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Hepatoprotective activity of extract and isocytisoside from Aquilegia vulgaris L
Abstract
The hepatoprotective effect of the ethanol extract (AvEE) and the main flavonoid compound 4′-methoxy-5,7-dihydroxyflavone 6-C-β-glucopyranoside (isocytisoside, ISOC) from the leaves and stems of Aquilegia vulgaris L. were studied using the CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity test.
The acute toxicity test in mice showed that AvEE can be classified as nontoxic since a dose of 3000 mg/ kg did not cause mortality.
The barbiturate-induced sleeping time prolonged by CCl4 administration to mice was significantly reduced after AvEE treatment proving the protective effect of the extract on microsomal drug-metabolizing enzymes.
AvEE and ISOC administered to rats 48 h, 24 h and 2 h before, and 6 h after CCl4 intoxication caused a significant decrease in the CCl4-induced elevation of hepatic enzymes activity in serum, i.e. sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH), glutamate oxaloacetate and glutamate pyruvate transaminases (GOT, GPT).
Both substances induced CCl4-diminished erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (SOD) and reduced the activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione reductase (GR) preliminarily enhanced by CCl4.
The hepatoprotective properties of AvEE and ISOC were confirmed by pathomorphological examination of the liver. Copyright
... c o m / l o c a t e / f o o d c h e m t o x as alkaloids in roots (Szaufer-Hajdrych et al., 1998). The ethanol extract (EE) of A. vulgaris and isocytisoside was found to protect against hepatotoxicity induced by carbon tetrachloride in rats (Adamska et al., 2003 ). The aim of the current study was to evaluate the protective effect of the ethanol extract of A. vulgaris against lead toxicity in rats. ...
... The dried leaves and stems (350 g) from the plant were extracted three times with boiling 70% ethanol to yield about 85 g of dry residue as described previously (Adamska et al., 2003). Dissolve the residue with the least amount of distilled water. ...
... The predominant compound was 4 0 -methoxy-5,7-dihydroxyflavone, 6- C-glucopyranoside (isocytisoside) (Bylka and Matlawska, 1997a). The ethanol extract of A. vulgaris and isocytisoside was found to protect against hepatotoxicity induced by carbon tetrachloride in rats as assessed by inhibition of transaminases and sorbitol dehydrogenase leakage to serum and by histopathological examination (Adamska et al., 2003). Bylka and Matlawska (1997a,b) reported that A. vulgaris is rich in compounds known to be strong antioxidants and it ameliorated liver damage induced by aflatoxin B 1 . ...
... Several flavonoids 4,5 and phenolic acids 6 have been isolated and identified from the leaves, stems and flowers as well as alkaloids from roots 7 . Hepatoprotective effect of isocytisoside (4′-methoxy-5,7-dihydroxyflavone 6-C-glucopyranoside) isolated from the plant and two extracts of A. vulgaris in rats have been reported 8,9 . Ethanol extract and isocytisoside protect against hepatotoxicity induced by CCl 4 as assessed by inhibition of transaminases and sorbitol dehydrogenase leakage to serum and by histopathological examination 8 . ...
... Hepatoprotective effect of isocytisoside (4′-methoxy-5,7-dihydroxyflavone 6-C-glucopyranoside) isolated from the plant and two extracts of A. vulgaris in rats have been reported 8,9 . Ethanol extract and isocytisoside protect against hepatotoxicity induced by CCl 4 as assessed by inhibition of transaminases and sorbitol dehydrogenase leakage to serum and by histopathological examination 8 . Ethanol extract, ethyl acetate extract and isocytisoside obtained from A. vulgaris attenuated oxidative stress induced by acetaminophen in rats. ...
... Phenolic acids, besides isocytisoside, are the main active components of the ethyl ether extract of A. vulgaris. Previously tested ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts did not contain this class of compounds 8,9 . ...
The ethyl ether extract of A. vulgaris inhibited in vitro microsomal lipid peroxidation (IC50 58.8 microg/ml) and showed moderate ability to scavenge superoxide radicals and to chelate iron ions. The extract (100 mg/kg body weight, po) decreased uninduced and enzymatic microsomal lipid peroxidation in the liver of male rats pretreated with CCl4 (1 ml/kg body weight) by 27 and 40%, respectively. Activity of antioxidant and related enzymes (catalase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase) inhibited by CCl4 was significantly restored after administration of the extract. The extract itself significantly enhanced superoxide dismutase activity. There was no effect of the extract on hepatic glutathione level and cytochrome P450 content, both were decreased by CCl4. Neither CCl4 nor the tested extract affected activities of NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase and two monooxygenases, aniline hydroxylase and aminopyrine n-demethylase. It can be concluded that the protective effect of the A. vulgaris extract in CCl4-induced liver injury is mediated by inhibition of microsomal lipid peroxidation and restoring activity of some antioxidant and related enzymes.
... Some researchers were isolated and identified several flavonoids (Bylka and Matławska, 1997a,b;Bylka, 2001;Bylka et al., 2002) and phenolic acids (Drost-Karbowska et al., 1996) in aerial parts of the plant as well as alkaloids in roots (Szaufer-Hajdrych et al., 1998). The ethanol extract (EE) of A. vulgaris and isocytisoside was found to protect against hepatotoxicity induced by carbon tetrachloride in rats (Adamska et al., 2003). The aim of the current study was to evaluate the protective effect of the ethanol extract of A. vulgaris against lead toxicity in rats. ...
... The dried leaves and stems (350 g) from the plant were extracted three times with boiling 70% ethanol to yield about 85 g of dry residue as described previously (Adamska et al., 2003). Dissolve the residue with the least amount of distilled water. ...
... The ethanol extract of A. vulgaris and isocytisoside was found to protect against hepatotoxicity induced by carbon tetrachloride in rats as assessed by inhibition of transaminases and sorbitol dehydrogenase leakage to serum and by histopathological examination (Adamska et al., 2003). Bylka and Matlawska (1997a,b) reported that A. vulgaris is rich in compounds known to be strong antioxidants and it ameliorated liver damage induced by aflatoxin B 1 . ...
Oxidative stress has been proposed as a possible mechanism involved in lead toxicity. The current study was carried out to evaluate the antioxidant activity of the ethanol extract of Aquilegia vulgaris (L.) against lead acetate (LA)-induced oxidative stress in male rats. Tested animals were treated orally with A. vulgaris extract (100 ppm) in combination with, before, or after LA treatment (20 ppm). The results indicated that the extract alone did not induce any significant changes in body weight gain, food intake, serum biochemical chemistry or the histological picture of the liver and kidney. However, it increased significantly the level of Glutathione (GSH). On the other hand, LA decreased food intake, body weight gain and induced oxidative stress as indicated by the significant changes in serum biochemical parameters and histological picture of liver and kidney and increased lipid peroxide and reduces GSH levels in liver tissues. The extract succeeded to improve the histological pictures of liver and kidney and the biochemical parameters towards the normal values of the control. Moreover, this improvement was pronounced in the animals treated with the extract after LA intoxication.
