Analisis de las politicas de fomento de la agroecologia y de la agricultura organica en America Latina y en el Caribe

Crop losses from pests threaten global food security and safety. In the last six decades, pest control using chemical pesticides has resulted in important yield gains per unit area, worldwide. However, the long-term sustainability of chemical pest control has been increasingly thrown into doubt due to the negative impact on human health, biodiversity, and the environment. Consequently, there is an urgent need to improve the science of crop protection in order to tackle the five key challenges of 21st century agriculture holistically: (i) maintaining or improving agricultural productivity, (ii) producing healthy food, (iii) reducing the negative impacts of agriculture on ecosystem and human health, (iv) ensuring the economic viability of farms, and (v) adapting agriculture to climate change. Agroecological Crop Protection (ACP) can be a powerful approach to address these challenges, as we demonstrate in this paper. ACP is the application of the principles of agroecology to crop protection in order to promote virtuous and sustainable changes in agriculture and food systems. ACP combines multiple approaches and disciplines including ecology, agroecology, and Integrated Pest Management. It promotes a crop protection system compatible with healthy agricultural and food systems, agroecological principles and the “one health” approach. We predict that ACP will meet the challenge of pesticide-free agriculture in the future. In this paper, we will first present the scientific, agricultural and social components of ACP. We will then analyze the research approaches, questions, methods and tools needed to adopt ACP. Finally, we suggest key mechanisms to facilitate the transition to ACP, which will ultimately provide sustainable food, feed, and fuel in a context of major global change.

Brazil is one of the few countries that has implemented policies aimed at supporting agroecological transition processes on a national scale. While its experience has caught the attention of the international community interested in building sustainable and healthy food systems, recent literature points to the dismantling of these policies. This article identifies the variety of dismantling strategies to analyze how they are linked to the modification of the policy paradigm. Results suggest that the formation of a ‘clientelist–corporocratic’ paradigm legitimized active and visible dismantling strategies, such as the extinction of policy instruments and the delegitimization of agroecology through discursive mechanisms.

Latin American agroecology proposes the transformation of conventional agrifood systems. It is driven by social movements that have succeeded in forming coalitions that have promoted its public policy integration. These policies involve a range of instruments that are often embedded in programs that also support organic and sustainable agricultural systems. However, while these two types of agriculture propose more ecological practices, they do not question the basis of the conventional agrifood system. The implementation of instruments to support agroecology therefore depends on the power relations established within each country. These policies remain fragile due to the continued support for conventional agriculture. The challenge is therefore to convince farmers, consumers and policymakers to a greater extent on the importance of issues regarding public health, food security and sovereignty. Three elements underpin these policies: (i) pressure exerted by social movements; (ii) the search for solutions to economic and environmental crises caused by specialized agroindustrial models and extreme climatic events, or geopolitical and financial crises; and (iii) partial responses by public authorities to environmental issues.

Latin American agroecology proposes the transformation of conventional agrifood systems. It is driven by social movements that have succeeded in forming coalitions that have promoted its public policy integration. These policies involve a range of instruments that are often embedded in programs that also support organic and sustainable agricultural systems. However, while these two types of agriculture propose more ecological practices, they do not question the basis of the conventional agrifood system. The implementation of instruments to support agroecology therefore depends on the power relations established within each country. These policies remain fragile due to the continued support for conventional agriculture. The challenge is therefore to convince farmers, consumers and policymakers to a greater extent on the importance of issues regarding public health, food security and sovereignty. Three elements underpin these policies: (i) pressure exerted by social movements; (ii) the search for solutions to economic and environmental crises caused by specialized agroindustrial models and extreme climatic events, or geopolitical and financial crises; and (iii) partial responses by public authorities to environmental issues (the sustainable rural development act in Mexico, recognition of the environmental benefits applied to agriculture in Costa Rica, and the sustainable agriculture plan in Chile).

Este documento metodológico tiene por objetivo servir de marco orientador para las acciones de apoyo al escalamiento de experiencias de buenas prácticas innovadoras de adaptación al cambio climático (CC) en Sistemas territoriales de agricultura familiar (STAF) de América Latina y el Caribe (ALC), durante la ejecución del proyecto Innova-AF, ejecutado por IICA con financiamiento del FIDA y colaboración de socios de la Red PP-AL (Cirad, CATIE etc). Busca, asimismo, contribuir a una discusión más amplia acerca de procesos y modalidades de escalamiento de innovaciones para la adaptación de las agriculturas familiares y los territorios rurales de ALC al cambio climático y sobre los factores que dificultan o facilitan dicho escalamiento. Este esfuerzo de análisis metodológico y critico reúne varios objetivos específicos que corresponden a los cinco capítulos del presente documento. 1. Proveer insumos documentados para el proyecto Innova-AF sobre métodos y evaluaciones de procesos o experiencias de escalamiento de buenas prácticas y procesos de innovación técnica u organizacional, con énfasis en la agricultura familiar o en la adaptación al CC en territorios rurales. 2. Identificar y resumir brevemente, algunas experiencias exitosas (o parcialmente exitosas) y algunas experiencias fallidas (o parcialmente fallidas) de escalamiento de buenas prácticas y procesos de innovación, con énfasis en la agricultura familiar y en la adaptación al CC en territorios rurales. Este capítulo figura en anexo. 3. Analizar críticamente los factores que facilitan u obstaculizan la continuidad de procesos de innovación técnica u organizacional y la generalización de buenas prácticas, con énfasis en la agricultura familiar y en la adaptación al CC en territorios rurales. 4. Proponer lineamientos y asuntos críticos que deben ser considerados al diseñar programas de inversión que logren el mayor escalamiento posible, como base para el marco orientador. 5. Indicar criterios de escalamiento de innovaciones locales en diferentes ámbitos espaciales y sociales, como insumos para el marco orientador.

