Astronomy, Astrobiology & Multidisciplinary Applications

Within the next decade, it is speculated that humans will build habitats on Mars to conduct research and make long-term settlements, including harbor life stations. The practical intention that underpins our research is to test the ability of human's thinking patterns to develop micro-business approach via space-type terrestrial tourism. One such example would be an augmented reality (AR) experience at a specific Earth location analogous to being on Mars. For instance, AR provides excellent scope for creating the experience of interacting with a Martian harbor life station while remaining on Terran soil. To accomplish this goal, we developed an AR application that uses 3D computer-generated models of assets such as the Curiosity rover, an astronaut, a space shuttle, and a few other open-source extension models. These models synchronize in real locations of Sri Lanka [Usaangoda and Aruwakkalu] and Morocco [Central High Atlas], including a few urban areas and in-situ places as a test trial. Our approach supports monitoring the value of space-type terrestrial tourism as an accessible means to support sustainable microeconomies at the trial locations. Within this study, we use AR to produce immersion within a computer-simulated environment designed as a tourist attraction. We suggest that this approach can be used to stimulate and enhance eco/geo-type tourism. General and practical implications of further research are required in order to properly evaluate the sustainable and mega economy components via virtual reality or terrestrial type of advanced Earth-Mars analogues.

The fossils are preserved remains of body parts or traces of ancient organisms. Sri Lanka is a continental island that evolved via unique geological formations, including fossil remains. This island represents many fossils belonging to three different geological periods, for instance: the Jurassic period, Miocene period, and Pleistocene epoch. Most of the Pleistocene fossils were found in terrestrial deposits (alluvial) from the Sabaragamuwa basin called Ratnapura fauna. Thus, our investigations focused on documenting samples of fossils gathered, under the project called "The Paleo World of Sabaragamuwa Basin-Sri Lanka" conducted by Eco Astronomy Inc (Sri Lanka). Considering the geological time scale, we are looking for reporting samples that approximately belong to the Quaternary period. As we know, the Quaternary period of the Earth's geographic history includes two geologic epochs viz., which are: the Pleistocene (2.58 Myr to 0.0012 Myr), and the Holocene (0.0012 Myr to Present). Both epochs have changed and divided the fauna's equilibrium and human's cultural phases based on climate and sea-level fluctuations that took place during these periods. Some of the sections in those epochs has occurred during the last glacial maximum (LGM) and represent the mean sea level was much lower compared with the present records. Therefore, the quaternary period shows the open accessibility to migration of mammalian mega faunal species, that lived during the transition from the Pleistocene to the Holocene epoch. Most probably, the terrestrial climate change has impacted them and caused the extinction of those megafaunas. The gathered data details were synchronized via the technical aspect of sampling photography, toy photography, and virtual reality for analyses and reconstruction purposes.

The observation of tubular structures within Endurance Crater, Mars, has been reported by Joseph et al (2021a,b) who hypothesized these may be mineralized and fossilized remnants of tube worms that in the ancient and recent past flourished within lakes of water heated by thermal vents. The discovery of what may be spherical hematite in this same vicinity supports the hydrothermal vent scenario, whereas the claims by Joseph (2021; Joseph et al. 2021c) that these spherules are fungal puffballs does not. This evidence from Endurance Crater and associated mineralogy and chemistry is reviewed. We conclude that the ancient lakes of Endurance Crater may have been heated by thermal vents and inhabited by tubular organisms that became mineralized, as hypothesized by Joseph et al; and that these same hydrothermal vents formed hematite spherules as hypothesized by the rover Opportunity team.

Poster is one of my partially contribution for guild in Rock and Minerals. Due to the unique page numbering scheme of this full version , the electronic pagination of the eBook does not match the pagination of the printed version.

