Zunaidi Ibrahim

• Mechanical Engineering (PhD- System Engineering)
• Senior Assistant Professor at Universiti Teknologi Brunei

Stroke is a significant global health concern, ranking among the top causes of death and disability. Timely poststroke recovery hinges on structured upper limb rehabilitation within the first 24–48 hr. Although virtual reality (VR) rehabilitation is promising, its accessibility is complex and cost-limited, especially in less developed regions. In t...

Stroke is a significant global health concern, ranking among the top causes of death and disability. Timely post-stroke recovery hinges on structured upper limb rehabilitation within the first 24–48 hours. Although virtual reality (VR) rehabilitation is promising, its accessibility is complex and cost-limited, especially in less developed regions....

The incessant demand for reliable and robust in-car connectivity drives the evolution of automotive wireless communication. In this pivotal research, we ventured into the realm of 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi applications, emphasising refining antenna designs that focused specifically on the Bio-composite material single patch and the 2x2 array configurations. Ou...

Grinding of any metallic materials are usually done under flood cooling using cutting fluid. However, excessive use of cutting fluid is not environmentally friendly. Researchers in the field are always looking for efficient as well as environmentally friendly grinding process for sustainable development. Minimum quantity lubrication with nanofluid...

The number of stroke cases has contributed to the increasing research and development of exoskeletons to act as walking assistance for paraplegic patients. Exoskeletons currently available in the market are costly and unattainable to many patients. In this study, a low-cost lower limb exoskeleton weighing 20 kg was designed for better accessibility...

In this research, the effect of doping alumina with 1 wt% of manganese oxide (Mn), 1 wt% titania (Ti) and the combine doping (Ti+Mn) were studied. The sintering behaviour of these samples were compared to the undoped alumina. All samples were sintered in air atmosphere between 1250 to 1600°C. Sintered samples were characterized to determine the pha...

Digital twin is one of the approaches to transform classical and traditional manufacturing to smart manufacturing and Industry Revolution 4.0, which received much attention in the manufacturing domain. Digital twin in manufacturing offers many advantages and solutions include close-loop feedback system, continuous real-time monitoring, or data acqu...

In this work, the design and optimisation of an upright assembly for a passenger vehicle were investigated by performing static analysis. Upright assembly is a critical mounting part of a suspension system because it connects all suspension, steering and braking components together to the chassis. Reduction in weight of this component translates to...

Surface roughness is the most significant surface quality measure during the turning process. It is often induced by several machining parameters, such as spindle speed, feed rate, and depth of cut. The Taguchi level 9 orthogonal array was incorporated to pick the best combinations of parameters for the turning operation. The surface roughness was...

The present work investigated the sintering behaviour and mechanical properties of 0.2 % copper oxide (CuO) doped 3 mol% yttria-tetragonal zirconia polycrystal (Y-TZP) via microwave sintering. The microwave (MWV) sintered samples were heated at temperatures varying from 1100 to 1400 °C, with a heating rate of 30 °C/min for 5 minutes. These samples...

Surface finish is the term to describe the surface of the materials, which is defined as the measure of the overall texture of the surface that includes roughness, waviness, and lay. The surface finish of the manufactured products may vary depending on the materials and processes used during the production of the product. In this project, Aluminium...

This paper presents the systematic literature review of the application machine learning method in detecting a distributed of service (DDoS) attack. Several relevant research papers were selected and they were reviewed based on the method using to provide the best performances and evidence in machine learning technique applications. The researchers...

A stroke is defined as a sudden interruption of the brain’s blood supply; the leading cause for almost 80% of all strokes is ischemic stroke, where there is a clot or an abrupt blockage within an artery leading to the brain. The increase in the number of stroke patients per year and the available robotic rehabilitation device (RRD) being too expens...

The effect of parameters during turning such as spindle speed, feed rate, and depth of cut on the surface roughness was studied under dry and flood lubrication conditions. The turning process was performed on aluminum 6061 on a Lathe machine and optimised using Taguchi Orthogonal Array (OA) experimental method. The array used was L9. The turning op...

This paper reports on the design and engineering analysis of a low-cost coconut peeling machine for small medium-sized enterprise. The aim of the design was to develop a machine that could remove the exterior coconut husk in a hexagonal form. The concept adopted was based on vertical trimmings and the mechanism composed of blades, and holder to cla...

This research investigates the effect of welding current and travel speed on the mechanical properties of the welded Mild Steel rod with a carbon content of 0.15% using the Metal Inert Gas Welding. By varying the welding current and travel speed and a constant welding gap of 3 mm, each specimen is pulled using the Instron Universal Testing Machine....

Carbon footprint is the total amount of greenhouse gas, which traps heat in the atmosphere and leads to climate change and global warming. Brunei Darussalam has a high carbon dioxide emission with a concerning number of 18.28 tons per capita, higher than larger countries. This research aims to study and analyze the carbon emission of a sector in Br...