Resumen: El trabajo presenta los resultados de un estudio de políticas públicas a favor de la agroecología en América Latina y el Caribe. El objetivo era analizar las políticas o herramientas que influyen la adopción de prácticas agro-ecológicas e identificar sus principales efectos. El método pasó por la aplicación de una guía de análisis común en ocho países a partir de bibliografía, datos segundarias y entrevistas. Son pocos casos de políticas nominalmente de agroecología, pero existe siempre una normativa de certificación de orgánicos extendida a los productos agroecológicos que resulta en una aproximación o cristaliza una tensión entre las dos concepciones. La construcción de políticas para la agroecológica pasa por tres procesos: la presión del movimiento social, las crisis y las iniciativas gubernamentales. Existe una gran variedad de instrumentos dispersos en diferentes sectores públicos con gran dificultad de coordinación. Sin embargo, las acciones para acceso a tierra, agua, crédito y asistencia técnica para los agricultores familiares e campesinos constituyen las mejores bases para la negociación de programas más específicos para la transición agroecológica.

Latin America and the Caribbean are regions especially interesting to analyse the emergence and development of alternative food and production models with the aim of addressing environmental, social, economic and public health issues. Since the 1960s, this wider region has been threatened by the excesses of the conventional agriculture based on the Green Revolution, whose agro-industrial production models are not concerned with environmental issues and which have taken advantage of an institutional framework that is much less strict than in Europe and North America. This conventional agriculture, intensive in chemical inputs and water, produces pesticide-laden food that is potentially harmful for public health (Segrelles, 2001; Carrasco et al., 2012; HLPE, 2015). Moreover, such systems are frequently set up on land grabbed from indigenous and rural people (Borras et al., 2011; Baquero and Gómez, 2014). In such a context, alternative farming and agrifood models have been proposed by producers, researchers and social movements, and, in some countries, even by public authorities. Some of these actors are advocating for an agroecological transition supported by a new generation of public policies (Collado et al., 2013; Sabourin et al., 2017). This chapter proposes to examine the policies that favour the agroecological transition in Latin America and the Caribbean. It aims to understand how these policies have emerged and what are their challenges and opportunities. This chapter is based on a study conducted in 2016 and 2017 by a group of researchers from the Network of Public Policy and Rural Development in Latin America and the Caribbean (PP-AL), which undertook case studies in eight countries: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Costa Rica, Cuba, El Salvador, Mexico, and Nicaragua). While conducted at the national levels by different researchers, these studies followed a common analytical framework, which included the analysis of five components: –– the use of environment-friendly agriculture concepts in policies; –– the trajectory of social movements and policies; –– the content of the current policies; –– their effects at sectoral or territorial levels; –– the main challenges and perspectives. In order to discuss these issues, these studies applied bibliographic analyses (research literature and policy documents) and conducted interviews with representatives of social movements and with policymakers in the each country.

Resumen En Cuba la utilización del control biológico (CB) en la producción agrícola y pecuaria empezó à principios del siglo pasado y se generalizó desde los años cincuenta. El presente artículo tiene por objetivo entender y caracterizar la adopción generalizada del CB. El CB, tal como se conoce actualmente en Cuba, es el resultado de un sistema de innovación desarrollado desde mediados de los años setenta del siglo pasado, que fue evolucionando y mutando en función de los contex-tos nacionales e internacionales y las necesidades locales. El análisis de la influencia del contexto socioeconómico evidenció que la evolución en la propiedad-administración de la tierra, el modelo tecnológico dominante, la emergencia de un modelo alternativo de producción de conocimientos y el periodo especial de la economía del país, fueron determinantes en la definición del CB, tanto las técnicas como la organización. Nuestros resultados muestran que el CB en Cuba ha sido una innovación de tipo incremental. Ha sido orientado por la política de ciencia e innovación del país, que articula centros de investigaciones con una red de laboratorios y estaciones del servicio estatal de sanidad vegetal, quienes han facilitado los procesos de innovación con los agricultores en los territorios agrícolas, donde se ha consolidado un dispositivo de autogestión de la innovación. Po-demos observar hoy en Cuba una gobernanza multinivel (relaciones entre actores locales y entre actores locales y nacionales) a nivel de territorios. Los territorios aparecen como "lugares" donde se elaboran estrategias, se toman decisiones, se administran los conflictos o por lo menos las tensio-nes; en ese sentido se acercan mucho a las organizaciones. Los territorios serian así nuevas formas de organizaciones-espacios en el pilotaje del desarrollo territorial. Abstract In Cuba, the use of biological control (CB) in agricultural and livestock production started at the beginning of the last century and became general since the 1950s. The purpose of this article is to understand and characterize the general adoption of the CB. The CB, as it is currently known in Cuba, is the result of an innovation system developed since the mid-seventies of the last century , which evolved and mutated, depending on national and international contexts and local needs. The analysis of the influence of the socioeconomic context showed that the evolution in the property-administration of the land, the dominant technological model, the emergence of an alternative model of knowledge production and the special period of the country's economy, were determining factors in the CB definition, both techniques and organization. Our results show that CB in Cuba has been an incremental innovation. It has been guided by the country's science and innovation policy, which articulates research centers with a network of laboratories and stations of the state plant health service, which have facilitated innovation processes with farmers in agricultural territories, where a device for self-management of innovation has been consolidated. Today, we can see in Cuba a multi-level governance (relations between local actors and between local and national actors) at the territorial level. Territories appear as "places" where strategies are elaborated, decisions are made, conflicts are managed or at least tensions; 1 Este trabajo de análisis se inscribe en el marco del programa ALTERNATIVES (Análisis territorial de estrategias de biocontrol desarrolladas a partir de recursos nativos. Lecciones a partir de estudio de casos en la zona Caribe-América Latina). Financiado por el META-Programa SMACH (2016-2019) de l'INRA. Su objetivo es identificar, en una perspectiva comparativa, los frenos y palancas sociotécnicas al desarrollo del control biológico.

