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Growth Hormone Response
International Journal of Sport and Health Science Vol.2, 111-118, 2004
http://wwwsoc.nii.ac.jp/jspe3/index.htm
111
1. Introduction
Regimens in resistance exercise training have been
generally categorized into two major types according
to objectives: "strength-type" and "hypertrophy-type".
The former consists of high-intensity exercises [1-8
repetition maximum (RM)] with long rest periods
between sets (approximately 2-5 min), and is used
to increase maximal muscular strength. The latter
consists of moderate-intensity exercises (8-15 RM)
with short rest periods between sets (approximately
0.5-2 min), and has been thought to be effective
in gaining muscle size and muscular endurance
[Kraemer et al. (1987); Fleck & Kraemer (1997);
Choi et al. (1998)].
The mechanism for the speci c training effects of
the "strength-type" and "hypertrophy-type" regimens
involves many factors,; i.e., mechanical, metabolic,
neural and endocrine factors. Among endocrine
factors, actions of anabolic hormones such as growth
hormone (GH) and testosterone (TES) have been
clearly shown to stimulate protein synthesis and to
promote muscle hypertrophy [Florini (1987)]. From
this viewpoint, a number of studies have investigated
acute anabolic hormone responses in males and
females [Kraemer et al. (1990, 1993)], and young
and elderly subjects [Häkkinen & Pakarinen (1995)].
These studies show that many types of resistance
exercise appear to stimulate secretions of anabolic
hormones, but the responses of hormones, especially
Growth Hormone Response to Training Regimen with
Combined High-and Low-Intensity Resistance Exercises
Kazushige Goto
*
,
Naokata Ishii
**
,
and
Kaoru Takamatsu
***
*
Institute of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8574 Japan
gotoh@ tness.taiiku.tsukuba.ac.jp
**
Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo
Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902 Japan
***
Institute of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba
1-1-1 Tennodai Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8574 Japan
[Received November 7, 2003 ; Accepted April 6, 2004]
We had previously shown that performing a single set of resistance exercise at 50% of 1
repetition maximum (RM) added after a high-intensity, low-repetition exercise (strength-type
regimen) greatly enhanced growth hormone (GH) secretion [Goto et al. (2003)]. The present
study aimed to investigate the effect of an additional set at 50% to 20% of 1RM after a
strength-type regimen on anabolic hormone secretion. Eight male subjects performed
bilateral knee extension exercises using a strength-type regimen (5 sets at 90% of 1RM, with
3-min rests), and other 3 types of regimens, in which 1 set of exercise at either 50%, 30% or
20% of 1RM was added immediately after the strength-type regimen (de ned as C50-type,
C30-type and C20-type regimens, respectively). Concentrations of serum GH, testosterone
and blood lactate were measured before and after exercises. The number of repetitions in the
added set showed a signi cant dependence on the exercise intensity: 82.3 times in C20-type >
46.1 times in C30-type > 22.6 times in C50-type (
p
46.1 times in C30-type > 22.6 times in C50-type (p46.1 times in C30-type > 22.6 times in C50-type (
≤ 0.05). Post-exercise GH concentrations
were signi cantly (
p
were signi cantly (pwere signi cantly (
≤ 0.05) higher in C50- and C30-type regimens than in the strength-type
regimen, whereas no signi cant difference was observed between C20- and strength-type
regimens. Testosterone did not change in any types of regimen. These results indicated that
performing a single set of exercise at low intensity added after a strength-type regimen caused
a signi cant increase in GH concentration. However, such an effect might be diminished
when the intensity of the additional exercise was extremely low (below 20% of 1RM).
Keywords:
blood lactate, muscular strength, muscular hypertrophy
Paper : Coaching and Training
[International Journal of Sport and Health Science Vol.2, 111-118, 2004]
International Journal of Sport and Health Science Vol.2, 111-118, 2004
Goto, K., Ishii, N., and Takamatsu, K.
http://wwwsoc.nii.ac.jp/jspe3/index.htm
112
GH, are relatively small after high-intensity and
low-repetition exercises such as those used in the
"strength-type" regimen [Kraemer et al. (1990, 1993);
Häkkinen & Pakarinen (1993); Goto et al. (2003b)].
