Zullies Ikawati

• Doctor of Philosophy
• Professor at Universitas Gadjah Mada

Diabetes mellitus (DM), both type 1 and type 2, has been linked to decreased performance across a number of cognitive function categories, with more recent studies emphasizing the contribution of DM mediated dementia. Despite the therapeutic advantages of antidiabetic medications for the management of DM mediated cognitive dysfunction (CD), the maj...

Purpose: To determine the factors related to hypoglycemia unawareness (HU) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Bali-Indonesia. Methods: A case-control study was conducted across three hospitals to investigate the incidence of HU as a primary outcome. Medical record data were collected to obtain information for further analysis. The...

Introduction: An elevated heart rate (HR) results in adverse outcomes in human systolic heart failure with a sinus rhythm. Genetic variants may alter HCN4 interactions with regulatory proteins and increase HR. This study aimed to generate a protein interaction network (PIN) associated with elevated HR and to determine HCN4 gene variants (718G>A, 15...

Background: The management of blood glucose levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) often involves the use of effective diabetes medications, such as insulin and sulfonylurea (SU). Despite the potential, these drugs can potentially lead to hypoglycemia during treatment. Objective: Therefore, this study aims to determine the types of...

Background: Dementia patients necessitate intensive care, often imposing a substantial burden on caregivers. With the rising global prevalence of dementia, it becomes crucial to elucidate the determinants that influence caregiver stress and overall well-being. Objective: This research mainly aimed to examine the impact of the Montreal Cognitive Ass...

Objectives: Ambulatory patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) require special attention when being discharged from the hospital with anti-diabetes medication. This necessity stems primarily from the risk of adverse drug reactions, particularly hypoglycemia. However, this risk is significantly influenced by the patients' knowledge and behavi...

Plantago major L. ( Plantaginaceae ) contains bioactive phytochemicals supporting its wide array of pharmacological activities. Aucubin, a bioactive iridoid glycoside found in P. major , has been used as a marker substance for quality control. This study’s objective was to assess the efficacy of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) on P. major leaf...

Stroke merupakan penyakit pada otak berupa gangguan fungsi syaraf lokal dan atau global, yang munculnya mendadak, progresif dan cepat. Gangguan fungsi syaraf pada stroke disebabkan oleh gangguan peredaran darah otak non traumatik. Hipertensi merupakan salah satu faktor dengan kejadian stroke. Penanganan hipertensi pada pasien stroke iskemik diharap...

Depression is characterized by symptoms such as insomnia, change in appetite and body weight, impaired concentration, lethargy, agitation, psychomotor retardation, anhedonia, feelings of worthlessness, and suicidal thoughts. Various methods have been applied to assess the efficacy of antidepressants and associated molecular processes. However, guid...

Phyllanthus emblica L., known as Indian gooseberry (Euphorbiaceae), has been used in traditional Indian medicine for its benefits in treating various diseases. Antioxidant and neuroprotective activities of Phyllanthus emblica L. provide great benefits in medicine. Antioxidants can help lower the risks of many diseases, including neurological condit...

Elevated heart rate is linked to adverse cardiovascular outcomes. Sinoatrial (SA) nodes, hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated-4 (HCN4) channels, and beta1-adrenergic receptor (ADRB1) are responsible for generating the heart rate. Beta-blockers have a cardioprotective effect on heart failure, including controlling heart rate. However,...

Dolutegravir (DTG) merupakan obat Antiretroviral (ARV) golongan integrase inhibitor (INSTI) terbaru yang pada tahun 2019 World Health Organization (WHO) merekomendasikannya sebagai pilihan terapi ARV lini pertama dan kedua pada pasien Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). Di Indonesia, DTG direkomendasikan pada Juli 2020 sebagai penyempurna pedoman r...

Background: Hypertension is a prevalent health concern in Indonesia, with a high percentage of patients unresponsive to ACE inhibitor treatment. Methods: This multicenter case-control study investigated the correlation between ACE I/D and captopril effectiveness in Indonesian hypertensive patients. Hypertensive patients were divided into control (n...