Latin American agroecology proposes a transformation of conventional agri-food systems. It is driven by social movements that have succeeded in forming coalitions that have promoted its integration into public policies. These policies involve a range of instruments that are often embedded in programs that also support organic agriculture and sustainable agriculture. However, while these two types of agriculture propose more ecological practices, they do not question the basis of the conventional agri-food system. The implementation of instruments to support agroecology therefore depends on the power relations established within each country. This paper analyses these policies and their influence on the development of agroecology in eight countries: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Costa Rica, Cuba, El Salvador, Mexico, and Nicaragua. These policies remain fragile, while support for large-scale conventional agriculture is still predominant. Their challenge is therefore to convince more broadly farmers, consumers and policymakers about the importance of issues such as public health and food security.

This article analyzes the trajectory of agroecology policies in Brazil. The methodology includes an extended literature review and interviews with key actors based on a framework that drew from that of the sociology of public action. The results indicate that the formation of a coalition of social movements has played a major role in the adoption of the national policy for agroecology and organic production. The design and implementation of this policy are based on a series of participatory and intersectoral mechanisms. However, the coalition is faced with internal tensions about the agroecological project. The political change that took place in 2016 has blocked this process, but other dynamics can be anticipated, in particular at the local level.

This paper presents elements of a transversal and comparative synthesis of a research focusing on the processes of construction of State Policies for Agroecology and Organic Production (PEAPOs) in 11 Brazilian federated states. Based on information originated from documentary analysis and semi-directive interviews of actors and managers, we designed a common frame to analyze public action. The results show a mobilization of the pro-agroecology social movements, allied with other actors in the public sphere, parallel to the dismantling of several public policies, such as the National Policy of Agroecology and Organic Production (PNAPO), and the growing uncertainties following the last presidential elections.

This paper presents elements of a transversal and comparative synthesis of a research focusing on the processes of construction of State Policies for Agroecology and Organic Production (PEAPOs) in 11 Brazilian federated states. Based on information originated from documentary analysis and semi-directive interviews of actors and managers, we designed a common frame to analyze public action. The results show a mobilization of the pro-agroecology social movements, allied with other actors in the public sphere, parallel to the dismantling of several public policies, such as the National Policy of Agroecology and Organic Production (PNAPO), and the growing uncertainties following the last presidential elections.

The objective of this article is to analyze the process of building instruments in favor of agroecology and organic production in the Federal District of Brazil, particularly the creation of a district policy. The study associates the sociology of public action and policy networks analysis. The methodology combines the analysis of documents and interviews of 17 key actors of this process. The results show how three interest groups, originated by an elite of few pioneer militants organized since the 1980s, have been constituted in a public action network that promoted several initiatives, events, institutions and instruments, the most recent being the creation of the District Policy for Agroecology and Organic Production - PDAPO-DF, in 2017. Keywords: Agroecology. Organic Agriculture. Public Policy Network. Brazil.

This paper presents elements of a transversal and comparative synthesis of a research focusing on the processes of construction of State Policies for Agroecology and Organic Production (PEAPOs) in 11 Brazilian federated states. Based on information originated from documentary analysis and semi-directive interviews of actors and managers, we designed a common frame to analyze public action. The results show a mobilization of the pro-agroecology social movements, allied with other actors in the public sphere, parallel to the dismantling of several public policies, such as the National Policy of Agroecology and Organic Production (PNAPO), and the growing uncertainties following the last presidential elections. Keywords: Public Action Analysis. Public Policies. Agroecology. Brazil.

