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Adhesive bonding of super-elastic titanium-nickel alloy castings with a phosphate metal conditioner and an acrylic adhesive
Abstract
The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the bonding characteristics of super-elastic titanium-nickel (Ti-Ni) alloy castings. Disk specimens were cast from a Ti-Ni alloy (Ti-50.85Ni mol%) using an arc centrifugal casting machine. High-purity titanium and nickel specimens were also prepared as experimental references. The specimens were air-abraded with alumina, and bonded with an adhesive resin (Super-Bond C & B). A metal conditioner containing a phosphate monomer (Cesead II Opaque Primer) was also used for priming the specimens. Post-thermocycling average bond strengths (MPa) of the primed groups were 41.5 for Ti-Ni, 30.4 for Ti and 19.5 for Ni, whereas those of the unprimed groups were 21.6 for Ti, 19.3 for Ti-Ni and 9.3 for Ni. Application of the phosphate conditioner elevated the bond strengths of all alloy/metals (P < 0.05). X-ray fluorescence analysis revealed that nickel was attached to the debonded resin surface of the resin-to-nickel bonded specimen, indicating that corrosion of high-purity nickel occurred at the resin-nickel interface. Durable bonding to super-elastic Ti-Ni alloy castings can be achieved with a combination of a phosphate metal conditioner and a tri-n-butylborane-initiated adhesive resin.
... The bonding performance between titanium and porcelain has been investigated, and some studies have reported the high bond strength of fusing titanium [36,44,51,52]. The bonding system between titanium and resin has also been reported [18][19][20][23][24][25][26][30][31][32][33][34]37,38,42,43,[45][46][47]49]. The resin bonding system to titanium is used for cementation of restorations, veneering indirect composite materials, and repair of removable prostheses 22,27,[39][40][41]48]. ...
... Titanium has excellent resistance to corrosion depending on a passive oxide film; therefore, the resin requires bonding to the passive oxide film in order to create bonding between titanium and resin. Various bonding systems have been reported to enhance the bonding of titanium and titanium alloys, which are used with alumina blasting [35], adhesive monomer [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][23][24][25][26][30][31][32][33][34]37,38,42,43,[45][46][47]49,50], silanization [17,30,49], tribochemical silica coating [24,25,34,46]. ...
... The use of primers for adherence to improve the adhesion of the luting agent has become mainstream. Taira et al. [19,20,23], Matsumura et al. [26], Tsuchimoto et al. [31], Koizumi et al. [33], and Yanagida et al. [49] reported that primers including 10-methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate (MDP) improved the bonding durability of titanium. Taira et al. reported that the bonding promotion effect of 4-methacryloyloxyethl trimellitate anhydride (4-META), methacryloyloxyalkyl thiophosphate derivative (MEPS), and 11-methacryloyloxyundecan-1,1-dicarboxylic acid (MAC-10) was comparable to that of 4-acryloyloxyethyl trimellitate (4-AET) and 1:2 addition product of 3,4,4',5'-biphenyl tetracarboxylic anhydride and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (BPDM) [20]. ...
Recently in Japan, due to the increased prices of palladium and gold, cast titanium restorations have been included in the Japanese national health insurance system. The purpose of this review was to survey the available literature on titanium bonding systems, focusing on the adhesive monomer in the luting agent in order to expand the application of resin-bonded fixed prostheses made of titanium or titanium alloys. It was found that adhesive monomers are effective for bonding to titanium, and provide results equal to the procedures of silanization and tribochemical silica coating. A primer or a luting agent, including 10-methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate (MDP), methacryloyloxyalkyl thiophosphate derivative (MEPS), 6-methacryloxyhexyl phosphonoacetate (6-MHPA), and 4-methacryloyloxyethl trimellitate anhydride (4-META) promotes bonding characteristics between titanium and the resin material.
... It is important to consider the relationship between the type of metal and functional monomer when selecting a metal conditioner. For base metal alloys, carboxylic, phosphoric, and phosphonic acid derivative monomers result in the strongest bonds [8][9][10][11] , whereas thione and disulfide monomers are most effective for bonding to noble metal alloys [12][13][14][15][16] . In recent years, metal conditioners have been developed that are reported to exploit the combined effect of both acidic and sulfur-containing monomers on adhesion to noble and base metal/alloys [17][18][19] . ...
... In a study by Okuya et al., the MDDT monomer was reported to be effective for the bonding of pure gold or high-gold content (78 wt%) alloys with acrylic resin adhesive after 2,000 thermocycles, whereas the VTD monomer was reported as most effective in bonding with pure silver, copper, and silver-palladium-copper alloys 14) . Similarly, the VTD monomer was reported to exhibit high bonding durability when joined to type IV gold or silver-palladium-copper alloys, which was speculated to result primarily from interactions between the thione or thiol groups and copper elements contained in both alloys 10,13,19) . Previous studies have reported that the bonding mechanism of the VTD monomer to noble metal alloys involves an ionic interaction between mercapto groups in the VTD and metal ions in the alloys, especially gold, silver, or copper 33,34) . ...
... Each of the three conditioners contained acidic functional monomers, which many studies have demonstrated are effective for bonding to base metals with oxide-coated surfaces 1,9,10,19,20) . The interactions between these monomers and base metals occurred simultaneously with interactions between sulfur-based monomers and noble alloys; however, these interactions did not interfere with each other in terms of their respective adhesion behaviors [18][19][20][21] . ...
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of three pretreatment conditioners and surface preparations on a composite resin adhesive for a gold alloy. Cast disk specimens were made and bonded with RelyX Unicem luting agent under six surface conditions: 1) polished with No.600 carbide paper, 2) air-abraded with alumina, 3) Alloy Primer metal conditioner was applied after alumina-abrasion, 4) Monobond Plus multipurpose conditioner was applied after alumina-abrasion, 5) M. L. Primer metal conditioner was applied after alumina-abrasion, and 6) Rocatec multipurpose silica-coating system was applied. The bond strengths were determined before and after thermocycling (50,000 cycles). The bond strengths of the alumina-abrasion group were significantly decreased after thermocycling. The Rocatec and M. L. Primer exhibited higher bond strengths than other treatments. The application of metal conditioners and multipurpose surface preparations was recommended for improved bonding between the evaluated adhesive resin and gold alloy.