Introduction irrational antibiotic use can result in antibiotic resistance, which, in turn, can lead to increased morbidity and mortality, as well as high treatment costs. This phenomenon is more common in children because they are a population that often receives antibiotics. This study aimed to evaluate antibiotic use in pediatric patients in Ind...

Purpose: To map the quality of life (QoL) profile of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients and identify its influencing factors in Bali Province. Method: This study was conducted in the Pharmacy Department of two Government Hospitals in Bali Province, Indonesia. The 89 participants were T2DM patients undergoing outpatient therapy from November 2...

Literature studies show that the use of acetylcysteine or ambroxol can accelerate improvement of clinical outcomes of post acute exacerbation chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) patients. This study aims to compare the clinical outcomes of acetylcysteine and ambroxol administration in post AECOPD patients. The study was cohort design, pr...

Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) muncul sebagai sebuah pandemi yang menjadi masalah kesehatan global. Terapi untuk mengobati COVID-19 hingga saat ini masih berkembang dinamis. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memberikan gambaran karakteristik, regimen terapi, dan luaran pasien COVID-19 yang dirawat pada periode Maret – Agustus 2020 di Rumah Sakit Akade...

Human cognition fundamentally depends on memory. Alzheimer’s disease exhibits a strong correlation with a decline in this factor. Phosphodiesterase-4 B (PDE4B) plays a crucial role in neurodegenerative disorders, and its inhibition is one of the promising approaches for memory enhancement. This study aimed to identify secondary metabolites in white...

This scoping review explores the impact of genetic polymorphisms on the pharmacokinetics and treatment responses of mycophenolic acid (MPA), an immunosuppressant. The study includes 83 articles from 1226 original studies, focusing on transplantation (n = 80) and autoimmune disorders (n = 3). Genetic variants in uridine 5'-diphospho-glucuronosyltran...

Objectives: Mobile health app-based interventions are increasingly being developed to support chronic disease management, particularly for epilepsy patients. These interventions focus on managing stress, monitoring drug side effects, providing education, and promoting adherence to medication regimens. Therefore, this scoping review aims to assess h...

Latar Belakang : Antibiotik merupakan salah satu penatalaksanaan pengobatan gastroenteritis karena bakteri. Penggunaan antibiotik yang tidak rasional dapat menyebabkan masalah resistensi dan peningkatan biaya kesehatan. Tujuan: mengetahui rasionalitas terapi antibiotik empiris serta pengaruhnya terhadap luaran klinis pada pasien anak dengan gastroe...

Objectives: Epilepsy is a chronic disease that requires long-term treatment and intervention from health workers. Medication adherence is a factor that influences the success of therapy for patients with epilepsy. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the role of pharmacists in improving the clinical outcomes of epilepsy patients, focusing on medi...

There are differences in the efficacy of a drug between ethnicities. Hypertension Treatment Guidelines of JNC 8 recommend not using angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) and ACE inhibitors in the black population for first-line therapy. The Tolaki and Muna ethnicities are two indigenous ethnic groups of the Southeast Sulawesi Province of Indonesia....

Background: Atypical or second-generation antipsychotic drugs commonly used in the management of schizophrenia include risperidone. Risperidone is linked to the incidence of metabolic syndrome-related adverse effects. Objective: This study aims to investigate the correlation between the administration of risperidone therapy and the incidence of met...

Introduction: Diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) potentially leads to loss of function, infections, hospitalization, lower-extremity amputation, and even death. The potential therapeutic efficacy of a polyherbal candidate named TIP-Heal was identified for treating DFU. TIP-Heal, which stands for Tinospora crispa, Isotoma longiflora, and Piper betle L var ni...

Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) is a neurological disorder with an high mortality rate among schizophrenia patients who receive antipsychotics as the primary long-term therapy. Appropriate selection of antipsychotics in NMS should be carefully considered to obtain maximal effectiveness with minimal side effects. An evaluation of the safety pro...

The success of asthma self-management is determined by three essential factors: healthcare professionals, patients, and drugs. Regarding patient factors, the level of knowledge plays a role and leads to a positive attitude and behavior to prevent future attack relapse. This quasi-experimental study aimed to determine the effectiveness of a mobile p...

