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Skin Photoprotection by Green Tea: Antioxidant and Immunomodulatory Effects
Abstract
Because of a characteristic aroma and health benefits, green tea is consumed worldwide as a popular beverage. The epicatechin derivatives, commonly called polyphenols, present in green tea possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-carcinogenic properties. The major and most highly chemopreventive constituent in green tea responsible for the biochemical or pharmacological effects is (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG). Epidemiological, clinical and biological studies have implicated that solar ultraviolet (UV) light is a complete carcinogen and repeated exposure can lead to the development of various skin disorders including melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancers. We and others have shown that topical treatment or oral consumption of green tea polyphenols (GTP) inhibit chemical carcinogen- or UV radiation-induced skin carcinogenesis in different laboratory animal models. Topical treatment of GTP and EGCG or oral consumption of GTP resulted in prevention of UVB-induced inflammatory responses, immunosuppression and oxidative stress, which are the biomarkers of several skin disease states. Topical application of GTP and EGCG prior to exposure of UVB protects against UVB-induced local as well as systemic immune suppression in laboratory animals, which was associated with the inhibition of UVB-induced infiltration of inflammatory leukocytes. Prevention of UVB-induced suppression of immune responses by EGCG was also associated with the reduction in immunosuppressive cytokine interleukin (IL)-10 production at UV irradiated skin and draining lymph nodes, whereas IL-12 production was significantly enhanced in draining lymph nodes. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of green tea were also observed in human skin. Treatment of EGCG to human skin resulted in the inhibition of UVB-induced erythema, oxidative stress and infiltration of inflammatory leukocytes. We also showed that treatment of GTP to human skin prevents UVB-induced cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers formation, which are considered to be mediators of UVB-induced immune suppression and skin cancer induction. The in vitro and in vivo animal and human studies suggest that green tea polyphenols are photoprotective in nature, and can be used as pharmacological agents for the prevention of solar UVB light-induced skin disorders including photoaging, melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancers after more clinical trials in humans.
... The first and second authors and the senior author discussed the articles generated and decided to focus attention on those chemopreventive agents that could be applied topically without severe adverse inflammatory side-effects, appeared most commonly in the literature searches, and were of greatest interest to our anticipated audience. Through our literature search, we gathered six studies focused on topical applications of nicotinamide, [20][21][22][23][24][25] six studies on green tea polyphenols, [26][27][28][29][30] five studies on topical T4 endonuclease (T4N5), [31][32][33][34][35] three studies on photolyase, [36][37][38] two studies employing a combination of T4N5 and photolyase, 39,40 one study on 8-oxoguanine glycosylase (OGG-1), 41 eight studies on topical retinoids [42][43][44][45][46][47] and four studies on topical selective COX-2 inhibitors. [48][49][50][51] Topical agents that boost DNA repair ...
... Through upregulation of IL12, an immunoregulatory cytokine, and downregulation of IL10, an immunosuppressive cytokine, the immunoprotective effects of EGCG have been demonstrated in multiple studies. 26,56 Reports using murine models have highlighted the protective benefits of green tea polyphenols. For example, treatment of SKH-1 hairless mice with a hydrophilic ointment containing EGCG conferred a high protection against photocarcinogenesis, decreasing tumour incidence, tumour multiplicity and tumour size. ...
... 28 In another study by Katiyar, topical treatment of GTP and EGCG to human skin resulted in the inhibition of UVB-induced erythema. 26 Further, a study conducted by Elmets et al. 29 found that topical application of 5% GTP with EGCG was able to reduce the number of sunburn cells, to protect epidermal Langerhans cells from UV damage and decrease UV-induced DNA damage. 29 Finally, topical application of EGCG to human skin has also been shown to reduce reactive oxygen species formation caused by UV exposure. ...
The incidence of non‐melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) is dramatically increasing worldwide, despite the increased use of improved sunscreens. In 2014, the Surgeon General estimated that 2.2–5.0 million people were treated annually for NMSC. As the number of newly diagnosed skin cancers continues to rise, there is a need for additional preventative measures beyond sunscreens. Several newer topical products that focus on boosting DNA repair, modulating DNA transcription, decreasing inflammation and selectively targeting precancerous cells may play an important role in future skin cancer prevention.
... Other dietary antioxidants such as curcumin and nobiletin, found naturally in turmeric and citrus fruits, respectively, were shown to have an anti-tumor initiating effect when used to treat tumors experimentally initiated by the reactive oxidant peroxynitrite [54]. In animal models, topical treatment with or oral consumption of green tea polyphenols (GTP) inhibited chemical carcinogen-or UVR-induced skin carcinogenesis [55]. High concentrations of selenium applied topically through serums were associated with a lower risk of basal or squamous cell carcinoma [56]. ...
... Kashif, 2023 Randomized controlled trial -VitC, β-carotene, retinyl palmitate, and canthaxanthin (all found in food) promote the activation of transcription factor BACH1 in mice, which seems to be associated with mouse melanoma metastasis, particularly in the liver and lymph node -Therapeutic treatment of metastasis seems likely to involve pro-oxidant rather than antioxidant strategies Hercberg, 2007 Randomized controlled trial -The effect of antioxidant supplementation on the incidence of skin cancer (SC) varies with gender, with women displaying a higher percentage of associated SC and melanomas upon antioxidant supplementation than men -The gendered response to antioxidants may have to do with gender differences in nutrient metabolism and/or gender differences in pre-supplementation antioxidant presence in the skin due to diet Piskounova, 2015 Randomized controlled trial -Studies show contradictory effects of antioxidants on carcinogenesis; however, here, Piskounova finds that dietary supplementation of antioxidants actually promotes metastasis (the spread of cancer), particularly breast cancer, in the case of the antioxidant folate -Conversely, oxidative stress was found to limit the incidence of melanoma metastasis and tumor formation Sayin, 2014 Randomized controlled trial -When incorporated into either a mouse diet, antioxidants N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and vitamin E were found to significantly decrease the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) as well as the expression of p53, a tumor suppressor gene-in both mice and human lung-cancer cells-leading to enhanced tumor proliferation and lower survival in the affected population -Smokers and those with COPD (who receive NAC as a therapeutic treatment) are especially vulnerable to the enhancing effect antioxidants have on lung-tumor growth Katiyar, 2005 Randomized controlled trial -Due to the toxicity accompanying the incomplete solar protection sunscreens offer, the need for a more effective and practical method of protection from UV radiation could be satisfied through consumption of the naturally occurring antioxidant silymarin -Current experiments suggest that topical application of silymarin has been effective in preventing melanoma induced by UVB (a high energy component of UV radiation) in animal models, and that consumption of silymarin has protected against the effects of chemical carcinogenesis in animal tumor models. Next steps of testing silymarin in human models are promising Katiyar, 2003 Randomized controlled trial -Green tea contains polyphenols which are antioxidative in nature. These polyphenols (GTP) have been shown to protect against both chemically induced and UV-induced cancers by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation indicative of carcinogenesis -Of the GTP, (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) seems to be the most effective as protection against cancer van der Pols, 2009 Prospective cohort study -Not all antioxidants act equally in cancer prevention. ...
Skin conditions are a significant cause of fatal and nonfatal disease burdens globally, ranging from mild irritations to debilitating diseases. Oxidative stress, which is an imbalance between reactive oxygen species and the cells’ ability to repair damage, is implicated in various skin diseases. Antioxidants have been studied for their potential benefits in dermatologic health, but the evidence is limited and conflicting. Herein, we conducted a systematic review of controlled trials, meta-analyses, and Cochrane review articles to evaluate the current evidence on the utility of antioxidant supplementation for adjunct prevention and treatment of skin disease and to provide a comprehensive assessment of their role in promoting dermatologic health. The Cochrane Library, PubMed, EMBASE, and Epistemonikos databases were queried. Eligibility criteria included (1) primary focus on nanoparticle utility for skin cancer; (2) includes measurable outcomes data with robust comparators; (3) includes a number of human subjects or cell-line types, where applicable; (4) English language; and (5) archived as full-text journal articles. A total of 55 articles met the eligibility criteria for the present review. Qualitative analysis revealed that topical and oral antioxidant supplementation has demonstrated preliminary efficacy in reducing sunburns, depigmentation, and photoaging. Dietary exogenous antioxidants (namely vitamins A, C, and E) have shown chemopreventive effects against skin cancer. Antioxidant supplementation has also shown efficacy in treating non-cancer dermatoses, including rosacea, psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, and acne vulgaris. While further studies are needed to validate these findings on a larger scale, antioxidant supplementation holds promise for improving skin health and preventing skin diseases.