... 13,16,39 Although a number of published studies have investigated the adhesive bonding of titanium and titanium alloys, only a limited number have looked at the bonding characteristics of titanium alloys and their component metals. 25 Therefore, the present study was conducted to evaluate the shear bond strength and durability of Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy and its three component metals: titanium, aluminum, and niobium. The working hypothesis was that the strength of bonding to a titanium alloy and its component metals would be influenced by the type of priming agent used. ...
... 24 The evaluation of equiatomic Ti-Ni alloy and component metals using MDP primer ranked as follows: 1) Ti-Ni alloy, 2) titanium, and 3) nickel. 25 These results suggest that the durability of the bond to metallic substrates is influenced by the type of functional monomer or by the corrosion resistance of the substrate surface. ...
To evaluate the effects of acidic functional monomers on the bond strength and durability of an acrylic resin joined to Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy and component metals.
Disk specimens of two different sizes (10 and 8 mm in diameter and 2.5 mm in thickness) were prepared from uncast Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy, titanium, aluminum, and niobium. The specimens were ground with abrasive paper and divided into 8 groups: unprimed control, primed with Acryl Bond, Alloy Primer, All Bond II Primer B, Estenia Opaque Primer, M.L. Primer, MR. Bond, and Super-Bond Liquid. The disks were bonded with tri-n-butylborane (TBB)-initiated acrylic resin, and shear bond strengths were determined both before and after thermocycling.
The Alloy Primer and Estenia Opaque Primer agents, which contain a hydrophobic phosphate monomer (MDP), and Super-Bond Liquid demonstrated a durable bond with Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy. MDP was also effective in bonding Ti, Al, and Nb.
The two primers containing MDP were effective for treating Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy and Ti. Al and Nb showed bonding behavior similar to Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy and Ti when the two metals were treated with acidic primers and bonded with the TBB-initiated acrylic resin.
... [4][5][6][7] Metal primers are used to create a strong bond between metal and resin-based materials. [8][9][10][11] It is known that metal primers contain active monomers that promote chemical bonding between the cement and the oxides present on the metal surface. [12][13][14][15] Metal primers containing MDP (10-methacryloyloxydecryl dihydrogen phosphate), [16][17][18][19] MEPS (thiophosphate methacryloyloxyalkyl) derivatives, 11,17,19 or 4-META (4-methacryloyloxyethyl trimellitate anhydride) 20,21 are reported to yield high bond strengths between resinbased materials and base metal alloys. ...
... Nevertheless, a factor of fundamental importance to consider is the composition of the layer of oxides present on the metal surface, which will establish chemical reactions with the different monomers. In the literature, the only studies 3,[7][8][9]13,17,18,20,21,23,24 identified evaluated the effect of thermal cycling and not of water storage, per se, on the bond strength between the metals used in this study and resinous materials, so there are no parameters for comparison. Except for the Bistite II DC and Metaltite plus Bistite II DC groups at 24 hours, all of the other groups exhibited higher shear bond strength to CP Ti than to NiCr alloy. ...
A strong and durable bond between a metal framework and a resin-based luting agent is desired. Metal primers have been shown to be very effective on noble alloys. However, there is insufficient information about their effect on base metals.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of metal primers on the shear bond strength of resin cements to base metals.
A total of 160 cast commercially pure titanium (CP Ti) and NiCr alloy (VeraBond II) disks were embedded in a polyvinyl chloride ring, and their surfaces were smoothed with silicon carbide papers (320, 400, and 600 grit) and airborne-particle abraded with 50-mum aluminum oxide. Specimens of each metal were divided into 4 groups (n=20), which received one of the following luting techniques: (1) Panavia F, (2) Alloy Primer plus Panavia F, (3) Bistite II DC, or (4) Metaltite plus Bistite II DC. Forty minutes after preparation, all specimens were stored in distilled water at 37 degrees C for 24 hours and then thermal cycled (1000 cycles, 5-55 degrees C). After thermal cycling, the specimens were stored in 37 degrees C distilled water for an additional 24 hours or 6 months before being tested in shear mode. Data (MPa) were analyzed using 3-way ANOVA and the post hoc Tukey test (alpha=.05). Each specimen was examined under an optical microscope (x30), and the failure mode was classified as adhesive, cohesive, or a combination of these.
The only significant difference between the Panavia F and Alloy Primer plus Panavia F groups occurred in the NiCr alloy at 24 hours, at which point Panavia F demonstrated superior bond strength compared to Alloy Primer plus Panavia F (P<.001). The Bistite II DC and Metaltite plus Bistite II DC groups were not significantly different. The Bistite II DC and Metaltite plus Bistite II DC groups demonstrated significantly lower bond strength to CP Ti (P<.001) than the Panavia F and Alloy Primer plus Panavia F groups, and significantly lower bond strength to NiCr alloy (P<.001) than Panavia F. The Panavia F (P<.01) and Alloy Primer plus Panavia F groups' bond strength to titanium presented a significant increase (P<.001) in shear bond strength at 6 months. In general, the groups exhibited higher shear bond strength to CP Ti than to NiCr alloy (P<.01). The failure mode was 100% adhesive for all groups.
The metal primers did not promote an increase in adhesive bonding of resin cements to NiCr alloy and to CP Ti. Water storage had no adverse effect on the shear bond strength of the groups. The shear bond strengths to titanium were significantly higher than those to the NiCr alloy.
... In addition, there is a highly limited range of suitable parameter with regard to the alloy composition and in particular to the heat treatment. Adhesive bonding, clamping and crimping are used if there is just a low demand to the strength and the joint is not part of the actual functionality [8,9,11,12]. The following statements refer to NiTi shape memory alloys, but are generally also valid for other ones. ...
The pseudoelasticity of NiTi shape memory alloys is a unique material property which
can be characterized by a complete recovery of a previously impressed component shape by a
change of the thermal or mechanical load conditions after deforming. In contrast to the elastic
deformation of ordinary materials like steels, twentyfold higher elastic strain rates up to 10 %
are possible due to a temperature or a stress induced diffusion-free transformation of the crystal
lattice between the austenite and martensite phases. Therefore, these superelastic alloys are
frequently used as actuators, implants or stents so that there is an extraordinary high requirement
of reliability and biocompatibility. In terms of joining, vacuum brazing might be a particularly
suitable method to produce joined components which preserve a maximum of pseudoelasticity.
Within the present research, it was shown that the vacuum brazing process at 1180 °C using pure
niobium is well integrable into a solution annealing and a shape annealing heat treatment in a
single furnace run. This led to a distinct tension plateau at around 285 MPa with an almost R-
phase-free conversion of NiTi. Furthermore, it was proven that the share of the superelastic and
proeutectic NiTiNb-phase was significantly increased with the dwell time.