Since 1960, Homo sapiens sapiens race has explored Mars and now we are closer to making humans a multiplanetary species. Addressing the next logical step in the series of Mars exploration, it is quite obvious, going to be a permanent settlement of earthen in the Red Planet, where crews that go to Mars can stay and build a new society with it all hierarchy similar to these we have already established in Earth; still, it may differ due to the new environment. Also searching anthropogenic activities of Mars via space archaeology for interpret current anthropological aspect is absolutely importance.Therefore, we’re aiming to illuminate and clarify the results of human behaviour interaction with technology; we will highlight the particular technical assemblage on MARS for a better understanding, and to promote the inclusion of heritage planning in future space missions and planetary exploration, specially for studying culturally significant sites and spacecraft on the red planet Mars. Our methodology consists of applying 46 numbers of historical log entries via NASA science Mars exploration program and proceeding to the space analysis, images sites by using the catalog of Mars orbiters. Based on these data, it appears that non-compliance with consensus issues could lead to serious crises in the future when it comes to comparing the future results scenarios with the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Mars colonization or human settlement must inspire us all to make Earth a better place, much more, it is the perfect timing for us to boost our technology, scientific understanding, and worldwide cooperation – is there anything we cannot achieve?. Considering “Humans as a Multiplanetary Species' ', it shows how important it is to have established a sustainable settlements aspect correspondence to archeological and anthropological point of view.

Variations in the first Euler angle known as Earth precession phenomenon which is described as a change in the Earth's orbit; found to have strong impact on the climate of Earth. These observations of climate changes were connected with the behavior of the global ice sheets, including their advancing and retreating movements which have been recorded. In fact, Earth's climate depends essentially on the cycle of glaciers' growth and reduction. The alternative glacial periods and the interglacial periods coincide with the variations in Earth's orbit known as "Milankovitch cycles", which affect the insolation, and the sunlight exposure of different regions of the world and thus ultimately the behavior of ice formation. This paper aims to document the variations of the Earth's axis orientation and to discuss how these changes have affected to the sea-level fluctuation of the South Asian Region during late Pleistocene. Experiment methodology consists of compelling a standardized dataset of the sea-level index (Data SET 01-Radiocarbon Journal, Katupotha. J, Data SET 02-SEAMIS database and selected 35 number of carbon dating values recorded and published in the literature of the South Asian Region) and then compare it with the data of Milankovitch Cycles. The discussed results show that the sea-level variations occurred mainly between 12,500 ± 1,500 YBP to 11,000± 1,500 YBP, indicating that 25m ± 5m recorded to be the lower sea level documented than the current sea level found around the South Asian region. This has been resulted by a quick glacier transition that happened in the Late Pleistocene.

The subject of Archeoastronomy is fascinating and it is definitely worth your time to research how our ancestors viewed the heavens. Also the contemporary scientific study and theorization of surviving memorials constructed prior to telescopes by students of the night skies planet-wide. Such memorials might include writings and symbols engraved in stone or primitive megalithic alignments for observing and celebrating Mother Earth's seasonal rhythms. Intercontinentally, ancient seamen and expert navigators curated databases aware of equinox, solstice and cross-quarter moments. This field interprets how ancients grasped: A— the Sun, stars and constellations with the placement or carving of paired gnomon and target alignments, B— comets, rhythms of the 5 visible planets, lunar eclipses, phases and standstills, or C— an anomaly such as a localized total solar eclipse, a planetary occlusion by the Moon, a planetary conjunction, a supernova, an asteroid, a meteor or an unidentifiable object Circumpolar Stars had a special place in the ancient Egyptian culture as the stars were always in the sky and was a place of heaven and the afterlife. Small shafts ran through the pyramid from the resting place of the Pharoah inside so, it is believed, his spirit could go to the afterlife. One shaft would point to the rotation path of Orion. The other shaft pointed to Thuban, the celestial north pole star. Yes that's right. Thuban, not Polaris which would have been called Phoenice back then. Newgrange in Ireland is the site of an ancient burial mound built 5,000 years ago. It is designed along a long underground passage. Light enters the passage four minutes after sunrise on the winter solstice. Simulations have shown it would have entered at exactly sunrise when it was built. Stonehenge has many theories about its astronomical importance, not all of them proved as over time the stones has deteriorated and one of the important stones that acted as an astronomical marker disappeared. It is highly likely to have been used to mark the sunrise on the summer solstice and sunset on the winter solstice. And yet we can only take approximate readings of these as the actual positions and timings would have looked slightly different from today. Precession has caused the celestial pole star to move and the sun to rise at a different time. What was the direction of the celestial pole star has moved somewhere else. Polaris is actually moving near the exact celestial pole star but in time will move past it and in 14,000 years time the star Vega will be the nearest bright pole star. Sunrise still occurs at Newgrange of course but the direction of the Sun has changed and so the Sun rises later. Some bind runes in south Asia region representing, partially combination with archeoastronomy. Lesson 1A : Introduction to History of Astronomy and Archeoastronomy © Eco Astronomy Inc 2021 | Lecture Series : 01