... Estudos sobre o uso do resveratrol em cosméticos foram realizados por Katiyar (2003) e Afaq e Mukhtar (2006), que demonstraram que o resveratrol atua reduzindo os níveis de espécies reativas de oxigênio, nos queratonócitos expostos a UVA e apontaram que algumas alterações ultraestruturais celulares podem ser prevenidas (37,38). Além disso, o resveratrol na pele também exerce seu efeito protetor sobre as células epidérmicas, ligando-se a locais específicos de ligação ao polifenol. ...
... Estudos sobre o uso do resveratrol em cosméticos foram realizados por Katiyar (2003) e Afaq e Mukhtar (2006), que demonstraram que o resveratrol atua reduzindo os níveis de espécies reativas de oxigênio, nos queratonócitos expostos a UVA e apontaram que algumas alterações ultraestruturais celulares podem ser prevenidas (37,38). Além disso, o resveratrol na pele também exerce seu efeito protetor sobre as células epidérmicas, ligando-se a locais específicos de ligação ao polifenol. ...
A melhora dos parâmetros de saúde da população é um dos maiores feitos da humanidade e essa conquista se transformou em um desafio para os tempos de hoje. Viver mais é importante, desde que possamos adicionar qualidade de vida, física e mental, para os anos que ganhamos, e por isso a busca por recursos que possam nos ajudam a atingir esse objetivo tem estimulado novas pesquisas e dentre essas, destaca-se a procura de ativos a serem utilizados em formulações cosméticas, que possam combater o envelhecimento cutâneo. O envelhecimento da pele pode ser intrínseco, ou seja, aquele decorrente da passagem natural do tempo e da genética do corpo, ou pode ser extrínseco, aquele provocado por fatores ambientais, que interagem com a pele, e muitos desses fatores estão relacionados à produção de radicais livres, como tabagismo, consumo exagerado de álcool e estresse e, nesse contexto, um dos ativos que nos chama a atenção, no combate ao envelhecimento cutâneo, é o resveratrol. O resveratrol é um composto fenólico, encontrado em várias plantas e alimentos como o amendoim, uva e seus derivados, que exerce uma variedade de atividades biológicas como antioxidantes, anti-inflamatórias, cardioprotetoras, quimiopreventivas e neuroprotetoras. O presente artigo é caracterizado como sendo uma pesquisa bibliográfica do tipo descritiva com abordagem qualitativa e que tem como objetivo realizar uma revisão bibliográfica atualizada sobre o resveratrol e seu uso na prevenção do envelhecimento cutâneo. O resveratrol tem ação antioxidante e é ativador da sirtuína 1, que por sua vez, ativa proteínas reparadoras do DNA, podendo assim ser auxiliar no tratamento antienvelhecimento.
... Tea polyphenols (mainly epicatechins), present in highest amount in the green tea (Draelos, 2010), are able to prevent UV-B-induced inflammation and diminishes oxidative stress (Katiyar, 2003). Katiyar have studied the effect of topical treatment or oral consumption of green tea polyphenols in inhibiting skin carcinogenesis, either chemically induced or UV radiation-induced in different laboratory animal models (Katiyar, 2003). ...
... Tea polyphenols (mainly epicatechins), present in highest amount in the green tea (Draelos, 2010), are able to prevent UV-B-induced inflammation and diminishes oxidative stress (Katiyar, 2003). Katiyar have studied the effect of topical treatment or oral consumption of green tea polyphenols in inhibiting skin carcinogenesis, either chemically induced or UV radiation-induced in different laboratory animal models (Katiyar, 2003). Through a regular consumption for 12 weeks, polyphenols reduced 25% the UV-induced erythema and improved skin structural characteristics as elasticity, roughness, scaling and density (Heinrich, Moore, De Spirt, Tronnier, & Stahl, 2011). ...
Background
The convergence of food and cosmetics in the beauty industry is a major trend in the recent years, gaining an enormous importance on consumer habits including the diet, the nutritional supplement intake and food-based cosmetics.
Scope and approach
An overview about the concept of nutricosmetics is here presented, and how food and skin convergence trends the cosmetic industry. Examples of recently developed products are given.
Key findings
Food ingredients are being included in cosmetics and other personal care products with the aim of bringing into cosmetic products certain benefits of food ingredients. Moreover, due to the recommendation of the circular economy implementation, an approach to economic growth that is in line with sustainable environmental and economic development, a large number of food industry wastes are being recovered as added-value products by more sustainable and innovative extraction processes to be incorporated into cosmetic products amongst others. Although the potential of bioactive compounds extracted from food is already known, the specific biological activity is now being studied and reported.
Conclusions
Natural active food-derived ingredients are marketed as having several benefits on the skin. Their incorporation in food supplements and cosmetics is a reality already marketed. The truth about the benefits of food ingredients in cosmetics is not always properly discussed. The trend of “beauty from within” by oral supplementation is now accompanying the other trend that is “from the kitchen table to the skin”, that refers to the possibility to create cosmetics with the ordinary ingredients one have in the kitchen.
... The efficacies of many natural antioxidants are being investigated in terms of protection against radiation-induced tissue damage, and one of these, epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is known to have various beneficial effects, such as, radioprotective [7][8][9], chemo preventive, antiapoptotic, and anti-inflammatory effects [10][11][12]. Although RI therapy is known to induce oxidative stress affecting the cellular components of SGs, its protective effects on RI-induced SG damage have not been well investigated. ...
... Many phytochemicals have been shown to have unique abilities to prevent radiation damage [24]. Recent research attention has focused on the protective role of EGCG in epidermal epithelial cells subjected to ultraviolet exposure [7,8], and in these studies, EGCG was found to protect epidermal keratinocytes from ultraviolet induced hydrogen peroxide formation [9]. Dickinson et al. [25] showed that EGCG is able to restore the levels of antioxidant defense enzymes providing protection to the salivary glands from oxidative damage in nonobese diabetic mice Fig. 5. Dynamics of 99m Tc pertechnetate at 90 days post-RI. ...
Objectives:
Radioiodine (RI) therapy is known to subject cellular components of salivary glands (SG) to oxidative stress leading to SG dysfunction. However, the protective effects of antioxidants on RI-induced SG damage have not been well investigated. The authors investigated the morphometric and functional effects of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) administered prior to RI therapy and compared this with the effects of amifostine (a well-known antioxidant ) in a murine model of RI sialadenitis.
Methods:
Four-week-old female C57BL/6 mice (n=48) were divided into four groups; a normal control group, a RI-treated group (0.01 mCi/g mouse, orally), an EGCG and RI-treated group, and an amifostine and RI-treated group. Animals in these groups were divided into 3 subgroups and euthanized at 15, 30, and 90 days post-RI treatment. Salivary flow rates and lag times were measured, and morphologic and histologic examinations and TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase biotin-dUDP nick end labeling) assays were performed. Changes in salivary 99mTc pertechnetate uptake and excretion were followed by single-photon emission computed tomography.
Results:
Salivary flow rates and lag times to salivation in the EGCG or amifostine groups were better than in the RI-treated group. Histologic examinations of SGs in the EGCG or amifostine group showed more mucin-rich parenchyma and less periductal fibrosis than in the RI-treated group. Fewer apoptotic cells were observed in acini, ducts, and among endothelial cells in the EGCG or amifostine group than in the RI group. In addition, patterns of 99mTc pertechnetate excretion were quite different in the EGCG or amifostine group than in the RI group.
Conclusion:
EGCG supplementation before RI therapy could protect from RI-induced SG damage in a manner comparable to amifostine, and thus, offers a possible means of preventing SG damage by RI.
... Notably, green tea contains the largest concentration of tea polyphenols, primarily epicatechins, which have been shown to reduce oxidative stress and inhibit UV-B-induced inflammation [10]. In several lab animal models, Katiyar has investigated the role that topical application or oral ingestion of green tea polyphenols play in preventing chemically or UV radiation-induced skin cancer [53]. After a 12 w period of consistent consumption, polyphenols improved the elasticity, roughness, scaling, density, and UV-induced erythema by 25% [54]. ...
Cosmetic business is one of the major billers of the global economy since it serves a market which is growing up continuously due to different reasons such as consumer behavior changes, technological and scientific developments, in addition to the rise in consumer awareness. This review focuses on giving an idea about the importance of the cosmetics industry some details about how the change in the customer demands encourages innovation in this sector. Nowadays, the growing awareness of the clean beauty is considered a trend, where the chemical-free, ethical, and sustainable products are of higher interest for most customers. It is worth to mention that the industrial practices for cosmetics are changing due to the developing personalized skincare and haircare products, as well as, environmentally friendly packaging, and the use of artificial intelligence in product creation and promotion. This review focuses on the use of nanotechnology in cosmetics and dermatology products. The use of nanotechnology helped in improving the active components' stability, penetration, and effectiveness. Particularly useful for sun protection anti-aging treatments, in addition to the targeted administration of active ingredients such as Nano emulsions, liposomes, and nanoparticles. This review offers a detailed information about the recent developments and trends in the cosmetics industry, focusing on how nanotechnology could be used to meet the changes in consumer needs taking into consideration sustainability and safety issues.