Este livro é o resultado de uma pesquisa colaborativa entre um número significativo de pessoas que praticam e estudam a agroecologia em 09 estados brasileiros além do Distrito Federal, representativos das cinco macrorregiões do país. Além das análises sobre a construção, institucionalização e implementação das políticas no campo da agroecologia, esta pesquisa traz ensinamentos metodológicos importantes. Em primeiro lugar, mostra que é possível articular grupos de docentes, estudantes, produtoras, produtores e representantes de movimentos sociais, na construção de conhecimento para a ação pública. A capilaridade da Rede Políticas Públicas e Desenvolvimento Rural na América Latina e sua capacidade de articulação facilitaram essa diversa e ampla participação na equipe de pesquisa. Em segundo lugar, o quadro teórico utilizado orientou as categorias de análise para o estudo transversal das políticas estaduais de agroecologia e produção orgânica (PEAPOs) e da relação delas com a política nacional de agroecologia e produção orgânica (PNAPO). Atores, instituições, coalizões e governança são categorias chaves na análise feita. Para os interessados, não só na agroecologia, mas em metodologias para estudo de políticas públicas, este livro indica um caminho teórico-metodológico possível a ser seguido em outros estudos.

Latin America and the Caribbean are regions especially interesting to analyse the emergence and development of alternative food and production models with the aim of addressing environmental, social, economic and public health issues. Since the 1960s, this wider region has been threatened by the excesses of the conventional agriculture based on the Green Revolution, whose agro-industrial production models are not concerned with environmental issues and which have taken advantage of an institutional framework that is much less strict than in Europe and North America. This conventional agriculture, intensive in chemical inputs and water, produces pesticide-laden food that is potentially harmful for public health (Segrelles, 2001; Carrasco et al., 2012; HLPE, 2015). Moreover, such systems are frequently set up on land grabbed from indigenous and rural people (Borras et al., 2011; Baquero and Gómez, 2014). In such a context, alternative farming and agrifood models have been proposed by producers, researchers and social movements, and, in some countries, even by public authorities. Some of these actors are advocating for an agroecological transition supported by a new generation of public policies (Collado et al., 2013; Sabourin et al., 2017). This chapter proposes to examine the policies that favour the agroecological transition in Latin America and the Caribbean. It aims to understand how these policies have emerged and what are their challenges and opportunities. This chapter is based on a study conducted in 2016 and 2017 by a group of researchers from the Network of Public Policy and Rural Development in Latin America and the Caribbean (PP-AL), which undertook case studies in eight countries: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Costa Rica, Cuba, El Salvador, Mexico, and Nicaragua). While conducted at the national levels by different researchers, these studies followed a common analytical framework, which included the analysis of five components: –– the use of environment-friendly agriculture concepts in policies; –– the trajectory of social movements and policies; –– the content of the current policies; –– their effects at sectoral or territorial levels; –– the main challenges and perspectives. In order to discuss these issues, these studies applied bibliographic analyses (research literature and policy documents) and conducted interviews with representatives of social movements and with policymakers in the each country.

Se ofrece una breve panorámica sobre la necesidad de transitar hacia la agricultura sostenible en base a la agroecología. Se ofrecen algunos elementos de la sostenibilidad y su relación con la resiliencia ante el cambio climático y la soberanía de los territorios agrícolas.

The objective of this article is to analyze the process of building instruments in favor of agroecology and organic production in the Federal District of Brazil, particularly the creation of a district policy. The study associates the sociology of public action and policy networks analysis. The methodology combines the analysis of documents and interviews of 17 key actors of this process. The results show how three interest groups, originated by an elite of few pioneer militants organized since the 1980s, have been constituted in a public action network that promoted several initiatives, events, institutions and instruments, the most recent being the creation of the District Policy for Agroecology and Organic Production-PDAPO-DF, in 2017. RESUMO O objetivo desse artigo é analisar o processo de construção de instrumentos a favor da agroecologia e da produção orgânica no Distrito Federal do Brasil, em particular, a criação de uma política distrital. O estudo associa a sociologia da ação pública e a análise de redes de ação pública. A metodologia combina a análise de documentos e arquivos com entrevistas de 17 atores chaves desse processo. Os resultados mostram como três grupos de interesse, originados por uma elite de poucos militantes pioneiros organizados desde os anos 1980, têm se constituído em uma rede de ação pública, que promoveu várias iniciativas, eventos, instituições e instrumentos, sendo a mais recente a criação

ABSTRACT The Federal District and particularly the city of Brasilia constitute a booming market for organic and agro-ecological products. This paper develops a characterization of the modes of family farmer’s organization for marketing of organic and agroecological products in the Federal District of Brasilia. The methodology has associated an analysis of documents and statistics and interviews of the various actors of the two main chains of products in the Federal District: producers of the agro-ecological fairs, farmer’s organizations, supermarkets, extension agents and technicians of public agencies. Family farmers have progressively invested the short food chains with direct sales and agro-ecological fairs, through specific and innovative modalities of coordination and organization. The main results show a combination between formal and informal status and institutions and the mobilization of renewed forms of reciprocity, mutual help and collective learning. Keywords: agro-ecology, organic production, short chains marketing, social innovation, Federal District.