Because some earlier studies indicate a positive
correlation of the magnitude of GH or TES responses
with either strength impr oveme nt [Häkkinen et
al. (2001); Hansen et al. (2001)] or muscle ber
hypertrophy [McCall et al. (1999)], greater training
effects can be expected if secretion of these hormones
is separately stimulated after a "strength-type"
regimen.
We had previously evaluated the GH concentrations
after varied exercise regimens, in which a single set of
exhaustive exercise at either 90% 1RM, 70% 1RM or
50% 1RM was added after a "strength-type" regimen.
Our results indicated that performing an additional
set of exercise at 50% of 1RM immediately after a
"strength-type" regimen caused a marked increases
in blood lactate and serum GH concentrations [Goto
et al. (2003a)]. Moreover, we had shown that this
type of exercise regimen increased maximal muscular
strength and cross sectional area (CSA) more than a
conventional "strength-type" regimen in a periodized
training period [Goto et al. (in press)].
As mentioned above, the acute and long-term
effects of an exercise regimen with combined high-
and low-intensity (50% of 1RM) resistance exercises
were investigated, and we were curious to know
whether a single set of extremely low intensity (below
50% of 1RM) exercise added to the "strength-type"
regimen would induce a greater anabolic hormonal
response. An extremely low-intensity, high-repetition
exercise following a "strength-type" regimen
might cause a greater hormonal secretion due to
augmentations of the number of repetition and total
work volume. However, blood in ow through the
artery would not be suppressed by the force exertion
at below 20% of maximal isometric strength [Edwards
et al. (1972)], and no great changes in metabolic
condition could be expected in the working muscle
by the added low-intensity exercise. Since it has
been suggested that a local accumulation of metabolic
subproducts (e.g., lactate, proton) would stimulate
secretion of GH through hypothalamic-pituitary
axis [Takarada et al. (2000); Stokes et al.(2002)],
the effects of additional exercise with extremely low
intensity on hormonal secretions might be little.
In the present study, we investigated the effects of
a single set of exercise with an intensity ranging from
50% to 20% of 1RM added after a "strength-type"
regimen on concentrations of GH and TES, to clarify
how the additional set of exercise with an extremely
low-intensity enhanced hormonal secretion.
2. Methods
2.1. Subjects
Eight healthy male subjects (age: 24.9 ± 0.7 years,
height: 175.8 ± 1.2 cm, body mass: 71.3 ± 2.5 kg,
% fat: 18.9 ± 0.9 %) participated in this study. The
subjects were graduate students and had a minimum
resistance training experience for several years. They
did not take part in regular training program at the
beginning of the present study. They were informed
about the experimental procedure to be utilized as
well as the purpose of the present study, and their
written informed consent was obtained. The study
was approved by the Ethics Committee for Human
Experiments, Institute of Health and Sport Sciences,
University of Tsukuba.
2.2. Experimental design and exercise protocol
Bilateral knee extension with an isotonic machine
was used as the resistance exercise. The same
equipment used in our previous studies was prepared
in the present study. The range of the movement was
from 90˚ to 180˚ (180˚ was de ned as full extension).
Prior to the testing, the subjects participated in a
familiarization period consisting of a total of 2 visits,:
one visit to familiarize with the exercise protocol, and
the other to measure 1RM of bilateral knee extension
exercise.
All subjects performed 4 regimens of resistance
exercise in a random order. The time interval between
each exercise was more than 6 days.
Figure 1
shows
protocols for each type of exercise regimen.
The
Set
Strength-type
(S-type) 1 2 3 4 5
3-min
90 90 90 9090
90 50
30-s
3-min
90 90 9090
1 2 3 4 5 6
C50-type
C30-type
C20-type
90 30
90 90 9090
1 2 3 4 5 6
90 20
90 90 9090
1 2 3 4 5 6
Fig. 1. Protocols for resistance exercise. Exercise intensity (% of
1RM) is denote d in each column repres ent ing each s et. The
exe rcises in every set of e very protocol were lasted until the
subjects failed to continue the movement.
