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Endocrine Reactions During Stress.*
... Organisms respond to threats by activating a set of processes collectively referred to as the stress response (Selye, 1956;Chrousos, 1998). These processes aim to preserve body homeostasis and rely heavily on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis (Charmandari et al., 2005). ...
... We observed that an encounter with a potent stressor suppressed feeding without causing altered locomotion, oxygen consumption and visual reactions, indicating that the onset of stress can directly alter the larvae's motivation to feed, thus prompting a state stressor-mediated anorexia. Our observations are in line with the fact that, except upon initial contact with a stressor or under severe conditions of prolonged stress (Selye, 1956;Clark et al., 2011), tightly regulated bodily functions like motor control, energy balance and mechanisms for weighting external stimuli tend not to exceed their normal limits of variation (Selye, 1950;Teichner, 1968). The results are relevant for several reasons. ...
The relationship between stress and food consumption has been well documented in adults but less so in developing vertebrates. Here we demonstrate that an encounter with a stressor can suppress food consumption in larval zebrafish. Furthermore, we provide indication that food intake suppression cannot be accounted for by changes in locomotion, oxygen consumption and visual responses, as they remain unaffected after exposure to a potent stressor. We also show that feeding reoccurs when basal levels of cortisol (stress hormone in humans and teleosts) are re-established. The results present evidence that the onset of stress can switch off the drive for feeding very early in vertebrate development, and add a novel endpoint for analyses of metabolic and behavioral disorders in an organism suitable for high-throughput genetics and non-invasive brain imaging.
... In updating the present knowledge, we will also refer to some last-century seminal studies performed on cold-blooded vertebrates that contributed to this concept. (Selye, 1956). As a paradigm of a stressed-injured organ, he described the electrolyte-steroid cardiomyopathy, which revealed the heart not only as a complex self-regulating mechano-chemical transducer but also as an integrative interface between the autonomic nerve terminal-released neurotransmitters and the circulating endocrine-humoral substances. ...
... Perhaps one of the most important of such roles is represented by the refinement of a flexible 'whip and brake' system, as first identified in the antagonistic actions of the SNS and the parasympathetic counterpart by Cannon in his 'wisdom of the body' view (Cannon, 1932) and more recently revisited in the concept of counterregulators in 'zero steady-state error' homeostasis (Koeslag, 1999). Indeed, since the formulation of the 'stress response' theory (Selye, 1936) and Selye's recognition of visceral organ dysfunction (Selye, 1956), the heart has been identified as a striking paradigm of a stress-injured organ. Extensive literature has now confirmed the major role of the peripheral limbs of the stress system (the SNS, the increased CA levels and the HPA axis) in maintaining the stress-related cardiac homeostasis, enlightening the relevant clinical implications. ...
In the past 50 years, extensive evidence has shown the ability of vertebrate cardiac non-neuronal cells to synthesize and release catecholamines (CA). This formed the mindset behind the search for the intrinsic endocrine heart properties, culminating in 1981 with the discovery of the natriuretic peptides (NP). CA and NP, co-existing in the endocrine secretion granules and acting as major cardiovascular regulators in health and disease, have become of great biomedical relevance for their potent diagnostic and therapeutic use. The concept of the endocrine heart was later enriched by the identification of a growing number of cardiac hormonal substances involved in organ modulation under normal and stress-induced conditions. Recently, chromogranin A (CgA), a major constituent of the secretory granules, and its derived cardio-suppressive and antiadrenergic peptides, vasostatin-1 and catestatin, were shown as new players in this framework, functioning as cardiac counter-regulators in 'zero steady-state error' homeostasis, particularly under intense excitatory stimuli, e.g. CA-induced myocardial stress. Here, we present evidence for the hypothesis that is gaining support, particularly among human cardiologists. The actions of CA, NP and CgA, we argue, may be viewed as a hallmark of the cardiac capacity to organize 'whip-brake' connection-integration processes in spatio-temporal networks. The involvement of the nitric oxide synthase (NOS)/nitric oxide (NO) system in this configuration is discussed. The use of fish and amphibian paradigms will illustrate the ways that incipient endocrine-humoral agents have evolved as components of cardiac molecular loops and important intermediates during evolutionary transitions, or in a distinct phylogenetic lineage, or under stress challenges. This may help to grasp the old evolutionary roots of these intracardiac endocrine/paracrine networks and how they have evolved from relatively less complicated designs. The latter can also be used as an intellectual tool to disentangle the experimental complexity of the mammalian and human endocrine hearts, suggesting future investigational avenues.
... As with the changing environment, all organisms are continuously confronted with stressful stimuli that may disturb the physiologic balance of the body. To cope with stress, dynamic regulation sys-tems have evolved to maintain or to restore the neuroendocrine, immune, and behavioral homeostasis (3)(4)(5). The peripheral stress regulating systems of mammals are the sympathetic and parasympathetic autonomous nervous system and the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis (3,6,7). ...
... Acute stress that lasts for minutes to hours induces the physiologic fight-or-flight reaction. The sympathetic nervous system becomes rapidly activated even before the HPA axis responds (4,5). Glucocorticoids reach their maximal biological effects some minutes to hours after the initiating stimulus (3). ...
In this study, we analyzed seasonal variations of immunoreactivity using a model of septic shock and a model of immunosuppression induced by chronic stress in mice.
Retrospective comparative study using animals of experiments performed between 2001 and 2006 to identify seasonal variations in inflammatory responsiveness of mice.
University-based research laboratory.
C57Bl/6 mice and BALB/c mice.
For analyzing septic shock, we used the hyperinflammatory model of colon ascendens stent peritonitis. Immunosuppression was induced by 4.5 days of intermittent combined acoustic and restraint stress.