Introduction: Inappropriate treatment and non-adherence use of anti-tuberculosis (TB) drugs trigger the spread of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) strains and causes an emerging public health threat worldwide. Therefore, non-adherence to MDR-TB treatment leading to prolonged medication period, increase incidence of adverse event and finan...

Stroke adalah penyebab kedua kematian di seluruh dunia serta menyebabkan disabilitas fisik dan neurologis jangka panjang. Keparahan defisit neurologis dini adalah penentu yang paling penting dari hasil fungsional akhir pada stroke iskemik akut. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah membandingkan efektivitas penggunaan sitikolin dan asam folat dalam mem...

Primary technological developments are advancing rapidly, and dementia patients and caregivers are becoming more open to online interactions for enhancing dementia care. However, most existing applications only focus on patients, and there is a need to expand their scope to include caregivers. Ideally, the application should be designed with the ca...

Schizophrenia is a severe and chronic mental disorder, where antipsychotics are used as the main therapy. Antipsychotics are commonly used in combination, especially in refractory patients. Clozapine is one of antipsychotics that is often used in combination with other antipsychotic to achieve more effective treatment. However, the effectiveness an...

Drug utilization is inevitably accompanied by a high potential for adverse drug reactions (ADRs), ranging from mild to life-threatening events. Studies on the pattern of ADRs reported by healthcare professionals are still limited in Indonesia. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate spontaneous ADRs reported to the monitoring unit at a national canc...

Memory dysfunction is a neurodegenerative disorder in which a person loses his memory, where AD (Alzheimer‟s disease) is appraised as the major trigger of it. Today, everyday consumption of coffee has become a modern lifestyle, and this culture has gained more attention to the researchers. In this study, the potentiality of Coffea robusta and its b...

Primary hypertension is the most prevalent type of hypertension, which is primarily attributed to genetic factors. The angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene has emerged as a prominent candidate among the genetic factors influencing blood pressure regulation. The ACE gene encodes the ACE, which plays a crucial role in the renin-angiotensin system...

Background Healthcare professionals play an essential role in reporting adverse drug reactions as part of pharmacovigilance activities. However, adverse drug reactions reported by healthcare professionals remain low. Objective The aim of this systematic review was to investigate healthcare professionals' knowledge, awareness, attitude, and practic...

Gastric ulcers are caused by excessive gastric acid secretion, alcohol, and long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Aspirin is one of the NSAIDS that can induce peptic ulcers. Traditional medicines that have been proven to have gastroprotective activity is Andrographis paniculata (APAC). The purpose of this study is to asses...

Introduction: Memory dysfunction has remained a challenging issue globally. Nootropics have proven fruitful in managing cognitive dysfunction but because of their side effects, opportunities exist to explore alternatives. White cabbage is a cost-effective natural source of phytochemicals without side effects and has remained uninvestigated as a noo...

Background: Clozapine, an atypical antipsychotic agent, is effective for relapse or refractory schizophrenia that has failed to respond to other antipsychotic medications. Despite its effectiveness, clozapine has a higher risk of metabolic syndrome than other antipsychotics. Objective: This research aimed to identify the correlation between clozapi...

Background: Non-steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) are painkillers that Indonesians widely use. Many people use it because it is easy to get and low price. Although, the public does not pay attention to safety in its use. This study aims to determine the relationship and the level of causality between the use of NSAIDs and chronic kidney di...

Phosphodiesterase-1 (PDE1) is a versatile enzyme that has surprisingly received considerable attention as a possible therapeutic target in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) because it maintains the homeostasis of 3ʹ,5ʹ-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and 3ʹ,5ʹ-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) in the brain. 3ʹ,5ʹ-cyclic adenosine monophosphate and...

Background: The pathophysiology of the upper respiratory diseases involves inflammatory reactions, both immunological and non-immunological inflammation. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the activity of an Indonesian polyherbal product that combines the extracts of Curcuma zanthorrhiza Roxb. rhizome and Vitex trifolia L. leaves, as the main...

Hiperhomositeinemia terjadi pada pasien stroke iskemik akut dan dapat memperburuk luaran terapi karena bersifat neurotoksik. Asam folat merupakan salah satu pilihan terapi yang dapat menurunkan kadar homosistein. Studi mengenai efektivitas asam folat pada pasien stroke iskemik akut masih terbatas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efektivit...