Located in the center of Brazil, the Cerrado biome is the most diverse savanna in the world and covers about a quarter of the country area. However, since the 1960s, an ongoing agricultural expansion has led to profound transformations of the natural landscape of this biome, notably through land conversion. The remaining areas of native vegetation is a living and working place for many traditional communities and more recent rural settlements, who undertake low-impact agricultural and extractivist activities. Extractivism in the Cerrado constitutes harvesting of many Non-Timber Forest Products, especially Pequi fruits (Caryocar brasiliense). This proposal aims to study the agro-extractivism systems in Mambaí district, Goiás State, central Brazil, by describing their work organization, by analysing participation in the market, and by discussing the challenges they face. Data was gathered in socio-anthropological fieldwork through semi-structured interviews with over 40 agro-extractivists in rural settlements, visits to farms and observation of the town's weekly street market, followed by interviews with the main actors along the value chain. Results show that farmers have different strategies of production and combine different activities within their household. Regarding Pequi, there are many products obtained from the fruit, the commercial ones (mainly Pulp Preserves) being different from those for household consumption. Harvesting and processing the fruits is a family activity, almost always led by the women. Different products are sold through different commercial channels, including: direct sales to consumers (on orders or at the street market) or directly to local and distant industries, but mostly through intermediaries. The complexity of the relationship between the latter and the agro-extractivists is discussed. Although the income generated by these sales is important and complementary, access to markets appears as a main issue. Therefore, projects and public policy should address basic market access needs, by focusing on marketing, legislation requirements, transportation and especially entrepreneurial management.

The District Policy for Agroecology and Organic Production (PDAPO) of the Federal District of Brazil was promulgated by the Legislative Chamber of the Federal District through Law No. 5,801, dated January 10, 2017. The present study analyzes the institutional and operational situation of PDAPO DF, examining its antecedents, its actors, processes and its first instruments. The study, from the theoretical point of view, associates the analysis of public policies (Rua, 2014, Souza, 2006), sociology of public action (Lagroye et al, 2002, Lascoumes and Le Gales, 2012), in particular the networks of action (Marsh and Rhodes 1992, Massardier, 2008). The methodology combines the analysis of documents and interviews with key actors of PDAPO, managers, politicians, technicians, academics and representatives of farmers' organizations. A common analytical framework was applied to other studies on state policy on agroecology and organic production in Brazil. The main results confirm the performance of a group of pioneer individuals since the 1980s who, after creating the Ecological Agriculture Association (AGE), were able to promote a series of initiatives, events, programs, and hold positions in district and federal institutions, building a a public action network in favor of agroecology and organic production that culminated in the formulation of a district policy. The document is divided into six parts. The first presents the antecedents and the situation of the agriculture in the DF; the second deals with the process of building the PDAPO; the third presents the ideas and conceptions mobilized and the fourth the interest groups and coalitions behind this policy. The fifth part introduces the institutionalization of the policy and its resources and the sixth deals with its instruments and first results.

Ce chapitre s’appuie sur une étude conduite en 2016 et 2017 par un collectif de chercheurs du réseau Politiques publiques et développement rural en Amérique latine (PPAL) qui a réalisé des études de cas dans huit pays en Amérique latine et dans la Caraïbe (Mexique, Cuba, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Brésil, Argentine et Chili)[57]. Ces études conduites à une échelle nationale sont basées sur une grille d’analyse commune comprenant cinq entrées : – les conceptions d’agriculture plus respectueuses des enjeux environnementaux présentes dans les politiques ; – la trajectoire des mouvements sociaux et des politiques ; – les contenus des politiques ; – leurs effets au niveau sectoriel ou territorial ; – les principaux défis et perspectives. Ces études de cas reposent sur des analyses bibliographiques (littérature académique et documents de politique) et des entretiens ciblés auprès de personnes-ressources et d’acteurs des mouvements sociaux et des administrations publiques des pays concernés.

This paper deals with public policies and public actions that promote agroecology in Latin America and the Caribbean. In this context, agroecology is considered as an alternative agri-food system to face the social, health and environmental problems caused by the conventional agricultural system. Public policy instruments and an enabling institutional environment are essential to support the development of agroecology. However, the institutionalization of this concept and its integration into public policies represents a very hard challenge in Latin America. In the academic field, few studies have analyzed the processes of construction of policies for agroecology. Results presented here are derived from a regional comparison carried out between Resumen. La comunicación trata de políticas y acciones públicas que promueven la agroecología en América Latina y el Caribe. En este contexto, la agroecología es considerada como un sistema productivo y alimentario alternativo para enfrentar los problemas sociales, de salud y ambientales provocados por el sistema agropecuario convencional. Instrumentos de políticas públicas y ambiente institucional propicio son fundamentales para apoyar el desarrollo de la agroecología. Sin embargo, la institucionalización del concepto de agroecología latino-americana y su integración en políticas públicas representan un desafío en latinoamericana. En el campo académico, pocos estudios analizan los procesos de construcción de políticas a favor de la agroecología. Los resultados aquí presentados son el fruto de un estudio regional realizado entre 2016 y 2017 en el marco de la Red Políticas Publicas y Desarrollo Rural en América Latina (www.pp-al.org/es). Palabras-claves: agroecología, producción orgánica, políticas públicas, institucionalización, América Latina. Introducción En América Latina y el Caribe, la agroecología pretende constituir una alternativa a los sistemas agroalimentarios convencionales. Los movimientos sociales, que han logrado formar coaliciones para incidir en las políticas públicas, son quienes impulsan dicha perspectiva. Para tanto, los instrumentos de estas políticas varían y a menudo se aplican en programas que también apoyan la agricultura orgánica y la agricultura sostenible. Estos dos tipos de agricultura, aunque proponen prácticas más ecológicas, no cuestionan todas las bases del sistema agroalimentario convencional. La implementación de instrumentos de políticas que promueven la agroecología, así mismo que los efectos que ellos generan, dependen, por lo tanto, del contexto político-institucional específico a cada país.