We show that mice kept with 12:12-hr light/dark rhythm had an enhanced risk to die of experimentally-induced hyperinflammatory peritonitis performed in summer or autumn compared with the other seasons. This finding was associated with an exaggerated proinflammatory response of C57Bl/6 mice in summer or autumn compared with moderate inflammatory reactivity in winter and spring. Consistent with these results, we report that the severity of a stress-induced immunosuppression is less pronounced in BALB/c mice that were exposed to chronic psychological stress in the summer compared with exposure in winter. Coping with chronic psychological stress of these animals was correlated with less pronounced corticosterone release, less severe lymphocytopenia, and a lower ex vivo inducibility of interleukin-10, thereby attenuating a stress-mediated immunosuppressive state. Mice subjected to chronic stress in the summer season showed increased coping compared with mice that were stressed in the winter season.
Our results suggest that seasonal changes of the host's hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis response influence the risk of infection and the susceptibility to stress, which interferes with the outcome after infection.
... Stress as a response by Selye (1956) established that stress can manifest asa response. Within his stress model, he elucidated the manner in which stress engenders physiological patterns. ...
The fast-paced and demanding food service industry faces challenges like employee conflict, workplace stress, and high turnover intentions, which impact both employee well-being and business performance. This study examines the causal relationships among employee conflict, work stress, and turnover intention using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). A sample of 237 food service restaurant workers from Pampanga, Philippines, was selected via purposive sampling. Data were collected using a survey instrument with rating scales. The study evaluated the model’s fit, internal reliability, and construct validity using confirmatory factor analysis. Path analysis revealed a moderate fit of the model to the data, indicating acceptable reliability and validity. Findings showed a direct positive effect of employee conflict on turnover intention, with work stress having an indirect influence. Recommendations include the following: implementing conflict resolution and stress management programs, improving communication, offering flexible work hours, task management, employee assistance programs, rewards, and career advancement opportunities. Due to geographical limitations, future studies should also employ qualitative or mixed methods and longitudinal designs to examine these effects over time.
... Maintaining homeostasis amid stressors necessitates physiological and behavioral adaptations (Chrousos 1998). Stress, as defined by Selye (1956), denotes a non-specific physiological reaction to stressors. Particularly, within high-risk occupations like the military or law-enforcement performance under stress is a central research focus (Nindl et al. 2018;Beckner et al. 2022). ...
Close Quarters Battle (CQB) is a highly challenging and relevant ability, especially with the increasing frequency of urban operations. Evaluating the impact of CQB training on performance and stress response can inform effective training approaches for different training levels. This study assessed the effects of a compact CQB training program on the tactical performance and physiological stress responses of police special forces and soldiers. A sample of N = 35 participants (n = 18 police special forces) conducted a CQB training and a pre-and post-CQB performance test (standardized eye-tracking and video-based evaluation by two experts). The stress response was measured during (heart rate), before, and after CQB (sali-vary αlpha-amylase and cortisol samples). The results indicated that the training enhanced the performance of specialized and non-specialized forces, particularly evident in tactical behavior, while response time and gaze behavior did not improve. Stress responses decreased post-training, and a positive correlation was found between the anticipatory stress response and pre-training performance. A CQB compact training proved effective in performance enhancement and stress reduction, with gaze behavior indicating in-depth CQB expertise. Moreover, the results indicated that a heightened anticipatory stress response enhances performance. These insights support the development of CQB training programs tailored for both novices and experts, using tactical behavior, weapon handling, gaze behavior, and response time as evaluation metrics. Gaze behavior, in particular, proved to be a reliable indicator of CQB mastery and can be leveraged for personnel selection and training assessments.
... The stress response, which consists of a complex interplay between elements of the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral systems such the endocrine, immunological, and cardiovascular systems, is triggered by exposure to environmental, physical, or physiological stressors [16]. The anterior pituitary gland, the cortex of the adrenal gland, and the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus regulate how the body reacts to stress in normal physiology. ...
Phytosterols (PS), commonly referred to as plant sterols, are naturally occurring chemicals found in plants that resemble cholesterol in structure but have an additional methyl (campesterol) or ethyl (β-sitosterol) group in the side chain. The present review was based on the regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis by phytosterol: actions and mechanism of action. PS have been shown to have endocrine-disrupting properties, and studies on humans, rats, mice, goldfish (Carassius auratus), and Japanese quail have all reported experiencing this effect. Dietary PS has been shown to accumulate in the brain lately. Dietary β-sitosterol has the ability to cross the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and build up permanently in the membranes of brain cells. The stress response, which consists of a complex interplay between elements of the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral systems such the endocrine, immunological, and cardiovascular systems, is triggered by exposure to environmental, physical, or physiological stressors. Under stressful circumstances, the HPA axis mediates the physiological maintenance of homeostasis. In conclusion, adult male quails fed PS alone had lower testosterone concentrations in their plasma and pituitary without appreciably changing their levels of LH. Furthermore, LH release from the pituitary gland and testosterone release from the testes were both markedly increased by cGnRH-1 stimulation. In contrast to control animals, quails fed PS had lower amounts of testosterone and LH.
... External and internal stressors, including environmental, physiological and psychological factors lead to the activation of the stress response, which involves the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis [1][2][3] . While acute and transient HPA axis activation has an adaptive function 4 , prolonged and repeated cortisol exposure may provoke long-term physiological alterations leading to pathological conditions affecting the cardiovascular, metabolic, immune and nervous systems 5 . ...
