Ziyad Almalki

• PhD
• Professor (Assistant) at Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University

Purpose This study aimed to explore the Willingness To Pay (WTP) of uninsured individuals in Saudi Arabia and the factors influencing their decisions regarding telemedicine services. Patients and Methods This study used a cross-sectional survey design and convenience sampling to gather data from respondents aged 18 years or older who had visited h...

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Objective This study aimed to determine the intention of female Saudi pharmacy students to work in community pharmacies and the factors associated with this intention. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted between April 2022 and June 2022 and included female students from pharmacy colleges in Saudi Arabia. The survey was created based o...

Background Herbal supplements (HSs) are used to treat a variety of diseases and ailments. Individuals with chronic diseases are at a higher risk of having adverse events and drug interactions from the use of HSs. Aim This study determined the beliefs, awareness, use, and factors associated with HSs usage among patients with chronic diseases in Alk...

Purpose This study investigated the access to and disparities in telemedicine use among patients with chronic conditions in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Patients and Methods A cross-sectional study of randomly selected primary healthcare centers was conducted to ensure that each of the 17 municipalities in Riyadh were represented. Three hundred and forty...

Several studies have found that telemedicine has the potential to enhance the outcomes of patients with diabetes. This study aimed to determine the impact of telemedicine on the clinical outcomes of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Saudi Arabia. We conducted a cross-sectional study among T2DM patients in selected primary healthcare...

Background: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most prevalent cardiac arrhythmia type. Patients with AF are often administered anticoagulants to reduce the risk of ischemic stroke due to an irregular heartbeat. We evaluated the efficacy and safety of edoxaban versus warfarin in patients with nonvalvular AF by conducting an updated meta-analysis of rea...

Background Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death and disability worldwide. It is a general term used to describe a group of disorders that affect the heart or blood vessels. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and predictors of polypharmacy in patients with heart failure. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study in a ter...

Introduction Maintaining continuity of care is one of the most critical components of providing great care in primary health care. This study aimed to explore continuity of care and its predictors in primary healthcare settings among patients with chronic diseases in Saudi Arabia. Method Face-to-face cross-sectional interviews were conducted with...

Telepharmacy is a practical part of telemedicine that refers to providing pharmaceutical services within the scope of the pharmacist's obligations while maintaining a temporal and spatial distance between patients, users of health services, and healthcare professionals. The present study was a cross-sectional study conducted among community pharmac...

COVID-19-infected individuals and those who recovered from the infection have been demonstrated to have elevated liver enzymes or abnormal liver biochemistries, particularly with preexisting liver diseases, liver metabolic disorders, viral hepatitis, and other hepatic comorbidities. However, possible crosstalk and intricate interplay between COVID-...

Telepharmacy is a technology-based service that provides promoted services such as counseling, medication administration and compounding, drug therapy monitoring, and prescription review. It is unclear whether hospital pharmacists possess the necessary knowledge, attitudes, and willingness to practice telepharmacy. The current study sought to inves...

This study aimed to assess knowledge, attitude, and pattern of use of Coenzyme Q10 supplements (CoQ10) among chronic cardiac patients. This was a cross-sectional study where 134 patients were conveniently sampled from 169 patients based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. This study was conducted using a pre-validated, self-administered questionna...

The current state of innovation and transformation in healthcare research differs significantly worldwide due to several factors such as economic development, healthcare infrastructure, cultural attitudes, government policies, healthcare challenges, international collaboration, access to education and research institutions, and response to crises....

Surgical site infections are among the most prevalent and costly healthcare-associated infections, resulting in poor patient outcomes and even death. Cefazolin is a first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic that is widely used for surgical prophylaxis in a variety of surgical disciplines. Although previous studies showed that cefazolin is effective...

Objectives This study investigated the level and associated factors, focusing on the number of individuals with chronic conditions, of out-of-pocket healthcare expenditures (OOPHE). Design A cross-sectional study was conducted from January 2021 to June 2021. Setting Riyadh Province, Saudi Arabia. Participants A total of 1176 households that used...