... The protective effects of some antioxidant treatments on CCl4 liver toxicity was studied by many authors (Cajanus indicus derivative (Datta et al, 1998); Colchicines (Mizuoka et al, 1999); Vitamin E (Mustafa Naziroglu et al, 1999); Thymoquinone and Desferrioxamine (Mansour, 2000); Captopril (El-Khatib and ; PMC, a derivative of alphatocopherol (Hsiao et al., 2001); Vitamin C&E, selenium and Nigella sativa (Turkdo et al, 2001); volatile oil constituent of Nigella sativa, Thymoquinone, Pcymene and alphapinene ; total flavonoids of Astragalus (Wang et al., 2001); Salacia reticulata extracts (Yoshikawa et al, 2002); Aquilegia vulgaris extracts (Adamska et al., 2003); Antrodia camphorata extract (Hsiao et al., 2003); and Gossypitrin (Perez et al., 2003). ...
... Serum Superoxid dismutase (SOD) activity was found reduced significantly by the effect of treatment with CCl4 in agreement with Adamska et al. (2003). ...
... Herbs of Aquilegia vulgaris (European columbine) Southern Europe, Asia and Africa; chronic skin inflammation, liver and bile duct disorders, jaundice [23][24][25][26]. ...
... Hepatoprotective [24,26] and antioxidant effects [23,25]. Improved parameters of inflammation and oxidative stress in pre-diabetic women [46]. ...
Twenty natural remedies traditionally used against different inflammatory diseases were probed for their potential to suppress the expression of the inflammatory markers E-selectin and VCAM-1 in a model system of IL-1 stimulated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). One third of the tested extracts showed in vitro inhibitory effects comparable to the positive control oxozeaenol, an inhibitor of TAK1. Among them, the extract derived from the roots and rhizomes of Peucedanum ostruthium (i.e., Radix Imperatoriae), also known as masterwort, showed a pronounced and dose-dependent inhibitory effect. Reporter gene analysis demonstrated that inhibition takes place on the transcriptional level and involves the transcription factor NF-κB. A more detailed analysis revealed that the P. ostruthium extract (PO) affected the phosphorylation, degradation, and resynthesis of IκBα, the activation of IKKs, and the nuclear translocation of the NF-κB subunit RelA. Strikingly, early effects on this pathway were less affected as compared to later ones, suggesting that PO may act on mechanism(s) that are downstream of nuclear translocation. As the majority of cognate NF-κB inhibitors affect upstream events such as IKK2, these findings could indicate the existence of targetable signaling events at later stages of NF-κB activation.
... Dried leaves and stems of A. vulgaris (50 g) were extracted three times with boiling 70% ethanol to yield 12.5 g of dry residue as described previously (Adamska et al., 2003). ...
... The predominant compound was 4 0 -methoxy-5,7-dihydroxyflavone, 6-C-glucopyranoside (isocytisoside) (Bylka and Matlawska, 1997a). Moreover, the ethanol extract of A. vulgaris and isocytisoside was found to protect against hepatotoxicity induced by carbon tetrachloride in rats as assessed by inhibition of transaminases and sorbitol dehydrogenase leakage to serum and by histopathological examination (Adamska et al., 2003). Furthermore, Bylka and Matlawska (1997a,b) reported that A. vulgaris is rich in compounds known to be strong antioxidants and it ameliorated liver damage induced by aflatoxin B 1 . ...
Fumonisins (FB) are mycotoxins produced by the fungus Fusarium verticillioides, which commonly infects corn and other crops worldwide. Exposure to FB is known to have toxic and carcinogenic effects in different animal species, and to express toxicity in cells via the induction of oxidative stress. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the protective effects of the ethanol extract of Aquilegia vulgaris L against the oxidative stress and the genotoxicity using the chromosomal aberrations in somatic cells assay and random amplified polymorphism DNA (RAPDPCR) in FBtreated rats. Sixty mature female Sprague-Dawley were divided into six treatment groups and treated for 4 weeks as follow: the control group, the group fed fumonisin-contaminated diet (200 mg/kg diet), the groups treated orally with the extract (5 and 10 mg/kg b.w) and the groups fed fumonisin contaminated diet and treated with the extract at the two doses. The results indicated that animals treated with fumonisin alone disturbs lipid profile in serum, increases Sa/So ratio, induces bone marrow cytotoxicity, increases DNA and RNA in liver accompanied with significant changes in histological picture. The extract alone at the two tested doses did not induce any significant changes in the biochemical or histological picture. The combined treatment showed significant improvements in all tested parameters and histological pictures in the liver tissues. Moreover, this improvement was more pronounced in the group received the high dose of the extract. It could be concluded that the ethanol extract of A. vulgaris induces its protective effect via increase the antioxidant capacity and the inhibition of lipid peroxidation.
Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2010;3(1 Suppl):B76.
... The predominant compound was 4 -methoxy-5,7dihydroxyflavone, 6-C-glucopyranoside (isocytisoside) (Bylka and Matlawska, 1997a). Our previous investigation has demonstrated that ethanol extract of A. vulgaris and isocytisoside could protect against hepatotoxicity induced by carbon tetrachloride in rats as assessed by inhibition of transaminases and sorbitol dehydrogenase leakage to serum and by histopathological examination (Adamska et al., 2003). As A. vulgaris is rich in compounds known to be strong antioxidants, it could be expected that extracts obtained from the herb might ameliorate liver damage induced by aflatoxin B 1 . ...
... Ethanol extract (EE): dried leaves and stems of A. vulgaris (50 g) were extracted three times with boiling 70% ethanol to yield 12.1 g of dry residue as described previously (Adamska et al., 2003). Ethyl acetate subextract (EAE): dried leaves and stems (50 g) were extracted seven times with boiling methanol and the combined extracts were concentrated under reduced pressure, treated with hot water and filtered. ...
The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of ethanol and ethyl acetate extract obtained from Aquilegia vulgaris L. on microsomal lipid peroxidation, reduced glutathione level and antioxidant enzymes activity in the liver of rats intoxicated with aflatoxin B(1) (AFB(1)). Animals were pretreated with 12 daily p.o. doses of the extracts tested (100mg/kg body weight). Then AFB(1) was administered intraperitoneally at a single dose of 1.5mg/kg b.w. to evoke the liver damage. α-Tocopherol was used as a positive control. Reduced glutathione (GSH) was depleted in aflatoxin-treated rats by 80% in comparison with that in the controls. The extracts restored the GSH concentration up to the basal level. Microsomal lipid peroxidation stimulated by Fe(2+)/ascorbate (assessed by measuring TBARS) was enhanced in AFB(1)-treated rats by 28% as compared to that in the control group. The extracts caused a decrease in TBARS level by 40% and 27%. Only two antioxidant enzymes were affected by AFB(1) administration. The activity of catalase was reduced by 24% and the activity of glutathione-S-transferase (GST) was increased by 33%. The pretreatment with ethyl acetate and ethanol extract reduced the GST activity by 76% and 30%, respectively. No significant changes in the activity of other antioxidant enzymes were observed in rats treated with the extracts and AFB(1). It can be concluded that multiple pretreatment with the extracts obtained from A. vulgaris attenuated aflatoxin B(1)-induced hepatic damage as evidenced by inhibition of lipid peroxidation and preventing reduced glutathione depletion.