Aim of this study was to analyse the associations of cardiovascular health and adrenal gland volume as a rather new imaging biomarker of chronic hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis activation. The study population originates from the KORA population-based cross-sectional prospective cohort. 400 participants without known cardiovascular disease underwent a whole-body MRI. Manual segmentation of adrenal glands was performed on VIBE-Dixon gradient-echo sequence. MRI based evaluation of cardiac parameters was achieved semi-automatically. Cardiometabolic risk factors were obtained through standardized interviews and medical examination. Univariate and multivariate associations were derived. Bi-directional causal mediation analysis was performed. 351 participants were eligible for analysis (56 ± 9.1 years, male 58.7%). In multivariate analysis, significant associations were observed between adrenal gland volume and hypertension (outcome hypertension: Odds Ratio = 1.11, 95% CI [1.01, 1.21], p = 0.028), left ventricular remodelling index (LVRI) (outcome LVRI: β = 0.01, 95% CI [0.00, 0.02], p = 0.011), and left ventricular (LV) wall thickness (outcome LV wall thickness: β = 0.06, 95% CI [0.02, 0.09], p = 0.005). In bi-directional causal mediation analysis adrenal gland volume had a borderline significant mediating effect on the association between hypertension and LVRI (p = 0.052) as well as wall thickness (p = 0.054). MRI-based assessment of adrenal gland enlargement is associated with hypertension and LV remodelling. Adrenal gland volume may serve as an indirect cardiovascular imaging biomarker.
... Anxiety becomes a disorder when it and its symptoms and feelings interfere with a normal lifestyle. [2] Anxiety activates the stress response, also known as the fight, flight, or freeze response. This survival reaction immediately stimulates the body into emergency action. ...
Background: Clinical manifestation of Anxiety is included in as a Mansik vyadhi in Ayurveda. Anxiety disorders are the world’s most common mental disorder affecting 4.05% of global population, translating to 301 million people. The prevalence of anxiety disorders has been rising over the last three decades. Due to the wide spectrum of diseases, much prevalence in society, and lack of effective medicines, the disease has been chosen for the trial. Aim: The aim of this study was to study the efficacy of CannaRelief stress management oil in the management of Anxiety. Materials and Methods: 40 clinically diagnosed patients were selected and administered CannaRelief stress management oil – 4 drops sublingual in night after food for 60 days. Study Design: It was a single‑center, single arm, open‑label, phase 4, pilot study. Results: The drug showed statistically significant results in terms of subjective parameters. It was found that after taking medicine sleep quality was increased in maximum no. of patients. 50% patient showed reduced level of salivary cortisol level and 60% patient showed reduced level of salivary amylase. salivary amylase showed significant result after treatment. Conclusion: CannaRelief stress management oil is effective in the management of Anxiety disorder.
... During early stages of heat stress sympathoadrenal medullary (SAM) axis is turned on to regulate the homeostasis. Stimulus of heat stress is received by the central nervous system, which excites hypothalamus to activate pituitary glands (Selye, 1956) and in turn releases Adreno corticotropic hormone (ACTH). Secretion of this hormone is regulated by the secretion of corticotrophin releasing factor from hypothalamus. ...
Pakistan is located in the subtropical zone of the world where the ambient temperature remains higher most of the year and causes significant economic losses in commercial laying hens. The ambient temperature of some parts in Pakistan reaches up to 52 °C whilst, the ideal temperature for efficient performance for laying hens is 19-22°C. Yet, ambient temperature particularly on the higher side is very disruptive, therefore; heat stress during summer is a major problem of poultry producers in most regions of Pakistan. Several studies have investigated the biohazards of heat stress on production performance, physiology, immunology, digestibility of nutrients, hematology, serology, welfare, behavior and livability of commercial layers. During summer production at farms decreases drastically, thus adversely affecting the economics of layer farms, which might add to a number of culled birds. The key strategies to alleviate heat stress in laying birds are feeding practices and management practices. New innovative approaches such as exploiting and incorporating genes for heat tolerance and genetic marker assisted selection for genotypes with improved heat tolerance should also be explored. Therefore, this review article intends to discuss the effects of heat stress on layer birds' health and production and various management and nutritional approaches to coping with it.
... During early stages of heat stress sympathoadrenal medullary (SAM) axis is turned on to regulate the homeostasis. Stimulus of heat stress is received by the central nervous system, which excites hypothalamus to activate pituitary glands (Selye, 1956) and in turn releases Adreno corticotropic hormone (ACTH). Secretion of this hormone is regulated by the secretion of corticotrophin releasing factor from hypothalamus. ...
Pakistan is located in the subtropical zone of the world where the ambient temperature remains higher most of the year and causes significant economic losses in commercial laying hens. The ambient temperature of some parts in Pakistan reaches up to 52 °C whilst, the ideal temperature for efficient performance for laying hens is 19-22°C. Yet, ambient temperature particularly on the higher side is very disruptive, therefore; heat stress during summer is a major problem of poultry producers in most regions of Pakistan. Several studies have investigated the biohazards of heat stress on production performance, physiology, immunology, digestibility of nutrients, hematology, serology, welfare, behavior and livability of commercial layers. During summer production at farms decreases drastically, thus adversely affecting the economics of layer farms, which might add to a number of culled birds. The key strategies to alleviate heat stress in laying birds are feeding practices and management practices. New innovative approaches such as exploiting and incorporating genes for heat tolerance and genetic marker assisted selection for genotypes with improved heat tolerance should also be explored. Therefore, this review article intends to discuss the effects of heat stress on layer birds' health and production and various management and nutritional approaches to coping with it.
... La réponse au stress est un processus complexe impliquant de nombreux systèmes tels que le système nerveux central (SNC), le système immunitaire, le système endocrinien et le système cardiovasculaire [254]. La détection d'un stress provo ue l'activation de l'axe hypothalamo-hypophyso-surrénalien (HHS) [255] menant notamment à la production de ...