Figure 1
Protocols for resistance exercise. Exercise
intensity (% of 1RM) is denoted in each column
representing each set. The exercises in every set of every
protocol were lasted until the subjects failed to continue
the movement.
Growth Hormone Response
International Journal of Sport and Health Science Vol.2, 111-118, 2004
http://wwwsoc.nii.ac.jp/jspe3/index.htm
113
strength-type (S-type) regimen consisted of ve sets
at 90% 1RM with 3-min rest periods between sets.
This protocol was designed to gain maximal muscular
strength. A single set of exercise at 50%, 30% and
20% of 1RM was added following the last set of the
S-type regimen with a rest period of 30-s. These
regimens were de ned as C50-type, C30-type, and
C20-type regimens, respectively. In the added set,
the subjects were instructed to lift and lower the load
at a constant velocity and frequency (approximately
40 times/min). This type of regimen is similar to
an S-type regimen, and an additional set of exercise
was performed in order to increase anabolic hormone
concentrations of blood [Goto et al. (2003a)]. The
exercises in every set of every protocol were lasted
until the subjects failed to continue the movement.
These exercise regimens were based on our previous
study using additional sets at 90-50 % of 1RM. The
subjects were allowed to drink water
ad libitum
until
the resting blood sample was obtained.
2.3. Measurements of blood sample
Venous blood samples were obtained from the
antecubital vein of the subjects in a seated position
(10 ml for each point of measurements) before and
15-min after each exercise. This sampling timing was
determined based on the observation of our previous
study, in which the maximal GH concentration was
observed 15-min after the exercise when the blood
samples were consecutively obtained until 60-min
after similar type of exercise [Goto et al. (2003a)].
Moreover, because many studies have shown that
the highest concentrations of serum GH and TES are
seen from 0 to 30 min after various types of exercise
regimen [Kraemer et al. (1990); Hansen et al. (2001)],
the post-exercise concentrations in the present study
(15 min after exercise) appeared to be near the peak
level. All blood samples were collected at the same
time of the day to reduce the effects of any diurnal
variations of the hormonal response [Thuma et al.
(1995)]. Following the overnight fast, the subjects
came to the laboratory at 8:30 – 9:00 a.m., and took a
rest for 30 min prior to the rst blood collection. The
blood samples were centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10
min to obtain serum, and serum samples were stored
at
-85
C
○
C
○
C
until analysis. To eliminate variances among
the measurements, all the samples were analyzed by
the same kits used in our previous study. In addition,
as many samples as possible were assayed in the same
run. The concentration of serum GH was measured
through radioimmunoassay (RIA) using kits from
Daiich Radioisotope Lab (Tokyo, Japan). The limit
of detection for GH assay was 0.05 ng/ml. The
inter-assay coef cient of variation (CV) was 3.6%,
and the intra-assay CV was 3.4 %. The concentration
of total testosterone (TES) was measured through
RIA using kits from DPC Corporation (Chiba, Japan).
The limit of detection for TES assay was 5.0 ng/dl.
The inter-assay CV was 5.3 %, and the intra-assay
CV was 5.8 %. Blood samples from ngertip for
measurement of lactate concentration were also
obtained before and 5-min after each exercise.
Blood lactate concentration was determined using an
automatic lactate analyzer (YSI 1500 sport, Yellow
Springs Instruments, OH).
Some previous studies have shown that plasma
volume acutely decreases following a resistance
exercise [Ploutz-Snyder et al. (1995); Raastad
et al. (2000)], and this in uences the hormone
concentrations of blood. However, in the present
study, hormone concentrations were presented as
non-corrected values due to the fact that tissues were
exposed to an absolute molar concentration [Kraemer
et al. (1992)].