... [67][68][69][70] Topical green tea polyphenol has also been shown to reduce UVB-induced immunosuppression in animal models. 71 As the total mutation load correlates with the skin tumor burden, it has become a target for skin cancer prevention. Reducing the total mutational load in solar-damaged skin by ablative laser or dermabrasion prevents the formation of squamous and basal cell carcinomas. ...
Solar radiation is essential for life on Earth but is also a major contributor to skin carcinogenesis. Solar radiation, particularly ultraviolet (UV) B (280–320 nm) and UVA (320–400 nm), induces photocarcinogenesis via various pathways. UV light can directly cause DNA damage, resulting in genetic mutations if not repaired correctly. UV light can also induce photocarcinogenesis by generating reactive oxygen species, inducing immunosuppression and inflammation. Recently, visible light (400–760 nm) has been shown to contribute to photocarcinogenesis by activating oxidative pathways. In addition to the irradiation dose (fluence, J/m²), UVB irradiance (W/m²) is also considered a factor influencing photocarcinogenesis. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms of photocarcinogenesis and provide strategies to prevent skin cancer.
... Similarly, curcumin, the active compound in turmeric, has demonstrated the ability to suppress TSLP expression in various inflammatory models, including AD, by modulating nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling [11]. EGCG, the major catechin in green tea, has been shown to reduce TSLP levels in allergic skin inflammation models and inhibit the activation of dendritic cells [12]. Licorice root extract, particularly its active component glycyrrhizin, has long been used in traditional medicine for its anti-inflammatory properties and has recently been found to downregulate TSLP expression in keratinocytes, making it a potential candidate for AD treatment [13]. ...
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease with rising prevalence, marked by eczematous lesions, itching, and a weakened skin barrier often tied to filaggrin gene mutations. This breakdown allows allergen and microbe entry, with thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) playing a crucial role by activating immune pathways that amplify the allergic response. TSLP’s central role in AD pathogenesis makes it a promising therapeutic target. Consequently, in this study, we used the virtual drug screening, molecular dynamics simulation, and binding free energies calculation approaches to explore the African Natural Product Database against the TSLP protein. The molecular screening identified four compounds with high docking scores, namely SA_0090 (−7.37), EA_0131 (−7.10), NA_0018 (−7.03), and WA_0006 (−6.99 kcal/mol). Furthermore, the KD analysis showed a strong binding affinity of these compounds with TSLP, with values of −5.36, −5.36, −5.34, and −5.32 kcal/mol, respectively. Moreover, the strong binding affinity of these compounds was further validated by molecular dynamic simulation analysis, which revealed that the WA_0006-TSLP is the most stable complex with the lowest average RMSD. However, the total binding free energies were −40.5602, −41.0967, −27.3293, and −51.3496 kcal/mol, respectively, showing the strong interaction between the selected compounds and TSLP. Likewise, these compounds showed excellent pharmacokinetics characteristics. In conclusion, this integrative approach provides a foundation for the development of safe and effective treatments for AD, potentially offering relief to millions of patients worldwide.
... In addition, EGCG elicits a wide range of metabolic responses within the body, with these metabolites appearing to play a role in realizing EGCG's biological function [130]. Different experimental models, with topical or oral administration of GTP and EGCG, have shown the prevention of UV-induced inflammatory responses, collagen network layer breakdown, and oxidative stress [131]. Continued investigation into the biological activity of EGCG and its metabolites in vivo may help elucidate the molecular mechanisms through which EGCG repairs photoaged skin. ...
Skin photoaging, primarily caused by ultraviolet (UV) radiation, leads to skin metabolic disorders, which have adverse psychological and physiological effects on individuals. However, traditional medications for repairing skin photoaging cause side effects. Natural bioactive compounds have been shown to prevent and treat skin photoaging with fewer side effects. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), the main substance in tea polyphenols, is a natural bioactive compound with a range of properties. This review summarizes the beneficial effects and mechanisms of EGCG, as well as the application forms of EGCG in repairing photoaged skin. Results indicated that EGCG has repair effects, including improving elasticity, enhancing moisturization, inhibiting damage, and reducing pigmentation of photoaged skin. It has also been demonstrated that EGCG delivery systems, modified EGCG, and combinations with other bioactive substances could be used for repairing photoaged skin due to its poor stability and low bioavailability. EGCG effectively repairs various types of skin damage caused by UV radiation while maintaining normal skin structure and function. It is, therefore, an effective candidate for repairing photoaged skin. These results could provide references for the development and application of EGCG products for the treatment of photoaged skin.
... Initial damage to the skin is shown by the skin color which becomes erythematous, and EGCG plays a direct role in reducing erythema on the skin after exposure to UV light. 6,12 CONCLUSION Docking analysis showed that it was predicted that EGCG was better at interacting with HAS1 and MMP1. ...
... The photoprotective activity of green tea polyphenols helps in the prevention of solar UVB light induced skin disorders like photoaging, melanoma and others. Several studies suggest that green tea has an anti-wrinkle effect as well (Katiyar, 2003). Green tea shows good ROS scavenging activity, which makes it a potential applicant in antiphotoaging therapy. ...
... 38 Furthermore, EGCG may contribute to the activation of γδ T cells by increasing the secretion of IL-12 in the early stages of infection. 39,40 In addition, EGCG also can kill viruses and bacteria directly, [41][42][43] and decrease virus titers in vivo during chronic viral infections. 44 If the infection emerges by evading the response of first-line γδ T cells, EGCG may relieve cold and flu symptoms because of its anti-inflammatory activity. ...
Background:
This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to investigate the efficacy and safety of flavonoid-containing supplements in preventing acute respiratory tract infection (ARTI).
Methods:
Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigating the effects of flavonoid-containing supplements on ARTI prevention in the aspects of ARTI incidence, mean ARTI sick days, symptoms, bio-immune markers, and adverse effects were searched in 5 databases. Data were searched from inception to November 26, 2021. Stata 16.0 was used to perform the meta-analysis.
Results:
Twenty RCTs (n = 4521) were included in this systematic review and meta-analysis. Pooled results showed that in the flavonoid-containing supplement group, the ARTI incidence and mean ARTI sick days were significantly decreased compared to those in the control group (RR = 0.81, 95% CI: 0.74-0.89, p < 0.001; WMD = -0.56, 95% CI: -1.04 to -0.08, p = 0.021; respectively). In 8 RCTs, flavonoids were singly used for interventions, ARTI incidence in the experimental group significantly decreased compared to that in the control group (RR = 0.85, 95% CI: 0.72-1.00, p = 0.047). In ten RCTs, flavonoid-containing mixtures were applied for interventions, and ARTI incidence in the experimental group significantly decreased compared to that in the control group (RR = 0.79, 95% CI: 0.71-0.89, p < 0.001). Furthermore, the ARTI incidence and mean ARTI sick days were significantly decreased in the experimental group compared to those in the control group in the flavan-3-ols subgroup (RR = 0.79, 95% CI: 0.67-0.92, p = 0.002; WMD = -2.75, 95% CI: -4.30 to -1.21, p < 0.001; respectively) and the multiple subclasses subgroup (RR = 0.75, 95% CI: 0.63-0.88, p = 0.001; WMD = -0.56, 95% CI: -1.11 to -0.01, p = 0.046; respectively). However, the bio-immune markers including interleukin-6, hypersensitive-c-reactive-protein, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interferon-γ did not differ between the flavonoid group and the control group. Moreover, in the flavonoid-containing supplement group, the incidence of adverse reactions did not increase compared to that in the control group (RR = 1.16, 95% CI: 0.78-1.73, p = 0.469).
Conclusions:
This systematic review and meta-analysis showed that flavonoid-containing supplements were efficacious and safe in preventing ARTIs. The most important limitations result from the small number of trials, poor quality of some included RCTs, differences in the composition and types of interventions, principal subclasses of flavonoids, methods of administration, and methodology. Moreover, only a few RCTs conducted independent verification of the flavonoid supplements used in the trial in terms of purity and potency, which may lead to a potential source of bias. Thus, larger and better-designed studies are needed to further verify this conclusion.
... As the most highly consumed natural product, tea (Camellia sinensis [L.] O. Kuntze) possesses chemopreventive activities on cancers. 12,13 Traditionally, tea has been described as an herbal remedy of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) by the earliest national pharmacopeia 'Xin Xiu Ben Cao' (Newly Revised Materia Medica) in Tang Dynasty of China (AD 659). In TCM theory, it was characterized to have a bitter and sweet flavor as well as cold and non-toxic nature, which functions to eliminate the heat, phlegm, and toxins from the body. ...