Transdisciplinary sciences over the last few decades have become the major booster of science development. The most important discoveries occur just at the intersection of sciences and in collaboration of several fields. There appeared such intermediate fields as mathematical physics, physical chemistry, biophysics, biochemistry, geophysics, etc. In astronomy, astrophysics has long been the main field, and in present archaeoastronomy, astrochemistry, astrobiology, astroinformatics (which is tightly related to virtual observatories) are developing. On the other hand, in recent years many science areas surfeit of research on Earth, more and more use data coming from the Space and are being developed just due to them. It is possible that in the near future, various science areas create Space departments or simply develop their research in close collaboration with astronomers. Interesting discoveries have been made in discussion of astronomical topics in various areas of culture; such topics are widely used in literature, petroglyphs, and architecture. Astronomy has also a leading role in scientific tourism, scientific journalism and in general, dissemination of popular science or public outreach.

Variations of earth precession phenomenon have led to changes in the earth's orbit; due to these variations, the earth's climate found to be strongly impacted. These climate changes observed were connected with the behavior of the global ice sheets, including the spreading and retreating movements recorded. Earth’s climate depends essentially on the cycle of glaciers growth and retreat. These alternating glacial movements, as well as the interglacial periods, coincide with the variations in earth’s orbit called Milankovitch cycles, which affect the insolation, and the sunlight exposure of different regions in the world and thus the behavior of ice formation. This paper aims to document the variations of the earth’s axis orientation; as well as to discuss how these changes have affected the surface temperature of the South Asia Region, around 12,000YBP(Years before present). Experiment methodology consists on compelling a standardized dataset of the sea-level index (Data SET 01-Radio Carbon Journal, Katupotha.J, Data SET 02- SEAMIS database and selected 35 number of carbon dating values in South Asian Region) and then compare it with the data of Milankovitch Cycles. The resulting shows that the sea-level variations dominantly happened between 12,500 YBP to 11,000 YBP, indicated 25m ± 5m recorded to be the lower sea level documented than the current sea level found around the South Asia region. This incident is representing a quick glacier transition from the interglacial period in the Late Pleistocene.

Danigala Rock is a unique geological site situated near Kandegama at Polonnaruwa district. The aerial view of the rock shows a semi-circular shape, which was affected by geological weathering. The northwest slope part of Danigala inselberg has interesting petroglyphs discovered in Chithra Lena (7°41'0.44"N | 81°12'45.66"E). These symbols are relatively new and, for the first time, discovered in Sri Lanka during an archaeoastronomical survey conducted by Eco Astronomy Sri Lanka in a corporation with Central Cultural Fund (Polonnaruwa-Alahana Parivena Project). These petroglyphs, now perceived and assessed as art, are mute science prints of ancient cultural vestiges of a bygone society. The predominant forms found are partially similar with few forms found in some sites in Sri Lanka, but with distinct differences in the engraving process. Notably, samples of the bind rune coding of Danigala petroglyphs are quite similar to bind rune’s symbols of Shamanic cultures. Besides, the engraving technique is remarkably similar to the technique used in the petroglyphs of Edakkal Caves in India.