Latin America and the Caribbean are regions that are especially favourable to the emergence and development of alternative food and production models aimed at addressing environmental, social, economic and public health issues. Indeed, this region is especially threatened by the contradictions and excesses of conventional agriculture originating from the Green Revolution and implemented in the form of agro-industrial production models that often have little respect for the environment in a framework that is much less regulated than in Europe and North America. This conventional agriculture, intensive in its use of chemical inputs and water, produces pesticide-laden food that is harmful for public health (Segrelles, 2001; Carrasco et al., 2012; HLPE, 2015). Moreover, such systems are often set up on land that was forcibly grabbed from indigenous and rural people (Borras et al., 2011; Baquero and Gómez, 2014). In a scenario of such exploitation, alternative farming and agri-food models have been proposed by producers, researchers and social movements, and sometimes encouraged by public authorities in some countries. Thus, with various actors in several countries calling for an agroecological transition (Collado et al., 2013; Sabourin et al., 2017), the promotion and support this transition obtains from public policies is an important issue. This chapter proposes to examine and take stock of policies that favour the agroecological transition in Latin America and the Caribbean. It aims to understand how, and in what contexts, these policies have emerged, and proposes a critical appraisal of their contributions. This chapter is based on a study conducted in 2016 and 2017 by a group of researchers from the Public Policy and Rural Development in Latin America and the Caribbean network (PP-AL), which conducted case studies in eight countries in Latin America and the Caribbean (Mexico, Cuba, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Brazil, Argentina and Chile). These studies were conducted at national scales and were based on a common analysis grid involving five aspects: - the favouring of environment-friendly farming models in policies; - the trajectory of social movements and policies; - the content of the policies; - their effects at the sectoral or territorial level; - the main challenges and perspectives. These case studies are based on bibliographic analyses (research literature and policy documents) and targeted interviews of resource persons and actors who are part of social movements and public administrations in the concerned countries.

Este documento reúne los resultados de estudios realizados en el año 2013 en once países de ALC1 en el marco de los trabajos de la Red Políticas Públicas y Desarrollo Rural en América Latina (PP-AL)2. La Red PP-AL reúne a investigadores y equipos de más de 30 centros latinoamericanos y algunos europeos. El objetivo de la red es estudiar la elaboración e implementación de diversas políticas públicas para examinar sus mecanismos y sus efectos, en particular en términos de transformaciones de las dinámicas de desarrollo rural y de lucha contra las desigualdades. Las investigaciones movilizan a economistas, sociólogos, analistas en ciencia política y geógrafos por medio de proyectos comparados, bilaterales, trilaterales o en red. Buscan analizar y comparar los procesos implementados en las políticas públicas agrícolas y ambientales y en los programas de desarrollo rural o territorial en diversos países de América Latina. El estudio buscó caracterizar dos elementos complementarios en el subcontinente latinoamericano: i) el surgimiento de políticas públicas específicas para el sector de la AF, y ii) la forma en que las políticas clásicas dirigidas al agro afectan a ese sector. El documento consta de tres partes. La primera presenta un análisis transversal del conjunto de estudios de caso nacionales y la segunda parte presenta dichos estudios. La tercera ofrece una síntesis interpretativa de los aportes sobre políticas públicas para la AF derivados de los varios eventos internacionales del Año Internacional de la Agricultura Familiar (AIF) en América Latina. La primera parte se subdivide en cuatro capítulos. El primero se refiere al contexto histórico y económico del surgimiento de las políticas públicas dedicadas a la AF en América Latina. El segundo explicita las causas del surgimiento y difusión regional de esas políticas en la década del 2000. El tercer capítulo trata sobre la diversidad de las modalidades de las políticas que afectan la AF y de las varias definiciones de la categoría meta en distintos países. El cuarto presenta una síntesis de los principales resultados y tendencias, así como de los desafíos y las perspectivas para esas políticas. La segunda parte incluye los resúmenes de los once estudios nacionales a partir de la aplicación de una guía de análisis común que comportaba cinco bloques: 1) el lugar de la agricultura, en especial de la AF, en la economía del país; 2) la historia y la trayectoria de las políticas agrarias y de aquellas dirigidas a la AF; 3) los orígenes y los vectores de esas políticas, en particular el papel de los movimientos sociales y la constitución de grupos de interés o de coalición de causa en defensa de ese tipo de agricultura; 4) la definición de la población/categoría meta y la caracterización de los principales instrumentos de esas políticas y su financiamiento, y 5) la evaluación pluralista de los resultados y efectos, de las perspectivas de evolución y de los principales desafíos de esas políticas. En la tercera parte se ofrece un balance sintético de tres eventos internacionales del AIAF en América Latina: El Encuentro Centroamericano y de República Dominicana sobre Agricultura Familiar 2014, realizado en San Salvador, El Salvador, del 24 al 26 de setiembre de 2014; la Conferencia internacional: Políticas Públicas y Agricultura Familiar en América Latina y el Caribe: Situación actual y retos para el mediano y largo plazo, celebrada en Santiago de Chile el 3 y 4 de noviembre del 2014, y el IX Fórum Internacional de Desarrollo Territorial “Agricultura Familiar: Ruralidad, Territorio y Política Pública”, efectuado en Fortaleza, Estado de Ceará, Brasil, del 18 al 21 de noviembre del 2014. Además de una síntesis interpretativa inicial de cada evento, se identificaron sus principales resultados y productos, y se realizó una valoración general con énfasis en el seguimiento e incidencia, y finalmente se abordó en forma integrada sus principales implicaciones para las políticas públicas relacionadas con la agricultura familiar. Complementariamente, se incorporaron en el capítulo final los principales resultados y recomendaciones relacionadas con políticas públicas para la agricultura familiar de otros eventos del AIAF, incluyendo el Foro Latinoamericano y Caribeño de Comités Nacionales del Año Internacional de la Agricultura Familiar 2014, el 10 y 11 de noviembre del mismo año; la I Reunión Ministerial sobre Agricultura Familiar de la CELAC, efectuada en Brasilia el 13 de noviembre de 2014, y el IV Coloquio Agricultura Familiar e Desenvolvimento Rural, que se llevó a cabo en Porto Alegre, Brasil, del 12 al 14 de noviembre del 2014.