... Dried leaves and stems of A. vulgaris (50 g) were extracted three times with boiling 70% ethanol to yield 12.5 g of dry residue as described previously (Adamska et al., 2003). ...
... The predominant compound was 4 0 -methoxy-5,7-dihydroxyflavone, 6-C-glucopyranoside (isocytisoside) (Bylka and Matlawska, 1997a). Moreover, the ethanol extract of A. vulgaris and isocytisoside was found to protect against hepatotoxicity induced by carbon tetrachloride in rats as assessed by inhibition of transaminases and sorbitol dehydrogenase leakage to serum and by histopathological examination (Adamska et al., 2003). Furthermore, Bylka and Matlawska (1997a,b) reported that A. vulgaris is rich in compounds known to be strong antioxidants and it ameliorated liver damage induced by aflatoxin B 1 . ...
Exposure to fumonisins (FB) is known to have toxic and carcinogenic effects in different animal species, and to express toxicity in cells via the induction of oxidative stress. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the protective effects of the ethanol extract of Aquilegia vulgaris L. against the oxidative stress and the genotoxicity using micronucleus assay and random amplified polymorphism DNA (RAPD-PCR) in FB-treated rats. Sixty mature female Sprague-Dawley were divided into six treatment groups and treated for 4 weeks as follow: the control group, the group fed FB-contaminated diet (200 mg/kg diet), the groups treated orally with the extract (5 and 10 mg/kg bw) and the groups fed FB-contaminated diet and treated with the extract at the two doses. The results showed that treatment with FB alone disturbed lipid profile in serum, increases Sa/So ratio, induces micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (Mn-PCEs) in bone marrow, increases DNA and RNA in liver accompanied with significant changes in histological picture The extract alone at the two tested doses did not induce any significant changes in the biochemical or histological picture. The combined treatment showed significant improvements in all biochemical, cytogenetic parameters tested and histological pictures in the liver tissues. Moreover, this improvement was more pronounced in the group received the high dose of the extract. It could be concluded that the ethanol extract of A. vulgaris induced its protective effect via the increase in the antioxidant capacity, inhibition of lipid peroxidation and scavenging of free radicals.
... The dried leaves and stems (350 g) from the plant were extracted three times with boiling 70% ethanol to yield about 85 g of dry residue as described previously (Adamska et al., 2003). The residue was dissolved with the least amount of distilled water. ...
... The decrease in total chromosomal aberrations in both somatic and germ cells with the increase of GPX and SOD and the decrease in MDA reported in the current study denoted that A. vulgaris extract has been proved to have oxygen radical scavenging and antioxidant properties. Similar protection was also reported in rats treated with aflatoxin (Abdel-Fatah, 2008), fumonisins (Imam et al., 2008) and carbon tetrachloride (Adamska et al., 2003). ...
Cadmium (Cd) is a non-essential element and is a widespread environmental pollutant. Exposure to cadmium can result in cytotoxic, carcinogenic and mutagenic effects. The aim of the current work was to evaluate the protective effect of Aquilegia vulgaris extract against the oxidative stress and the genotoxicity induced by Cd using the chromosomal aberrations in somatic and germ cells assay and random amplified polymorphism DNA (RAPD-PCR) analysis. Forty male Balb/c mice were divided into four groups including the control group, Cd-treated group and the groups treated with the extract alone or plus Cd. The results indicated that Cd increased serum ALT, AST, urea, LDH, CK, lipid peroxidation in liver tissue accompanied with a significant decrease in GPX and SOD. Cd also increased the number of chromosomal aberrations in bone marrow and spermatocytes including structural and numerical aberrations. Animals treated with the extract alone were comparable to the control regarding all the tested parameters. The extract succeeded in preventing or diminishing the oxidative stress and the clastogenic effects of Cd. It could be concluded that Aquilegia vulgaris extract is a promising protective agent against oxidative stress and genotoxicity during the exposure to Cd.
... Columbine is a component of the immunostimulating and homeopathic drugs (Medical Economics Company 2000). Previously we reported on the hepatoprotective and antioxidative activity of the ethanol extract and the main flavonoid: 4¢-methoxy-5,7-dihydroxyflavone 6-C-glucoside (isocytisoside) obtained from leaves with stems of columbine was detected by our group (Adamska et al. 2003). ...
... Looking for the extract characterizes of the highest antimicrobial activity, the colombine leaves with stems were (Adamska et al. 2003), the acetone extract (method B), containing lipophilic compounds from the leaves surface (Bylka et al. 2002), the isopropanol (C) abundant in phenolic acids, often contribute to the antimicrobial activity (Szaufer-Hajdrych and Goślińska 2004). Subextracts with different mixture of compounds from methanol extract by extraction with solvents of increasing polarity (method D) (Dey and Harborne 1989) and also 4¢-methoxy-5,7-dihydroxyflavone 6-C-glucoside were obtained. ...
The aim of this study was to analyse the antimicrobial properties extracts of Aquilegia vulgaris, and their principial flavonoid component and to compare the obtained results with the activity of gentamicin and nystatin.
The ethanol, acetone and isopropanol extracts as well as the subextracts isolated from the methanol extract together with the main flavonoid: 4'-methoxy-5,7-dihydroxyflavone 6-C-glucoside (isocytisoside) were obtained from the leaves with stems of Aquilegia vulgaris L. All the extracts were analysed by TLC to confirm flavonoids and phenolic acids occurrence. The antimicrobial activity was tested by the method of series dilutions against different Gram-positive, Gram-negative bacteria and also fungi. The results have shown that the extracts, subextracts and isocytisoside inhibit growth of all studied micro-organisms, revealing the greatest activity against Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus, Staph. epidermidis and the mould Aspergillus niger.
The antimicrobial activity of the tested materials it is possibly related to the content of isocytisoside.
This study has determined new activity of A. vulgaris and suggested the necessity of further studies.
