta flower.Anti-inflammatory Activity of Clitoria ternata flower and Tribulus terristris seed highly seen in group III and V of CTF AND TFS. Least amount present in group II of 39% in CTF and 45% of group IV in TTS..Anti-diabetic Activity of Clitoria ternata flower and Tribulus terristris seed values are Mean ± SEM of Six Animals. Statistical Significance: a = p < 0.001 and b = p < 0.05 as compared to control From the acute toxicity studies the ED 50 of the extract were fixes as 200 and 400 mg/kg. The anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic activity of both CTF & TTS were calculated by in-vivo methods using rat models. The 400mg/kg of both Clitoria ternata flower (CTF) and Tribulus terristris seed (TTS) extracts showed potential anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic activity. Further studies are required for structural elucidation of the active component(s) involved in the anti-hyperglycaemic and anti-inflammatory activity of Tribulus terrestris L. and Clitoria ternate *Corresponding Author
Clitoria ternatea L generally recognized as Butterfly pea is a traditionally
being used Ayurvedic medicine. It is being utilized from centuries to enhance memory
and as nootropic, anti-stress, as tranquilizer to relieve anxiety, depression, and
convulsion. C. ternatea isolated secondary metabolites include triterpenoids, flavonol
glycosides, anthocyanins. It possesses extensive variety of pharmacological actions like
fighting against microorganisms, reducing fever, alleviating inflammation and pain,
promoting diuresis, controlling diabetes and destroying insects. It is also used as a
vascular smooth muscle relaxant. The current review encompasses the bio-active
components, pharmacological, phytochemical and toxicity studies of C. ternatea having clinical usage in the Ayurvedic system along with a serious consideration on its future ethno pharmacological potential.
Sixteen crossbred rabbits (New Zealand white x Thai native breed) were randomly divided into two groups of eight to determine the effects of daily oral administration of crude extracts from the butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea L.) from weaning (at 35 days) to slaughter (at 90 days). Effects on phagocytic activity of blood polymorphoneuclear leukocytes, serum biochemistry, meat quality, muscular lipid peroxidation, apparent digestibility, and gut histology were studied. The results revealed that the phagocytic function of circulating leukocytes (75 and 90 days) and alveolar macrophages (90 days) did not differ between the two groups. At slaughter, treated rabbits had lower blood urea nitrogen concentrations and higher liver weight than control rabbits (p < 0.05). After chilling at 4°C for 24 hours, lower meat pH and alteration of meat color (a brighter, less yellow, Hue angle and color saturation) were observed in the treated group (p < 0.05). Furthermore, lipid peroxidation (measured at 3, 5 and 7 storage days) in the meat of treated rabbits was lower than in controls (p < 0.05). Apparent digestibility (analyzed at 46 days for four days) revealed improved organic matter and ether extracts in the treated group (p < 0.05), whereas gut histology was unaffected. In conclusion, butterfly pea extract supplementation did not affect phagocytic function but led to a modification in meat color, delayed lipid peroxidation, and improved digestibility.
Clitoria ternatea refers an herb (annual twining) found in India, Philippines, Madagascar & China. It belongs to family- Fabaceae. The present review was based on the description, phytochemicals, and pharmacological properties of Clitorea ternatea. The literature survey was done thorough PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar. The root was utilized in induction of abortion in the past, and the paste is often used to treat abdominal inflammations, sore-throats & mucus problems. According to the results of the initial phytochemical screening, the plant included proteins, alkaloids, antharaquinone, anthocyanins, cardiac glycosides, phenols, tannins, phlobatannin, carbohydrates, saponins, triterpenoids, phenols, flavonoids, flavonol glycosides, and volatile oils in addition to steroids.
Clitoria ternatea, a perennial, twining herb that is native to tropical Asia, has a long history of usage as a memory booster and anxiolytic. various portions of the plant have various components. The plant is said to include tannins, resins, starch, taraxerol, taraxerone, alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, proteins, anthocyanins, and carbohydrates as well as other active chemical components. The plant is used to treat a variety of conditions in traditional medicine, including jaundice, migraine, throat infections, eye infections, skin illnesses, asthma, swollen joints, earaches, eruptions, fever, urinary tract infections, constipation, snakebites, headaches, indigestion, leprosy, and problems of the central nervous system. Clitotia ternatea is a plant that has historically been used for gonorrhoea, stress, infertility, and food colouring. Ayurveda has made extensive use of the plant. Pharmacologically, it has anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antimicrobial, and anxiolytic properties.