... However, several studies [20][21][22][23] indicate that the MDP monomer is effective on the bond between titanium and resinous materials. This observation may explain the fact that at 24 hours the EP group showed 50% mixed failure and 30% cohesive failure in the opaque layer, indicating that the bond between opaque agent and CP Ti provided by both Alloy Primer and Epricord Opaque Primer was more effective than the mechanical strength of the opaque material. ...
This study evaluated the shear bond strength (SBS) and stability of commercially pure titanium (CP Ti)/repair material interfaces promoted by different repair systems. One hundred CP Ti cast discs were divided into five repair system groups: 1) Epricord (EP); 2) Bistite II DC (BT); 3) Cojet (CJ); 4) Scotchbond Multi-Purpose Plus (SB) (control group); and 5) Cojet Sand plus Scotchbond Multi-Purpose Plus (CJSB). The specimens were stored in distilled water for 24 hours at 37°C, thermal cycled (5000 cycles, 5°-55°C) and stored under the same conditions for either 24 hours or six months (n=10). SBS was tested and the data were analyzed by two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey test (α=.05). Failure mode was determined with a stereomicroscope (20×). The repair system, storage time, and their interaction significantly affected the SBS (p<0.001). At 24 hours, CJSB exhibited the highest SBS value, followed by CJ. At six months, these two groups had similar mean SBS (p>0.05) and higher means in comparison to the other groups. For both storage times, BT presented the lowest SBS, while the EP and SB groups did not differ significantly from one another (p>0.05). There were no significant differences in SBS between the storage times for the groups EP and CJ (p>0.05). The groups BT, SB, and CJSB showed 100% adhesive failure, irrespective of storage time. The CJSB group showed the highest SBS at both storage times. At six months, the CJ group exhibited a similar SBS mean value when compared to the CJSB group. Water storage adversely affected the groups BT, SB (control group), and CJSB. Considering SBS values, stability, and the failure mode simultaneously, the CJ group showed the best CP Ti repair performance.
... This phenomenon occurred in the same way with Panavia F composite resin, which showed mean values of 13.96 MPa, 10 min after sandblasting and 14.76 MPa, 24 h after the sandblasting, which are not statistically significantly different. The utilization of acidic resin monomers, like MDP contained in the Panavia F Alloy Primer, would be able to produce an effective and lasting bond between composite resins and basic metals1516171819202122232425 . This bond would occur throughout chemical links between the monomer phosphate radicals and the basic metal oxide layer. ...
The aim of this study was to evaluate the tensile bond strength of dual curing luting resin cements to commercially pure titanium at 10 min and 24h after removal of the oxide layer.
One hundred and twenty titanium discs were obtained by casting and polishing with silicon carbide papers. The titanium discs were sandblasted with 50 microm aluminum oxide, ultrasonic cleaned and bonded in pairs with the resin-based cements Panavia F and Rely X ARC at 10 min and 24h after the sandblasting. The tensile test was performed with a crosshead speed of 0.5mm/min in an Instron Universal testing machine.
The Rely X ARC reached the highest tensile strength value at 24h after sandblasting (18.27 MPa), but there was no statistically significant difference between the two dual curing resin cements for both times tested. All specimens showed a mixture of cohesive fracture in the resin cement and adhesive failure. However, the predominant failure mode for Panavia F was cohesive in resin cement, and the Rely X ARC exhibited a greater proportion of specimens with adhesive failure between the alloy and resin luting cement at 10 min and 24h.
Both cements had, statistically, the same tensile bond strength. But in the fracture mode analysis, the adhesive predominant fracture mode of Rely X ARC cement indicates a premature clinical adhesive failure. On the other hand, the cohesive predominant fracture mode of Panavia F indicates a longer clinical adhesive bond with titanium.
The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the effect of functional monomers with phosphorus on bonding durability to titanium. Three metal conditioners (Alloy Primer, AP; Metal Link, ML; Eyesight Opaque Primer, EP) were assessed. The functional monomers for base metal are 10-methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogenphosphate (MDP) for the AP, 6-methacryloxyhexyl phosphonoacetate (MHPA) for the ML, and methacrylatephosphate (MP) for the EP. Cast disk specimens made of high-purity titanium (T-Alloy H) were air-abraded with 70μm alumina, primed with three conditioners, and then bonded with an acrylic resin adhesive (Super-Bond C&B). Shear bond strengths were determined both before and after thermocycling (20, 000 cycles).
Before thermocycling, the shear bond strengths for the AP and ML groups were significantly higher than those for the EP and unprimed (defined as control) groups (p<0.05). The AP group exhibited significantly higher bond strength than the ML group after thermocycling (p<0.05). Significant difference was not found between the EP and the unprimed groups regardless of thermocycling application (p>0.05).
The corrosion resistance monitoring of some titanium Ti-45.5Ni alloy in Hank solution and artificial saliva (Tani&Zucchi, Fusayama, Carter-Brugirard) is studied in this paper. The anodic curves in Hank solution characterised passive systems; pitting corrosion appears at the potential of +640 mV; this value can not be touched in human body; different treatments of the surface changed the breakdown potential. In Tani&Zucchi artificial saliva of pH = 2 and pH = 7, the breakdown potentials have noble values, denoting a good behaviour. In Fusayama artificial saliva of pH = 5.5 the passive layer breakdown realised very noble potential values. Open circuit potentials in Carter-Brugirard artificial saliva varied in the normal limit of a passive state and the simulated potential gradients presented very low values, which can not simulate local corrosion. 0.02M NaF addition in Carter-Brugirard saliva did not influence the very good stability of the bioalloy. The ion release and corrosion rates emphasised the high resistance of the Ti-Ni bioalloy.
To evaluate the influence of different surface treatments and metal primer application on bond strength of zirconia ceramic to a self-adhesive resin cement.