2.4. Measurements of muscular strength and
thigh girth
Maximal isometric strength (MIS) of the unilateral
knee extension exercise was measured before and
immediately after exercises, to assess muscular
fatigue. The subjects sat on a dynamometer
(COMBIT, MINATO Instrument, Tokyo, Japan) with
keeping the knee angle at 100˚ (180˚ was de ned as
full extension) and were instructed to exert maximal
isometric strength for 3-s. The highest value among
2-3 trials was adopted as the MIS value. Intra-class
correlation coef cient (between measurements) was:
= 0.84 for measurement of MIS.
The thigh girth of the left leg was also measured
before and 3-min after each exercise. Measurement
of the thigh girth was performed twice at the midpoint
of the thigh (a middle point between the trochanter
major and the lateral epicondylus of bula), and the
mean value was adopted as the thigh girth value.
Acute exercise-induced changes in the thigh girth
indicated the increased water content in the activated
International Journal of Sport and Health Science Vol.2, 111-118, 2004
Goto, K., Ishii, N., and Takamatsu, K.
http://wwwsoc.nii.ac.jp/jspe3/index.htm
114
muscle caused by local accumulations of metabolites
[N ygren et al . (20 00)]. Intr a-class co rrelation
coef cient (between measurements) was:= 0.98 for
measurement of thigh girth.
2.5. Statistical analysis
Data are expressed as means ± SE. Differences
among the regimens were assessed using a two-way
analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated
measures and Fisher’s post hoc comparison.
Differences for paired data were examined using
student’s paired t-test. Selected bivariate relationships
were investigated using a peason product moment
correlation coef cient. P values of less than 0.05
were considered to be statistically signi cant.
3. Results
3.1. Weight, the number of repetition, work
volume, and average power in the additional set
The number of repetitions from 1st to 5th sets
in all regimens showed similar values (range from
3 to 8 times), and no signi cant difference was
seen among the regimens. Weight, the number of
repetition, work volume, and average power in the
additional set (the 6th set) are shown in
Table 1
. The
data were consistent with experimental conditions of
the additional set using 50% to 20% of 1RM. The
absolute values of the weight were signi cantly
greater in the C50-type regimen than in the C30-type
and C20-type regimens, whereas the number of
repetitions was signi cantly larger in the C20-type
regimen than in the C50-type and C30-type regimens.
Consequently, the work volume (weight × repetition)
of the additional set showed a signi cantly greater
value in the C20-type regimen than in the C50-type
and C30-type regimens. Average power output (work
volume / exercise duration) of the additional set was
signi cantly greater in the C50-type regimen than in
the C30-type and C20-type regimens.
3.2. Changes in growth hormone, testosterone
and blood lactate
Changes in GH concentration after exercise are
shown in
Figure 2
. The pre-exercise data showed
no signi cant difference in the GH values among
the regimens. Serum GH concentration in all the
regimens increased after exercise, and signi cant
changes were seen after the C50-type (pre: 1.4 ±
0.9 ng/ml, post: 7.9 ± 3.4 ng/ml) and C30-type
regimens (pre: 0.3 ± 0.1 ng/ml, post: 7.2 ± 3.0 ng/ml).
Post-exercise GH concentrations were signi cantly
higher in the C50-type and C30-type regimens than in
the S-type regimen, but no signi cant difference was
Table 1
Weight, the number of repetitions, work volume and average power in the additional set.
Weight (Kg) Number of repetition Work volume (J) Average power (W)
C50-type 57.1 ± 1.9C30, C20 22.6 ± 1.3 1298.8 ± 102.2 38.1 ± 1.3C30, C20
C30-type 34.1 ± 1.2C20 46.1 ± 3.9C50 1574.1 ± 155.0C50 22.7 ± 0.8C20
C20-type 22.9 ± 0.9 82.3 ± 5.9C30, C50 1907.5 ± 200.0C30, C50 15.3 ± 0.6
C20-type regimens, respectively.