As a major tea component, theabrownin represents a promising anti‐cancer candidate. However, its effect on the melanoma is unknown. To evaluate the in vitro and in vivo anti‐melanoma efficacy of TB, we conducted cell viability, immunostaining, comet, and TUNEL assays on human A375 melanoma cells, and employed a zebrafish xenograft model of A375 cells. Real‐time PCR (qPCR) and western blot were conducted to explore the molecular mechanisms of TB. In vitro, TB significantly inhibited the proliferation of A375 cells, and A375 cells showed the highest inhibitory rate among the other melanoma cell line (A875) and human dermal fibroblasts. TB triggered DNA damage and induced apoptosis of A375 cells and significantly inhibited the growth of A375 xenograft tumors in zebrafishes. Several key molecular events were activated by TB, including DNA damage‐associated p53 and NF‐κB pathways, through up‐regulation of GADD45α, γ‐H2A.X, phospho‐ATM(p‐ATM), phospho‐ATR (p‐ATR), phospho‐p53 (p‐p53), phospho‐IKKα/β (p‐IKKα/β), phospho‐p65 (p‐p65), etc. However, the TB‐activated molecular events were counteracted by either knockdown of p53 or p65, and only dual knockdown of both p53 and p65 completed counteracted the anti‐melanoma efficacy of TB. In conclusion, TB triggered DNA damage and thereby inhibited proliferation and induced cellular senescence and apoptosis of melanoma cells through mechanisms mediated by p53/NF‐κB signaling crosstalk. This is the first report on the efficacy and mechanisms of TB on melanoma cells, making TB a promising candidate for anti‐melanoma agent development.
... Based on the beneicial activity of green tea, it is widely used in products like toothpaste and mouthwash related to oral hygiene (Pastoriza et al., 2017) Protection against skin infection: Several studies indicated that green tea extract was efective against various fungal and bacterial skin infections such as acne vulgaris and other breakouts in the skin (Verma et al., 2018). It has been established that green tea polyphenols protect the skin from solar damage and prevent the skin from premature aging and skin cancer (Katiyar, 2003). ...
... Besides its antioxidant effects, silymarin has also been proven as an excellent anti-tumor promoting agent [5][6][7][8], and has additionally been linked to skin cancer prevention. Silymarin consists primarily of a mixture of active flavonolid isomers: silychristin, silydianin, and two groups of diastereoisomers, namely silybins A and B (Sb A, Sb B), and isosilybins A and B (ISb A, ISb B) [9][10][11]. In recent years, the antioxidative, anti-infl ammatory and anti-cancer activities of the isomers of silymarin were elucidated by in vitro and in vivo studies. ...
Silymarin has been used for centuries for its hepatoprotective properties. The specific objective of this study was to evaluate the anti-fatigue properties of silymarin. The silymarin was administered orally at doses of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg for 4 weeks; the fatigue level and exercise performance were evaluated using exhaustive swimming time and pole-climbing time, as well as levels of plasma lactate, ammonia, glucose, creatine kinase (CK), serum urea nitrogen (SUN), blood lactic acid (BLA), muscle glycogen (MG), and liver glycogen (LG) contents after an intensive swimming session. The results demonstrated that silymarin treatment decreased the BLA and SUN levels while increased the LG and MG levels. In addition, silymarin decreased plasma lactate and ammonia levels and CK activity after swimming test, this is related to the mechanism that increases energy storage (as glycogen) and release (as blood glucose), and decreases plasma levels of lactate, ammonia, and CK. The observation of the skeletal muscle structures of mice also confirmed that skeletal muscles became more damaged in the control group compared with the silymarin-treated mice after prolonged endurance exercise. Therefore, it is reasonable to infer that silymarin may bear potential pharmacological effects in combating fatigue.
... Due to its flavanols, studies have shown that the consumption or topical application of green tea reduces adverse effects of UV exposure, including skin damage, lipid peroxidation and erythema [68]. A topical application of green tea polyphenols before sun exposure protects through systemic immune suppression, inhibiting the UVB-induced infiltration of inflammatory leukocytes [69]. On human skin, polyphenols from green tea inhibited the UVB-induced erythema response, lowered the formation of cyclobutane pyrimidines in skin and protected the skin from oxidative stress induced by UVB [70,71]. ...
Skin cancer represents any tumor development from the cutaneous structures within the epidermis, dermis or subcutaneous tissue, and is considered to be the most prevalent type of cancer. Compared to other types of cancer, skin cancer is proven to have a positive growth rate of prevalence and mortality. There are available various treatments, including chemotherapy, immunotherapy, radiotherapy and targeted therapy, but because of the multidrug resistance development, a low success has been registered. By this, the importance of studying naturally occurring compounds that are both safe and effective in the chemoprevention of skin cancer is emphasized. This review focuses on melanoma because it is the deadliest form of skin cancer, with a significantly increasing incidence in the last decades. As chemopreventive agents, we present polyphenols and their antioxidant activity, anti-inflammatory effect, their ability to balance the cell cycle and to induce apoptosis and their various other effects on skin melanoma. Besides chemoprevention, studies suggest that polyphenols can have treating abilities in some conditions. The limitations of using polyphenols are also pointed out, which are related to their poor bioavailability and stability, but as the technology is well developed, it is possible to augment the efficacy of polyphenols in the case of melanoma.
... 11 (Beuth et al., 2006;Chouhan et Durrani et al., 2008;Garg et al., 19 et al., 2017;SaiRam et al., 1997;al., 2003;Talpur and Ikhwanud Upadhyay et al., 1992;van der 1987) Camellia sinensis Alshatwi, 2014;Awad et al., 2013Awad et al., et al., 2017Boskabady et al., 201 et al., 2009;Elkamel and Mosa Elmowalid et al., 2013;Gholamne 2015bGholamne , 2014Gholamne , 2015aHakim et al., et al., 1999;Işık et al., 2010;Kheir 2016;Koshak et al., 2018;Majd al., Carrasco et al., 2009;Dal al., 2019;El-Boshy et al., 2015;and Rohani, 2013;Koo et Mohammadi et al., 2020;Rondan 2017;Sukumaran et al., 2016;W et al., 2002;Zhou et al., 2006Zhou et al., , 2006 ...
Several plants have traditionally been used since antiquity to treat various gastroenteritis and respiratory symptoms similar to COVID-19 outcomes. The common symptoms of COVID-19 include fever or chills, cold, cough, flu, headache, diarrhoea, tiredness/fatigue, sore throat, loss of taste or smell, asthma, shortness of breath, or difficulty breathing, etc. This study aims to find out the plants and plant-derived products which are being used by the COVID-19 infected patients in Bangladesh and how those plants are being used for the management of COVID-19 symptoms. In this study, online and partially in-person survey interviews were carried out among Bangladeshi respondents. We selected Bangladeshi COVID-19 patients who were detected Coronavirus positive (+) by RT-PCR nucleic acid test and later recovered. Furthermore, identified plant species from the surveys were thoroughly investigated for safety and efficacy based on the previous ethnomedicinal usage reports. Based on the published data, they were also reviewed for their significant potentialities as antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory agents. We explored comprehensive information about a total of 26 plant species, belonging to 23 genera and 17 different botanical families, used in COVID-19 treatment as home remedies by the respondents. Most of the plants and plant-derived products were collected directly from the local marketplace. According to our survey results, greatly top 5 cited plant species measured as per the highest RFC value are Camellia sinensis (1.0) > Allium sativum (0.984) > Azadirachta indica (0.966) > Zingiber officinale (0.966) > Syzygium aromaticum (0.943). Previously published ethnomedicinal usage reports, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory activity of the concerned plant species also support our results. Thus, the survey and review analysis simultaneously reveals that these reported plants and plant-derived products might be promising candidates for the treatment of COVID-19. Moreover, this study clarifies the reported plants for their safety during COVID-19 management and thereby supporting them to include in any future pre-clinical and clinical investigation for developing herbal COVID-19 therapeutics.
... Based on the beneficial activity of green tea, it is widely used in products like toothpaste and mouthwash related to oral hygiene (Pastoriza et al., 2017) Protection against skin infection: Several studies indicated that green tea extract was effective against various fungal and bacterial skin infections such as acne vulgaris and other breakouts in the skin (Verma et al., 2018). It has been established that green tea polyphenols protect the skin from solar damage and prevent the skin from premature aging and skin cancer (Katiyar, 2003). ...
The study examines the impact of qualities of board members on the financial performance of listed Deposit Money Banks in Nigeria. The study used secondary data from the annual reports and accounts of a sample of 12 banks for the period of six years from 2012-2017. The study used return on assets (ROA) to measure financial
performance and uses multiple regression to examine the impact of board qualities on financial performance. The study found that multiple directorship has a negative and significant relationship with financial performance of listed deposit money banks in Nigeria, while directors’ remuneration has a positive and significant relationship with the financial
performance of listed deposit money banks. Based on the findings,
the study recommends that regulators should impose restrictions on
the number of outside board membership that a director can hold simultaneously to make him more effective. In addition, good and
sound corporate governance should be put in place to restrict excessive
payments being made to directors and remuneration should be largely
determined by the firm’s performance
... In vitro and in vivo animal and human studies demonstrated that green tea catechins are photoprotective in nature. The clinical trials in humans showed the inhibition of solar ultraviolet B light induced skin disorders such as photoaging, melanoma and non melanoma skin cancers (Katiyar, 2003). ...