... The predominant compound was 4 -methoxy-5,7-dihydroxyflavone 6-C-glucopyranoside (isocytisoside) (Bylka and Matławska, 1997a). Our previous investigation has demonstrated that ethanol extract (EE) of Aquilegia vulgaris and isocytisoside could protect against hepatotoxicity induced by carbon tetrachloride in rats as assessed by inhibition of transaminases and sorbitol dehydrogenase leakage to serum and by histopathological examination (Adamska et al., 2003). The hepatoprotective activity of natural substances is often associated with their capability of suppressing the effects of oxidative damage. ...
... Ethanol extract: Dried leaves and stems of Aquilegia vulgaris (50 g) were extracted three times with boiling 70% ethanol to yield 12.1 g of dry residue as described previously (Adamska et al., 2003). Ethyl acetate subextract (EAE): Dried leaves and stems (50 g) were extracted seven times with boiling methanol and the combined extracts were concentrated under reduced pressure, treated with hot water and filtered. ...
Rats pretreated with acetaminophen (N-acetyl-p-aminophenol, APAP) (600 mg/kg b.w., p.o.) were administered with ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts as well as with isocytisoside (100 mg/kg b.w., p.o.) obtained from Aquilegia vulgaris (L.) (Ranunculaceae) herb. The substances tested decreased enzymatic, non-enzymatic and uninduced microsomal lipid peroxidation (LPO) in the liver of rats treated with APAP by 18-48%. Activity of the antioxidant enzymes in the liver inhibited by APAP was increased in the majority of groups after administration of the substances tested: catalase (CAT) by 55%, glutathione peroxidase (GPx) by 50%, glutathione reductase (GR) by 35% and glutathione S-transferase (GST) by 60%. Hepatic glutathione level depleted by APAP was only slightly increased by the substances tested. The cytochrome P450 contents, and the activities of NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase and two monooxygenases were not affected by the extracts and isocytisoside. It can be concluded that the protective ability of the substances tested in APAP-induced liver injury is mediated by amelioration of microsomal lipid peroxidation and restoring antioxidant enzymes activity. Inhibition of enzymes responsible for metabolic activation of APAP is not involved in this process.
... The herb is a component of the immunostimulating preparation Padma 28 and homeopathic drugs [1]. Preliminary investigation showed that extracts of A. vulgaris as well as isocytisoside could protect against liver injury caused by CCl 4 [2]. ...
... Ethanol extract (EE, yield: 24% from air-dried leaves and stems) [2], ethyl acetate extract (EAE) [prepared after extraction with boiling methanol, treatment with hot water, deflating with ethyl ether (discarded) and extraction with ethyl acetate, yield: 3%]. Isocytisoside (IST) [3]. ...
Two extracts (ethyl acetate and ethanol) and isocytisoside obtained from Aquilegia vulgaris were tested for their antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity in vitro. Inhibition both non-enzymatic (IC50: 150-219 microg/ml) and enzymatic (IC50: 23-60 microg/ml) microsomal lipid peroxidation was observed, the extracts being more active than isocytisoside. The substances tested appeared to be weak hydroxyl radical scavengers, showed very low TEAC values and moderate iron chelation ability. However, all preparations at the concentration 25 microg/ml inhibited superoxide anion formation at the range 47-68%. Despite of the lack of a potent free radical scavenging ability the substances tested demonstrated significant antioxidant activity. Relationship between this parameter and the content of phenolic groups was noticed.
... The effects of these enzymes are elevated under stress situations against excessive ROS [257][258][259][260]. Various studies reported that Andrographis Herba extract could deter enzymes from leaking into the blood circulation of alcohol-induced animals, further repair hepatic injury, and restore cellular permeability [261][262][263]. ...
The liver is intimately connected to inflammation, which is the innate defense system of the body for removing harmful stimuli and participates in the hepatic wound-healing response. Sustained inflammation and the corresponding regenerative wound-healing response can induce the development of fibrosis, cirrhosis and eventually hepatocellular carcinoma. Oxidative stress is associated with the activation of inflammatory pathways, while chronic inflammation is found associated with some human cancers. Inflammation and cancer may be connected by the effect of the inflammation-fibrosis-cancer (IFC) axis. Chinese medicinal herbs display abilities in protecting the liver compared to conventional therapies, as many herbal medicines have been shown as effective anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative agents. We review the relationship between oxidative stress and inflammation, the development of hepatic diseases, and the hepatoprotective effects of Chinese medicinal herbs via anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative mechanisms. Moreover, several Chinese medicinal herbs and composite formulae, which have been commonly used for preventing and treating hepatic diseases, including Andrographis Herba, Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma, Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma, Lycii Fructus, Coptidis Rhizoma, curcumin, xiao-cha-hu-tang and shi-quan-da-bu-tang, were selected for reviewing their hepatoprotective effects with focus on their anti-oxidative and ant-inflammatory activities. This review aims to provide new insight into how Chinese medicinal herbs work in therapeutic strategies for liver diseases.
... It is possible that inhaling the crushed seeds dust or otherwise absorbing oils from them may cause poisoning or at minimum exhibit symptoms of poisoning due to HCN glycosides (Chopra, R.N., et al., 2006). Plant is used as herbal medicine due to its hepatoprotective activity (Adamska, T. 2003). The dried crushed seeds made into a dusting powder and used to kill lice effectively. ...
... It is possible that inhaling the crushed seeds dust or otherwise absorbing oils from them may cause poisoning or at minimum exhibit symptoms of poisoning due to HCN glycosides (Chopra, R.N., et al., 2006). Plant is used as herbal medicine due to its hepatoprotective activity (Adamska, T. 2003). The dried crushed seeds made into a dusting powder and used to kill lice effectively. ...
... The oxidative stress is usually measured from the levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), lipid peroxides, and antioxidant defense enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione S-transferase (Sivaraj et al., 2011). The activities of these enzymes are increased under stress condition against excessive ROS (Sivaraj et al., 2011; Mari and Cederbaum, 2001; Zhanxiang Zhou et al., 2002; Adamska et al., 2003; Izabela Dobrzynska et al., 2004). Many investigators reported that A. paniculata extract could repair hepatic injury, restore cellular permeability, and prevent enzyme leakage into the blood circulation of animals induced with alcohol (Molina et al., 2003; Ozaras et al., 2003; Uzun et al., 2005). ...