We proceed a series of field research campaigns in the extreme environment of the Kashmir, Spiti and the Salt Range, relevant to planetary geology and planetary habitability research in Mars environments, and in order to help in the interpretation of Mars missions measurements from orbit (Mars Express Operation and Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter) or from the surface (MER, MSL). This extreme landscape was formation of the Tal group exposed in Pirtari Dochi. Also reposted an assessable of trace fossils and body fossils from Sankoli and Koti dhaman formation of Shamenu and Pirtari Dochi section. Thus extreme environments on Himachal Pradesh often provide similar terrain conditions (non-fossilization) to sites on the Moon and Mars. In order to maximize scientific return, it becomes more important to rehearse mission operations in the field and through simulations. Euro_Geo_Mars 2009 and Euro_Moon_Mars 2010-2015 were an example of a Moon-Mars field research campaign dedicated to the demonstration of astrobiology instruments and a specific methodology of comprehensive measurements from selected sampling sites. Special emphasis was given to sample collection and pre-screening using in-situ portable instruments. This is attempt to describe the protocol, in-situ and post-analysis of the astrobiology research campaign at MDRS, Kashmir, Spiti and the Salt Range. Other Euro_Moon_Mars campaigns conducted in 2010-2016 looked at the mineralogy and environment conditions, and the geology context for habitability.

Danigala Circular Rock [ Lat: 7°40'50.24"N | Lon : 81°12'48.32"E ] is a unique geological rock situated in near Kandegama in the Polonnaruwa district. The aerial view of the rock show a unique semi-circular shape, affected by geological activities and weathering conditions. The location of Danigala represents an area rich with numerous geological and geomorphological formations, which are excellent representatives of this area's geodiversity abundance since the Precambrian era to present. The distinction of environmental elements relevant to archeology, astronomy, biodiversity, and cultural factors makes this land unique. In 28th July 2020, we have documented a new discovery of Petroglyphs that have been found in a part of the northwest slope direction of Danigala inselberg. Those bind runes are dominantly compared with other archeological sites in Sri Lanka and South Asia region. The type of symbols(bind runes) and petroglyphs found are quite new and for the first time discovered in Sri Lanka during archaeoastronomical and geological preliminary survey conducted by The Central Cultural Fund (CCF- Polonnaruwa-Alahana Parivena Project) with the corporation of South Asian Astrobiology & Earth Sciences Research unit of Eco Astronomy Sri Lanka. Hence, this is new discovery should be considered as our geological, astronomical, and archeological heritage site, which represents the collective memory of the anthropomorphic scenes, affected by Mother nature. Thus, those facts we propose that this exotic area get involved in a sustainable management, a viable and responsible tourism development base on Geo tourism, Astro tourism, Archeo tourism and Adventure tourism via a multidisciplinary approach that enhances the well being of the local communities.

Investigations on the relationships and interactions between glaciers and permafrost in high-mountain regions have long been neglected. As a consequence, numerous fascinating questions remain open and offer possibilities for highly relevant, innovative and integrative research concerning materials, processes, land forms, environmental aspects and natural hazards. The historical background to this situation is first reviewed, examples are given of some key unanswered questions and two case studies are presented to illustrate the importance of considering the combined effects of glaciers and permafrost, particularly in the context of hazard assessments in high mountains. Also, the artificial glaciers in Ladakh, North India, have been trumpeted as useful water-harvesting devices for subsistence farming communities. In this context, the massive masonry structures link low-tech, vernacular hydro-logical thinking with design innovation to create a popular climate-adaptive design solution. While these interventions appear to provide promising new strategies for water harvesting in this dry desert region, very little data exist to substantiate, quantify, or contradict the project claims. This document interrogates these structures through the lens of the design disciplines and considers the functional aspects of a prototypical artificial glacier system. Approximately six different artificial glacier systems, revealing a variety of design and construction approaches. These findings give rise to a number of engineering patterns that may be found in an ache_typical artificial glacier system. MODELING ICE STUPA VIA ARCHITECTURAL OF PAGODA | Original author: Aravinda Sumanarathna©2018 | ISBN 9781716944659 | EPUB

EICME, data set has been complied via Heliospheric Physics Laboratory, Code 672, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA, and GPHI and The Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park; by the supporting University of Tasmania, Australia. Following the HIGeoCAT(2017), Departments of Applied Geology- The School of Earth and Atmospheric Science (SEAS), University of Madras has been moderated data set processing to deep multilayer perceptron(MLP) neural network(2018). Online presented by Aravinda Ravibhanu Sumanarathna(SEAS) for Exoclimes V. 14th of August 2019 - University of Oxford.