... In addition, EGCG reduced the number of infiltrating CD11b + monocytes/ macrophages and neutrophils, which are considered to be responsible for creating the UV-induced immunosuppressive state (Katiyar et al., 1999). Furthermore, it was reported that EGCG protects the skin against the oxidative stress induced by UV exposure by reducing UVB-induced NO and H 2 HO 2 production and decreasing leukocyte infiltration, which plays a role in ROS production (Katiyar, 2003). Zhu et al. demonstrated the antiangiogenic activity of EGCG (5-50 μM) in gastric cancer cells, as shown by the inhibition of IL-6-induced VEGF expression and angiogenesis (B. ...
The occurrence of immune effector cells in the tissue microenvironment during neoplastic progression is critical in determining tumor growth outcomes. On the other hand, tumors may also avoid immune system-mediated elimination by recruiting immunosuppressive leukocytes and soluble factors, which coordinate a tumor microenvironment that counteracts the efficiency of the antitumor immune response. Checkpoint inhibitor therapy results have indicated a way forward via activation of the immune system against cancer. Widespread evidence has shown that different compounds in foods, when administered as purified substances, can act as immunomodulators in humans and animals. Although there is no universally accepted definition of nutraceuticals, the term identifies a wide category of natural compounds that may impact health and disease statuses and includes purified substances from natural sources, plant extracts, dietary supplements, vitamins, phytonutrients, and various products with combinations of functional ingredients.
In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the immunomodulatory effects of nutraceuticals with a special focus on the cancer microenvironment, highlighting the conceptual benefits or drawbacks and subtle cell-specific effects of nutraceuticals for envisioning future therapies employing nutraceuticals as chemoadjuvants.
... It was also proved that external application of EGCG decreased immunosuppressive interleukin (IL)-10 production at UV irradiated skin and draining lymph nodes. Moreover, studies performed on animals revealed that topical application of green tea catechins prior to exposure to UVB protects not only against local but also systemic UVR-induced immune suppression [70]. ...
Studies on the cosmetic applications of plant extracts are increasingly appearing in the scientific literature, which is due to the growing popularity of skincare products around the world. In the light of the observed changes, a return to natural treatment and skincare with cosmetics free of harmful substances or toxic preservatives is visible. Currently, tea extracts, due to their rich composition and various biological actions, play an important role among the dietary supplements and cosmetics. This review is intended to collect the reports on the properties of the tea plant, its extracts and preparations in cosmetology: for skin care products and for the treatment of selected dermatological diseases. Particular attention is paid to its antioxidant, anti-hyaluronidase, anti-inflammatory, slimming, hair-strengthening, photoprotective and sealing blood vessels properties.
... Topical delivery/supplementation of exogenous antioxidants protects the cells against UVR-induced oxidative damage by enhancing endogenous antioxidant activity and maintaining the redox balance of the cells. 51 Maintaining ROS at the basal level prevents the upregulation of tyrosinase activity as well as oxidation of L-tyrosine to DOPA, and DOPA to dopaquinone that ultimately leads to downregulation of melanin biosynthesis. 38,52 In comparison with only UV irradiated cells, AAS or PRS pretreated cells showed significantly low cellular melanin content (Fig. 5) and tyrosinase activity (Fig. 6). ...
Ultraviolet radiation (UVR)-induced redox imbalance in melanocytes triggers activation of tyrosinase that results in melanogenesis and its related skin disorders. Supplementation of biological reductants or anti-tyrosinase compounds inhibits such melanogenesis. Silk sericin (SS), a globular protein is known to possess antioxidant and anti-tyrosinase activity along with other biological attributes. However, its inhibitory activity against UVR-induced melanogenesis is yet to be explored. In the current study, we have scientifically explored the inhibitory activity of SS against UVR-induced melanogenesis. Anti-tyrosinase activity of SS was assessed using mushroom tyrosinase displayed that Antheraea assamensis sericin (AAS) and Philosamia ricini sericin (PRS) inhibited 50% of its activity. Inhibitory activity of SS against UVR-induced melanogenesis was assessed by measuring the cellular melanin content, intracellular tyrosinase activity, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in mouse melanoma. SS pretreatment significantly reduced cellular melanin and ROS production in UV irradiated melanocytes compared with SS untreated cells. AAS treatment before UVA or UVB irradiation significantly inhibited tyrosinase activity. Rheological studies showed that the skin care formulation prepared by the addition of AAS into the basic formulation minimally affected its flow properties. Altogether, our results validate that AAS efficiently inhibited UVR-induced melanogenesis and it could be used as a potential antioxidant molecule in skin care cosmeceutics.
... Several studies with Camellia sinensis suggest that topical application may be potentially effective for atopic dermatitis, acne vulgaris, rosacea, androgenetic alopecia, hirsutism, keloids, genital warts, cutaneous leishmaniasis and candidiasis. [16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25] C. sinensis is a perenne middle bush of Theaceae family, know traditionally with the name of "green tea. " The leaves contain several polyphenols with anti-inflammatory, antiseptic and antioxidant properties. ...
... 18,19 Therefore, supplementation of exogenous antioxidants such as phytonutrients, dietary polyphenols, green tea polyphenols, and tea polyphenols increases endogenous antioxidant activity and thwarts the UV radiationinduced inflammation, immunosuppression, skin cancer, and aging. [20][21][22][23] In addition to antioxidant activity, polyphenols also possess immunomodulatory and vasodilatory properties, which reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. 24 Extracts obtained from silk cocoons are known to possess different biological properties such as antioxidation and inhibition of tumor progression, lipid peroxidation, and elastase and tyrosinase activities. ...
Topical delivery of potent antioxidants maintains the redox balance of the skin, which leads to the downregulation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) expression and prevent UV radiation-induced photoaging. In this study, we aimed to investigate the inhibitory role of silk cocoon extract (SCE) isolated from the Antheraea assamensis (AA), Bombyx mori (BM), and Philosamia ricini (PR) silk varieties against UV radiation-induced MMPs expression. Incubation of elastase and hyaluronidase with Antheraea assamensis silk cocoon extract (AASCE) inhibited their 50% activity. Assessment of total collagen content using Sirius red assay showed that the AASCE (10 µg/mL) and Philosamia ricini silk cocoon extract (PRSCE) (100 µg/mL) post-treatment significantly enhanced total collagen content in UVA1 and UVB irradiated HDF cells. Whereas, BM silk cocoon extract (BMSCE) (100 µg/mL) post-treatment significantly enhanced total collagen content in UVA1-irradiated HDF cells. Gene expression studies showed that AASCE and PRSCE post-treatment downregulated the expression of interleukin (IL)-6 and MMP-1 and upregulated procollagen genes in UV irradiated HDF cells. Gelatin zymography study displayed that AASCE post-treatment downregulated the release of MMP-2 and MMP-9 by HaCaT cells. Overall results validate that the AASCE efficiently shields UV radiation-induced collagen and elastin degradation by downregulation MMPs expression, substantiating its further use as a potent antioxidant complement in the skin care formulations.
... Apart from their polyphenol content, both green and black tea are a natural source of fluoride as well as an effective vehicle for its delivery in the oral cavity. Many studies revealed that by using tea as a mouthwash, approximately 34% of the fluoride is retained and shows a strong binding ability to interact with the oral tissues and their surface integuments [20,21]. ...
... Tea catechins include epicatechin, epicatechin-3-gallate, epigallocatechin and epigallocatechin gallate [78]. These polyphenols have gained interest in recent years because of interesting biological activities, including antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antioxidant and radical scavenging activities [79][80][81][82]. On the basis of their biological properties, green tea polyphenols are generally accepted as having a protective effect against oxidative stress and DNA and cell structures damage induced by a number of environmental toxins/toxicants (pesticides, smoking, mycotoxins, PCB, arsenic [78]); these properties provide the rationale for the use of green tea extracts as functional ingredients of anti-pollution cosmetics. ...
Air pollution is a rising problem in many metropolitan areas around the world. Airborne contaminants are predominantly derived from anthropogenic activities, and include carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, volatile organic compounds, ozone and particulate matter (PM; a mixture of solid and liquid particles of variable size and composition, able to absorb and delivery a large number of pollutants). The exposure to these air pollutants is associated to detrimental effects on human skin, such as premature aging, pigment spot formation, skin rashes and eczema, and can worsen some skin conditions, such as atopic dermatitis. A cosmetic approach to this problem involves the topical application of skincare products containing functional ingredients able to counteract pollution-induced skin damage. Considering that the demand for natural actives is growing in all segments of global cosmetic market, the aim of this review is to describe some commercial cosmetic ingredients obtained from botanical sources able to reduce the impact of air pollutants on human skin with different mechanisms, providing a scientific rationale for their use.