Hepatic disease is one of the main causes of death in the world and occurs commonly induced by alcohol, viral and drugs. Treatment of hepatic diseases by using synthetic drugs is lead to serious adverse effects. Due to that, herbal treatment has appeared as an alternative treatment with good value in treating hepatic diseases. Herbs have been used traditionally for treating hepatic diseases since the past centuries. Numerous phytochemicals from herbs have been found as hepatoprotective (ability to minimize the effect of hepatic diseases which eventually improve hepatic function) agents. Although there are reports from many researchers on the hepatoprotective agents in various herbs, these scientific data are scattered and no conclusive information especially for various induced hepatic diseases is achieved to date. The researchers just consider the phytochemicals in herbs with specific induced of hepatic diseases. This limits researches on mapping the hepatoprotective properties for various induced of hepatic diseases. Therefore, it is important to compile and study the hepatoprotective agents in herbs in order to provide a baseline for future research such as blending and new formulation of herbs. Phytochemicals such as silymarin, andrographolide, neoandrographolide, picroside, kutkoside, phyllanthin and glycyrrhizin and so on are known to act as hepatoprotective agents for treating hepatic diseases. This review focuses on the herbs and their mechanisms of phytochemical group as hepatopotective agents. It has been found that hepatoprotection agents generally exert multiple effects such as antioxidant, free radical scavenging, antiviral and anti-inflammatory properties. The vital mechanisms of hepatoprotection agents are probably due to the presence structure of flavonoids in herbal plants. The results of this study indicate that extracts of phytochemicals from certain herbs have good potentials for use in various induced of hepatic diseases.
... The oxidative stress is usually measured from the levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), lipid peroxides, and antioxidant defense enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione S-transferase (Sivaraj et al., 2011). The activities of these enzymes are increased under stress condition against excessive ROS (Sivaraj et al., 2011;Mari and Cederbaum, 2001;Zhanxiang Zhou et al., 2002;Adamska et al., 2003;Izabela Dobrzynska et al., 2004). Many investigators reported that A. paniculata extract could repair hepatic injury, restore cellular permeability, and prevent enzyme leakage into the blood circulation of animals induced with alcohol (Molina et al., 2003;Ozaras et al., 2003;Uzun et al., 2005). ...
Till to date, the advancement of medical science and technology is still unable to provide inclusive treatment to liver inflammation caused by neither microbial invasion nor antibiotics nor environmental toxins. Therefore, this article provides the basic knowledge of liver inflammation up to the cellular level and its current medical treatment for inflammatory symptom suppression. Because of the adverse effects of drug treatment, people start looking for comprehensive alternative nowadays. Herbal medicine is believed to be the best of choice because it is being practiced until now for centuries. Although numerous herbal plants have been reported for their efficacies in liver protection, Andrographis paniculata is the most widely used herb for hepatoprotection, particularly in Ayurveda and traditional Chinese medicine. This review covers the significant observation on the biochemical responses due to the experimental induction of liver damage in vitro and in vivo using the marker compound of the herb, namely andrographolide and its derivatives. The standardized extract of A. paniculata with the right phytochemical composition of diterpenic labdanes is likely to have tremendous potential for the development of hepatoprotective medicine. This standardized herbal medicine may not provide immediate remedy, but it can be considered as a comprehensive therapy for liver inflammation. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
... Structural elucidation of the known compounds was performed by comparing their UV, 1 H and 13 C NMR spectroscopic data with those in the literature. They were identified as chondrillasterol (1) (Goad & Akihisa 1997), quercetin-3,6,7-trimethyl ether (chrysosplenol-D) (2) (Ghisalberti et al. 1967; Dendougui et al. 2012), isovitexin-4 0 -methyl ether (3) (Mabry et al. 1970; Markham 1982; Adamska et al. 2003) and isovitexin (4) (Mabry et al. 1970; Markham 1982; Choo et al. 2012). The structures of the isolated compounds are shown inFigure 1. Compound 5 was isolated as a yellow powder, Its UV absorptions in MeOH and the shifts observed after the addition of shift reagents were consistent with the presence of a 5,7-dihydroxyflavone structure (Mabry et al. 1970; Markham 1982). ...
α-Glucosidase inhibitors (AGIs) represent a class of oral antidiabetic drugs that delay the absorption of ingested carbohydrates, reducing the postprandial glucose and insulin peaks to reach normoglycaemia. In this study, a bioassay-guided fractionation of the ethanolic extract of the aerial parts of Achillea fragrantissima (Forssk.) Sch. Bip. growing in Egypt led to the isolation of a new potent AGI; acacetin-6-C-(6″-acetyl-β-d-glucopyranoside)-8-C-α-l-arabinopyranoside (5) alongside with four known compounds: chondrillasterol (1), quercetin-3,6,7-trimethyl ether (chrysosplenol-D) (2), isovitexin-4'-methyl ether (3) and isovitexin (4). The structure of the new compound (5) was elucidated on the basis of its spectral data, including HR-FAB-MS, UV, (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR, (1)H-(1)H COSY, HSQC and HMBC. The new compound (5) exhibited the most significant α-glucosidase inhibitory activity (IC50 1.5 ± 0.09 μg/mL). Under the assay conditions, all the tested compounds were more potent than the positive control acarbose (IC50 224 ± 2.31 μg/mL).
... In this work we studied the antioxidative activity of selected flavonoids: I 3' II 8 biapigenine (amentoflavone), 4'-methoxy-5,7-dihydroxyflavone 6-C-β-glucopyranoside (isocytisoside) and 7-O-β-[2-Oferuloyl-β-glucuronopyranosyl (1→2) glucuronopyranoside] (tricine); we used all-trans β-carotene as standard carotenoid molecule. In our earlier investigations (Adamska et al., 2003;Jodynis-Liebert et al., 2005) we found that 4'-methoxy-5,7-dihydroxyflavone 6-C-β-glucopyranoside (isocytisoside) protected against hepatotoxicity induced by carbon tetrachloride and APAP in rats, and it also inhibited the growth of microorganisms, especially Grampositive bacteria (Bylka et al., 2004). Amentoflavone possesses anti-inflammatory (Berghöfer andHölzl, 1989), antiulcerogenic, antioxidant (Conforti et al., 2002) and antiviral activity (Lin et al., 1999;Ma et al., 2001). ...
Modified ABTS cation radical decolorization assay and EPR technique were applied to screen the antioxidant activity of three flavonoids with different polarity: 7-O-beta-[2-O-feruloyl-beta-glucuronopyranosyl (1 -> 2) glucuronopyranosidel (tricine), 4'-methoxy-5,7-dihydroxyllavone 6-C-beta-glucopyranoside (isocytisoside) and I 3' II 8 biapigenine (amentoflavone), with nonpolar all-trans beta-carotene used as standard carotenoicl molecule The ABTS [2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) cation radical decolorization assay was modified as follows (1) measurements extended up to 8 clays after preparation. (2) method adapted for flavonoids with different. polarity and beta-carotene, (3) concentrations in the 0 01-10 mu M range of both trolox and antioxidants in order to use the same experimental conditions for both this technique and EPR measurement
Alcoholic liver disease is a major cause of liver disease. It arises from the excessive ingestion of alcohol. Aqueous extract Volvariella volvacea (500, 1000 mg/kg, p.o) showed significant hepatoprotective activity against ethanol induced hepatotoxicity in rats by normalizing the levels of serum AST, ALT, ALP, LDH, total bilirubin and protein. The extract improved the activity of the antioxidant enzymes, catalase and superoxide dismutase and hepatic glutathione (GSH) content and depleted the lipid peroxidation levels in a dose dependent manner. Silymarin was used as the standard drug. Histopathological analysis of the hepatic tissue further confirmed the protective nature of the extract.