40 cylinder-shaped (Ø 12 x 5.25 mm high) of zirconia ceramic (Aadva Zirconia) were randomly divided into four groups (n= 10), based on the surface treatment to be performed: (1) Sandblasting with 125 microm Al2O3 particles (S) (positive control); (2) Selective infiltration etching (SIE); (3) Experimental heated etching solution applied for 30 minutes (ST); (4) No treatment (C). Half of the zirconia specimens of each group received the application of Metal Primer II. Eight disks for each group were luted using a self-adhesive resin cement (G-Cem Automix) to composite overlays (Paradigm MZ100). After 24-hour storage (37 degrees C, 100% RH) bonded specimens were cut into microtensile sticks and loaded in tension until failure. Data were analyzed with two-way ANOVA and Games-Howell (P < 0.05). Failure mode distribution was recorded and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to examine the fractured microbars. The remaining cylinders of each group (n = 2) were used for SEM surface analysis.
Both surface treatments and Metal Primer II application improved bond strength values (P < 0.05). When Metal Primer II was not applied ST treatment achieved highest bond strength values (22.17 +/- 10.37 MPa). Sandblasting in combination with Metal Primer II enhanced bond strength values compared to the other groups (23.46 +/- 11.19 MPa).
Objectives:
To evaluate and compare the shear-bond strength of a gingiva-colored indirect composite material to three different implant framework materials (zirconia ceramics, gold alloy, and titanium), and to investigate the effect of surface pretreatment by air-particle abrasion and four priming agents.
Material and methods:
A gingiva-colored indirect composite (Ceramage) was bonded to three framework materials (n = 80): commercially pure titanium (CP- Ti ), ADA (American Dental Association)-type 4 casting gold alloy (Type IV), and zirconia ceramics (Zirconia) with or without airborne-particle abrasion. Before bonding, the surface of the specimens was treated using no (control) or one of four priming agents: Alloy Primer (ALP), Estenia Opaque Primer (EOP), Metal Link Primer (MLP), and V-Primer (VPR). Shear-bond strength was determined after 24-h wet storage. Data were analyzed using Steel-Dwass for multiple comparisons, and Mann-Whitney U-test (P = 0.05).
Results:
For both CP- Ti and Zirconia substrates, three groups, ALP, EOP, and MLP, showed significantly higher bond strengths (P < 0.05) than the other groups with or without airborne-particle abrasion. For Type IV substrates, significantly higher bond strengths were obtained in ALP and MLP groups (P < 0.01) compared with the other groups with airborne-particle abrasion.
Conclusions:
Application of priming agents containing specific phosphoric ester groups significantly enhances the bond strength of a gingiva-colored composite material to commercially pure titanium and zirconia frameworks. Combined use of a thione monomer with a phosphoric monomer enhances the bond strengths to airborne-particle abraded type IV gold alloy.
In this investigation, attempts have been made at understanding the effects of high-energy radiation, low and high temperatures on adhesive bonding of titanium (ASTM F 67–95 Grade 2). Two titanium sheets are joined by a ceramic adhesive (Resbond™ 907 GF). The service temperature of this adhesive ranges from –185 to +1290 °C and, in addition, this adhesive has excellent resistance to most acids, alkalies, solvents, corrosive agents and fire, and, therefore, is extremely useful for aerospace applications. Prior to joining, the surfaces of the titanium sheets are mechanically polished by wire brushing, cleaned by isopropanol and then modified by sodium hydroxide anodization. First, to determine the joint strength under ambient conditions, tensile lap shear test are performed according to the ASTM D 5868-95 standard. Then the joints are exposed to aggressive chemical environments. It is observed that the joint strength decreases drastically for those joints prepared without modifying the titanium surface by sodium hydroxide anodization. However, the titanium surface modified by sodium hydroxide anodization and joined are able to retain about 70% of their strength. These joints are then irradiated for 6 h at a dose rate of 37 kGy/h in the pool of a SLOWPOKE-2 nuclear reactor, which produces a mixed field of thermal and epithermal neutrons, energetic electrons and protons and gamma rays. It is observed that under this exposure, the joint strength remains almost unaffected. In order to simulate the service conditions of aerospace applications, the joints are also exposed to low temperature (−80 °C) and elevated temperature (+500 °C) for 100 h. It is observed that in these cases, the joints retained the strength of about 95% in respect to the strength of the joint tested under ambient conditions. Failures of the joints are observed as primarily cohesively within the adhesive. Therefore, this adhesive bonding of titanium is a very good candidate for structural applications in aerospace.
There are several surface treatment methods to improve the bond strength between dental materials. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of different surface treatments on the tensile bond strength of single crowns on Implant Direct abutments cemented with resin cement.
Materials and methods: In total, 28 Screw Plant implants and abutments were divided into four study groups: I, control; II, sandblasted abutment and crown; III, non-sandblasted abutment and alloy primer applied to a sandblasted crown; and I V, alloy primer applied to a sandblasted abutment and crown. Twenty-eight crowns were cemented to abutments of implants, and a uniaxial tensile force was applied to the crowns using a universal test machine until cement failure occurred. Retention values were statistically analyzed.
Results: All mean retention values significantly differed among groups. While the alloy primer applied to the sandblasted castings and abutments showed the highest mean value (564.73 ± 13.66 N), the control group showed the lowest mean value (357.65 ± 12.89 N). Sandblasting was not as effective as application of an alloy primer (P = 0.05).
Conclusion: Sandblasting is an effective method to increase the bond strength. Sandblasting plus alloy primer application is a very effective method of increasing the bond strength, and these groups significantly differed from each other.
To assess the effect of metal conditioners on the bond strength between resin cements and cast titanium.
Commercially pure titanium (99.56%) was cast using an arc casting machine. Surfaces were finished with 400-grit silicon carbide paper followed by air abrasion with 50-Microm aluminum oxide. A piece of double-coated tape with a 4-mm circular hole was then positioned on the metal surface to control the area of the bond. The prepared surfaces were then divided into 4 groups (n=10): G1, unprimed Panavia F; G2, Alloy Primer-Panavia F; G3, unprimed Bistite DC; G4, Metaltite-Bistite DC. Forty minutes after insertion of the resin cements, the specimens were detached from the mold and stored in water at 37 degrees C for 24 hours. Shear bond strength was performed in a testing machine (MTS 810) at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey's test with a .05 significance level. The fractured surfaces were observed through an optical microscope at 103 magnification.
The G1 group demonstrated significantly higher shear bond strength (17.95 MPa) than the other groups. G3 (13.79 MPa) and G4 (12.98 MPa) showed similar mean values to each other and were statistically superior to G2 (9.31 MPa). Debonded surfaces generally presented adhesive failure between metal surfaces and resin cements.
While the Metaltite conditioner did not influence the bond strength of the Bistite DC cement, the Alloy Primer conditioner significantly decreased the mean bond strength of the Panavia F cement.