... Vitamin E Neutralization of singlet oxygen in the cell membrane; involvement with membrane stabilization, preventing lipid peroxidation -oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids, such as arachidonic acid from membrane phospholipids, which may lead to rupture of the cell membrane 80,81 Vitamin C Extensive removal of free radicals and repair of oxidized vitamin E bound to the cell membrane 82 Polypodium leucotomos Inhibition of UV induced ROS generation, including superoxide anion 30,83 Lycopene Carotenoid of greater biological action in the neutralization of singlet oxygen 84 Lutein Carotenoid that protects the fibroblasts from UVA-induced oxidative action, also preventing the decrease of the antioxidant enzymes catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD) 85,86 Resveratrol Inhibition of UV-induced oxidative and mutagenic action to DNA 87,88 Epigallocatechin gallate (green tea) Flavonoid with broad scavenging action of free radicals, inhibiting the production of ROS and lipid peroxidation products, in addition to protecting the endogenous antioxidative systems 89,90 Lipoic acid Repair of endogenous antioxidant systems, free radical neutralizer 91 Delphinidin Inhibition of lipid peroxidation and formation of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), marker of oxidative stress to DNA and carcinogenesis 92 Coenzyme Q10 Reduction of the production of free radicals and regeneration of vitamin E; reduction of keratinocyte DNA damage and UVA-induced metalloproteinase production in the fibroblasts; reduction of mitochondrial oxidative damage 43,93 charT 1: Main molecules with antioxidant action, both topical and oral, of prescription in Dermatology ...
The skin cells continuously produce, through cellular respiration, metabolic processes or under external aggressions, highly reactive molecules oxidation products, generally called free radicals. These molecules are immediately neutralized by enzymatic and non-enzymatic systems in a physiological and dynamic balance. In situations where this balance is broken, various cellular structures, such as the cell membrane, nuclear or mitochondrial DNA may suffer structural modifications, triggering or worsening skin diseases. several substances with alleged antioxidant effects has been offered for topical or oral use, but little is known about their safety, possible associations and especially their mechanism of action. The management of topical and oral antioxidants can help dermatologist to intervene in the oxidative processes safely and effectively, since they know the mechanisms, limitations and potential risks of using these molecules as well as the potential benefits of available associations.
... The human skin is an effective barrier against physical, chemical and environmental pollutants [172,174]. Skin cancer is one of the major problems in Australia and USA: about 2.5% men and 1.7% women in Australia and 55% population of the USA are suffering from skin cancer [7]. In the USA, there are one million cases of new skin cancer recognized per year [144]. ...
... MMP-1 is known to induce dermal collagen degradation and preferentially degrades type I collagen, the most abundant structural protein in the skin, which is synthesized primarily by dermal fibroblasts and related with resiliency and strength of the skin (Gelse, Pöschl, & Aigner, 2003). Hence, it is not surprising that UVB-induced photodamage is an emerging area of research, with special focus on ways of arresting collagen degradation and collagenase activation (Bae et al., 2008;Katiyar, 2003). ...
Cod skin gelatin hydrolysates (CGH) could serve as a source of peptides with anti-photoaging activity. To prepare CGH, alkaline protease and trypsin were used for enzymatic hydrolysis. The anti-photoaging effects of CGH were evaluated using a UVB-induced mouse skin fibroblasts photoaging model in vitro. CGH could efficiently inhibit the expression of MMP-1, especially at the concentration of 0.1 mg/mL, in the fibroblasts irradiated with UVB of 20 mJ/cm². In addition, the MMP-1 inhibitory peptides were purified using ion-exchange chromatography and RP-HPLC. The fractions which exhibited the highest activity, were identified using LC-ESI-MS/MS. Finally, two peptides GEIGPSGGRGKPGKDGDAGPK and GFSGLDGAKGD were found to exhibit a significant inhibition of MMP-1, p-ERK and p-p38 and the first purified peptide significantly inhibited p-JNK in MAPK signaling pathways. Therefore, this study provided a scientific basis for the preparation of MMP-1 inhibitory peptides and bioactive peptides can be used as functional supplements for marine skin protection products.
... Given the important role of oxidative stress in arsenic-related immunosuppression and apoptosis, ROS scavengers or antioxidants may be a promising approach for modulating the immunotoxic response. It has been reported that EGCG acts as an antioxidant and immune booster both in vivo and in vitro [37]. Thus, we speculated that EGCG might play an important role in arsenic-related disorders. ...
Background/aims:
Exposure to arsenic in individuals has been found to be associated with various health-related problems including skin lesions, cancer, and cardiovascular and immunological disorders. (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), the main and active polyphenolic catechin present in green tea, has shown potent antioxidant, anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory activity in vivo and in vitro. Thus, the present study was conducted to investigate the protective effects of EGCG against arsenic-induced inflammation and immunotoxicity in mice.
Methods:
Serum IL-1?, IL-6 and TNF-? were determined by ELISA, tissue catalase (CAT), malonyldialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), nitric oxide and caspase 3 by commercial kits, mitochondrial membrane potential with Rh 123, mitochondrial ROS with 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCFH-DA), apoptotic and necrotic cells and T-cell phenotyping with Flow cytometry analysis.
Results:
The results showed that arsenic treatment significantly increased oxidative stress levels (as indicated by catalase, malonyldialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, glutathione and reactive oxygen species), increased levels of inflammatory cytokines and promoted apoptosis. Arsenic exposure increased the relative frequency of the CD8+(Tc) cell subpopulation (from 2.8 to 18.9%) and decreased the frequency of CD4+(Th) cells (from 5.2 to 2.7%). Arsenic exposure also significantly decreased the frequency of T(CD3) (from 32.5% to 19.2%) and B(CD19) cells (from 55.1 to 32.5%). All of these effects induced by NaAsO2 were attenuated by EGCG.
Conclusions:
The present in vitro findings indicate that EGCG attenuates not only NaAsO2-induced immunosuppression but also inflammation and apoptosis.
... In humans also, topical application of EGCG has been found to inhibit UV light-induced skin cancer formation by decreasing erythema, oxidative stress, pyrimidine dimer formation and reducing the infiltration of leukocytes involved in inflammation [56]. ...
Melanoma is one of the most aggressive types of skin cancer with rapidly increasing incidence rate. The disease is largely considered incurable and the patients diagnosed with metastatic melanoma have a survival of not more than five years. Despite of the recent advances in anti-melanoma chemo- and immunotherapies, the available drugs are relatively toxic and responsive to only a limited subset of lesions. Currently, topical pharmacotherapy is demonstrated as an effective approach for the treatment of various skin cancers. Also, in vitro testing of melanoma cell lines and murine melanoma models has identified a number of relatively safe and effective phytochemicals. In this review, we described the use of topical pharmacotherapy for the treatment of skin cancers. Melanoma treatment by drugs targeting MAPK-pathway has also been discussed. Long non-coding RNAs and therapeutics targeting ER-associated pathways looks quite promising for the treatment of melanoma. Moreover, some natural anticancer compounds that have been reported to have anti-melanoma effects have also been described. At present a better understanding of genetics and epigenetics of initiation and progression of melanoma is needed for the identification of novel biomarkers and development of targeted therapeutics against melanoma.
... Antioxidants were reported to attenuate the activation of MAPK signalling [12][13][14], and this journal also signifying that the MAPKs are potential objects of ROS for treatment of UV-induced skin damage. The green tea polyphenols prevented UV induced oxidative damage and MMPs expression in keratinocytes and mouse skin by its antioxidant and immunomodulatory effects [15,16]. Dietary administration of proanthocyanidins extracted from grape seed suppressed UVB induced skin pigmentation and photo-carcinogenesis and in animal model [17,18]. ...
Solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation-induced reactive oxidative species is mainly responsible for the development of photoageing. Rosmarinic acid was one of the main bioactive components detected in Thymus vulgaris (TV) we extracted. In this study, UVB-induced skin damages have been shown to be ameliorated by treatment with TV in hairless mice (HR-1) skin, demonstrated by decreased matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and increased collagen production. However, the underlying molecular mechanism on which TV acted was unclear. We examined the photoprotective effects of TV against UVB and elucidated the molecular mechanism in normal human dermal fibroblasts. Thymus vulgaris remarkably prevented the UVB-induced reactive oxygen species and lactate dehydrogenase. Dose-dependent increase in glutathione, NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase1 and heme oxygenase-1, by TV was confirmed by increased nuclear accumulation of Nrf2. Furthermore, 5-Methoxyindole-2-carboxylic acid was introduced as a specific inhibitor of dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase (DLD). We demonstrated that Nrf2 expression was regulated by DLD, which was a tricarboxylic acid cycle-associated protein that decreased after UVB exposure. Besides, TV significantly diminished UVB induced phosphorylation of mitogen activated protein kinases pathway, containing extracellular signal-regulated kinase, Jun N-terminal kinase and p38, which consequently reduced phosphorylated c-fos and c-jun. Our results suggest that TV is a potential botanical agent for use against UV radiation-induced oxidative stress mediated skin damages.
