MARS: sMart fArming with dRoneS (NSRF-2018 - RESEARCH - CREATE - INNOVATE)

Climate change has introduced significant challenges that can affect multiple sectors, including the agricultural one. In particular, according to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), the world population has to find new solutions to increase the food production by 70% by 2050.The answer to this crucial challenge is the suitable adoption and utilisation of the Information and Communications Technology (ICT) services, offering capabilities that can increase the productivity of the agrochemical products, such as pesticides and fertilisers and at the same time, they should minimise the functional cost. More detailed, the advent of the Internet of Things (IoT) and specifically, the rapid evolution of the Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) and Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) can lead to valuable and at the same time economic Precision Agriculture (PA) applications, such as aerial crop monitoring and smart spraying tasks. In this paper, we provide a survey regarding the potential use of UAVs in PA, focusing on 20 relevant applications. More specifically, first, we provide a detailed overview of PA, by describing its various aspects and technologies, such as soil mapping and production mapping as well as the role of the Global Positioning Systems (GPS) and Geographical Information Systems (GIS). Then, we discriminate and analyse the various types of UAVs based on their technical characteristics and payload. Finally, we investigate in detail 20 UAV applications that are devoted to either aerial crop monitoring processes or spraying tasks. For each application, we examine the methodology adopted, the proposed UAV architecture, the UAV type, as well as the UAV technical characteristics and payload.

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have enormous potential in enabling new applications in various areas ranging from military, security, medicine, and surveillance, to traffic monitoring applications. Lately, there has been heavy investment in the development of UAVs and multi-UAVs systems that can collaborate and complete missions more efficiently and economically. Emerging technologies, such as 4G/5G networks have significant potential on UAVs equipped with cameras, sensors, and GPS receivers in delivering IoT services from great heights creating an airborne domain of the Internet of Things (IoT). However, there are many issues to be resolved before effective use of UAVs can be made including security, privacy, and management. As such, in this paper we review new UAV application areas enabled by IoT and 5G technologies, analyze the sensor requirements, and overview solutions for fleet management over aerial networking, privacy and security challenges. Finally, we propose a framework that supports and enables these technologies on UAVs. The introduced framework provisions a holistic IoT architecture, which enables the protection of UAVs as ``flying'' things in a collaborative networked environment.