Au cours des vols spatiaux, les astronautes sont sujets à de nombreux stress perturbant leur organisme et notamment leur système immunitaire. Afin d’étudier ces altérations et du fait du nombre restreint de missions spatiales, il est nécessaire d’utiliser des modèles permettant de simuler, sur Terre, les stress rencontrés en vol. Au cours de cette thèse, nous avons étudié les effets de stress associés aux vols spatiaux sur le système du complément et les cellules dendritiques (DC). Dans un premier temps, nous avons étudié les effets d’une combinaison de stress ou de stress individuels, sur l’expression de la molécule C3 du complément chez l’amphibien et la souris. Nous avons montré que certains de ces stress associés aux vols spatiaux, dont la microgravité simulée, provoquent une augmentation de C3 dans des larves de P. waltl. Toutefois, ces variations ne sont pas retrouvées chez des souris placées en microgravité simulée par suspension anti-orthostatique. Dans un deuxième temps, nous avons étudié in vitro les effets d’une microgravité simulée (RPM) sur le phénotype et la fonction de DC murines. Nous avons montré que la structure du cytosquelette d’actine et la survie des DC étaient altérées par la microgravité simulée. De plus, les DC exposées à la RPM présentent un phénotype plus immature caractérisé à la fois par une diminution de l’expression membranaire des molécules de co-stimulation mais également de leur capacité à sécréter des cytokines pro-inflammatoires. Bien que ces caractéristiques soient indispensables aux fonctions des DC, les modifications mises en évidence ne semblent toutefois pas altérer leur capacité à présenter l’antigène. Pris ensemble, ces résultats montrent l’importance d’étudier les effets de stress associés aux vols spatiaux, comme la microgravité, sur le système immunitaire. Une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes mis en jeu permettra de comprendre les effets du stress sur la santé et de développer des contremesures adaptées aux vols spatiaux.
... The psychological approach considers the individual's stress assessment processes and coping responses (Lazarus, 1984). Finally, the biological approach takes a physiological perspective on the responses given to stressors (Selye, 1956). Modern-day stress research favors the psychological approach, which addresses subjective responses given to stress (Cohen, 1985). ...
... The first definition of stress was suggested in the 1950s by Selye [13] who, starting from his medical training, measured stress in terms of physiological responses, focusing mainly on the sympathetic adrenal-medullary activity and the pituitary-adrenal-cortical activity. Selye also discussed what he called the general adaptation syndrome (GAS), suggesting that being overexposed to stressful situation would lead the individual's body to overproduce chemicals that would lead to ulcers and high blood pressure. ...
... The first definition of stress was suggested in the 1950s by Selye [13] who, starting from his medical training, measured stress in terms of physiological responses, focusing mainly on the sympathetic adrenal-medullary activity and the pituitary-adrenal-cortical activity. Selye also discussed what he called the general adaptation syndrome (GAS), suggesting that being overexposed to stressful situation would lead the individual's body to overproduce chemicals that would lead to ulcers and high blood pressure. ...
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been proven to be the largest contributor to morbidity and mortality in the developed world. By considering the psychosocial factors that have been linked to CVD, this chapter will focus on the role of psychological distress. Existing empirical evidence shows that stress can be considered as a risk factor starting from the early years, while in adulthood the risk associated with distress derives mainly from either social isolation or workplace-related chronic stressors. Both behavioral and neurobiological mechanisms have been proposed to underlie this association, including sustained activation of the sympathetic nervous system and reduced heart rate variability. Finally, we report research emphasizing the potential protective role of positive psychological constructs such as well-being, optimism, and positive affect.
... Cortisol (principal human stress hormone; corticosterone is the main glucocorticoid in most other species) coordinates and prepares the body to respond to environmental demands and stressors to achieve systems homeostasis. Selye (1956) was the first to demonstrate a common pathway of physiological activity in response to stress. This pathway was later dubbed the hypothalamicpituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. ...
Although most humans will experience some type of traumatic event in their lifetime only a small set of individuals will go on to develop post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Differences in sex, age, trauma type, and comorbidity, along with many other elements, contribute to the heterogenous manifestation of this disorder. Nonetheless, aberrant hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity, especially in terms of cortisol and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) alterations, has been postulated as a tenable factor in the etiology and pathophysiology of PTSD. Moreover, emerging data suggests that the harmful effects of traumatic stress to the HPA axis in PTSD can also propagate into future generations, making offspring more prone to psychopathologies. Predator stress models provide an ethical and ethologically relevant way to investigate tentative mechanisms that are thought to underlie this phenomenon. In this review article, we discuss findings from human and laboratory predator stress studies that suggest changes to DNA methylation germane to GRs may underlie the generational effects of trauma transmission. Understanding mechanisms that promote stress-induced psychopathology will represent a major advance in the field and may lead to novel treatments for such devastating, and often treatment-resistant trauma and stress-disorders.
... In other words, the idea that the analysis of HR can return a core measure of 'autonomic status' simplifies the measurement, analysis, and conception of the nervous system required to perform research on behavior. This simplification allows conceptual access to further simplifications, specifically the conception of a full-body "non-specific stress response" (Selye, 1936(Selye, , 1956, the idea that spreading arousal of the SNS can be seen in all systems and subsystems. ...