Interindividual variation is important in the response to metformin as the first-line therapy for type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Considering that OCT1 and MATE1 transporters determine the metformin pharmacokinetics, this study aimed to investigate the influence of SLC22A1 and SLC47A1 variants on the steady-state pharmacokinetics of metformin and...

Patient education is one of the important aspects of improving knowledge and quality of asthma control. In this digital era, it can be made with the support of an app-or known as mHealth. Unfortunately, implementing applications for patient education is relatively new among asthmatic patients in Indonesia. This study aimed to determine the efficacy...

Target kerja setiap regimen antipsikotik menimbulkan efek samping berbeda baik digunakan secara tunggal maupun kombinasi. Risperidon tunggal, kombinasi risperidon-klorpromazin dan risperidon-klozapin merupakan 3 besar regimen terapi antipsikotik terbanyak yang digunakan di Instalasi rawat jalan RS Ernaldi Bahar Palembang. Penelitian ini bertujuan u...

Knowledge of diabetes is the important determinant to practice the self-care thus, the therapy goals of diabetes achieved. The aim of the study is to assess the knowledge of type 2 DM patients using SDKS-INA. This research is an observational study, with data collected in the community of the Yogyakarta province from January - May 2020. The assessm...

Polimorfisme enzim mempengaruhi respon obat baik secara langsung maupun tidak langsung. Varian genetik CYP2B6 berkontribusi pada perubahan metabolisme obat dan konsentrasi plasma. Polimorfisme nukleotida tunggal CYP2B6 yang diketahui, CYP2B6*9 (c.516G> T, g.15631, Q172H, rs 3745274) di ekson 4 menunjukkan variabilitas antar-etnis yang cukup besar....

Opioid receptor mu-1 (OPRM1) A118G gene polymorphism has been widely studied as a strong candidate gene for increasing risk of drug addiction. However, the association is still controversial concerning the effect of A118G polymorphisms on drug addiction seems to be different inter-ethnic. The prevalence of OPRM1 A118G polymorphism is found to be lo...

Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) measurement is recommended as the gold standard in long-term blood sugar monitoring the diabetes patients because the fasting blood sugar (FBG) pattern alone cannot provide accurate information regarding the blood sugar variability true picture in type 2 Diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. However, many patients have limited a...

Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infection caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), which resulted in the clinical manifestation of pneumonia. A virus mainly causes pneumonia COVID-19, but bacterial co-infection plays a role in increasing mortality. This case series aimed to identify clinical characteristics...

Background: Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a life-threatening complication of acute diabetes mellitus (DM). Insulin is one of the therapies for DKA, which can reduce potassium levels by shifting potassium from extracellular to intracellular. Consequently, early administration of potassium is important in the resolution of DKA. Objective: To determi...

p>Infeksi daerah operasi (IDO) merupakan infeksi yang terjadi hingga 30 hari setelah operasi atau satu tahun setelah operasi pada pasien yang menerima implan dan mempengaruhi sayatan atau jaringan dalam di lokasi operasi. Sefalosporin golongan pertama yaitu cefazolin merupakan antibiotik pilihan sebagai proflaksis bedah karena merupakan antibiotik...

The incidence of bleeding is increased in high risk patients with critical conditions in Intensive Care Unit (ICU). Appropriate prophylaxis medicine is necessary to reduce the incidence of stress ulcer bleeding during hospitalization in ICU which further can minimize the cost of patient care in the ICU. Currently, lansoprazole and pantoprazole are...

Dislipidemia is one of the main risk factors of cardiovascular diseases that contributed more than 25% of death in this world. Hypertension and DM are associated with comorbidity in chronic disease, include of dislipidemia. This study aimed to determine the effect of comorbid and type of therapy on clinical outcomes in the outpatient installation a...

Tatalaksana depresi tunggal tanpa gejala psikotik erat kaitannya dengan antidepresan, namun identifikasi tatalaksana yang tepat khususnya pada sindroma depresi sebagai satu bagian gejala yang menyertai gangguan jiwa tentunya lebih rumit. Salah satu diagnosa terbanyak untuk gangguan jiwa yang disertai sindroma depresi adalah Skizoaktif Tipe Depresif...