Clitoria ternatea is a native plant with medicinal and nutritive significance in Asia. The goal of this work was to examine the antiproliferative role of Clitoria ternatea against colorectal (HCT116), breast (MCF-7), and thyroid (TT) cancer cell lines at cellular and molecular levels. A phytochemical analysis, the cytotoxic effect, an apoptotic induction cell cycle analysis, and the expression level of GAX, DIABLO, and NAIP1 genes were assessed. The plant extract exhibited a clear cytotoxic action against the utilized cancer cell lines via a low IC50, foremost by means of cell cycle arrest at the pre-G0, G1, and S phases associated with an apoptotic induction. An apparent raise in the mRNA levels of GAX and DIABLO and a concomitant decrease in the NAIP1 mRNA level were observed in the used cancer cells treated with the IC50 of the plant extract. This study concluded that an ethanolic extract of Clitoria ternatea induced apoptotic cell death, suggesting that it could possibly be utilized as a new source of an apoptosis-inducing anticancer agent for colon, breast, and medullary thyroid cancer cell line treatments with further detailed studies.
Clitoria ternatea L. var. pilosula Wall. from ancient times has a place in the heart of Hindus due to its sacred value for the lord Shiva. This plant have dual significance firstly, they are promising future food secondly, these medicinal plants can have some active constituents for future pharmaceutical study. They are used in the treatment of a number of ailments including body-aches, infections, urinogenital disorders and as antihelmintic and antidote to animal stings. Establishing the standard is an essential step to identify the quality and purity of the drug. This can be achieved through the pharmacognostical and phytochemical analysis. In present study investigation of macroscopic, microscopic characters were studied along with powder behaviour, fluorescence studies and phytochemical screening etc. Fluorescence analysis showed the plant sample is free of any foreign matter and adulternants. The reaction of the leaves powder with different chemical indicated the presence of the compound such as phenol, coumarins, alkaloids, tannin, xanthoprotein and reducing sugar. The pharmacognostical study helps to reveal the purity of the sample. The study establishes the pharmacognostical and physico-chemical standards of the crude drug and helps to differentiate the plant sample from the adulterants.
Shankhapushpi (Clitoria ternatea) grown under polyhouse and open-field conditions were investigated for physicochemical parameters of their powdered samples, qualitative and quantitative analysis of phytochemicals, antioxidant capacities and development of chemical profiles using solvent extracts in methanol, hydroalcoholic and water. The two samples were similar in their physicochemical parameters except for the higher extractive yield from the open-field grown plants. Although the primary metabolites were equal in the polyhouse and field-grown, the secondary metabolites were higher in the polyhouse-grown plant samples. Methanolic extract of polyhouse-grown samples was richer in phenolics, flavonoids, tannins, and triterpenoids than the open-field-grown ones. The DPPH radical and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, ferric reducing activity, and total antioxidant activity, values were higher in methanolic extract of polyhouse-grown plant sample. There was a positive correlation between phytochemicals and antioxidant capacities: in the polyhouse-grown samples the total phenol content correlated with DPPH assay, while in the open-field-grown plant samples it correlated with hydroxyl radical assay.
Background
While several biologics have been reported from different parts of Clitoria ternatea, a herbaceous climber of the family Fabaceae, specific production of cationic peptides other than cyclotides (<3.7 kDa) has barely been investigated or their bioactive potential looked into.
Objective
To uncover potential bioactivities and characteristics of novel cationic peptides from C. ternatea seeds.
Methods
C. ternatea seed cationic peptide purified by simple and cost-effective procedures was analyzed by electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. Antimicrobial efficacy was evaluated against bacterial and fungal pathogens. Antioxidant potential was quantified by in vitro antioxidant assays. Physicochemical characterization and Tandem mass spectrometry were performed.
Results
An 8.5 kDa cationic peptide purified from C. ternatea seeds was active against Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, Aeromonas hydrophila and Escherichia coli at a minimum inhibitory concentration in the range of 8-32 μg/ml. This activity was totally uncompromised at pH 5-8 or after 1 h of heat treatment at 70-80 ºC, but was sensitive to protease treatment. Concentration-dependent free-radical scavenging activity and ferric-reducing capacity demonstrated the antioxidant potential of the peptide. Tandem MS analysis of trypsin-digested peptide based on shotgun proteomics detected matching peptide sequences with one or two cysteine residues but had low sequence coverage (≤17%) to known sequences in the C. ternatea protein database. Taken together, the distinct characteristics of this novel 8.5 kDa peptide clearly distinguishes it from known cyclotides of C. ternatea.
Conclusions
Insights have been obtained into the functional characteristics of what appears to be a novel cationic peptide from C. ternatea seeds, exhibiting significant antimicrobial and antioxidant activities.