Households’ economic burden associated with chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs) is a deterrent to healthcare access, adversely impacting patients’ health. Therefore, we investigated the extent of out-of-pocket (OOP) spending among individuals diagnosed with chronic NCDs among household members in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Face-to-face interviews w...

Introduction Thrombotic complications of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have received considerable attention. Although numerous conflicting findings have compared escalated thromboprophylaxis doses with a standard dose to prevent thrombosis, there is a paucity of literature comparing clinical outcomes in three different anticoagulation dosing...

Gastric ulcer (GU) is a worldwide gastrointestinal disorder associated with ‎NSAID use. Recently, ‎amentoflavone proved to be a potent autophagy modulator, ‎antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and ‎anti-apoptotic agent. Eight-week-old male ‎Wistar rats received amentoflavone orally for ‎‎14 days at 25, 50, or ‎‎100 mg/kg/day. On day 14 of treatment, GU...

The COVID-19 pandemic severely affected healthcare systems and tested their preparedness. To date, the length of hospital stay (LoHS) and its factors among COVID-19 patients has not been thoroughly studied. Moreover, it is essential to identify the features of these patients. Adult COVID-19 patients in Saudi Arabia with complete electronic medical...

Aims The present study aimed to investigate the potential of epimedin A to ameliorate DNFB-induced allergic contact dermatitis (CD) and reveal its potential underlying mechanisms of action, emphasizing its role in modulating NF-κB/NLRP3, Nrf2/HO-1 pathways, and inflammation. Main methods Seven-week-old BALB/c mice received epimedin A orally for 11...

Perioperative antimicrobial prophylaxis is effective in reducing the rate of surgical site infections (SSIs); however, non-adherence to surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis protocols can lead to several negative outcomes. We performed a before-and-after intervention study with the aim of improving the process outcome, including adherence to guideline...

Despite the availability and advancement of diagnostic and treatments with demonstrated benefits in minimizing cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, hypertension control rates remain suboptimal. Therefore, this research aimed to determine the prevalence of uncontrolled BP in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients and understand all potential risk fac...

Diabetes mellitus is a lifestyle modification disease that requires corporation from patients, which can be achieved by increasing patients' education level regarding the condition. In Malaysia, pharmacists are providing these services in DMTAC clinics in hospitals. The objective was to evaluate the influence of pharmacist intervention on hypertens...

As diabetes mellitus is a lifestyle associated disease thus for achieving rigorous glycemic control , not only the physician adherence and compliance to the given guideline are important, but patient adherence to medication regimens also plays a vital role. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of pharmacist led educational intervention on diabet...

The impact of pharmacists is proven for patient drug therapy, appropriateness, effectiveness, and patient compliance towards the treatment plan. The current study aimed to appraise the impact of pharmacist-led educational intervention on diabetic nephropathy determinants among diabetic patients in Malaysia. In two different tertiary care hospitals,...

Objective We aimed to evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the knowledge and attitudes of patients among the Saudi population toward participating in clinical trials. Methods We conducted a descriptive, cross-sectional analysis using self-administered questionnaires for patients who attended the outpatient clinics at King Fahad Medical...

Around six months have passed since the emergence of an ongoing coronavirus-related health pandemic. In resource-limited countries, healthcare systems with fewer options for intervention are likely to face more economic difficulties. The goal of this review is to summarize and explore the cost and economic effect of COVID-19 on global health system...

Aim: This review aims to describe the appropriateness of surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis during the last decade. Methodology: The review included a searching web of science for articles focused on “the appropriateness of surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis”. The searching process was conducted on 29 Nov 2020 and included original articles so the...