Background A proper education on asthma self-management helps asthmatics to improve health outcomes, such as better asthma knowledge and self-efficacy, increased frequency of symptom-free days, reduced unscheduled healthcare visits and absence from school or work days. In this modern digital era, the use of smartphone apps is increasing rapidly and...

To produce an effect, the agonist drug 2 will bind to the ADRB2 receptor. The effect of agonist 2 shows variation between individuals due to the presence of encoding gene polymorphisms. There are 80 ADRB2 polymorphisms, including Arg16Gly in amino acids 16. The innate ADRB2 genotype is called wildtype, whereas mutated ones is called mutant. The p...

Introduction: Smartphone-based education has been proven to indirectly improve clinical outcomes of type-2 diabetes mellitus patients via practical disease management. "Teman Diabetes" is a new smartphone application that helps diabetics better manage their diabetes, and allows collaboration between diabetics, their inner circle, and medical profes...

Introduction: Smartphone-based education has been proven to indirectly improve clinical outcomes of type-2 diabetes mellitus patients via practical disease management. “Teman Diabetes” is a new smartphone application that helps diabetics better manage their diabetes, and allows collaboration between diabetics, their inner circle, and medical profes...

In 2017, Indonesia was ranked sixth in the top ten countries with the highest diabetes cases. The prevalence is expected to continue increasing. The use of Smartphone applications is one of the alternative methods in promoting better disease management and preventing diabetes. The purpose of this review is to identify existing studies regarding Sma...

Memory is an essential aspect of human cognition. A decrease in this aspect is well associated with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The development of a novel cognitive enhancer (CE) may help overcome AD-related problems. In this study, we evaluated the CE effect of Caesalpinia sappan L. (CS) in memory deficit mice. Administration of its ethanolic extrac...

This study's objective was to determine the distribution of allele frequencies of CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 gene polymorphisms among the Papuan population, known as the second-largest ethnic group in Indonesia. According to recent research, there is a decrease in CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 produced by humans globally, including in Indonesia. These gene polymorphi...

Stroke patients commonly experience central post-stroke neuropathic pain. This study aimed to analyze the rate of pain reduction in central post-stroke neuropathic pain with pregabalin therapy. This study used the observational analytic method. Data collection was conducted prospectively on 36 patients with central post-stroke neuropathic pain at t...

Lifestyle habits related to consuming excessive fatty foods lead to high levels of lipids in the blood. Some drugs are used to reduce lipids by inhibiting the action of the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase and the pancreatic lipase. The Curcuma xanthorrhiza rhizome and Gynura procumbens leaves were empirically used to reduce cholesterol and lipid levels. T...

This study aims to investigate the antitussive activity of herbal cough medicine containing combined herbal extracts of Echinacea purpurea, Sambucus nigra (Black Elderberry), Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice), Vitex trifolia (Indian wild pepper), and Zingiber officinale (ginger). Antitussive assays were conducted on male Dunkin-Hartley albino guinea pi...

Penelitian ini bertujuan mempelajari hubungan antara beberapa faktor dicurigai dengan status remisi, relaps, dan mortalitas pada pasien LLA anak yang menjalani kemoterapi sesuai Protokol Kemoterapi LLA anak tahun 2013. Penelitian ini merupakan studi observasi dengan rancangan cross sectional yang mana proses pengambilan data dilakukan secara retros...

Background Dopamine plays an important role in mediating the rewarding properties in the abuse of drugs. The Taq1A polymorphism is a commonly studied DRD2 gene variant whereby carriers of the low-function T allele (T/T or T/C genotypes) show reduced brain dopamine function. Therefore, individuals who have the DRD2 Taq1A polymorphism will experience...

Cognitive impairment (CI) is a highly complex central nervous system disorder commonly associated with aging. This condition is characterized by a progressive reduction of cognitive function. Modern synthetic drugs have been granted clinical approval for the treatment of CI. However, most of these drugs show insufficient efficacy and undesired side...