To investigate the protective effect of the leaf extract of Andrographis paniculata (Ap) against ethanol induced liver toxicity in male albino rats. The liver toxicity was induced by the administration of ethanol to the animals at the optimum dosage of 7.9g/kg body wt., orally for 45 days. After induction of liver toxicity the aqueous plant extract of A.p was administered to the animal 250 mg/kg body wt., for 45 days. The liver toxicity and protective effect of the plant extract was assessed by the estimation of liver marker enzymes, antioxidant enzymes and liver histopathological studies. The ethanol induced animals the liver marker enzymes like ALT, AST, ALP and Bilirubin were significantly elevated (P<0.001) when compared to the normal animals. After administration of aqueous extract of A.p the elevated levels of marker enzymes were significantly decreased (P<0.001). The antioxidant enzymes were decreased significantly in ethanol induced animals after administration of plant extract the decreased levels were increased significantly (P<0.001). The aqueous leaf extract of A.paniculata could protect the liver against ethanol induced liver toxicity by possibly reducing the rate of lipid peroxidation and increasing the antioxidant defense mechanism in rats.
The rhizome of Phragmites australis has long been used for the treatment of hepatitis in traditional Chinese medicine. In this study, the hepatoprotective and antioxidant activities of an aqueous extract from the rhizome of P. australis (AE-PA) were evaluated. The acute toxicity test in mice showed that AE-PA was nontoxic since a dose of 2000 mg/kg body weight (b.w.) did not cause toxic symptoms or mortality. The prolongation of hexobarbital-induced sleeping time by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) administration to mice was significantly reduced after pretreatment with AE-PA at 500 mg/kg b.w., proving the protective effect of the extract on microsomal drug-metabolizing enzyme. The oral administration of AE-PA to rats for 5 days before CCl4 intoxication caused a significant decrease in the CCl4-induced elevation of hepatic enzymes activities in serum, such as aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and lactic acid dehydrogenase. This suggested that AE-PA had good hepatoprotective activity against CCl4-induced liver injury, which was confirmed by pathomorphological examination of the liver. Through evaluation of hydroxyl radical and superoxide anion radical scavenging activities, respectively, it was demonstrated that AE-PA had good antioxidant activity, which possibly contributed to its hepatoprotective activity. More research is needed to study the bio-active compounds in P. australis and to identify the potential hepatoprotective and antioxidant agents.
Densitometric HPTLC and HPLC have been used for quantification of p-coumaric and protocatechuic acids in an ethereal fraction from a methanolic extract of Aquilegia vulgaris L. HPLC analysis was performed on an RP-18 column with methanol- water-formic acid 25:75:0.5 (v/v) as mobile phase. Thin layer chromatography was performed on Si60 F254 HPTLC plates with mixtures of heptane, dichloromethane, diisopropyl ether, formic acid, and water as mobile phases. Satisfactory separation of the phenolic acids was achieved by use of the multiple gradient development technique. The quantities of p-coumaric and protocatechuic acids determined by HPLC were 0.374 and 2.283 mg g-1 dry plant material, respectively; HPTLC results were somewhat higher - 0.396 and 2.584 mg g-1, respectively. The precision of both methods, expressed as relative standard deviation, was satisfactory. The methods are useful for quality control of Aquilegia vulgaris extracts.
Oxidative stress can result from diminished antioxidant protection as well as increased free radical production. A sophisticated enzymatic [including catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx)] and non-enzymatic [glutathione, vitamins A, C, and E, and some minerals] antioxidant defense system counteract and regulates overall ROS levels to maintain physiological homeostasis. In addition to this internal antioxidant defense system, it is important to consider the role of exogenous antioxidants from the diet, such as polyphenols and carotenoids, among others bioactive compounds. A great body of evidence tries to elucidate the role of these compounds in the protection of plant-derived foods against degenerative diseases. Thereby, in this review recent studies in cellular, animal and human models will be described, which evaluate the role of polyphenols and carotenoids in the antioxidant defense system against oxidative stress through the modulation of the antioxidant enzymes. Studies reviewed show that the antoxidant enzyme response to normal or oxidative stress situations depends on the enzyme involved, the animal specie or cell line selected, in addition to the features of the intervention or treatment carried out (doses, length, and design of experiments). The most abundant model in these studies has been the animal model due to its ability of being model of induced oxidative stress. In most of the studies when oxidative stress arises, the treatment, supplementation or intervention done prevent or attenuate the decrease in the antioxidant enzyme. Further research is needed to clarify how dietary polyphenols and carotenoids modulate cellular antioxidant enzyme concentrations and how they contribute to regulate the molecular mechanisms and cellular signaling pathways.
Six groups of male Wistar rats were treated as follows: in groups II, III and V liver damage was induced by CCl4 (per os, 1590 mg/kg b.w. day) given 2 days a week for 6 weeks; group III was treated simultaneously with ethanol extract of Aquilegia vulgaris (100 mg/kg b.w. day) for 6 weeks; group V with silymarin, positive control, at a dose of 100mg/kg b.w. day for 6 weeks; and groups IV and VI received only the extract or silymarin, respectively. Microsomal lipid peroxidation in the liver increased following CCl4 treatment by 61–213% and was not changed significantly by the extract. The effect of silymarin was more pronounced, 19–52% decrease in the lipid peroxidation level. Hepatic glutathione was depleted by 22% in CCl4-treated rats. The extract tested did not change this parameter. The activity of antioxidant enzymes was significantly reduced after CCl4 administration, by 42–63%. Co-administration of the extract or silymarin resulted in significant increase in these enzymes activity; however, the basal level was not reached. Hepatic hydroxyproline concentration was elevated over 5-fold in comparison with controls. Co-administration of the extract or silymarin decreased the level of hydroxyproline by 66% and 55%, respectively. Activity of serum hepatic enzymes was elevated in rats treated with CCl4 by 47–8700%. Both the extract and silymarin reduced significantly these enzymes’ activity. The extract caused a fall in bilirubin and cholesterol level in rats treated with CCl4 by 42% and 17%, respectively. Histopathological examination revealed less-severe fibrosis in rats co-administered the extract or silymarin when compared to animals treated with CCl4 alone.
Two isomers E- and Z-p-methoxycinnamic acid were isolated from the leaves with stems of A. vulgaris L. and their structures were determined by 1HMR and 13C NMR spectral data.