Aim: This cross-sectional study aimed to assess the prevalence of poor glycemic control and risk factors associated with it among diabetic patients in the central rural region of Saudi Arabia. Methods: The study included a review of diabetic patients’ medical record in King Khaled Hospital in Al-Kharj from the beginning of January 2019 to the end o...

Introduction: Due to the diversity of reports and on the rates of medications errors (MEs) in Saudi Arabia, we performed the first meta-analysis to determine the rate of medications errors in Saudi Arabia using meta-analysis in the hospital settings. Methods: We conducted a systematic literature search through August 2019 using PubMed, EMBASE, C...

Aim: The objective of this study was to explore the public knowledge and attitudes towards COVID-19 Vaccination in Saudi Arabia. Methodology: This was an online, questionnaire-based cross-sectional study included a questionnaire that was prepared using an online questionnaire. The questionnaire was disseminated by social media platforms to be fille...

ABSTRACT Introduction: In Saudi Arabia, over 154,000 people were infected with coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Unfortunately, until now, there are no vaccinations or effective drugs available, so only public health interventions such as physical distancing and hygiene measures in addition to targeted testing followed by isolation and quarantine me...

Introduction: Hypertension is considered one of the most significant risk factors for mortality and morbidity worldwide. There are major clinical implications for gender-specific pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. It is important to know the potential gender differences in hypertension treatment and to know the prescribing trends in male and fe...

Introduction: Hypertension is the most common modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, renal failure, and stroke. Previous studies showed that prescription patterns of antihypertensive drugs varied by gender. Aim: This is a retrospective study that was conducted to describe the difference in prescribing antihypertensive drugs according t...

Objectives: We aimed to describe the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of patients with COVID-19 in Saudi Arabia in various severity groups. Methods: Data for 485 patients were extracted from the medical records from the infectious disease center of Prince Mohammed bin Abdul Aziz Hospital in Riyadh. Patients' basic information, laborator...

Introduction: A cesarean section is a life-saving surgery when some complications arise during pregnancy or the process of childbirth. The development of post-caesarean delivery surgical site infections is one of the significant cause of prolonged hospitalization, greater mortality than before, increased morbidity, and increased hospital readmissio...

Aim: This study aimed to analyze acyclovir prescription patterns in a public hospital in AlKharj. Methodology: Cross-sectional study, via hospital pharmacy services that included collecting data on acyclovir utilization from de-identified pharmacy records in maternity and children hospital in Alkharj from 1 Jan 2018 until 31 Aug 2020. Results: A to...

Aims: The present study was designed to identify and assess the severity of azithromycin interactions with other drugs in the outpatient setting in Alkharj. Methodology: A retrospective analysis was performed of azithromycin prescriptions in the outpatient setting in a public hospital in Alkharj in order to determine the incidence of interactions b...

Aim: Lipid-lowering drugs are used to decrease low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and as a result, they are used in both secondary and primary prevention of cardiovascular diseases. This study aimed to observe the prescribing trend of lipid-lowering drugs and to describe the gender and age-related differences in the outpatient setting of a public...

Purpose: Evidence to date suggests that having chronic conditions increases the probability of severe illness from severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Thus, it is essential to identify the features of those patients. The purpose of this research was to identify the clinical characteristics and outcomes of COVID-19 patients with chronic cond...

Background: Pharmacological treatments including antivirals (Lopinavir/Ritonavir), Immuno-modulatory and anti-inflammatory drugs including, Tocilizumab and Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) has been widely investigated as a treatment for COVID-19. Despite the ongoing controversies, HCQ was recommended for managing mild to moderate cases in Saudi Arabia . Ho...

Objectives: Advances in technology are changing the way healthcare services are delivered. The adoption of different health technologies has significantly improved health access and efficiency. In addition, health-technology adoption can help immensely in improving health outcomes and enhancing public and private healthcare spending efficiency. How...

Objectives: Advances in technology are changing the way healthcare services are delivered. The adoption of different health technologies has significantly improved health access and efficiency. In addition, health-technology adoption can help immensely in improving health outcomes and enhancing public and private healthcare spending efficiency. Ho...