... In accordance with this, our experimental result showed that there were a large number of CPDs-positive cells after UVB irradiation, and the highest number was observed at 8 h, and it gradually decreased with time. Several studies found that some antioxidants, such as green tea polyphenols and retinyl esters, have a positive contribution to the removal of CPDs [22,23]. We found that topical SOP application on UVBirradiated skin significantly decreased the number of CPDspositive cells compared with that of UVB group, indicating that topical SOP application accelerated the removal of CPDs. ...
Aim . We explored the effects of soy oligopeptides (SOP) in ultraviolet B- (UVB-) induced acute photodamage of human skin in vivo and foreskin ex vivo . Methods . We irradiated the forearm with 1.5 minimal erythemal dose (MED) of UVB for 3 consecutive days, establishing acute photodamage of skin, and topically applied SOP. Erythema index (EI), melanin index, stratum corneum hydration, and transepidermal water loss were measured by using Multiprobe Adapter 9 device. We irradiated foreskin ex vivo with the same dose of UVB (180 mJ/cm 2 ) for 3 consecutive days and topically applied SOP. Sunburn cells were detected by using hematoxylin and eosin staining. Apoptotic cells were detected by using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling assay. Cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs), p53 protein, Bax protein, and Bcl-2 protein were detected by using immunohistochemical staining. Results . Compared with UVB group, UVB-irradiated skin with topically applied SOP showed significantly decreased EI. Compared with UVB group, topical SOP significantly increased Bcl-2 protein expression and decreased CPDs-positive cells, sunburn cells, apoptotic cells, p53 protein expression, and Bax protein expressions in the epidermis of UVB-irradiated foreskin. Conclusion . Our study demonstrated that topical SOP can protect human skin against UVB-induced photodamage.
... It was to be associated with the induction of growth inhibition due to the cell cycle arrest, in which DNA is in a more packaged form and less accessible to DNA-damaging factors. The protection of skin against UV-induced DNA damage was reported for several substances, including retinyl esters, synthetic UV filters, polyphenols extracted from green tea, genistein and others, which could absorb UV radiation [124][125][126][127]. However, this mechanism could not be taken into account in considering the protective action of 1,25VD3 against UV-induced DNA damage due to small size of the vitamin and lack of UV-absorbing residues. ...
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is involved in almost all skin cancer cases, but on the other hand, it stimulates the production of pre-vitamin D3, whose active metabolite, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25VD3), plays important physiological functions on binding with its receptor (vitamin D receptor, VDR). UV-induced DNA damages in the form of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers or (6-4)-pyrimidine-pyrimidone photoproducts are frequently found in skin cancer and its precursors. Therefore, removing these lesions is essential for the prevention of skin cancer. As UV-induced DNA damages are repaired by nucleotide excision repair (NER), the interaction of 1,25VD3 with NER components can be important for skin cancer transformation. Several studies show that 1,25VD3 protects DNA against damage induced by UV, but the exact mechanism of this protection is not completely clear. 1,25VD3 was also shown to affect cell cycle regulation and apoptosis in several signaling pathways, so it can be considered as a potential modulator of the cellular DNA damage response, which is crucial for mutagenesis and cancer transformation. 1,25VD3 was shown to affect DNA repair and potentially NER through decreasing nitrosylation of DNA repair enzymes by NO overproduction by UV, but other mechanisms of the interaction between 1,25VD3 and NER machinery also are suggested. Therefore, the array of NER gene functioning could be analyzed and an appropriate amount of 1.25VD3 could be recommended to decrease UV-induced DNA damage important for skin cancer transformation.
Objective
Green tea extracts are utilized widely within the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries given the large amount of evidence supporting a diverse range of health benefits. The cosmetic effects of green tea extracts depend on manufacturing methods, and a viable green tea extract exhibiting a diverse functional portfolio to meet consumer demands for comprehensive skin benefits is lacking. To fully capture the diverse nature of skincare products, a novel assay was developed to identify the impact of green tea extracts on the relationship between immune cell function and dermal microorganisms. Accordingly, the present study investigated the effect of a Camellia sinensis Leaf Extract (CSLE) on in vitro mechanisms and in vivo indicators of skin health and well‐being. This study provides the first evidence of CSLE's immunomodulatory properties on skin microorganisms via dendritic cell signalling molecules, in addition to enhancing relaxation through alpha brainwave activity with topical CSLE application.
Methods
In vitro and in chemico pre‐clinical experiments were implemented to determine the immunomodulatory, detoxification, anti‐inflammatory and antioxidant properties of CSLE. Additionally, in vivo clinical studies were performed to examine the impact of topical CSLE application on acute and residual mood states, skin hydration, barrier function, rejuvenation and facial skin health.
Results
Pre‐clinical investigations illustrated CSLE augmented the ability of signalling molecules released from dendritic cells to kill detrimental microorganisms while maintaining commensal microorganisms commonly found on the skin. Furthermore, CSLE increased cellular detoxification, reduced inflammation and exhibited potent antioxidant capacity. Regarding clinical studies, acute topical CSLE application enhanced relaxation and improved residual feelings of self‐worth and mood while augmenting skin hydration, barrier function and rejuvenation. Moreover, long‐term CSLE application improved facial skin health and lowered skin age.
Conclusion
Collectively, CSLE retains detoxification, anti‐inflammatory and antioxidant properties while improving mood states, skin hydration, skin barrier function, skin rejuvenation and facial skin health. Notably, we provide the first evidence of CSLE's immunomodulatory properties on skin microorganisms via dendritic cell signalling molecules, in addition to enhancing relaxation through alpha brainwave activity with topical CSLE application. Overall, the present investigation demonstrates CSLE elicits a diverse and comprehensive efficacy portfolio for utilization in skincare products.
Skin diseases encompass various conditions that affect the skin, ranging from infections and inflammations to genetic disorders and malignancies. These diseases pose significant health challenges and profoundly impact the quality of life, leading to psychological and social consequences. Understanding the underlying mechanisms of skin diseases is critical for developing effective treatment strategies. In recent years, dietary antioxidants have garnered attention for their potential role in mitigating skin diseases by combating oxidative stress. This chapter aims to delve into the intricate mechanisms of prevalent skin diseases, review the current treatment modalities, and explore the role of dietary antioxidants in promoting skin health. By providing a comprehensive analysis of the existing scientific literature, this chapter offers valuable insights into the pathophysiology of skin diseases and the therapeutic potential of antioxidants.
Topical sunscreens and the UV filters in them have achieved mainstream significance in today’s age. Many advances have occurred in sunscreen science, making this space vibrant and exciting. Inorganic filters include titanium dioxide and zinc oxide, with a potential new entrant into the space, cerium salts, in the future. Among chemical sunscreens, bemotrizinol awaits US FDA approval as the first chemical filter to undergo the Maximum Usage Trial (MUsT) process. Newer proprietary filters such as Methoxypropylamino Cyclohexenylidene Ethoxyethylcyanoacetate (MCE) and Phenylene Bis-Diphenyltriazine (Triazorb) and the anticipated HAA-299 filter are all expected to enhance sun protection from the new age sunscreens, by providing more coverage in the UVA region to achieve spectral homeostasis. Further addition of antioxidants and tints, which can further reach into the visible light and the infrared region, may be of great clinical significance to preventing pigmentary conditions in SOC. This chapter gives a comprehensive but simple overview of the UV filters from inorganic filters to chemical filters to just discovered agents with protective properties in the solar spectrum.
Kosmetik: Merujuk pada produk-produk perawatan kulit dan kecantikan yang digunakan untuk memperbaiki atau mempertahankan kondisi kulit dan penampilan fisik secara umum. Ini termasuk produk seperti krim pelembab, pembersih wajah, sunscreen, lipstick, dan lain-lain. Produk kosmetik fokus pada perbaikan estetika dan penampilan, dan dapat digunakan oleh siapa saja tanpa resep dokter.
Kosmeseutical: Istilah ini merupakan gabungan dari “kosmetik” dan “farmasi”. Kosmeseutical mengacu pada produk-produk yang memiliki manfaat kosmetik tetapi juga dirancang untuk menyediakan perawatan khusus bagi kondisi medis tertentu, seperti jerawat, sensitivitas kulit, atau penuaan. Produk-produk ini mungkin mengandung bahan-bahan aktif yang diakui secara ilmiah untuk membantu mengatasi masalah kulit tertentu, sering kali lebih kuat atau lebih konsentrasi daripada produk kosmetik biasa.