Developing onshore digital elevation model (DEM) is useful to predict sea level rise, coastal erosion, and tsunami inundation. This study compares historic changes of coastline in Arugam Bay in Sri Lanka from 2003 to 2015 to indicate flooding and elevation profile changes over time. Bathymetric DEMs have been created using Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) and interpolation techniques such as, inverse distance weighting, spline, and triangulation. In addition, coupling C-and L-bands of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) for 2003, 2006 and 2015 were used to create bathymetric models to identify degraded coastal lands. A loss of coastal lands were observed from 2003 to 2006 resulted in weathering and erosion of sea shore habitat and then coastal line was gradually gained in 2015 as a result of natural sand deposition. We mapped eroded cut in an enfield costal sandy soil along the coastal line in Arugam Bay and elevation profile was made using Google Earth platform. In conclusion, our historic bathymetric maps are useful to identify eroded cut vulnerable areas to implement best management practices to protect the coast from tsunami disaster.

Puttalam Coal Power Plant named after the location where it is located in the Puttalam District of the Northwestern Province in Sri-Lanka. An important national asset as symbolically it is not only the very first coal fired power plant in Sri-Lanka but also the largest in terms of capacity with a total output of 900MW that incorporated and operational as early as in 2010. Among which cooling or condenser water is paramount importance in part of the power generation process. Strategically power plants are commonly located by the sea or coastal area to take advantage of the abundant of seawater source as cooling water. Puttalam power plant is no exception and it is taking huge amount of seawater to cater for the cooling purpose considering its scale. To achieve this, purposely built seawater transferring channel is required and in the context of Puttalam Power Plant, seawater is transferred via concrete culverts measuring 3m x 3m and run approximately 400m long before it reaches the pump house. There are 3 separate culverts serving each power station. However, whenever seawater is involved biological fouling can happen inevitably and this implies that separate fouling control mechanism has to be in placed along the seawater intake channel to prevent the growth of marine organisms that could potentially disrupt the power generation process. Commonly the disruption arises due to constricted flow when the channel is fouled hence reduce the net cross-sectional area of flow transferring channel or worse it can lead to the choking of condenser heat exchanger tubes when there is a lapse in fouling control attributed to ineffective treatment. At times, bio fouling can lead to more complex issue like under deposit corrosion which can cause leakages of process flow and exacerbate the condition further. Consequently, this may even lead to abrupt plant shut down that could have detrimental effect to the macro-economy but also the associated cost of maintaining and restoring to working condition can be exorbitant. In view of the occurrences of bio-fouling and its severity it might be, Puttalam Coal Power Plant is therefore seeking a more cost effective solution that is not only effective and consistent in controlling bio-fouling but also environmentally friendly to address the bio-fouling issue to their seawater intake channel made of concrete culverts. To meet this objectives, proprietary BioMag system encompasses the Ultra Low Frequency electromagnetic wave technology is being proposed.