The preparation of calcium-based hydroxyapatite (HA) from chicken eggshell was prepared by using microwave-wet chemical synthesis approach. The influence of pH value at 8,9,10,11 and 12 that applied on the HA has been investigated. Several characterization methods such as the XRD, FTIR, FESEM and EDX were used to evaluate the morphology and structu...

This research is made to investigate the effectiveness of Minimum Quantity Lubrication (MQL) over flood-cooling lubrication in lathe turning operation on a 1-inch-thick mild steel rod. The cutting tool used for this operation was a tungsten carbide Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) coating. Two results needed to be determined; surface roughness value...

Golfer typically carries a golf bag to transport all his golf clubs and other equipment all over the golf course. However, golf bags can be hefty to be held on the shoulder. Thus, this project aims to design and fabricate an autonomous Smart Golf Caddie (SGC) to ease the burden of carrying a golf bag from a golfer and provide an autonomous caddie s...

COVID-19 has altered the way businesses throughout the world perceive cyber security. It resulted in a series of unique cyber-crime-related conditions that impacted society and business. Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) has dramatically increased in recent year. Automated detection of this type of attack is essential to protect business assets....

The valve seat insert is a component of the engine cylinder head, whose primary function is to seal the combustion chamber and absorb the valve's heat, releasing it to the engine cylinder head. The valves experience high temperatures owing to high thermal loading and low heat absorption in the valve seat, which can potentially damage the engine. Th...

A novel aeration measurement system was developed to evaluate the water treatment process in a river to acquire a more comparable dissolved oxygen value even if various types of aerations are tested. The system comprises of DO sensor, water flowmeter, anemometer, PVC pipes, water pump, air compressor pump, and truck tyre tubes. The PVC pipes consis...

As the engine reached high speed, the exhaust valve temperature increased exponentially due to the exhaust gas produced by the combustion process between the mixture of air and fuel within the combustion chamber of the internal combustion engine. The valve is subjected to thermal loading due to high temperature and pressure within the cylinder, whi...

Water pollution is closely related to the Water Quality Index (WQI). One of the parameters in classifying WQI is dissolved oxygen (DO) that can be improved by introducing the surface and subsurface aerations. Herein, the Perlis River’s water quality was investigated by evaluating the DO’s improvement based on various aeration systems. The changes o...

There are many types of aerator that can be used to perform a water treatment process either from air to water or from water to air approaches. Other than focusing on the performance itself, the usage cost of aerator should be forecasted in detail too to have a sustainable and economical method in remediating the polluted water. Therein, the cost p...

The exhaust system in any Internal Combustion (IC) engine is a critical component that affects the engine’s performance. A poorly designed exhaust system generally results in an increment of exhaust backpressure. Backpressure is one of the fluid’s characteristics that acts as a resistance to exhaust gas flow. Relatively higher backpressure blocks t...

The exhaust system especially the exhaust manifold is an important factor that affects the performance of any SI engine. The most influential boundary condition in the exhaust manifold is backpressure where it is defined as the difference between maximum pressure in the exhaust system and the atmospheric pressure. Higher backpressure was documented...

The densification and mechanical behaviour of tetragonal zirconia doped with up to 2 wt% flyash as dopant were studied. In this work, the dopant was blended with commercial 3 mol% yttria-stabilised zirconia powders by attrition milling. Sintering was accomplished by firing the green bodies at various temperatures ranging from 1250 ºC to 1500 ºC und...

The combustion of the internal combustion engine results in high heat and pressure produce as exhaust gas. The high-temperature exhaust gas will transfer the heat to surrounding via convection, conduction, and radiation. In the combustion chamber, the exhaust valve and its seat will reach high temperatures due to hot gases exit through the engine e...

Global warming is the most significant threat that civilization faced within the 21st century. Buildings, which account for 40% of global consumption of energy and greenhouse gas emissions, play a key role in global warming. It is estimated that their destructive impact will grow by 1.8 percent per year by 2050, indicating that future energy consum...

An experimental study of the brake-application time of Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) system considering the primary accident in an urban area was proposed. Since the functionality of the brake-application time is varied between manufacturers and models, the brake-application time of AEB system must be verified based on driving behaviour in Mal...

This study uses a simulation of primary accident to investigate the scene barrier effects on vehicle deceleration rate in the suburban area to assess driver behaviour. Several conditions were designed and experimented to determine the capability of scene barrier, which included free flow traffic without an accident, an accident without scene barrie...

This article presents three methods of structural optimization for a rectangular sample under tensile load to minimize von Mises stress as an objective function. In the first method, namely the position-finding method, the initial volume is reduced by cut-extrusion of some circular holes with a uniform volume gradient along the length of the sample...