Atractylis gummifera L. (Asteraceae) is a thistle located in the Mediterranean regions. Despite the plant's well-known toxicity, its ingestion continues to be a common cause of poisoning. The toxicity of Atractylis gummifera resides in atractyloside and carboxyatractyloside, two diterpenoid glucosides capable of inhibiting mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Both constituents interact with a mitochondrial protein, the adenine nucleotide translocator, responsible for the ATP/ADP antiport and involved in mitochondrial membrane permeabilization. Poisoned patients manifest characteristic symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, epigastric and abdominal pain, diarrhoea, anxiety, headache and convulsions, often followed by coma. No specific pharmacological treatment for Atractylis gummifera intoxication is yet available and all the current therapeutic approaches are only symptomatic. In vitro experiments showed that some compounds such as verapamil, or dithiothreitol could protect against the toxic effects of atractyloside, but only if administered before atractyloside exposure. New therapeutic approaches could come from immunotherapy research: some studies have already tried to produce polyclonal Fab fragments against the toxic components of Atractylis gummifera.
To study the pharmaphylogenetic of medicinal plants of Isopyroideae (Ranunculaceae).
Comprehensively analyze the correlation between phylogeny, chemical constituents and pharmaceutical aspects of Isopyroideae plants, based on chemical, pharmaceutical (both ethnopharmacologic and pharmacological) information, linking with different plant systems of Ranunculaceae.
Plants from Aquilegia mainly contain flavonoids constituents while the major chemical constituents of Isopyrum are bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids. Chemical characteristics also support that this taxon should be separated from Thalictrodeae, and constituted an independent subfamily, namely, Isopyroideae.
Previously we have reported that several sesquiterpene lactones isolated from Helenium aromaticum and Telekia speciosa showed pro-oxidative properties and caused glutathione level depletion in rat liver in vivo. In the present study we examined the in vivo effect of these lactones on antioxidant enzyme systems and some drug metabolizing enzymes in the liver and the kidney of rats. We found that the majority of the compounds increased the hepatic activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), and catalase (CAT), but superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was distinctly lowered by five lactones. A few of the compounds tested caused a decrease in the hepatic cytochrome P450 content and reduced the activity of NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase, aminopyrine demethylase, aniline hydroxylase and glutathione-S-transferase. Results for the kidney showed fewer changes in activities of both classes of enzymes when compared to the liver. Not all lactones affected the enzymes under test, the most active were: linifolin, helenalin, mexicanin I and telekin. 6α-Hydroxy-2,3-dihydroaromaticin behaved differently towards monooxygenases since it induced the activity of aminopyrine demethylase and aniline hydroxylase.
Abbreviations
GPx:glutathione peroxidase CAT:catalase SOD:superoxide dismutase G6PD:glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase GST:glutathione-S-transferase GR:glutathione reductase CDNB:1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene
Six flavonoid comounds were isolated from the flowers of Aquilegia vulgaris L. and characterized by co-chromatography, chemical and spectral analysis as kaempferol 3,7-O-β-D-diglucopyranoside, kaempferol 3,7,4'-O-β-D-triglucopyranoside, apigenin 6-C-β-D-glucopyranoside and kaempferol 7-O-glucoside, kaempferol 7,4'-O-diglucoside, kaempferol 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids on plasma lipids and lipoproteins, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status in healthy humans. A total of 19 healthy volunteers consumed 6 g/day Maxepa® fish oil for 3 weeks (1.8 g n-3 fatty acids/day). At baseline and at day 21, we evaluated plasma lipoproteins, plasma and low-density lipoprotein fatty acids, lipid peroxidation markers (malondialdehyde concentration, low-density lipoprotein peroxidation in vitro), and the content of a number of antioxidants (reduced and oxidized glutathione in whole blood, plasma and erythrocyte glutathione peroxidases, plasma vitamin E and beta carotene). Plasma concentrations of total cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipids, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein size did not differ significantly after 3 weeks of supplementation. Adding the fish oil to the diet increased the concentration of n-3 very-long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids an...
The hepatoprotective effect of ternatin, a tetramethoxyflavone from Egletes viscosa L. was investigated in mice against acetaminophen-induced hepatic damage and lethality. Hepatotoxicity was assessed by quantifying serum activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactic dehydrogenase (LD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration in liver homogenates as well as by histopathological examination of liver tissue. Acetaminophen (300 mg/kg) produced liver damage in mice as manifested by a 29-, 23- and 7-fold rise in serum levels of ALT, AST and LD, respectively, compared with controls. Ternatin (25 and 50 mg/kg) was able to prevent significantly (p < 0.05) acetaminophen-induced acute increase in serum enzymes. In addition, the severity of histological alterations induced by acetaminophen as evidenced by centrilobular necrosis and cellular infiltration were greatly diminished in animals that received ternatin. The data suggest a hepatoprotective activity of ternatin in mice against toxicity induced by acetaminophen. Copyright © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The hepatoprotective activity of an aqueous-methanol extract of Rubia cordifolia (Rubiaceae) was investigated against acetaminophen and CCl4-induced hepatic damage. Acetaminophen produced 100% mortality at a dose of 1 g/kg in mice while pretreatment of animals with plant extract (500 mg/kg) reduced the death rate to 30%. Acetaminophen at a dose of 640 mg/kg produced liver damage in rats as manifested by the rise in serum levels of GOT and GPT to 1447± 182 and 899± 201 IU/L (n = 10) respectively, compared with respective control values of 97 ± 10 and 36 ± 11. Pretreatment of rats with plant extract (500 mg/kg) lowered significantly (p <0.005) the respective serum GOT and GPT levels to 161 ±48 and 73± 29. Similarly, hepatotoxic dose of CCI4 (1.5 mLlkg; orally) raised the serum transaminases (GOT and GPT) levels to 422 ± 102 and 354 ± 74 lUlL (n = 10) respectively compared with respective control values of 99 ± 15 and 29 ± 08 IV/L. The same dose of plant extract (500 mg/kg) was able to prevent significantly (p <0.01) the CCl4-induced rise in serum enzymes and the estimated values of GOT and GPT were 95±09 and 33±07 lUlL, respectively. Moreover, it prevented CCI4-induced prolongation in pentobarbital sleeping time confirming the hepatoprotective effects of the extract.
In the present study, chlorogenic acid (CGA) isolated from Anthocephalus cadamba was screened for hepatoprotective activity by in vitro and in vivo assay methods using carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) as a model of liver injury. Intraperitoneal administration of CGA to mice at a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight for 8 days caused significant reversal in lipid peroxidation, enzymatic leakage, cytochrome P450 (Cyt P450) inactivation and produced enhancement of cellular antioxidant defence in CCl4-intoxicated mice, revealing that the antioxidative action of CGA is responsible for its liver protective activity. CGA exhibited a better therapeutic protective action than silymarin (SM), in CCl4-administered mice.