Psychological theories often build from theoretically separate fields in the biosciences – physiology, biology, neuroscience, etc. – to situate human behavior within the body. However, these are increasingly sophisticated areas of research which rapidly change and adapt their evidence base. The current paper is a case study examining what happens to psychological research when its foundational biological context is invalidated or superseded. The example we use is heart rate variability (HRV) as a purported measure of cardiac sympathetic outflow. While objections to this technique within physiological research have been established and confirmed for decades, its false status continues to be maintained in applied psychological research. We review a combination of factors within scientific and publishing practice, practical and conceptual barriers to experimental interface, and personal/professional value of the invalidated theory in attempt to understand how dead science can be kept alive in psychological science.
... Exposure to environmental, physical, or physiological stressors leads to the activation of the stress response, which comprises a complex interaction between components of the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral systems, including the endocrine, immune, and cardiovascular systems [1]. In normal physiology, three structures modulate the response to stress: the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus, the anterior pituitary gland, and the cortex of the adrenal gland ( Figure 1). ...
The collective of endocrine organs acting in homeostatic regulation—known as the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis—comprises an integration of the central nervous system as well as peripheral tissues. These organs respond to imminent or perceived threats that elicit a stress response, primarily culminating in the release of glucocorticoids into the systemic circulation by the adrenal glands. Although the secretion of glucocorticoids serves to protect and maintain homeostasis in the typical operation at baseline levels, inadequate regulation can lead to physiologic and psychologic pathologies. The cardiovascular system is especially susceptible to prolonged dysregulation of the HPA axis and glucocorticoid production. There is debate about whether cardiovascular health risks arise from the direct detrimental effects of stress axis activation or whether pathologies develop secondary to the accompanying metabolic strain of excess glucocorticoids. In this review, we will explore the emerging research that indicates stress does have direct effects on the cardiovascular system via the HPA axis activation, with emphasis on the latest research on the impact of glucocorticoids signaling in the vasculature and the heart.
... There is a broad and mutual relationship between stress and the endocrine system. On one hand, stress has many subtle and complex effects on the activity of the endocrine system (Sapolsky, 2002;Charmandari et al., 2005), while on the other hand, the endocrine system has many effects on the response to stress (Ulrich-Lai and Herman, 2009;Selye, 1956). Stress can either activate, or change the activity of, many endocrine processes associated with the hypothalamus, pituitary and adrenal glands, the adrenergic system, gonads, thyroid, and the pancreas (Tilbrook et al., 2000;Brown-Grant et al., 1954;Thierry et al., 1968;Lupien and McEwen, 1997). ...
Any intrinsic or extrinsic stimulus that evokes a biological response is known as stress. The compensatory responses to these stresses are known as stress responses. Based on the type, timing and severity of the applied stimulus, stress can exert various actions on the body ranging from alterations in homeostasis to life-threatening effects and death. In many cases, the pathophysiological complications of disease arise from stress and the subjects exposed to stress, e.g. those that work or live in stressful environments, have a higher likelihood of many disorders. Stress can be either a triggering or aggravating factor for many diseases and pathological conditions. In this study, we have reviewed some of the major effects of stress on the primary physiological systems of humans.
... Il est de plus nécessaire, pour faire le lien avec la réaction biologique de stress, d'élargir la compréhension des mécanismes de celle-ci et de prendre en compte un système de régulation de la tension artérielle : le système rénine-angiotensine-aldostérone. Ce système est une composante de la réponse au stress décrite par Selye dans ses travaux fondateurs (Selye 1956). Par la suite, l'attention des chercheurs s'est concentrée sur l'activation du système sympathique (adrénaline, noradrénaline) et sur le cortisol, laissant à l'arrière-plan des études sur le stress le système rénine-angiotensine-aldostérone. ...
Even though the concept of a link between occupational stress and musculoskeletal disorders is generally accepted, the exact nature of the link remains hazy. The information needed to examine the question is scattered across different scientific fields and has only partially been brought together. Nevertheless, the present inquiry emphasizes the echoes and hypothetical or proved links between phenomena such as the emotional repression described by occupational psychopathology, the notion of alexithymia in the field of psychosomatics, the disturbance of cortisol activity and secretion in chronic stress contexts, and the role of inflammation in the genesis of stress-related disorders. The purpose is to show that questions concerning this link can be more fruitfully developed by conducting multidisciplinary investigations.
... Selye"ye göre organizma bir tehditle karĢılaĢtığında Cannon"un da belirttiği gibi varlığını yani canlılığını devam ettirmek ister (Selye, 1974: 38 belirtiler göstermeye baĢlar ve genel uyum sendromunu aĢamalar halinde baĢlatır (Korkusuz, 2012: 67). Selye"ye göre bedenin stresörlere karĢı verdiği üç aĢamalı tepki Ģu Ģekildedir (Masson ve Selye, 1938;Selye, 1956) Belirtilen bu teoride savaĢ, doğal afetler, kronik hastalıklar, önemli kazalar gibi olaylar evrensel stres kaynakları olarak belirtilmiĢtir. Ancak bireylerin aynı olaylara karĢı farklı tepkiler gösterdiği de bilinen bir gerçektir (Yöndem, 2011: 7). ...
... Ergotropy encompasses sympathetic functions associated with arousal, mental or physical work, and alertness, whereas trophotropy mainly refers to parasympathetic functions, regeneration, recovery, and protection against stress overload. Selye's (1936Selye's ( , 1956) model of the general adaptation syndrome further included the HPA axis as another major stress response system. ...
... 39 This link between inflammation and mineralocorticoids was recognized as early as in the 1950s by the founder of stress research. 40 Selye classified "prophlogistic" corticoids (PC), and identified those with the mineralocorticoids, such as aldosterone and "antiphlogistic" corticoids (AC), which he identified with glucocorticoids such as cortisol. ...