A lot of asthma self-management apps were commercially available on the market; however, they make potential users confuse to decide which one is suitable for them. This study was aimed to analyze the contents in the asthma apps available in Indonesian Google Playstore. This study utilized a systematic approach to analyze the contents of asthma sel...

Postoperative pain was suffered by 80% of the total patients. One of the many surgical procedures performed is orthopedics. Ketorolac and fentanyl are often used for postoperative orthopedic pain. Appropriate postoperative pain management with adequate analgesic administration will accelerate pain reduction and shorten the patient's hospital stay....

Exacerbation of asthma is a progressive step in progressive breathing, coughing, wheezing, breathing. In Indonesia salbutamol nebulation is used for the therapy of the first exacerbation attack. The effectiveness of asthma exacerbation therapy needs to be monitored and one of the monitoring parameters that is easily seen is the rate of breath.The a...

Cancer pain might reduce the quality of life of cancer patients. Opioids are the drug of choice in cancer pain management. Fentanyl and other opioids are often prescribed. This study was aimed to compare the pain intensity reduction and quality of life of patients with cancer pain using transdermal fentanyl and other opioids. This prospective cohor...

Background The opioid receptor µ-1 (OPRM1) has become one of the most studied genes in pharmacogenetics, as this gene encodes the µ-opioid receptor (MOR), which plays a role in the opioid drugs response, as well as in various disorders. One of its variants, A118G, which is found at a high frequency in the Asian population, has been associated with...

This study aims to investigate antitussive activity of a herbal cough medicine containing combined herbal extracts of Echinacea purpurea, Sambucus nigra ( Black Elderberry), Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice), Vitex trifolia (Indian wild pepper), and Zingiber officinale (ginger). Antitussive assay were conducted on male Dunkin-Hartley albino guinea pigs...

AsmaDroid is a Google Android OS based smartphone app designed and developed to help Indonesian asthmatics in controlling their conditions. It has many functions and content that help asthmatics in improving asthma education, measuring asthma condition, recording their conditions, peak flow meter, asthma action plans, maps of the nearest hospital o...

A self-management is an important thing in achieving optimum health outcomes. One of the many effective ways that help improve the outcomes of self-management in asthma is through the use of smartphone applications or popularly known as apps. The apps have been designed to help patients in controlling asthma complaints. This study aimed to examine...

Resiko kejadian perdarahan meningkat pada pasien dengan kondisi kritis di intensive care unit (ICU) sehingga kebutuhan penggunaan profilaksis cukup tepat untuk mengurangi kejadian perdarahan selama di ICU. Kajian penggunaan profilaksis yang efektif sangat diperlukan untuk mencegah komplikasi tersebut dengan harapan dapat meminimalkan kejadian perda...

Objective: To find the effective method of telehealth for COPD patients through focus group discussions (FGD) health professional and COPD patients. Methods: Focus group discussions, the materials of FGD consist of educational contents, telehealth media, and education schedule. Discussions involving 11 participants, six medical professionals (2 med...

BACKGROUND: Aminophylline (theophylline) is one of the most frequent asthma therapies in Indonesia, although it remains as a narrow therapy. The effects of drugs are individualized and strongly influenced by genetic, one of which is CYP1A2 gene polymorphisms. This study aimed to determine the profile of CYP1A2 polymorphism and theophylline level in...

Oxcarbazepine is a second-generation anticonvulsant drug that is a keto analog of carbamazepine. Oxcarbazepine was approved by The National Agency of Drug and Food Control Indonesia (NA-DFC) for generalized epilepsy, tonic-clonic primary and partial epilepsy with or without secondary generalization. However, as other anticonvulsants, oxcarbazepine...

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease in the respiratory tract that has a considerable global prevalence. The worsening of asthma is an asthma attack that causes asthma symptoms to increase and decreased lung function progressively. One of the most commonly used asthma medications in Indonesia is intravenous aminophylline. Aminophylline is a dru...

Background: Intravenous aminophylline is one of the most frequent exacerbations of asthma therapy in Indonesia. Even abroad, the use of aminophylline / theophylline is often used because of higher and better effectiveness than the first line, ie salbutamol nebulasi. Objective: To determine the effectiveness of salbutamol mebulasi and aminophylline...