L’étude réalisée par les partenaires du DP PP-AL au Brésil présente la trajectoire des politiques publiques en faveur de l’agroécologie à partir d’une analyse historique longitudinale de l’action des mouvements sociaux et des réponses des gouvernements au niveau fédéral. Depuis 2012, le gouvernement fédéral du Brésil a établi une Politique Nationale d’Agroécologie et Production Organique dont l’élaboration et la gestion sont basées sur une série de dispositifs participatifs et intersectoriels. La Commission Nationale d’Agroécologie et Production Organique réunit la société civile et La Chambre Interministérielle d’Agroécologie et Production Organique regroupe les représentants des ministères impliqués. Ce dispositif participatif a donné lieu à la formulation et réalisation du premier Plan National d’Agroécologie et Production Organique 2013/2015 et au second plan 2016-2020 mais avec des moyens réduits a partir du gouvernement de M. Temer.

L’étude réalisée par les partenaires du DP PP-AL au Brésil présente la trajectoire des politiques publiques en faveur de l’agroécologie à partir d’une analyse historique longitudinale de l’action des mouvements sociaux et des réponses des gouvernements au niveau fédéral. Depuis 2012, le gouvernement fédéral du Brésil a établi une Politique Nationale d’Agroécologie et Production Organique dont l’élaboration et la gestion sont basées sur une série de dispositifs participatifs et intersectoriels. La Commission Nationale d’Agroécologie et Production Organique réunit la société civile et La Chambre Interministérielle d’Agroécologie et Production Organique regroupe les représentants des ministères impliqués. Ce dispositif participatif a donné lieu à la formulation et réalisation du premier Plan National d’Agroécologie et Production Organique 2013/2015 et au second plan 2016-2020 mais avec des moyens réduits a partir du gouvernement de M. Temer.

Latin American agroecology proposes a transformation of conventional agri-food systems. It is driven by social movements that have succeeded in forming coalitions that have promoted its integration into public policies. These policies involve a range of instruments that are often embedded in programmes that also support organic agriculture and sustainable agriculture. However, while these two types of agriculture propose more ecological practices, they do not question the basis of the conventional agri-food system. The implementation of instruments to support agroecology therefore depends on the power relations established within each country. This Perspective analyses these policies and their influence on the development of agroecology in eight countries: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Costa Rica, Cuba, El Salvador, Mexico, and Nicaragua. These policies remain fragile while the support for large-scale conventional agriculture still dominate. Their challenge is therefore to convince more broadly farmers, consumers and policymakers about the importance of issues such as public health and food security.

Este libro presenta los resultados de un estudio conducido por la Red Politicas Publicas y Desarrollo Territorial en America Latina (Red PP-AL) sobre las politicas publicas a favor d ela agroecologia en America Latina y el Caribe.

Assim como nos demais países latinoamericanos que compuseram a pesquisa que resultou neste livro, no Brasil a agroecologia conquistou importante espaço nas narrativas dos movimentos sociais rurais, assim como no mundo acadêmico. A noção se tornou uma espécie de plataforma comum para crítica e construção de alternativas aos modelos de agricultura convencional. Mais do que isso, ela conseguiu mobilizar uma coalizão de atores sociais capaz de incidir sobre o desenho das políticas públicas. E aqui talvez resida a principal especificidade brasileira. Ao longo das duas últimas décadas, o país experimentou a construção de inúmeras políticas de desenvolvimento rural. Foi ao longo desse processo que se estabeleceu um profícuo diálogo sobre as possibilidades, mas também os limites e obstáculos, à construção de políticas em favor da agroecologia, o que culminou, em 2012, com a criação da Política Nacional de Agroecologia e Produção Orgânica (PNAPO), instrumentalizada em 2013 pelo I Plano Nacional de Agroecologia e Produção Orgânica (I PLANAPO), atualizado e revisado em 2016 no II Plano. A trajetória que possibilitou a construção dessa política nacional foi longa e difícil. Ela corresponde a uma quantidade de iniciativas da sociedade civil e das organizações de agricultores familiares iniciadas desde os anos 1980 com os projetos de agricultura alternativa e com a constituição de redes de agroecologia ou produção orgânica, as quais possibilitaram que as propostas do movimento social se materializassem em uma política pública nacional a partir de dois processos: (i) a multiplicação de redes locais e regionais ou territoriais de gestão do conhecimento agroecológico fundadas na capacitação e na experimentação mútua ou compartilhadas; (ii) os esforços de diálogo entre sociedade civil e governos em diversas escalas (União, Estado federado, Município, Território), o que deu lugar à institucionalização progressiva da agroecologia e ao seu reconhecimento público, na sua diversidade e mediante a participação popular.