The success rate in the development of psychopharmacological compounds is insufficient. Two main reasons for failure have been frequently identified: 1) treating the wrong patients and 2) using the wrong dose. This is potentially based on the known heterogeneity among patients, both on a syndromal and a biological level. A focus on personalized medicine through better characterization with biomarkers has been successful in other therapeutic areas. Nevertheless, obstacles toward this goal that exist are 1) the perception of a lack of validation, 2) the perception of an expensive and complicated enterprise, and 3) the perception of regulatory hurdles. The authors tackle these concerns and focus on the utilization of biomarkers as predictive markers for treatment outcome. The authors primarily cover examples from the areas of major depression and schizophrenia. Methodologies covered include salivary and plasma collection of neuroendocrine, metabolic, and inflammatory markers, which identified subgroups of patients in the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety. A battery of vegetative markers, including sleep-electroencephalography parameters, heart rate variability, and bedside functional tests, can be utilized to characterize the activity of a functional system that is related to treatment refractoriness in depression (e.g., the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system). Actigraphy and skin conductance can be utilized to classify patients with schizophrenia and provide objective readouts for vegetative activation as a functional marker of target engagement. Genetic markers, related to folate metabolism, or folate itself, has prognostic value for the treatment response in patients with schizophrenia. Already, several biomarkers are routinely collected in standard clinical trials (e.g., blood pressure and plasma electrolytes), and appear to be differentiating factors for treatment outcome. Given the availability of a wide variety of markers, the further development and integration of such markers into clinical research is both required and feasible in order to meet the benefit of personalized medicine. This article is based on proceedings from the "Taking Personalized Medicine Seriously-Biomarker Approaches in Phase IIb/III Studies in Major Depression and Schizophrenia" session, which was held during the 10th Annual Scientific Meeting of the International Society for Clinical Trials Meeting (ISCTM) in Washington, DC, February 18 to 20, 2014.
... For example, stress can be defined as a perturbation to homeostasis that must be met by a physiological adaptive response (666). In this respect, exercise can very fittingly be described as a stressor which differs very little in the "stress" response than other forms of stress such as heat shock or novel environment stress (667). A single bout of moderate to strenuous intensity aerobic exercise stimulates the HPA axis (152) and results in the increased production and secretion of "stress hormones" which include adrenocorticotropin hormone, glucocorticoids (150), catecholamines (249), and glucagon (327). ...
... Hans Selye, one of the forefathers of stress research, conceptualized and defined many of the terms and theories used today. Selye's definition states that stress results from "agents diverse in nature that elicit non-specific neuroendocrine responses leading to an elevated secretion of hormones by the pituitary and adrenal glands" [16][17][18]. "Stressors" are the etiologic agents of stress and are defined as experiences that contribute to a state of stress. It is a well accepted fact that not all stress is equal. ...
... Since the early work of Hans Selye, it has been known that chronic stress may result in hypercortisolemia, accompanied by enlargement of the adrenal cortex [30] . As described in chapter 4, psychological stressors activate the HPAA via the PVN. ...
To facilitate the translation of basic research findings to clinical application, we conceptualized the principles of the crosstalk between brain and body, which constitute the stress response. While 'glandotropy' mainly refers to the pituitary-adrenal-axis, the traditional terms 'ergotropy' and 'trophotropy' refer to the autonomic nervous system. They were extended to the biogenic amine systems, which are functionally associated with the HPAA and ANS.
... Ergotropy encompasses sympathetic functions associated with arousal, mental or physical work, and alertness, whereas trophotropy mainly refers to parasympathetic functions, regeneration, recovery, and protection against stress overload. Selye's (1936Selye's ( , 1956) model of the general adaptation syndrome further included the HPA axis as another major stress response system. ...
Translational research is most prominently represented by the search for biomarkers and preclinical research. Aside from generating such new measures and methodologies, translational research additionally refers to translation of integrated knowledge. This strategy involves synthesis, exchange, and dissemination of available knowledge, with the goal of improving health services and health care systems. For stress-related disorders, such as depression and anxiety disorders, this strategy meets numerous challenges, as the great majority of these patients are treated by family physicians. Here, we introduce Neuropattern, a new diagnostic tool, which allows translation of psychobiological knowledge to this stress "bedside." Neuropatterns are conceptualized endophenotypes of the activity and reactivity status of neurobiological interfaces, which participate in the crosstalk between the brain and peripheral organs under stressful conditions. Neuropattern can easily be implemented in routine clinical work, and helps the physician to individualize those therapeutic interventions that are already available.
... Collectively these changes are termed physiological stress and are exemplified by the general adaptation syndrome (G.A.S.). General somatic evidences which characterize G.A.S. are: (1) hypertrophy of the adrenal cortex, (2) atrophy of the thymus, spleen, lymph nodes and other lymphoid tissues, (3) eosinophilia and (4) deepbleeding gastrointestinal ulcers (Selye, 1956). High environmental temperatures cause such a stress response (Siegel, 1969), and also depress the levels of circulating antibodies (Thaxton and Siegel, 1970 This immunodepression by high temperatures was thought to be a result of an increased secretion of adrenocortical hormones, since these hormones, which are secreted in increased amounts during stress, cause a marked reduction in antibody levels when administered to animals (Glick, 1967). ...
Three week old male broiler chicks were immobilized in a dorsal position for 12 hours or given intravenous injections of a 20 % formaldehyde solution. Twelve hours following the treatments the birds were immunized with sheep red blood cells (S.R.B.C). The ensuing primary hemagglutinin responses were serologically monitored by bleeding the birds at three day intervals for IS days following the S.R.B.C.-injections. Immobilization and formaldehyde injections did not suppress the levels of hemagglutinins at any time during the primary immune response. These data suggest that immunosuppression is not characteristic of physiological stress in young chickens.