Objective The community pharmacy is one setting that plays a crucial role in patient safety. To develop tailored patient safety improvement programs in this setting, it is essential to know the perspectives of the pharmacies’ staffs on patient safety. Thus, in this study, we assessed patient safety culture in the community pharmacy setting in Saudi...

Background and aim The effect of anticoagulation control on overall Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) in patients taking warfarin in Malaysia has not been explored yet. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate HRQoL among patients on warfarin in Malaysia. Methods HRQoL among patients on warfarin was measured using WHOQOL-BREF (World Health Org...

Objective: This study estimated nationally representative medical expenditures of gynecologic cancers, described treatment patterns and assessed key risk factors associated with the economic burden in the United States. Methods: A retrospective repeated measures design was used to estimate the effect of gynecologic cancers on medical expenditure...

Aims This research examines the prevalence of uncontrolled hypertension and associated risk factors among patients with diabetes in Saudi Arabia. Methods A hospital-based, cross-sectional study was used in patients with diabetes and hypertension attending outpatient diabetes clinics in King Khaled Hospital and Prince Sultan Center for Health Care...

Objectives: To determine the cost-effectiveness of intensive blood pressure (BP) treatment in patients at high risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) over their lifetime in Saudi Arabia. Methods: A Markov model was developed for the BP strategies to estimate the added lifetime costs and quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) gained. These 2 items we...

Objective: The current literature suggests that more intensive blood pressure (BP) treatment is clinically more effective than less intensive treatment in patients at high risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD). In this analysis, we evaluated the potential clinical benefit and cost-effectiveness of more intensive BP treatment in patients at high ri...

Introduction Despite the strong evidence of an association between adoption of the patient-centered medical home (PCMH) and improved clinical outcomes among patients with hypertension, evidence for associations between the PCMH and health care utilization and cost reduction within the general adult population with hypertension is less developed. O...

Background The Patient-Centered Medical Home (PCMH) model is a coordinated-care model that has served as a means to improve several chronic disease outcomes and reduce management costs. However, access to PCMH has not been explored among adults suffering from chronic conditions in the United States. Therefore, the aim of this study was to describe...

Background Simvastatin plus ezetimibe reduced the risk of cardiovascular events in the IMProved Reduction of Outcomes: Vytorin Efficacy International (IMPROVE-IT) study. The aim of this study is to investigate the cost-effectiveness of adding ezetimibe to simvastatin treatment for patients with ACS based on the recently completed IMPROVE-IT trial....

Background Given that the quinolones is one of the antibacterial classes most frequently used to treat patients with bacterial infections in the United States, any change in prescribing patterns of quinolones will impact Medicaid medical expenditures. Objectives This study was undertaken to examine trends in utilization, reimbursement, and prices o...

Background: Bevacizumab is a recombinant, humanized monoclonal antibody that hinders the proliferation of new blood vessels required for malignant progression. The drug is considered safe and tolerable; however, some controversy remains about whether it is linked to venous and arterial thromboembolic events (TEEs). Objective: To evaluate the ris...

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the practice pattern of off-label use of fluoroquinolones (FQs) in ambulatory settings and to identify the related risk factors. Methods: The National Ambulatory Medical Care Surveys from 2006 through 2012 was used to identify subjects who received FQ off-label prescriptions. We defined off-label us...

Azithromycin has been used for many years for the treatment of patients with various types of bacterial infections, as well as for the secondary prevention of coronary events. There is a growing concern, however, that azithromycin may be associated with an increased cardiovascular (CV) risk and may lead to CV-related death in high-risk patients. Th...

An orphan drug is a drug developed specifically to treat a rare medical condition. With a combined population of less than 400 million, about 2.8 million patients are estimated to be suffering from a rare disease in the Middle East. Some disorders such as hemoglobinopathy, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, autosomal recessive syndromes,...