The shear bond strengths of a barbituric acid derivative-activated autopolymerizing acrylic resin to two magnetic stainless steel alloys using a metal conditioner were investigated.
The surfaces of the two magnetic stainless steel alloys were abraded with 600-grit silicon carbide paper. The surface preparations were: Group 1 (without preparation), Group 2 (airborne particle abrasion with 50 microm alumina), and Group 3 (airborne particle abrasion followed by priming with a metal conditioner). The alloys were bonded with a barbituric acid derivative-activated autopolymerizing acrylic resin. For comparison, airborne particle abrasion and bonding with a tri-n-butylborane-initiated autopolymerizing acrylic resin (Group 4), as well as airborne particle abrasion followed by priming with a metal conditioner and bonding with the same resin (Group 5) were added. Half of the specimens were thermocycled up to 10,000 cycles. The shear bond strengths were determined.
Group 3 had significantly improved shear bond strengths with the barbituric acid derivative-activated autopolymerizing acrylic resin to both stainless steel alloys. Although there were no significant differences in the bond strength among Groups 3-5 before thermocycling, the decrease in the bond strength of Group 3 was considerably greater than that of Groups 4 or 5 after thermocycling for both stainless steel alloys.
Significant improvements in the bond strength of the barbituric acid derivative-activated autopolymerizing acrylic resin to two magnetic stainless steel alloys were achieved by airborne particle abrasion followed by priming with the metal conditioner. The bond durability to this resin, however, was inferior to that to a tri-n-butylborane-initiated autopolymerizing acrylic resin.
This study evaluated the effect of chemical and mechanical surface treatments for cast metal alloys on the bond strength of an indirect composite resin (Artglass) to commercially pure titanium (cpTi). Thirty cylindrical metal rods (3 mm diameter x 60 mm long) were cast in grade-1 cpTi and randomly assigned to 6 groups (n=5) according to the received surface treatment: sandblasting; chemical treatment; mechanical treatment - 0.4 mm beads; mechanical treatment - 0.6 mm beads; chemical/mechanical treatment - 0.4 mm; and chemical/mechanical treatment - 0.6 mm beads. Artglass rings (6.0 mm diameter x 2.0 mm thick) were light cured around the cpTi rods, according manufacturer's specifications. The specimens were invested in hard gypsum and their bond strength (in MPa) to the rods was measured at fracture with a universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 2.0 mm/min and 500 kgf load cell. Data were analyzed statistically by one-way ANOVA and Tukey test (alpha=5%). The surface treatments differed significantly from each other (p<0.05) regarding the recorded bond strengths. Chemical retention and sandblasting showed statistically similar results to each other (p=0.139) and both had significantly lower bond strengths (p<0.05) than the other treatments. In conclusion, mechanical retention, either associated or not to chemical treatment, provided higher bond strength of the indirect composite resin to cpTi.
In this study fatigue resistance of experimentally prepared titanium-nickel (50.8% nickel and 49.2% titanium) cast clasps was evaluated in a simulated clinical situation. The change in force required to remove the titanium-nickel clasps was recorded under a repeated placement-and-removal test on steel model abutment teeth. Commercially-pure titanium, cobalt-chromium alloy, and gold-silver-palladium-copper alloy clasps were also tested for comparison. The tips of the clasps were located in the 0.25- and 0.50-mm undercut areas of the abutments. No significant changes in the retentive force were found in titanium-nickel clasps in the 1,010 repeated cycles, whereas the other three types of clasp revealed a significant decrease in the force required for removal during the test procedures (repeated analysis of variance P < 0.001). The results suggest that the cast titanium-nickel clasp may be suitable in removable prosthodontic constructions because of its significantly less permanent deformation during service. This report also discusses clinical applicability and some current problems with this new application.
As described before, we developed a fixed partial denture supported by several pins attached to the proximal surfaces of the abutment teeth adjacent to the missing site. In this study, further investigation was carried out concerning 1) the effects of the pretreatment of adherent surfacesof Ti alloy pin, Ti-Ni shape memory alloy pin, and prepared retention hole on the tensile and shearing forces; 2) the effect of the morphological variance of the retentive region of the pin on the tensile and shearing forces; 3) the effect of the luting cement difference on the tensile force. The pin (1.8 mm length) with a doughnut-like structure was luted to the retention hole prepared in extracted teeth with an adhesive resin cement (Panavia 21, Kuraray) and a glassionomer cement (HY-BOND Glassionomer Cement, Shofu) for various adherent surface treatments.Overall data showed that the combination of the Ti-Ni shape memory alloy pin and the adhesive resin cement improved the retentive force of the pin.
The purpose of the investigation was to study the bond strength between silanized titanium specimens and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). The bond strength of silanized specimens joined together with PMMA was measured in 4-point bending tests in dry and wet conditions. The average bond strength of the specimens after dry storage at 37°C was 25 MPa. Water storage for 30, 60 or 90 days at 37°C reduced the bond strength to approximately 9–11 MPa. Infra-red spectroscopy analyses indicated that the adhesion between the silanized titanium interface and the polymer was due to chemical bonds.
This in vitro study evaluated the influence of chromium content on bond strength and durability between nickel-chromium alloys and an adhesive resin that contained 4-methacryloxyethyl trimellitate anhydride. Three nickel-chromium alloys with different chromium content, as well as pure chromium and pure nickel metals, were bonded and tested for shear strength. After repeated thermocycling, shear bond strength decrease was lower in alloys containing high chromium content. Pure chromium metal demonstrated a 15.2% decrease, whereas pure nickel metal demonstrated the greatest (53.7%) decrease. The results suggest that nickel-chromium alloys with higher chromium content are desirable for 4-methacryloxyethyl trimellitate anhydride resin-bonded restorations.
The biocompatibility of nitinol alloy as a potential implant material was investigated through in vivo studies on beagles. A high‐purity alloy was fabricated into prototype bone plates and implanted into the femurs of beagles. Commercial cobalt–chromium (CoCr) alloy bone plates served as reference controls, and additional control data were obtained from beagles subjected to “sham” operations.