Modelling the flow of traffic is a growing issue for several city and traffic issues, using artificial intelligence to engineer as a better traffic system is the focus of artificial intelligence research. This paper, therefore, compares, analyzes and evaluates machine learning and deep learning in autonomous vehicle traffic flow prediction. Methods...

Quadrotor is a type of unmanned aerial vehicle that has been widely used in many applications, such as, policing, surveillance, aerial photography and agriculture. Conventionally, the control of quadrotor flight direction is accomplished by varying speeds of motors or manipulating torques. In this paper, a novel mechanism is proposed. The mechanism...

Fuzzy Logic Speed Controller (FLSC) has been widely used for motor drive due to its robustness and its non-reliance to real plant parameters. However, it is computationally expensive to be implemented in real-time and prone to the fuzzy rules’ selection error which results in the failure of the drive’s system. This paper proposes an improved simpli...

In the last few years, considerable attention has been paid to the roof cladding systems due to their progressive use in the construction of low-rise buildings. The design of such systems has been gaining importance since they are subjected to severe damage and failure caused by high wind events, particularly at their fastener connection points. To...

This research aims to assess the emotional experiences of stroke patients using Electroencephalogram (EEG) signals. Since emotion and health are interrelated, thus it is important to analyse the emotional states of stroke patients for neurofeedback treatment. Moreover, the conventional methods for emotional assessment in stroke patients are based o...

Pick-To-Light Order Picking System is the operational process when an operator begins to pick the parts in a sequential manner by which the quantity of the parts is recorded. The design of an effective hybrid order picking process in an assembly line is assisted by an intelligent sensing system to improve pick efficiency, accuracy and increase prod...

Improving the heat transfer coefficient of working fluids is essential for achieving the best performance of manufacturing systems. As a replacement of conventional working fluids, nanofluids have a high potential for improving this heat transfer coefficient. However, nanofluids are seldom implemented in actual systems, and several factors should b...

Emotion is regulated by the interconnection of the brain network. Each emotion is a different mental state, where the neuronal oscillations differ for different emotions. The EEG signal has been a useful method to analyze emotions. Furthermore, the neuronal oscillation can be observed by analyzing the scaling properties of EEG signal. In this study...

The steering wheel control is the method used for the navigation of an autonomous vehicle. In order to control the autonomous vehicle, the steering wheel controller must be able to adapt as the road condition and surrounding environment can change abruptly. The existed autonomous system currently in the testing phase. The system still needs to impr...

Stroke is a leading cause of serious long-term disability. World Health Organization (WHO) published that the second leading of death is stroke accident and every year, 15 million people worldwide suffer from stroke attack, two-thirds of them have a permanent disability. Muscle impairment can be treated by intensive movements involving repetitive t...

This research aims to investigate the relationship between the technology capability and car manufacturer understanding and awareness of the New Car Assessment Program for Southeast Asian Countries (ASEAN NCAP). The surveys were performed to collect the data among Malaysian car manufacturers and 90 sets of questionnaires were returned and analysed...

Fever is happened when the human having infection or other illness which the body temperature is higher than normal body temperature. The heat load released during the fever cause the uncomfortable condition to the human. Thermoelectric is used in the design of heat exchanger to provide cooling by using electricity which reliefs the fever uncomfort...

An operation theatre (OT) is a special room inside the hospital where medical surgery is carried out by a surgeon with the help of medical personnel. Technical standards or requirements which have been set for heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) inside an operation theatre is important not only for the comfort of surgeon, patient, and...

Living mammalian especially European cats will face some problems when traveling from cold ambient in Europe to hot ambient country. Some of the problems are, these cats will become panting when exposed to the high temperature of ambient for a short term. Also, for a long term exposed to high temperature, the cats will experience heat stress and ha...

span>Hand gesture recognition commonly uses a camera to track hand movements and transformed into gesture database by using various computational approaches. Motion tracking utilized to map coordinate point of the subject movement, either in skeletal model or marker tracing. Data from motion trackers usually contains massive coordinate sequences of...

An experimental study of the brake-application time of Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) system considering the primary accident in an urban area was proposed. Since the functionality of the brake-application time is varied between manufacturers and models, the brake-application time of AEB system must be verified based on driving behaviour in Mal...

Malaria is a plasmodium parasite disease that affects millions of people in the world every year. Hence, early detection tests are needed to prevent the malaria parasites spread throughout the body. For centuries, manual microscopic blood test remains as the most common method that still being used for malaria detection. However, this procedure con...

UWB array antenna with the high enhancement of gain is proposed. New additional flat reflector with a distance of 20 mm enhances the proposed antenna gain. UWB antenna performance with reflector is better than UWB antenna without reflector structure. Antenna with reflector recorded wider operating bandwidth; 1.9GHz-10.6GHz with higher gain ranged f...