... Extensive research has been conducted in elucidating the physiological changes that occur during stress. Changes in adrenal constituents under stressful conditions have received considerable attention since this gland plays a central role in the general adaptation syndrome (Selye, 1956). The response of the avian adrenal to short-term treatment of mammalian adrenocorticotrophin hormone (ACTH) included a reduction in both adrenal cholesterol (Howard and Constable, 1958;Siegel and Beane, 1961;Bedrak, 1962) and adrenal corticosterone (Nir et ai, 1975). ...
The adrenals of heat stressed ducks exposed to a constant temperature of 29.4 C for 45 to 46 days showed an increase in relative weight and cholesterol concentration, but the corticosterone concentration remained at control levels.
Employee performance is a critical determinant of growth and success within manufacturing organizations, making it essential to understand the factors influencing it. This study delves into the effects of work stress and the work environment on job performance, specifically within the electronics manufacturing sector in Penang, Malaysia. The research addresses how role ambiguity and conflict can act as stressors and also explores how intrinsic and extrinsic motivation factors related to the work environment affect job performance. The study sample comprised 116 participants from five electronics manufacturing firms located in Bayan Lepas, Penang. Data collection was conducted through a structured questionnaire, and the analysis was performed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM). The results confirmed that the measurement model was robust, providing a solid foundation for validating the structural model. The PLS-SEM analysis demonstrated that the model had significant predictive capability, revealing that both work stress and the work environment exert substantial effects on job performance within the electronics manufacturing industry in Penang. Specifically, role stressors such as ambiguity and conflict were found to negatively impact job performance, while a supportive and motivating work environment positively influenced it. The study's results align with the theoretical frameworks of role stressors and self-determination, suggesting that effective management of stressors and the cultivation of a motivating work environment are essential for optimizing employee performance in the manufacturing sector.
人工智能(AI)的蓬勃发展为组织内员工情绪的识别、评估和管理带来新契机的同时 , 也对组织管理领域既往的研究模式提出了挑战。基于 AI 的情绪识别研究作为一个新兴的交叉研究领域 , 仍未得到组织实践者的积极关注 , 学界对 AI 情绪识别缺乏全面正确的认识。
本文首先对基于 AI 的情绪识别模型进行理论探讨 , 重点介绍 AI 情绪识别的技术路线与意义。在此基础上 , 对 AI 情绪识别的技术路线提出展望 , 并指出 AI 情绪识别在组织管理领域中能够帮助研究者优化情绪测量工具、拓展研究视角并推动组织管理的实践。最后 , 对 AI 情绪识别在未来发展中可能面临的伦理问题和效度问题进行讨论。
The flourishing development of artificial intelligence (AI) has brought a new way to predict, evaluate and
manage individuals' emotion in the organization. However, application in the field of organization management is
limited. Therefore, we first summarize the two basic theoretical models of AI emotion recognition: discrete emotion
model and dimensional model. On this basis, we focus on the significance, research steps and technical route of
AI emotion recognition. Then we attempt to analyze the development and application prospect of AI emotion
recognition in organizational management. On this basis, we look forward to the technical route of AI emotion
recognition, and point out that AI emotion recognition can help researchers develop new measurement in the field of
organizational management, inherit and develop the existing research results, expand the research perspectives and
promote practical application. Finally, we discuss in detail the ethical problems and the validity of emotion indicators
faced by the future development of AI emotion recognition, and put forward some feasible suggestions.
African Americans exhibit heightened risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) necessitating further examination of biological pathways contributing to CVD incidence. An integrated specificity model suggests discrimination elicits psychophysiological responses that contribute to allostatic load (AL) but may differ by level of perceived discrimination and coping style. Differing psychophysiological risk responses may contribute to varying CVD risk patterns overtime. This study sought to (1) determine CVD risk profiles using AL biomarkers and (2) determine the extent discrimination and high-effort coping (HEC) contribute to inclusion in these profiles. Using Jackson Heart Study data (N = 4476), a latent profile analysis (LPA) using AL indicators was conducted to identify CVD risk profiles. Multinomial logistic regression analysis estimated the odds of risk profile inclusion according to everyday discrimination, lifetime discrimination, discrimination burden, and high-effort coping, adjusting for sex, age, body mass index, and smoking status. LPA identified five profiles exhibiting inflammatory, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and low risk. Greater lifetime discrimination lowered odds of inclusion in the inflammatory risk profile relative to the low risk profile (OR = .82, 95% CI [.73–.93]). Greater HEC increased odds of inclusion in the hyperlipidemia (OR = 1.03, 95% CI [1.00–1.05]) and hypertension (OR = 1.02, 95% CI [1.00–1.04]) risk profiles. Greater discrimination burden with greater HEC increased the likelihood of inclusion in the inflammatory risk profile (OR = 1.07, 95% = [1.06–1.13]). The study supports the use of an integrated specificity model to examine perceived discrimination and underlying CVD risk profiles among African American populations.
In recent years, the rapid development of medical and pharmacological interventions has led to a steady decline in certain noncommunicable chronic diseases (NCDs), such as cancer. However, the overall incidence of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) has not seemed to decline. CVDs have become even more prevalent in many countries and represent a global health threat and financial burden. An increasing number of epidemiological and experimental studies have demonstrated that maternal insults not only can result in birth defects but also can cause developmental functional defects that contribute to adult NCDs. In the current review, we provide an overview of evidence from both epidemiological investigations and experimental animal studies supporting the concept of developmental reprogramming of adult CVDs in offspring that have experienced prenatal inflammation exposure (PIE) during fetal development (PIE-programmed CVDs), a disease-causing event that has not been effectively controlled. This review describes the epidemiological observations, data from animal models, and related mechanisms for the pathogenesis of PIE-programmed CVDs. In addition, the potential therapeutic interventions of PIE-programmed CVDs are discussed. Finally, we also deliberate the need for future mechanistic studies and biomarker screenings in this important field, which creates a great opportunity to combat the global increase in CVDs by managing the adverse effects of inflammation for prepregnant and pregnant individuals who are at risk for PIE-programmed CVDs.