Non-chemical water treatment system which helps to control or eliminate bacteriological fouling, microbiological growths, contamination and hard water scale build-up & corrosion in dominantly cooling tower & boiler system. This is achieved by an electrostatic, magnetic, electromagnetic,catalytic or photocatalytic theories which design with an automatic self-adjusting current feature. Non-chemical devices (NCD) have been marketed with the warranty of saving money, reducing costs and protecting the environment, to be part of “Green Technology”. Economical & environmental sustainability awarded products like Scale off, COLLOID-A-TRON, Baccomber, ScaMag, WCTI, Wallenius AOT, WATEF, Scale blaster has providing the proper impact of effective NCD

The knowledge of Martian geology has increased enormously in the last 40 yr. Several missions orbiting or roving Mars have revolutionized our understanding of its evolution and geological features, which in several ways are similar to Earth, but are extremely different in many respects. The impressive dichotomy between the two Martian hemispheres is most likely linked to its impact cratering history, rather than internal dynamics such as on Earth. Mars’ volcanism has been extensive, very longlived and rather constant in its setting. Water was available in large quantities in the distant past of Mars, when a magnetic field and more vigorous tectonics were active. Exogenic forces have been shaping Martian landscapes and have led to a plethora of landscapes shaped by wind, water and ice. Mars’ dynamical behavior continues, with its climatic variation affecting climate and geology until very recent times.

During fossilization, the remains of extinct organisms are subjected to taphonomic and diagenetic processes. As a result, fossils show a variety of preservational artefacts, which can range from small breaks and cracks, disarticulation and fragmentation, to the loss and deformation of skeletal structures and other hard parts. Such artefacts can present a considerable problem, as the preserved morphology of fossils often forms the basis for palaeontological research. Phylogenetic and taxonomic studies, inferences on appearance, ecology and behaviour and functional analyses of fossil organisms strongly rely on morphological information. As a consequence, the restoration of fossil morphology is often a necessary prerequisite for further analyses. Facilitated by recent computational advances, virtual reconstruction and restoration techniques offer versatile tools to restore the original morphology of fossils. Different methodological steps and approaches, as well as software are outlined and reviewed here, and advantages and disadvantages are discussed. Although the complexity of the restorative processes can introduce a degree of interpretation, digitally restored fossils can provide useful morphological information and can be used to obtain functional estimates. Additionally, the digital nature of the restored models can open up possibilities for education and outreach and further research.

When scientists approach the question of how life began on Earth, or elsewhere, their efforts generally involve attempts to understand how non-biological molecules bonded, became increasingly complex, and eventually reached the point where they could replicate or could use sources of energy to make things happen. Ultimately, of course, life needed both. Researchers have been working for some time to understand this very long and winding process, and some have sought to make synthetic life out of selected components and energy. Some startling progress has been made in both of these endeavors, but many unexplained mysteries remain at the heart of the processes. And nobody is expecting the origin of life on Earth (or elsewhere) to be fully understood anytime soon. To further complicate the picture, the history of early Earth is one of extreme heat caused by meteorite bombardment and, most importantly, the enormous impact some 4.5 billion years of the Mars-sized planet that became our moon. As a result, many early Earth researchers think the planet was uninhabitable until about 4 billion years ago. Yet some argue that signs of Earth life 3.8 billion years ago have been detected in the rock record, and lifeforms were certainly present 3.5 billion years ago. Considering the painfully slow pace of early evolution — the planet, after all, supported only single-cell life for several billion years before multicellular life emerged — some researchers are skeptical about the likelihood of DNA-based life evolving in the relatively short window between when Earth became cool enough to support life and the earliest evidence of actual life. So what else, from a scientific as opposed to a religious perspective, might have set into motion the process that made life out of non-life? A Concept like Eco Astronomy ? Study of extreme environmental conditions, effecting to the Harbor Life . ? One long considered yet generally quickly dismissed answer is getting new attention and a little more respect. It invokes panspermia, the sharing of life via meteorites from one planet to another, or delivery by comet. In this context, the question generally raised is whether Earth might have been seeded by early Martian life (if it existed). Mars, it is becoming increasingly accepted, was probably more habitable in its early period than Earth. But panspermia inherently could go the other way as well, or possibly even between solar systems.