Milk thistle (Silybum marianum) is well-known for its antioxidant activity due to the presence of silymarin. Albeit some studies show a potential for skin inflammation, its activity against dermal MMP-9 and MMP-2 remains to be studied. Silymarin isolated from an S. marianum herbal extract was tested for gelatinase inhibition in the presence of isolated MMP-9 and in dermal adenocarcinome HaCaT cells. Silymarin was then further tested in vivo, using a cutaneous inflammation mice model mediated by reactive oxygen species. Silymarin was able to significantly inhibit gelatinolytic activity in vitro without impairing cell growth and viability. Furthermore, inhibition was more pronounced in cells than with the isolated gelatinase, suggesting an additional effect upon metabolic pathways. In vivo, silymarin was able to reduce ear edema up to 74% and attenuated histological lesions. Results highlight silymarin potential for application in skin inflammatory disorders via gelatinase inhibition.
In this study, emulsification process were conducted to manufacture the natural sunscreen from raw materials such as shea butter, olive emulsifier wax, and green tea extract. The emulsification was optimized by using the central composite design
model-response surface methodology (CCD-RSM) where the response values were established as the mean droplet size (MDS) and emulsion stability index (ESI) after 7 days in addition to UV absorbance at 300nm. The amount of emulsifier and addi-
tives and emulsification time were established as operating variables and the optimal conditions of sunscreen emulsification were accepted as 3.70, 2.47 wt.%, and 15.42 min, respectively according to the result of CCD-RSM. On the other hand, the response values were estimated as 1173.80 nm and 99.56% for MDS and ESI, respectively, after 7 days, in addition to UV absorbance at 300 nm (2.47). The average error from actual experiments was a low level as about 3.0 ± 1.5%, which is
mainly due to the fact that the optimization using CCD-RSM applied in this study was in the relatively high significant level.
The latest trend in textile industry promotes products with added value that provide additional comfort to users and have a focus on health in terms of use. In that sense, biofunctional and intelligent textile products with different types of applications for improving the lifestyle of the modern consumer stand out. Cosmetic textile is a high-performance textile which represents a fusion of textile material with cosmetics. The main challenges in the manufacture of such products are the selection of products with a cosmetic effect for a particular purpose, storage of agents in the structure of the textile, the rate of release of the agent on the skin and the stability of the agent to the maintenance procedures of textiles and clothing. This paper provides an overview of cosmetic agents for application on textiles, methods of their storage and release and the techniques applicable on textile. Finally, a range of commercially available cosmetic textile products is presented.
Skin cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer worldwide. Understanding the natural history of skin cancer provides the framework for the creation of prevention and control strategies that aim to reduce the skin cancer burden. Based on the target (individual vs. population), disease stage, and risk factors (modifiable vs. non-modifiable), strategies can be categorized into four levels, including health promotion (aka primordial prevention), primary prevention, secondary prevention, and tertiary prevention. This is the first of a two-part review, which will cover the epidemiology, risk factors, primordial prevention, and primary prevention of melanoma and keratinocyte skin cancers. In particular, we highlight preventive strategies centered on mitigating the impact of modifiable risk factors as well as potential interventions for health promotion and primary prevention of skin cancer. Summaries of existing recommendations, challenges, opportunities, and future directions are also discussed.
There has been considerable research in recent years on dietary factors and/or nutritional elements that might impact melanoma risk. A wide variety of dietary compounds have been studied, but only a selected group will be discussed in this review. Many have promising in vitro evidence supporting their potential, and some have been associated with decreased melanoma risk in epidemiologic studies; however, data from randomized controlled trials in humans are lacking. Future studies may be able to clarify the potential role of dietary components in melanoma risk reduction.
Green tea polyphenols (GTPs) are regarded as anticancer substance and have been revealed to play significant roles in the development of malignant melanoma. However, the mechanisms by which GTPs perform anti‐carcinogenic activity are not well elucidated. Cellular function assays revealed that GTPs inhibited melanoma cell proliferation, migration, invasion, EMT, and promoted apoptosis in vitro. Circ_MITF expression was elevated in melanoma tissues and cells, but was decreased by GTPs in cells. Functional experiments indicated circ_MITF overexpression reversed the anticancer effects of GTPs on melanoma cells. Then the underlying mechanism analysis suggested that circ_MITF served as a sponge for miR‐30e‐3p to up‐regulate the level of HDAC2. MiR‐30e‐3p re‐expression attenuated the regulatory effects of circ_MITF on GTPs‐treated melanoma cells. Silencing of miR‐30e‐3p promoted the malignant phenotypes in GTPs‐treated melanoma cells, which were reversed by HDAC2 knockdown. Pre‐clinically, administration of GTPs suppressed the expression of downstream target genes, and repressed tumorigenesis of xenografts in nude mice. In all, GTPs suppressed melanoma progression by regulating circ_MITF/miR‐30e‐3p/HDAC2 axis, providing a potential therapeutic strategy for human malignant melanoma intervention. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1155/2014/860479.].
Background: Tea (Camellia sinensis, Theaceae) is the second most consumed beverage in the world. Green tea is the least processed and thus contain rich antioxidant level, and believed to have most of the health benefits.
Methods: We commenced to search bibliographic collection of peer reviewed research articles and review articles to meet the objective of this study.
Results: From this study, we found that the tea beverage contains catechins are believed to have a wide range of health benefits which includes neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, antiulcer, antiviral, antibacterial, and anti-parasitic effects. The four major catechin compounds of green tea are epigallocatechin (EGC), epicatechin (EC), epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), and epicatechin gallate (ECG), of which EGCG is the major constituent and representing 50-80% of the total catechin content. And also contain xanthine derivatives such as caffeine, theophylline, and theobromine, and the glutamide derivative theanine. It also contains many nutritional components, such as vitamin E, vitamin C, fluoride, and potassium. We sum up the various green tea phytoconstituents, extraction methods, and its medicinal applications.
Conclusion: In this review article, we have summarized the pharmacological importance of green tea catechin which includes antioxidant potential, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anticancer, antidiabetic and cosmetic application.
The statement “Beauty from within” perhaps best describes the field or purpose of Nutricosmetics. Though considered a niche market in the West, the realization that skin health is affected by inner health is not new. The skin is the largest organ of the body and it not only provides cover and protection to inner organs, it also
acts as a secondary organ of elimination. Whatever we eat or enters through the gastrointestinal tract is in some way expressed on the skin, hence the phrase “We are what we eat” makes sense. Even ordinary skin problems such as acne, rashes, dryness, or oily skin can be traced back to the food we eat. Today Nutricosmetics is viewed as a hybrid field of Cosmeceutical and Nutraceuticals. In this chapter we
will be discussing the nutricosmetic potential of selected botanicals, their activities, and the formulation of concepts using these botanicals.
Precancer or intraepithelial neoplasia (IEN) is a noninvasive lesion that has genetic abnormalities, loss of cellular control functions, and some phenotypic characteristics of invasive cancer and that predicts for a substantial likelihood of developing invasive cancer. The AACR Task Force on the Treatment and Prevention of IEN has delineated the relationship between IEN and cancer risk as well as the clinical benefit that can be derived from reducing IEN burden. Although several effective endoscopic and surgical treatments for IEN have become standard medical practice, these interventions can confer morbidity and do not treat the entire epithelial field at risk. The incidence of many epithelial cancers is continuing to rise, the number of individuals at risk is increasing with the aging population, and the rapid advancement of imaging and molecular diagnostics is bringing to light precancers that were heretofore clinically silent. There is therefore an urgent need to rapidly develop new treatment and prevention agents for IEN. The AACR IEN Task Force recommends focusing on established precancers as the target for new agent development because of the close association between dysplasia and invasive cancer and because a convincing reduction in IEN burden provides patient benefit by reducing cancer risk and/or by decreasing the need for invasive interventions. The IEN Task Force proposes several clinical trial designs that provide practical and feasible approaches to the rapid development of new agents to treat and prevent precancer.
Although different theories have been proposed to explain the aging process, it is generally agreed that there is a correlation between aging and the accumulation of oxidatively damaged proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Oxidatively modified proteins have been shown to increase as a function of age. Studies reveal an age-related increase in the level of protein carbonyl content, oxidized methionine, protein hydrophobicity, and cross-linked and glycated proteins as well as the accumulation of less active enzymes that are more susceptible to heat inactivation and proteolytic degredation. Factors that decelerate protein oxidation also increase the life span of animals and vice versa. Furthermore, a number of age-related diseases have been shown to be associated with elevated levels of oxidatively modified proteins. The chemistry of reactive oxygen species-mediated protein modification will be discussed. The accumulation of oxidatively modified proteins may reflect deficiencies in one or more parameters of a complex function that maintains a delicate balance between the presence of a multiplicity of prooxidants, antioxidants, and repair, replacement, or elimination of biologically damaged proteins.