The anterior pituitary is the major link between nervous and hormonal systems, which allow the brain to generate adequate and flexible behaviour. Here, we address its role in mediating behavioural adjustments that aid in coping with acutely threatening environments. For this we combine optogenetic manipulation of pituitary corticotroph cells in larval zebrafish with newly developed assays for measuring goal-directed actions in very short timescales. Our results reveal modulatory actions of corticotroph cell activity on locomotion, avoidance behaviours and stimulus responsiveness directly after the onset of stress. Altogether, the findings uncover the significance of endocrine pituitary cells for rapidly optimizing behaviour in local antagonistic environments.
Die Vermutung, daß das Blut einen acetylcholinspaltenden Stoff enthalten müsse, wurde erstmals von Dale (1914) ausgesprochen. Dieser Autor versuchte damit die flüchtige Wirkung des Acetylcholins (ACH) zu erklären. Löwi und Navratil untermauerten diese Ansicht einige Jahre später durch ihre Untersuchungsergebnisse. Stedmann und Easson (1932) gelang es, ein acetylcholinspaltendes Ferment aus dem Pferdeserum zu isolieren, welches auch andere Cholinester spaltete und unter dem Namen Cholinesterase (CHE) bekannt wurde. Carlsen und Gutmann sprachen als erste von sog. spezifischen und unspezifischen Cholinesterasen. Obwohl heute über 2000 Arbeiten über Cholinesterase vorliegen, konnte bisher die physiologische Funktion der Butyryl-Cholinesterase (Plasmacholinesterase) noch nicht voll geklärt werden. Es ist aber berechtigt, die Cholinesterasen als eine eigene Gruppe von Fermenten zusammenzufassen, um sie von den Aliesterasen und Lipasen zu trennen. Von diesen unterscheiden sie sich sowohl durch ihre Substratspezifität und Genetik, als auch durch ihre Hemm- barkeit durch bestimmte Pharmaka (Physostigmin, Prostigmin, Mestinon, organische Phosphorverbindungen). Seit den Arbeiten von Adams, Augustinson, Mendel, Nachmansohn, Whittacker, Zeller u. a. werden unterschieden:
1.
Spezifische, sog. „echte“ Cholinesterasen (Acetyl- oder Acetocholinesterase). Diese spalten Acetylcholin schneller als Butyrylcholin und Propionylcholin.
2.
Unspezifische Cholinesterasen oder „Pseudo“-Cholinesterasen (Butyro- oder Butyrylcholinesterase). Diese spalten Butyrylcholin schneller als Propionylcholin und dieses schneller als Acetylcholin. Nach Augustinson wird diese Gruppe auch Serumcholinesterase, neuerdings Plasmacholinesterase genannt. Im Gegensatz zur unspezifischen Fermentform wird die spezifische Form durch höhere Substratkonzentration gehemmt.
The discussion on noise induced health damages is increasingly focusing on the question as to whether (environmental) noise can play a role in the pathogenesis of (cardio-vascular) diseases. Since a likely effect can only be a stress reaction, it is often asked whether (environmental) noise can actually be regarded as a stressor. Upon closer inspection, the answer to this question turns out to be extraordinarily complex:
For one thing, there are widely differing conceptions of stress even among experts; for another, not all stress leads to illness.
Translational research is most prominently represented by the search for biomarkers and preclinical research. Aside from generating such new measures and methodologies, translational research additionally refers to translation of integrated knowledge. This strategy involves synthesis, exchange, and dissemination of available knowledge, with the goal of improving health services and health care systems. For stress-related disorders, such as depression and anxiety disorders, this strategy meets numerous challenges, as the great majority of these patients are treated by family physicians. Here, we introduce Neuropattern, a new diagnostic tool, which allows translation of psychobiological knowledge to this stress “bedside.” Neuropatterns are conceptualized endophenotypes of the activity and reactivity status of neurobiological interfaces, which participate in the crosstalk between the brain and peripheral organs under stressful conditions. Neuropattern can easily be implemented in routine clinical work, and helps the physician to individualize those therapeutic interventions that are already available.
Chromogranin A (CgA) is the major soluble protein co-stored and co-released with catecholamines (CAs) from secretory vesicles in the adrenal medulla chromaffin cells. Present in the diffuse neuroendocrine system, it has also been detected in rat and human cardiac secretory granules where it co-stores with natriuretic peptide hormones (NPs). Mounting evidence shows that CgA is a marker of cardiovascular dysfunctions (essential hypertension, hypertrophic and dilatative cardiomyopathy, heart failure) and precursor of the cardioactive peptides vasostatin-1 (VS-1) and catestatin (Cts). This review focuses on recent knowledge regarding the myocardial, coronary and anti-adrenergic actions of VS-1. In particular, the negative inotropism, lusitropism and coronary dilation effects of rat CgA1-64 (rCgA) and human recombinant STACgA1-78 (hrSTACgA1-78) are summarized with attention on their counteracting isoproterenol- and endothelin-1-induced positive inotropism, as well as ET-1-dependent coronary constriction. The interactions between vasostatins (VSs), NPs and CA receptors are proposed as a paradigm of the heart capacity to organize complex connection-integration processes for maintaining homeostasis under intense cardio-excitatory stimuli (myocardial stress).
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