Cette communication se situe dans la perspective de l’analyse de l’action publique territorialisée et participative de développement rural, dans le contexte de la création du Territoire Rural Aguas Emendadas dans le Centre Ouest du Brésil. Le cadre d’analyse est posé par l’association dans le cadre politique du Ministère du Développement Agraire brésilien (MDA) de trois processus qui ne sont ni donnés, ni du même ordre : la décentralisation des décisions, l’approche globale et territoriale du développement rural et la participation de la population. En termes de recomposition de l’action publique, la question abordée est celle de la contribution des dispositifs collectifs et des organisations de producteurs à la rénovation des politiques publiques de développement rural. La communication examine notamment l’efficacité sociopolitique des nouvelles procédures d’appui à l’agriculture familiale fondées sur la participation.

The emancipation and the autonomy of the Brazilian dominated peasantries is a topic newly revisited thanks to the recent rise of the agroecology in the country. The paper is based on a case study in Brazil, by using an analysis framework inspired by socio-anthropology of development. It aims to assess the autonomy generated by a support methodology for peasant innovation, based on agroecology principles.

Afin de favoriser l’abandon du bruˆlis par les agriculteurs familiaux du front pionnier amazonien, un projet franco-bre ́silien a tente ́ entre 2006 et 2010 de promouvoir une adaptation locale des techniques de semis direct sous couverture ve ́ ge ́ tale. L’article analyse, a` partir du re ́fe ́rentiel de la sociologie de la traduction, les transformations sociales et techniques suscite ́es par cette initiative. Alors que des agriculteurs se sont montre ́s inte ́resse ́s par cette alternative, les adoptions ont e ́te ́ rares et incomple`tes : les cultures interme ́diaires de le ́gumineuses ont e ́te ́ rarement pratique ́es et les rotations simplifie ́es. Par ailleurs, les institutions (banques, assistance technique, autorite ́s politiques), dont l’appui e ́tait juge ́ central pour favoriser les adoptions, ont refuse ́ de soutenir le semis direct et se sont positionne ́es en faveur d’une alternative centre ́e sur le labour motorise ́. La polarisation des acteurs autour de deux options techniques concurrentes, cristallisant divers enjeux cognitifs, symboliques, socio-e ́conomiques et politiques, constitue un e ́le ́ment explicatif majeur de la faible dynamique en matie`re d’adoption du semis direct.

Abstract To associate the notion of food security to the peasantry implies thinking also in produce beyond peasant families; it means to redistribute or to market the production to local population. So, the peasantry "produces to live and to feed." But how to articulate a peasant production based on reciprocity with nature and solidarity among peers with a national and international market dominated and regulated by market exchange? The paper proposes, in the first part, answer this question from the fundamentals of economic anthropology, but also mobilizing more recent elements of reciprocity theory. After Mauss, Polanyi played a key role with the proposal of the concept of substantive economy and the identification of reciprocity as a way of the economy regulation alongside the exchange and redistribution. Anthropological analysis of reciprocity was completed in the years 1990/2000 by Temple extending Mauss and Levi-Strauss with the analysis of the elementary structures of reciprocity. Today, this structural analysis allows us to search in empirical field-work, the nature of the material values but also that of the affective and ethical values produced by reciprocity relationship, of which some examples in the Brazilian rural area are presented in the second part. In the third part, I wonder why an interest in the reciprocity practices and relations in the XXI century and examine how such reciprocity relationships are present in mixed situations, next to the relationship of commodity exchange. Resumo: Associar a noção de segurança alimentar ao termo de campesinato implica pensar em produzir também para além das famílias camponesas; quer dizer para redistribuir ou para comercializar para a população. Por isso o campesinato " produz para viver e alimentar ". Mas como articular uma produção camponesa fundada na reciprocidade com a natureza e na solidariedade entre pares com um mercado nacional e internacional dominado e regulado pela troca mercantil? O artigo propõe, na sua primeira parte, responder a essa questão a partir dos fundamentos da antropologia econômica, mas também mobilizando elementos mais recentes da teoria da reciprocidade. Após Mauss, Polanyi teve um papel essencial com a proposta do conceito de economia substantiva e com a identificação da reciprocidade como modo de regulação da economia ao lado da troca e da redistribuição. A análise antropológica da reciprocidade foi completada nos anos 1990/2000 ....

Con base al IV CENAGRO sy utilizando el enfoque de Sistemas de Produccion, se identifican las caracteristicas y la ubicacion de las Explotaciones en la categoria de Agricultura Familiar.

Génesis, institucionalización y desafíos Sandrine Fréguin-Gresh con los aportes valiosos de L. Valverde; D. Salazar; F. Salmeron; M. Bonin; P. Merlet,B. Rapidel; H. Hocdé y E. Sabourin Contribución al Seminario intermediario " Políticas a favor de la agroecología en América Latina y en el Caribe " , 9-11 de Noviembre, Brasilia (Brazil)