Table 1. Weight, the number of repetitions, work volume and average power in the
Values are
means SE. Work volume was calculated as training
weight the number of
duration. C50, C30, C20;p≤0.05, compared to corresponding values of C50-type, C30-type and
repetition. Average power was calculated by dividing the work volume by the exercise
additional set.
Figure 2
Changes in serum growth hor mone concentration after
exercise of each regimen. S, C50, C30 and C20 indicate S-type,
C50 - t y pe, C30 - t y pe and C20-t y p e r egi m ens , r esp e ctively.
Values are means ± SE. *;
p
≤ 0.05, compared to pre-exercise
value. #;
p
≤ 0.05, compared to corr espond ing value of the
S-type regimen.
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Serum growth hormone
S C50 C30 C20
(ng/ml)
Pre-exercise
Post-exercise
*
#
*
#
Fig. 2. Changes in serum growth hormone concentration after
exercise of each regimen. S, C50, C30 and C20 indicate S-type,
C50-type, C30-type and C20-type regimens, respectively. Values
are means ± SE. *; p≤ 0.05, compared to pre-exercise value. #; p
≤0.05, compared to corresponding value of the S-type regimen.
Growth Hormone Response
International Journal of Sport and Health Science Vol.2, 111-118, 2004
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115
observed between the C20-type and S-type regimens
(p=0.14).
Changes in TES concentration after exercise are
shown in
Figure 3
. The pre-exercise data showed no
signi cant difference in TES concentrations among
the regimens. Serum TES concentration in all the
regimens increased after exercise, but the changes
were not signi cant in any types of regimen. In
addition, relative changes of TES were not correlated
with those of GH (S-type: r=-0.14, p=0.75; C50-type:
r=-0.21, p=0.63; C30-type: r=-0.01, p=-0.71;
C20-type: r=0.01, p=1.00).
Ch anges in bloo d lactate co n centrat i on after
exercises are shown in
Figure 4
. Again, the
pre-exercise data showed no signi cant difference in
the blood lactate concentrations among the regimens.
Blood lactate concentration signi cantly increased
after exercise in all the regimens, and post-exercise
values were signi cantly higher in the C50-type,
C30-type and C20-type regimens than in the S-type
regimen. However, no signi cant difference was
observed among these 3 types of regimen.
3.3. Changes in maximal isometric strength
and thigh girth
Changes in MIS and thigh girth after exercise
are shown in
Table 2
. MIS signi cantly decreased
after exercise in all the regimens except the S-type
regimen, and post-exercise value in the C30-type
regimen was signi cantly lower than that in the
S-type regimen. However, no signi cant difference
in MIS was observed among the C50-type, C30-type
Figure 3
Changes in ser um testosterone concent ration af ter
exercise of each regimen. S, C50, C30 and C20 indicate S-type,
C50 - t y pe, C30 - t y pe and C20-t y p e r egi m ens , r esp e ctively.
Values are means ± SE.
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
S C50 C30 C20
Serum testosterone
(ng/dl) Pre-exercise
Post-exercise
Fig. 3. Changes in serum testosterone c oncentrat ion after
exercise of each regimen. S, C50, C30 and C20 indicate S-type,
C50 -t ype, C30-type and C20-t ype regi men s, respectiv el y.
Values are means ± SE.
Figure 4
Changes in blood lactate concentration after exercise
of each regimen. S, C50, C30 and C20 indicate S-type, C50-
type, C30-type and C20-type regimens, respectively. Values are
means ± SE. *;
p
≤ 0.05, compared to pre-exercise value. #;
p
≤
0.05, compared to corresponding value of the S-type regimen.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
S C50 C30 C20
Blood lactate
(mmol/l)
Pre-exercise
Post-exercise *
#*
#
*
#
*
Fig. 4. Changes in blood lactate concentration after exercise of
each regimen. S, C50, C30 and C20 indicate S-type, C50-type,
C30-type and C20-type regimens, respectively. Values are means
± SE. *; p≤0.05, compared to pre-exercise value. #; p≤0.05,
compared to corresponding value of the S-type regimen.