Clitorea ternatea has been used in Ayurvedic medicine as a brain stimulant to treat mental illnesses and mental functional disorders. In this study, the metabolite profiles of crude C. ternatea root extract (CTRE), ethyl acetate (EA), and 50% aqueous methanol (50% MeOH) fractions were investigated using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography–diode array detector–tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC–DAD–MS/MS), while their effect on the stress-like behavior of zebrafish, pharmacologically induced with reserpine, was investigated. A total of 32 compounds were putatively identified, among which, a series of norneolignans, clitorienolactones, and various flavonoids (flavone, flavonol, isoflavone, and isoflavanone) was found to comprise the major constituents, particularly in the EA and 50% MeOH fractions. The clitorienolactones, presently unique to the species, were present in both the free and glycosylated forms in the roots. Both the EA and 50% MeOH fractions displayed moderate effects on the stress-induced zebrafish model, significantly decreasing freezing duration and elevating the total distance travelled and average velocity, 72 h post-treatment. The results of the present study provide further evidence that the basis for the use of C. ternatea roots in traditional medicine to alleviate brain-related conditions, such as stress and depression, is attributable to the presence of clitorienolactones and the isoflavonoidal constituents.
Clitoriaternatea has been reported to possess various biological activities such as analgesic, anxiolyticanti-bacterial, anti-cancer, anti-convulsant, anti-depressant, anti-fungal, anti-helmintic, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, anti-oxidant, antipyretic, hypoglycemic, nephro-protective and sedative. Therefore the present study was aimed to evaluate its docking behavior of eight selected constituents of Clitoriaternatea namely Nonanoic acid, Benzoic acid, Pentadecanoic acid, Cyclopentaneundecanoic acid, Palmitic acid,2-Octanoicacid,9 Octadecanoic acid, 3,4-dihydroxy-1,6-bis(3-methoxyphenyl)hexane-1,6-dione against Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP 2 and MMP 9) using Patch Dock method. In addition to this, Molecular physicochemical, Drug-likeness,ADME(Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism and Excretion) analyses were also carried out using mol inspiration and Swiss ADME methods respectively. The molecular physicochemical analysis revealed that Pentadecanoic acid, Cyclopentaneundecanoic acid, Palmitic acid, and 9 Octadecanoic acid violated the five rules of thumb. About drug-likeness property, Benzoic acid exhibited a better score compared to all other ligands. Docking studies revealed that 3,4-dihydroxy-1,6-bis(3-methoxyphenyl)hexane-1,6-dione has maximum interaction energy for both MMP 2 (-355.28 kcal/mol) and MMP 9 (-392.21kcal/mol) and similarly Benzoic acid has exhibited the least interaction energy for both MMP 2 (-155.83 kcal/mol) and MMP 9 (,-155.67 kcal/mol). As compared to the other investigated ligands,3,4-dihydroxy-1,6-bis(3-methoxyphenyl)hexane-1,6-dione and 9 Octadecanoic acids were the two ligands that showed interactions with amino acid residue. Therefore, it is strongly suggested that the present study outcomes might provide new insight in understanding these eight ligands, as potential candidates for MMP’s inhibitory activity. © 2021, Rasayan Journal of Chemistry, c/o Dr. Pratima Sharma. All rights reserved.
Clitoria ternatea has been reported to possess various biological activities such as analgesic, anxiolyticanti-bacterial, anti-cancer, anti-convulsant, anti-depressant, anti-fungal, anti-helmintic, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, antioxidant, antipyretic, hypoglycemic, nephro-protective and sedative. Therefore the present study was aimed to
evaluate its docking behavior of eight selected constituents of Clitoriaternatea namely Nonanoic acid, Benzoic acid,
Pentadecanoic acid, Cyclopentaneundecanoic acid, Palmitic acid,2-Octanoicacid,9 Octadecanoic acid, 3,4-dihydroxy- 1,6-bis(3-methoxyphenyl)hexane-1,6-dione against Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP 2 and MMP 9) using Patch Dock
method. In addition to this, Molecular physicochemical, Drug-likeness ,ADME(Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism and Excretion) analyses were also carried out using mol inspiration and Swiss ADME methods respectively. The molecular physicochemical analysis revealed that Pentadecanoic acid, Cyclopentaneundecanoic
acid, Palmitic acid, and 9 Octadecanoic acid violated the five rules of thumb. About drug-likeness property, Benzoic
acid exhibited a better score compared to all other ligands. Docking studies revealed that 3,4-dihydroxy-1,6-bis(3-
methoxyphenyl)hexane-1,6-dione has maximum interaction energy for both MMP 2 (-355.28 kcal/mol) and MMP 9 (-392.21kcal/mol) and similarly Benzoic acid has exhibited the least interaction energy for both MMP 2 (-155.83 kcal/mol) and MMP 9 (,-155.67 kcal/mol). As compared to the other investigated ligands,3,4-dihydroxy-1,6-bis(3-methoxyphenyl)hexane-1,6-dione and 9 Octadecanoic acids were the two ligands that showed interactions with amino acid residue. Therefore, it is strongly suggested that the present study outcomes might provide new insight in understanding these eight ligands, as potential candidates for MMP’s inhibitory activity.