Electroencephalogram (EEG) is a signal contains information of brain activities. Nowadays, many types of research regarding EEG have been done such as neuromarketing. The human brain is very complicated but it contains a lot of information. EEG signal is a non-stationary signal, it changes over time and it also depends on human’s emotion, thinking...

Recycled high-density polyethylene reinforced with bamboo filler were compounded with twin-screw extruder and injection molding process. The main objective of this study is to investigate the effect of different chemical treatment with different concentration for bamboo filler reinforced with recycled high-density polyethylene composites via inject...

Nanoparticles of metal oxide have great potential in the photocatalytic system for removal of heavy metals in wastewater. The usage of titanium dioxide (TiO2) as photocatalyst has gained much attention because of its unique properties compared to others metal oxide. The usage of activated carbon (AC) as adsorbent from agricultural wastes such as co...

A high-performance UWB array antenna to identify a tumor in a human brain phantom using confocal microwave imaging technique is presented. The antenna operated within the ultra-wideband (UWB) from 1.2 GHz to 10.8 GHz. Its high gains of between 5.2 dB and 14.5 dB and compact 90 mm × 45 mm size enabled its functionality and eased its integration into...

Human ability to make a decision and recognize pattern are based on their intelligence level and experience. This ability makes the driver alert and knows what they need to do at certain situations. This paper aims to study human behavior while driving the vehicle at the desired path. Certain criteria subjects are selected with the purpose to study...

Disease diagnosis based on retinal image analysis is very popular in order to detect a few critical diseases such as diabetic retinopathy, high blood pressure, cancer and glaucoma. The important part in the retinal is a blood vessel. Besides, the blood vessel study plays an important part in different medical areas such as ophthalmology, oncology,...

The proliferation and advancement in network technologies has brought unprecedented opportunities towards the development of Software Defined Network (SDN) which presents an alternative network architecture that separates data forwarding and control functions to simplify global network management. As SDN is developed to handle large-scale network,...

Cervical cancer and the prediction of clinical outcome are among the most important emerging applications of gene expression microarray technology with feature sequencing of microRNA. By using reliable and dependable classification of machine learning algorithms available for microarray gene expression profiling data is the key in order to develop...

Halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) reinforced polylactic acid (PLA) nanocomposite films were utilized for different applications, such as packaging, drug recover and other applications. The incorporation of plasticizer into polymer nanocomposites modifies some of their functional and physical properties, such as increasing flexibility, moisture sensitivit...

UWB array antenna with high gain is proposed. The 4 × 1 array antenna consists of four identical copper circular patches are appropriately connected using quarter-wavelength transformer transmission line. The array elements and its feed network are properly optimized to have a high gain performance over wide range bandwidth frequencies. New additio...

A Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol plays a significant role in enhancing the performances of Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN). This technology is commonly implemented IEEE 802.15.4 standard that works under CSMA/CA protocol. In addition, WBAN deals with probability of high traffic occurrence due to collection bulk of medical data that are gene...

Image enhancement is an important topic in image analysis in order to help humans and computer vision algorithms to obtain an accuracy information for analysis. The visual quality and certain image properties, such as brightness, contrast, signal to noise ratio, resolution, edge sharpness, and colour accuracy were improved through the enhancement p...

Biometric technology has swiftly emerged as a go-to solution for improving cyber security especially in financial fraud and security threats. EEG based-authentication is best of security in cyber security application as it is unique and cannot be replicated. The aim of this study is to investigate the possibility of adopting imaginary or non-imagin...

SDN is the new network technology. Although SDN still new, it is inseparable from the issue of a link failure. By using SDN, link failure scenario can be simulated and collection of data can be analysed. Before creating link failure scenario, several topologies were needed to show similarities with traditional network. There are many topologies tha...

Recycled high-density polyethylene and high-density polyethylene reinforced with bamboo filler were compounded with twin-screw extruder and injection molding process. The main objective of this study is to investigate the effect of different loading of bamboo filler reinforced with recycled high-density polyethylene composites via injection molding...

The application of password usage in databased user authentication method is unsafe, due to higher chance of off-line guessing attacks. Hackers are able to save our personal information and can detect them until the perfect match is acquired. Thus, the aim of this research is to examine EEG signals during typing task from three engineering students...

Abstract In this article, the influence of deionized water and Al2O3/deionized water nanofluid to cooling battery ambient temperature is shown in figure 1. The battery temperature is observed to be decrease as the Al2O3/deionized water nanofluids volume concentration and high flow rate is incremented. The Al2O3/deionized water nanofluid exhibits en...

Control Path Management is an important component in the Distributed SDN Controller, and plays a key role in Software Defined Networking (SDN). Testbed simulations are done with an implementation of several controllers are deployed to improve the scalability and reliability of the control plane framework by employed network clustering into several...