Table 2
Changes in maximal isometric strength (MIS) and thigh girth after exercise of each regimen.
after exercise of each regimen.
Pre-exercise Post-exercise
Maximal isometric strength (Nm)
S-type 287.7 ± 17.6 272.8 ± 16.4 C30
C50-type 295.5 ± 12.7 249.5 ± 13.7*
C30-type 300.0 ± 16.3 236.8 ± 15.1*
C20-type 296.5 ± 16.2 244.2 ± 17.4*
Thigh girth (cm)
S-type 52.9 ± 1.4 53.2 ± 1.4*
C50-type 53.0 ± 1.4 53.8 ± 1.4*
C30-type 52.8 ± 1.3 53.6 ± 1.3*
C20-type 53.0 ± 1.3 53.5 ± 1.4*
C30;p≤ 0.05, compared to corresponding value of the C30-type regimen.
Table 2. Changes in maximal isometric strength (MIS) and thigh girth
Values are means ± SE. *; p≤ 0.05, compared to pre-exercise value.
International Journal of Sport and Health Science Vol.2, 111-118, 2004
Goto, K., Ishii, N., and Takamatsu, K.
http://wwwsoc.nii.ac.jp/jspe3/index.htm
116
and C20-type regimens.
Thigh girth consistently increased after exercise
in all the regimens, indicating that uid was shifted
from the vascular space into the activated muscle
[Ploutz-Snyder et al. (1995)]. However, the
post-exercise data showed no signi cant difference
among the regimens.
4. Discussion
Although many types of resistance exercise
appear to stimulate secretions of anabolic hormones
(e.g., growth hormone, testosterone), the type of
training regimen has been shown to greatly affect
the magnitude of hormone responses, especially that
of GH [Häkkinen & Pakarinen (1993); McCall et al.
(1999)]. According to Kraemer et al. (1990, 1991,
1993), regimens using moderate exercise intensity,
moderate repetitions (10RM) and short rest periods
between sets (1-min) considerably enhance GH
secretion, whereas those using higher intensity, lower
repetitions (5RM) and longer rest periods between
sets (3-min) do not. Our results showed that the
GH response to only the S-type regimen was small
(
Figure 2
), which was consistent with the results of
Kraemer et al. (1990).
Although the actual effects of circulating GH on
muscular adaptation are poorly understood, McCall
et al. (1999) and Häkkinen et al. (2001) have reported
that acute changes in GH are positively correlated
with changes in the muscle ber cross sectional area
and muscular strength after a prolonged training.
Furthermore, Hansen et al. (2001) have recently
shown that an increase in elbow exor strength was
greatly enhanced when GH release was stimulated
by performing an additional leg press exercise
immediately after the arm curl exercise. These
studies suggest that exercise-induced increase in
blood GH concentration plays, in part, a role in the
muscular adaptation to resistance exercise.
The aim of the present study was to investigate
the magnitude of GH and TES responses to different
exercise regimens, in which a single set of exercise
at 50% to 20 % of 1RM was added after an S-type
regimen. We had previously investigated the GH
response to a similar type of exercise regimen, in
which the intensity of the additional single set of
exhaustive exercise ranged from 90% to 50% of 1RM.
In this range of intensity, 50% of 1RM exercise gave
rise to maximal GH response [Goto et al. (2003a)]. In
addition, a similar type of regimen with an additional
set at approximately 50 % of 1RM had been shown
to increase muscular strength more than the S-type
regimen [Goto et al. (in press)]. In the present study,
the concentration of GH was signi cantly increased
by adding a set of exercise with a low-intensity
ranging 50% to 30% of 1RM to an S-type regimen.
This suggested that an additional set of low-intensity,
high-repetition exercise was practically important for
enhancement of GH secretion, even if the exercise
intensity in the additional set was lower than 50%
of 1RM. It was also observed that relative changes
in serum GH concentration after the C50-type and
C30-type regimens were greater than those after the
C20-type regimen with larger work volume, although
the differences were not signi cant (
Table 1
and
Figure 2
). The reason for this was unclear, and larger
work volume would not be necessarily a crucial
factor for the enhancement of GH secretion in this
type of exercise regimen. In addition, our previous
and present results suggested that an additional set
of exercise with approximately 50% of 1RM had a
greater effect on the increase of GH concentration.