The hepatoprotective activity of an aqueous-methanol extract of Rubia cordifolia (Rubiaceae) was investigated against acetaminophen and CCl4-induced hepatic damage. Acetaminophen produced 100% mortality at a dose of 1 g/kg in mice while pretreatment of animals with plant extract (500 mg/kg) reduced the death rate to 30%. Acetaminophen at a dose of 640 mg/kg produced liver damage in rats as manifested by the rise in serum levels of GOT and GPT to 1447±182 and 899±201 IU/L (n = 10) respectively, compared with respective control values of 97±10 and 36±11. Pretreatment of rats with plant extract (500 mg/kg) lowered significantly (p <0.005) the respective serum GOT and GPT levels to 161±48 and 73±29. Similarly, hepatotoxic dose of CCl4 (1.5 mL/kg; orally) raised the serum transaminases (GOT and GPT) levels to 422±102 and 354±74 IU/L (n = 10) respectively compared with respective control values of 99±15 and 29±08 IU/L. The same dose of plant extract (500 mg/kg) was able to prevent significantly (p <0.01) the CCl4-induced rise in serum enzymes and the estimated values of GOT and GPT were 95±09 and 33±07 IU/L, respectively. Moreover, it prevented CCl4-induced prolongation in pentobarbital sleeping time confirming the hepatoprotective effects of the extract.
The effects of an orally administered fraction (TB5) from the fruits of Terminalia belerica in experimental liver injury induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCI4) were studied. Hexobarbitone-induced sleep, zoxazolamine-induced paralysis, transaminases, bilirubin, total protein in serum and microsomal lipid peroxidation and triglycerides in liver were used as indices of liver injury.
A significant hepatoprotective effect was observed as evident from shortened hexobarbitone ‘sleep time’ and zoxazolamine ‘paralysis time’ when compared with CCI4 alone. Pre- and post-treatment of TB5 reduced, in a dose dependent manner, the elevated levels of serum tranaminases and bilirubin in rats, thus demonstrating its effect both as a prophylactic and curative. Its protective effects on microsomal lipid peroxidation and triglycerides in liver suggest a restorative effect in the process of CCI4-induced liver damage. TB5 did not show any signs of toxicity up to oral doses of 3.2 g/kg in mice.
We studied the protective and curative action of an ethanol extract of Withania frutescens leaves against CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity. Hepatoprotective activity was evaluated in terms of the LD50 of CCl4, the modification of Nembutal-induced sleep, the action on bile flow, serum transaminase and hepatic fatty acids levels and a histopathological study of liver tissue. Curative action was assessed by measuring the duration of Nembutal-induced sleep and with a histopathological study of liver tisue. The findings indicate that the leaf extract has both preventative and curative activity against CCL4-induced liver damage.
Five flavonoid compounds were isolated from the leaves and stems of Aquilegia vulgaris L. and characterized as apigenin, apigenin 7-O-β-D-glucoside, apigenin 7-O-rutinoside, luteolin 6-O-β-D-glucoside and luteolin 8-C-glucoside by chemical and spectral analysis.
Isocytisoside (apigenin 4'-methyl ether 6-C-β-D-glucopyranoside), its 7-C-β-D-glucopyranoside and X'-O-diglucopyranoside determined by chemical and spectral methods.
Free radicals are found to be involved in both initiation and promotion of multistage carcinogenesis. These highly reactive compounds can act as initiators and/or promoters, cause DNA damage, activate procarcinogens, and alter the cellular antioxidant defense system. Antioxidants, the free radical scavengers, however, are shown to be anticarcinogens. They function as the inhibitors at both initiation and promotion/transformation stage of carcinogenesis and protect cells against oxidative damage. Altered antioxidant enzymes were observed during carcinogenesis or in tumors. When compared to their appropriate normal cell counterparts, tumor cells are always low in manganese superoxide dismutase activity, usually low in copper and zinc superoxide dismutase activity and almost always low in catalase activity. Glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase activities are highly variable. In contrast, glutathione S-transferase 7-7 is increased in many tumor cells and in chemically induced preneoplastic rat hepatocyte nodules. Increased glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity is also found in many tumors. Comprehensive data on free radicals, antioxidant enzymes, and carcinogenesis are reviewed. The role of antioxidant enzymes in carcinogenesis is discussed.
*Department of Pharmacy, Ta-Jen Pharmaceutical College, Ping-Tung
Punicalagin and punicalin, isolated from the leaves of Terminalia catappa L., are used to treat dermatitis and hepatitis. Both compounds have strong antioxidative activity. The anti-hepatotoxic activity of punicalagin and punicalin on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced toxicity in the rat liver was evaluated.
Levels of serum glutamate-oxalate-transaminase and glutamate-pyruvate-trans-aminase were increased by administration of CCl4 and reduced by drug treatment. Histological changes around the liver central vein and oxidation damage induced by CCl4 also benefited from drug treatment.
The results show that both punicalagin and punicalin have anti-hepatotoxic activity but that the larger dose of punicalin induced liver damage. Thus even if tannins have strong antioxidant activity at very small doses, treatment with a larger dose will induce cell damage.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids on plasma lipids and lipoproteins, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status in healthy humans. A total of 19 healthy volunteers consumed 6 g/day Maxepa fish oil for 3 weeks (1.8 g n-3 fatty acids/day). At baseline and at day 21, we evaluated plasma lipoproteins, plasma and low-density lipoprotein fatty acids, lipid peroxidation markers (malondialdehyde concentration, low-density lipoprotein peroxidation in vitro), and the content of a number of antioxidants (reduced and oxidized glutathione in whole blood, plasma and erythrocyte glutathione peroxidases, plasma vitamin E and beta carotene). Plasma concentrations of total cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipids, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein size did not differ significantly after 3 weeks of supplementation. Adding the fish oil to the diet increased the concentration of n-3 very-long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and decreased the concentration of n-6 fatty acid and oleic acid in plasma and low-density lipoprotein. Eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid supplementation caused elevated values of the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol due to an increment of the high-density lipoprotein 2 fraction and reduced low-density lipoprotein peroxidation rate in vitro. However, we observed an imbalance between oxidizable substrates and antioxidants with an increased lipid peroxidation, whereas the content of reduced glutathione and beta carotene decreased without any variation in vitamin E. Association of antioxidants with n-3 PUFA could prevent lipid peroxidation and enhance the antiatherogenic effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids.
) hepatoprotective activity of punicalgin and punicalin on carbon tetrachloride – induced liver damage in rats
- Lin Cc Hsu
- Lin Tc Ye
- Fl Hsu
- T Hsu Hy Antioxidant
- Adamska Et Al
- Copyright
Lin CC, Hsu YE, Lin TC, Hsu FL, Hsu HY. 1998. Antioxidant and T. ADAMSKA ET AL. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Phytother. Res. 17, 691–696 (2003) hepatoprotective activity of punicalgin and punicalin on carbon tetrachloride – induced liver damage in rats. J Pharm Pharmacol 50: 789–794.