Planetary habitability is the measure of a planet’s or a natural satellite’s potential to develop and sustain life. Life may develop directly on a planet or satellite or be transferred to it from another body, a theoretical process known as panspermia. As the existence of life beyond Earth is currently unknown, planetary habitability is largely an extrapolation of conditions on Earth and the characteristics of the Sun and Solar System which appear favourable to life’s flourishing—in particular those factors that have sustained complex, multicellular organisms and not just simpler, unicellular creatures. Research and theory in this regard is a component of planetary science and the emerging discipline of astrobiology. An absolute requirement for life is an energy source, and the notion of planetary habitability implies that many other geophysical, geochemical, and astrophysical criteria must be met before an astronomical body can support life. In its astrobiology roadmap, NASA has defined the principal habitability criteria as “extended regions of liquid water, conditions favourable for the assembly of complex organic molecules, and energy sources to sustain metabolism.” In determining the habitability potential of a body, studies focus on its bulk composition, orbital properties, atmosphere, and potential chemical interactions. Stellar characteristics of importance include mass and luminosity, stable variability, and high metallicity. Rocky, terrestrial-type planets and moons with the potential for Earth-like chemistry are a primary focus of astrobiological research, although more speculative habitability theories occasionally examine alternative biochemistries and other types of astronomical bodies. The idea that planets beyond Earth might host life is an ancient one, though historically it was framed by philosophy as much as physical science. The late 20th century saw two breakthroughs in the field. The observation and robotic spacecraft exploration of other planets and moons within the Solar System has provided critical information on defining habitability criteria and allowed for substantial geophysical comparisons between the Earth and other bodies. The discovery of extrasolar planets, beginning in the early 1990s and accelerating thereafter, has provided further information for the study of possible extraterrestrial life. These findings confirm that the Sun is not unique among stars in hosting planets and expands the habitability research horizon beyond the Solar System.

This document is profiling importance of the artificial glacier & molding geometry via pagoda. Artificial glaciation is a practice carried out in the Hindu Kush and Himalaya regions aimed at creating small new glaciers to increase water supply for crops and in some cases to sustain micro hydro power. This is formed by piping mountain stream water into a vertical pipe. The stream water is collected from a source at a higher altitude than the ice stupa site so gravity pushes it down the pipe. Because water will always maintain its level, it will always reach the same height as the source. Apart from solving the irrigation problem, the artificial glaciers help in the recharging of ground water and rejuvenation of springs. They enable farmers to harvest two crops in a year, help in developing pastures for cattle rearing and reducing water sharing disputes among the farmers. Geometrical shape of pagoda is so important to gradually melting event of Artificial Ice Stupa.

A meteorite is a fragment of rock or iron from outer space, usually a meteoroid or asteroid, which survives passage through the atmosphere as a meteor to impact the surface of the Earth. Meteorites are believed to originate in the asteroid belt between the planets of Mars and Jupiter. Meteorites are often divided into three overall categories based on whether they are dominantly composed of rocky material (stony meteorites), metallic material (iron meteorites), or mixtures (stony–iron meteorites). Pallasites are a rare type of meteorite. The Meteoritical Society's meteor database shows only 99 records of pallasites found on earth, according to Lauretta (for comparison, the most common type of meteorite, the chondrite, has 43,750 records).

Astrobiology is a challenging interdisciplinary field of contemporary science which appeared in the second half of the last century and stimulated a better understanding of the frontiers of biology. Astrobiology aims to answer the fundamental questions: Is there life beyond Earth? Which distinctive features could it acquire? How did it adapt to various natural environments and to which extremes did it evolve? Did it possibly evolve to the level of intellectual capacity and a technological ability to communicate? This field is rooted in the synergy between astrophysics and biology and is intimately related with planetary sciences, in particular with planetary systems formation and evolution. It is also closely linked to basic philosophical concepts.

Fossilization is the process by which a plant or animal becomes a fossil. ... Those plants and animals that do become fossils generally undergo, with some exceptions, several key steps. First, the soft tissue that exists during life decays leaving behind only the "hard parts" (bone, shell, teeth).According to "Enchanted Learning," archaeologists use three main types of fossil: the true form fossil, trace fossil and mold fossil; a fourth type is the cast fossil These types are corresponding to process of rock . Living things that have been replaced by rock material or impressions of organisms preserved in rock .