Post-exercise values of blood lactate and serum
GH were not signi cantly different among the
regimens with additional set (
Figure 2
and
Figure
4
). In addition, relative changes in thigh girth and
MIS immediately after exercises were similar in these
regimens. A rapid increase in working muscle size is
primarily caused by increased water content within
the muscles because of metabolite accumulation
[Ploutz-Snyder et al. (1995)], and this leads to
muscular fatigue and concomitant acute decrease in
MIS [Häkkinen & Pakarinen (1995)]. Therefore, the
present results implied the lack of marked differences
in exercise-induced metabolite changes and muscular
fatigue among the regimens with an additional set.
TES production is thought to be involved in the
anabolic process in both the human and animal
muscles [Pearlman & Crepy (1967); Volek et al.
(1997)]. It has been shown that TES concentration
elevates after resistance exercises with moderate
intensity, short rest periods and suf cient exercise
duration, even though changes in its concentration
are much smaller than those in GH concentration
[Kraemer et al. (1990); Häkkinen & Pakarinen
(1995)]. However, the magnitude of TES responses
after all exercise regimens was small and not
signi cant. Exercises using larger muscle groups
(e.g., bench press, deadlift, squat, leg press), and
Growth Hormone Response
International Journal of Sport and Health Science Vol.2, 111-118, 2004
http://wwwsoc.nii.ac.jp/jspe3/index.htm
117
those with larger work volume might be required to
make serum TES level fully elevate.
In conclusion, although meaningful GH increase
was not observed after an S-type regimen, the
secretion of GH was signi cantly enhanced by
performing an additional set of low intensity, high
repetition exercises (50 to 30 % of 1RM) after an
S-type regimen. However, secretion of GH would
not be induced, when the intensity of the additional
exercise was extremely low (below 20% of 1RM).
There were several limitations in interpreting the
present results. Investigations with the larger number
of subjects, and more frequent measurements of
hormone concentrations should be performed to
establish the effectiveness of the present training
regimen with an additional set. In addition, the
mechanism of this training regimen to stimulate GH
secretion might need further elucidation.
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International Journal of Sport and Health Science Vol.2, 111-118, 2004
Goto, K., Ishii, N., and Takamatsu, K.
http://wwwsoc.nii.ac.jp/jspe3/index.htm
118
Name:
Kazushige Goto
Af liation:
Institute of Health and Sport Sciences,
University of Tsukuba, Japan Society for
the Promotion of Science
Address:
1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8574 Japan
Brief Biographical History:
1999 -Mast er’s Progr am in Heal th and P hysic al Educa tion,
University of Tsukuba
2001-Doctoral Program in Health and Sport Sciences, University
of Tsukuba
2003-Research Fellow of the Japan Society for the Promotion of
Science
Main Works:
•
"A single set of low intensity resistance exercise immediately
following high intensity resistance exercise stimulates growth
hormone secretion in men." Journal of Sports Medicine and
Physical Fitness 43 (2):243-249, 2003.
•
"Muscular adaptations to combinations of high-and low-intensity
resistance exercises." Journal of Strength and Conditioning
Research (in press).
Membership in Learned Societies:
• American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM)
• National Strength & Conditioning Association ( NSCA)
• Japan Society of Physical Education
• The Japanese Society of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine
• Japan Society of Exercise and Sports Physiology
• Japan Society of Training Science for Exercise and Spor t
Circadian rhythm of cortisol confounds cortisol responses to
exercise: implications for future research. Journal of Applied
Physiology, 78, 1657-1664.
Volek, J. S., Kraemer, W. J., Bush, J. A., Incledon, T., & Boetes,
M. (1997). Testosterone and cortisol in relationship to dietary
nutrients and resistance exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology,
82, 49-54.