The bone plates were removed from the animals and examined after exposures of 3, 6, 12, and 17 months. There was no evidence of either localized or of general corrosion on the surfaces of the bone plates and screws. Gross clinical, radiological, and morphological observations of the tissue at the implantation sites during the autopsies uncovered no signs of adverse tissue reactions resulting from the implants. Histological analyses were performed on samples of muscle and bone adjacent to the implantation sites, and of tissues removed from such organs as the liver, spleen, brain, and kidneys. No significant differences were noted between samples taken from controls and those taken from dogs exposed to the implants. Neutron activation analyses were carried out on suitable samples. The analysis data suggest that there is no metallic contamination in the organs due to the implants; however, there does appear to be some chromium contamination from the CoCr alloy implants in the adjacent bone.
On the basis of the totality of the data, it is concluded that nitinol alloy is sufficiently compatible with dog tissue to warrant further investigation of its potential as a biomaterial.
The mechanical behavior ("shape memory") associated with martensitic solid-state transformation in nearly equiatomic Ni-Ti alloy (55-Nitinol) has been studied. Potential dental and medical applications for 55-Nitinol (55% Ni, 1.5% Co, balance Ti, by weight) and for 60-Nitinol (60% Ni, by weight) have been suggested.
The influence of composition and purity of titanium on the mechanical properties and the transformation temperatures of Ni-Ti alloy dental castings was investigated by tensile testing and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The compositions of the ingots were 49.0-49.2 at% of titanium content. Three grades of titanium of relatively high purity were used as starting materials. The result showed Ni-49.0Ti to be a somewhat brittle property, and Ni-49.2Ti to have low apparent proof strength and large elongation. Residual strain increased with increasing titanium content. Even small reductions of titanium purity influenced the tensile properties and the transformation temperatures, causing high apparent proof strength, low residual strain and low elongation because of the reduction in transformation temperatures.
In Sweden high-gold alloys or cobalt-chromium alloys are used for resin-bonded prostheses. The bond strength between a resin cement and different sandblasted or silicoated metals were measured before and after thermocycling; in connection with this some rapid thermocycling methods were studied. The effect of different storage times and different protection coatings on bond strength were tested. Finally, the influence of rubbing and contamination with saliva on bond strength were investigated. Silicoating increased the bond strength significantly. The highest bond strengths were these of silicoated Wirobond and titanium, unsusceptible to thermal stress; the bond strengths of the sandblasted metals were the weakest, and sensitive to thermocycling as well. The influence on bond strength for silicoated gold alloys, protected with an unpolymerized composite resin coating, stored in sealed plastic bags up to 7 days, was negligible. Rubbing and contamination with saliva did not influence bond strength. Preferably, silicoated Wirobond and titanium should be used for resin-bonded prostheses, but gold alloys may still be adequate for clinical use. The experimental method described for storing, sealing, and cleaning the silicoated metal surfaces in this article can be recommended for laboratory and clinical use.
Adhesive bonding of titanium was evaluated with a titanate primer and adhesive opaque resin. The primer consisted of 2% isopropyl dimethacryloyl isostearoyl titanate in methyl methacrylate. The adhesive was 4-META/MMA-TBB opaque resin that contained 4-methacryloyloxyethyl trimellitate anhydride and was initiated by tri-n-butylborane derivative. Titanium discs were machined and blasted with aluminum oxide. They were primed and bonded together with the opaque resin. A shear test was performed after repeated thermocycles for investigation of the durability of the bond. The shear strength of the primed and 4-META resin-bonded specimens was 37.2 MPa after 50,000 thermocycles, with only a small decrease in bond strength. This was significantly higher than the control values. Thus, titanate primer and 4-META/MMA-TBB opaque resin may be used for the bonding of titanium in prosthodontic practice.
The purpose of this study was to develop a new casting machine for titanium and Ni-Ti alloys. Properties of cast pure titanium and Ni-Ti alloys were studied by means of the tensile and casting tests. As gas in the mold was removed by the mold being heated under a high vacuum, the reaction between the molten metal and the mold decreased. The new control system and the two types of crucibles developed proved very useful for prevention of internal macro-defects in castings and for improvement of castability. Mechanical properties and castability of pure titanium were improved. Ni-Ti alloys could be cast without loss of their shape-memory effect or super-elasticity characteristics. The new casting machine is thought to be promising for the casting of titanium and Ni-Ti alloys. Furthermore, we can cast these alloys using conventional techniques and investments.
Root canal files in size #15 and triagular cross-sections were fabricated from 0.020-inch diameter arch wires of Nitinol, a nickel-titanium orthodontic alloy with a very low modulus of elasticity. A unique manufacturing process was used in which the fluted structure of a K-type file was machined directly on the starting wire blanks. The Nitinol files were found to have two to three times more elastic flexibility in bending and torsion, as well as superior resistance to torsional fracture, compared with size #15 stainless steel files manufactured by the same process. The fracture surfaces for clockwise and counterclockwise torsion were observed with the scanning electron microscope and exhibited a largely flat morphology for files of both alloy types and torsional testing modes. It was possible to permanently precurve the Nitinol files in the manner often used by clinicians with stainless steel files. These results suggest that the Nitinol files may be promising for the instrumentation of curved canals, and evaluations of mechanical properties and in vitro cutting efficiency are in progress for size #35 instruments.
A new Japanese nickel-titanium (NiTi) alloy wire was developed by the Furukawa Electric Co., Ltd. of Japan. This wire was subjected to uniaxial tensile testing and a specially designed three-point bending test to determine the wire stiffness, and to evaluate spring-back, shape memory, and super-elasticity. The Japanese NiTi wire exhibited an unusual property termed "super-elasticity," which no other orthodontic wire has shown. This phenomenon was researched thoroughly. The wire delivered a constant force over an extended portion of the deactivation range. Among all the wires compared, Japanese NiTi alloy wire was the least likely to undergo permanent deformation during activation. The new alloy exhibited a specific stress-strain curve unlike those of the other tested materials. Stress remained nearly constant despite the strain change within a specific range. This unique feature is the manifestation of so-called super-elasticity. Heat treatment enabled the load magnitude at which super-elasticity is reflected to be influenced and controlled by both temperature and time. A unique and useful process was also developed so that an arch wire delivering various magnitudes of force for a given activation could be fabricated from the wire of the same diameter. The clinical application of wires of this new alloy should be more likely to generate a physiologic tooth movement because of the relatively constant force delivered for a long period of time during the deactivation of the wire. Japanese NiTi alloy should be considered an important material addition to clinical orthodontic metallurgy.
The authors suggest that 55 cobalt substituted Nitinol wire be used in orthodontics by reason of its properties of elasticity and resistance to corrosion. The Nitinol wires are compared with single strand stainless steel and triple strand Twistflex wires.