A new norneolignan derivative, clitorternalactone (1), has been isolated from the stems of Clitoria ternatea, together with six known compounds, clitorienolactone A (2), myricetin 3-glucoside (3), quercetin 3-glucoside (4), kaempferol 3-glucoside (5), taraxerol (6), and taraxerone (7). The structure of the new compound 1 was determined through spectroscopic and MS analyses. Among the isolates, compound 1 exhibited cytotoxicities with IC50 values of 2.54 ± 0.23, 3.68 ± 0.17, and 4.05 ± 0.43 μM, respectively, against DLD-1, CCRF-CEM, and IMR-32 cell lines. In addition, clitorternalactone (1), clitorienolactone A (2), quercetin 3-glucoside (4), and kaempferol 3-glucoside (5) showed potent inhibition with IC50 values of 3.05 ± 0.12, 5.44 ± 0.46, 10.20 ± 0.69, and 13.57 ± 0.36 μM, respectively, against LPS-induced NO generation.
The hypoglycemic effect of the extract of Fictus racemosa leaves was studied on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Petroleum ether (60-80°C) extract of the plant obtained by soxhlet extraction from coarsely pulverised leaves was used. In the LD 50 determination of the extract no abnormalities were observed at the dose range of 3 g/kg (p.o.) of the extract. The extract (200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg orally) caused a reduction of blood glucose levels in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats by 28.9% (P<0.001) and 34.6% (P<0.001) respectively at the end of 9 days. The results-of this study indicate that the petroleum ether (60-80°C) extract of the leaves possesses significant hypoglycemic activity in hyperglycemic animals compared with glybenclamide as standard drug.
The antiinflammatory effect of the methanol extract of the leaves of Cassia tora was investigated against carrageenin, histamine, serotonin and dextran-induced rat hind paw oedema. It exhibited significant antiinflammatory activity against all these agents. The extract (400 mg/kg) showed maximum inhibition of oedema of 40.33%, 31.37%, 53.57% and 29.15% at the end of 3 h with carrageenin, dextran, histamine and serotonin-induced rat paw oedema, respectively. Using a chronic test, the granuloma pouch in rats, the extract exhibited a 48.13% reduction in granuloma weight. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An extension of the "squirming test" is described which makes the method specific for nonnarcotic analgesics. The intraperitoneal injection of acetic acid causes squirming and an increase in capillary permeability that is measured by direct estimation of plasma-bound dye (Pontamine Sky Blue) which has leaked into the peritoneal cavity. Nonnarcotic analgesics inhibit squirming and leakage of dye. Values for the oral ED50s for both effects are given for a number of typical compounds. Narcotic analgesics, in doses that produce analgesia, inhibit squirming but do not significantly affect leakage of dye. Drugs that stimulate the central nervous system and also inhibit squirming have no significant effect on leakage of dye over the range of doses which inhibit squirming. Corticosteroids do not significantly inhibit either squirming or leakage of dye.
(x926): Amer. 07. Path., 2, 4o*. The sun is the greatest of remedies. PUNY: Natural History. Consumptive People are likewise generally observed to be very quick, full of Spirit, hasty, and of a sharp ready Wit, and are commonly very impatient, and tenacious of the least Disrespect that is shewn them
- A Jacobs
- W M Bortawmk
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JAcoBs, A., and BORTaWmK, W. M. (x95o): Proc. Roy. Soc. Med., 43, 453. M'~DLA~, E. M. (x926): Amer. 07. Path., 2, 4o*. The sun is the greatest of remedies. PUNY: Natural History. Consumptive People are likewise generally observed to be very quick, full of Spirit, hasty, and of a sharp ready Wit, and are commonly very impatient, and tenacious of the least Disrespect that is shewn them... BENJAMIN MARTEN: A new theory of consumptions, London, 1720, p.
Indian materia medica
- Nadkararni
Statistical method for the analysis of biomedicinal data
- R F Woodson