Potentiodynamic cyclic polarization of four orthodontic alloys (wires), namely Permachrome, Elgiloy, a β-titanium alloy and Nitinol in a 1 % NaCl solution within −500 mV and +300 mV (SCE) indicated the first three alloys to be passive whereas breakdown of passivity was observed on Nitinol. The SEM examination of the pre-and post-polarized alloy surfaces provided evidence which was consistent with the electrochemical measurements, in that the first three alloys exhibited no appreciable corrosion damage whereas pitting corrosion was observed on Nitinol.
The results obtained from X-ray analysis of the pitted surface indicated that this pitting could be due to selective dissolution of nickel from Nitinol.
A Ni-45 wt% Ti (Ni-50 at % Ti) alloy was cast into molds of magnesia and silica investments by use of a dental argon-arc pressure casting machine with a copper crucible . The castings exhibited shape memory properties. The shape recovery process was sharper in the specimens cast in magnesia investment molds than in those cast in silica (phosphate-bonded) investment molds. The latter casting had a hard region of the periphery, suggesting that shape recovery process may be affected by reaction of molten metal with silica. Furthermore, the alloy possessed the adequate mechanical properties for consideration as crown-and-bridge prostheses.
Anodic polarization measurements made in Hanks' physiological solution at 37 degrees C and a pH of 7.4 show titanium materials to be the most passive of the following metals: titanium, Ti-6A1-4V, Ti-Ni (memory alloy), MP35N (Co-Ni-Cr-Mo), Co-Cr-Mo, 316L stainless steel, and nickel. The influence of the amino acids, cysteine, and tryptophan on the corrosion behavior of Ti-Ni and Ti-6A1-4V was studied. Cysteine caused a lower breakdown potential for Ti-Ni, but it did not affect the breakdown of Ti-6A1-4V, although an increase in current density for Ti-6A1-4V was observed. Tryptophan produced no significant effects.
The adhesive bonding of titanium was evaluated with the use of a metal primer and three types of self-curing luting agent. The primer contained 10-methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate (MDP). One luting agent was a composite material that contained the MDP monomer in its liquid part. The other luting agent was based on methyl methacrylate (MMA), initiated with tri-n-butylborane derivative (TBB), and contained 4-methacryloxyethyl trimellitate anhydride (4-META). The MMA-TBB resin without 4-META was used for the control. Pure titanium metal specimens were bonded with various combinations. Shear bond strengths were determined after repeated thermocycles in water. Both MDP and 4-META were effective in bonding titanium. The decrease in bond strength was minimum when the titanium was primed with MDP and then bonded with the TBB-initiated resins.
A new continuous wiring method of intermaxillary fixation with super-elastic Ni-Ti alloy ligature wires was developed to avoid the risk in postoperative emergency. Differential scanning calorimetry, three-point bending tests and fastening tests were carried out to investigate basic properties of the wires. Transformation temperatures of the Ni-Ti alloy wires were in the range suitable for exhibiting super-elasticity at body temperature. The Ni-Ti alloy wires possessed enough bending flexibility to be used in the continuous wiring method and showed great recoverable displacement in the fastening test. With use of these properties, easy removal in an emergency and uniform fixation can be attained.
The influence of mold materials and heat treatment on the tensile properties and the transformation temperatures of Ni-Ti alloy castings was investigated by tensile test and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) in order to apply the special properties of the alloy to dental field. The compositions of the two alloys examined were 49.0 and 49.2 at % Ti. A silica investment and a magnesia investment were used as the mold materials. Heat treatment at 440 degrees C for 1.8 ks was performed. Apparent proof strength decreased in both compositions, and residual strain increased in Ni-49.2Ti by the heat treatment. Elongation increased in Ni-49.0Ti with use of the magnesia mold or by the heat treatment. The transformation temperatures of Ni-49.2Ti increased with use of the magnesia mold. The change by the heat treatment suggested a structural change. The development of a suitable method for the casting of the alloy is expected to bring about the development of new devices and therapy in dentistry.
The effect of heat treatment temperature on bending properties and transformation temperatures of a Ni-Ti alloy wire, 1.0 mm in diameter, was investigated so that superelasticity could be used in orthodontic appliances needing shape memory processes. The heat treatment process was at 713 K for 1.8 ks and between 673 K and 813 K for 1.8 ks. A three-point bending test and differential scanning calorimetry were performed. The transformation temperatures of the wires were lowered with increasing heat treatment temperature. The reverse transformation finishing temperature was below the body temperature with the treatment above 753 K. Residual deflection of the Ni-Ti wire after bending was small with the secondary heat treatment above 733 K. The load in the unloading process was less changeable and increased with the treatment temperature between 733-813 K. Secondary heat treatment in this range was suitable for using superelasticity in expansion arch appliances.
Limited information is available about chemical bonding of cobalt-chromium alloys for resin-retained fixed partial dentures. This study evaluated the effect of acidic primers on the bonding of luting agents joined to a cobalt-chromium alloy. Disk alloy specimens were bonded with eight combinations of five primers and two luting agents. Shear bond strengths were determined before and after thermocycling. The effect of priming on bond strength varied among the combinations of primer and luting agent. In particular, after thermocycling three groups demonstrated greater bond strengths than the other groups did. These were (1) specimens treated with a phosphate-methacrylate primer (Cesead Opaque Primer), (2) specimens bonded with an adhesive resin (Super-Bond Opaque), or (3) a combination of both.
Nickel-titanium alloy (Nitinol) is a metallic biomaterial that has a unique thermal shape memory, superelasticity, and high damping properties. Nitinol is potentially very useful in orthopedic surgery, for example. At present, there are not enough confirmative biocompatibility data available on Nitinol. The aim of our study was to clarify the primary cytotoxicity and corrosion rate of Nitinol in human cell cultures. Comparisons were made with stainless steel (Stst), titanium (Ti), composite material (C), and control cultures with no test discs. Human osteoblasts (OB) and fibroblasts (FB) were incubated for 10 days with test discs of equal size, 6 x 7 mm. The cultures were photographed and the cells counted. Samples from culture media were collected on days 2, 4, 6, and 8, and the analysis of metals in the media was done using flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The proliferation of FB was 108% (Nitinol), 134% (Ti) (p < 0.02), 107% (Stst), and 48% (C)(p < 0.0001) compared to the control cultures. The proliferation of OB was 101% (Nitinol), 100% (Ti), 105% (Stst), and 54% (C) (p < 0.025) compared to the controls. Initially, Nitinol released more nickel (129-87 micrograms/L) into the cell culture media than Stst (7 micrograms/L), but after 2 days the concentrations were about equal (23-5 micrograms/L versus 11-1 micrograms/L). The titanium concentrations from both Nitinol and Ti samples were all < 20 micrograms/L. We conclude that Nitinol has good in vitro biocompatibility with human osteoblasts and fibroblasts. Despite the higher initial nickel dissolution, Nitinol induced no toxic effects, decrease in cell proliferation, or inhibition on the growth of cells in contact with the metal surface.
The bonding of acrylic resin to dental prostheses constructed from metal has been the subject of extensive research in recent years, much of it between base-metal alloys such as Ni-Cr alloys and dental composite. The development of techniques for the manufacture of dental appliances from titanium and titanium alloys has opened new avenues for investigation of the metal/acrylic resin bond.
In this study, a bond strength comparison between two PMMA products, Trevalon and Metadent, and discs of titanium alloy, Ti-6A1-4V, was investigated using a four-point bend test configuration. Trevalon is a standard, commercially available, heat-cured acrylic resin, while Metadent is an acrylic resin incorporating a chemical bonding agent, 4-META. A comparison was made between two processes that are routinely used to enhance the bond between metal and acrylic, namely sandblasting of the metal surface and using the Silicoater system following sandblasting. Each of the samples was paired, thus allowing a further comparison to be made between samples that had undergone thermocycling in a water bath, with those that had been held at a constant temperature.
The study revealed that a superior metal/acrylic bond was achieved by the use of the silicoating system when either Trevalon or Metadent was used both before and after thermocycling. Reduced debonding loads were recorded for all samples that had undergone thermocycling.
Highest bond strengths were recorded for Trevalon or Metadent processed against a silicoated Ti-alloy surface.
The nearly equiatomic nickel-titanium (NiTi) alloy is known for its shape memory properties. These properties can be put to excellent use in various biomedical applications, such as wires for orthodontic tooth alignment and osteosynthesis staples. The aim of this study was to evaluate the short-term biological safety of the NiTi alloy. We carried out an end-point dilution minimal essential medium (MEM) extract cytotoxicity test, a guinea-pig sensitization test and two genotoxicity tests: the Salmonella reverse mutation test and the chromosomal aberration test. The NiTi alloy showed no cytotoxic, allergic or genotoxic activity, similar to the clinical reference control material AISI 316 LVM stainless steel. This promising biological behaviour was most likely due to a minimal release of ions and in that way a reflection of the good corrosion resistance of the NiTi alloy. Given these very good results, together with the good tissue compatibility as shown in several implantation studies in the literature, the NiTi alloy can be regarded as a biologically safe implant material with many promising clinical applications.
The alloys used in orthodontics are subject in the moist environment of the oral cavity to various corrosion processes. If the products of the corrosion are introduced into a biological system they may cause changes. In the present investigation the corrosion rate of 23 different orthodontic wires (preformed arch wires and straight wires) made from 5 different alloys were examined in a nutrient medium by ICP-AES analysis, and the influence of the corrosion products on the cytotoxicity of a fibroblast culture was investigated using Mosmann's MTT test. The nickel-titanium wires Nitinol, Sentalloy and Original Chinese Wire and the beta-titanium alloy TMA had no effect on the rate of cell proliferation. Nor did stainless steel wires inhibit growth significantly, with the exception of Australian Wire and Wildcat Wire. The manganese-steel alloys Noninium h and Mezanium caused significant reductions in growth rate, which were attributed to the manganese ions released by the corrosion. The most severe growth inhibition was caused by the Co-Cr-Ni alloy Elgiloy, and this reaction is independent of the 4 levels of resilience. The degree of growth inhibition depended upon the concentration of corrosive cobalt and nickel ions in the eluate. In spite of the differences observed, all the orthodontic wires examined are graded under ISO-standard 10993-5 as "non-cytotoxic". The degree of toxicity was found to be determined essentially by the corrosion rate of the alloy and the cytotoxic characteristics of the resulting trace elements.
The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the bond strength of a metal adhesive system bonded to stainless steels and their component metals. Two sizes of disk specimens (10 and 8 mm in diameter x 2.5 mm thickness) were machined from two stainless steels designed for magnetic attachment (AUM20 and SUS 316L), as well as from high-purity chromium (Cr) and nickel (Ni) metals for reference. The specimens were air-abraded with alumina, either primed with a metal conditioner (Cesead II Opaque Primer) or left unprimed, and bonded with an adhesive resin (Super-Bond Opaque). Shear bond strengths were determined before and after thermocycling, and the results were analysed by analysis of variance (ANOVA). Post-thermocycling bond strengths of the unprimed groups were 16.3 MPa for the AUM20 alloy, 7.5 MPa for the SUS 316L alloy, 31.1 MPa for Cr and 3.1 MPa for Ni. Those of the conditioned groups were 30.3 MPa for the AUM20 alloy, 32.9 MPa for the SUS 316L alloy, 39.3 MPa for Cr and 13.1 MPa for Ni. Application of the conditioner elevated the bond strengths of all groups (P<0.05). It can be concluded that combined use of the conditioner and the Super-Bond adhesive is effective for bonding the stainless steels examined, and that Cr is a suitable component for the bonding system in question.
The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the adhesive performance of metal conditioners and a surface modification system when used for bonding between a prosthetic composite material and a titanium alloy.
Eight metal conditioners (Acryl Bond, All-Bond 2 Primer B, Alloy Primer, Ces II Opaque Primer, Eye Sight Opaque Primer, Metafast Bonding Liner, Metal Primer II, and MR Bond) and a bonding system (Siloc) were assessed. Cast disk specimens made of a titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-7Nb, T-Alloy Tough) were either primed with one of the eight primers or treated with the Siloc system and bonded with a light-activated prosthetic composite material (Artglass). Shear bond strengths were determined both before and after thermocycling (4 C-60 C, 60 s each, 20,000 cycles) for evaluation of the durability of the bonds.
The results showed that the Siloc-treated group recorded the greatest post-thermocycling bond strength, followed by the two groups conditioned with the Cesead II Opaque Primer and Alloy Primer agents, both of which contain an identical hydrophobic phosphate-methacrylate functional monomer.
Adhesive bonding of stainless steels and their component metals
- Matsumura