Zi Yan

The Education University of Hong Kong | ied · Department of Curriculum and Instruction (CI)

Based on the self-system processes model of motivation, we explored the mediating role of academic self-concept in the relationship between perseverance of effort and self-assessment. The results showed that perseverance of effort has a positive but not statistically significant association with self-assessment when controlling academic self-concep...

Online peer assessment (OPA) has been increasingly adopted to develop students' higher-order thinking (HOT). However, there has not been a synthesis of research findings on its effects. To fill this gap, 17 papers (published from 2000 to 2022) that reported either a comparison between a group using OPA (n = 7; k = 22) and a control group or a pre-p...

Self-determination theory argues that students' intrinsic motivation is cultivated when teachers teach in ways that meet students' basic psychological needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness (i.e., need-supportive teaching). However, the suspension of in-person teaching and learning due to the COVID-19 pandemic has urged teachers to search...

This paper investigates how 192 trainees' self-assessment practices and personal attributes related to their success in an online interview training program. Performance was measured pre-and post-training by evaluating the use of open-ended questions and positive interviewing behaviors. Personal data and a pre-training survey on self-assessment pra...

This review portrays a dynamic developmental trend in the teacher well-being literature in Asia between 1973 and 2021 using a descriptive quantitative analysis approach. A search of the Scopus database identified 168 journal articles across 46 countries and regions in Asia. This number of publications indicated a substantial change in the knowledge...

Despite the general consensus on the positive impact of formative assessment on student learning, researchers have not shown the underlying mechanisms between specific formative assessment strategies and academic performance on an international sample. This study examines the link between student and teacher reports of teachers' formative assessmen...

This meta-analysis examined the effect of self-assessment (SA) and/or peer-assessment (PA) interventions on academic performance. The synthesis included 626 effect sizes from 175 independent studies, either using an experimental/quasi-experimental design or a repeated measures design, and involved 19,383 participants in total. Results indicated tha...

Despite the critical role of formative assessment in instruction, there is a lack of theory-driven instruments that specifically assess teachers' formative assessment literacy. This paper reports the development and validation of the Teacher Formative Assessment Literacy Scale (TFALS). The instrument was developed on a three-dimensional model of fo...

Covering both higher education and school education, this book contributes to the field of assessment by providing a systematic account of student self-assessment based on a consistent conceptualisation. Yan advocates viewing self-assessment as an active and reflective process and using it as a learning strategy rather than an assessment method. He...

Collaborative lesson planning (CLP) is a key component of teachers’ professional development that responds to students’ ever-increasing learning needs. This study aimed to develop and validate an instrument to evaluate teachers’ CLP practices. Guided by the SECI (socialisation, externalisation, combination, and internalisation) knowledge-creation m...

Adversity response is fundamental to dealing with adversity. This paper reports the re-development and subsequent psychometric evaluation of the Adversity Response Profile for Chinese University Students (ARP-CUS). The data were collected from a Chinese university student sample (n = 474). Factor analysis and Rasch analysis were used to examine the...

The self-system model of motivational development was used in this study to examine whether and how student motivation and self-assessment practices—as psychological and behavioural mechanisms, respectively—link need-supportive teaching to students’ objective achievement scores in English language learning. We applied a multilevel mediation analysi...

Creativity is an important 21st Century skill that enhances students' ability to see new opportunities, confront new challenges, and adapt flexibly to the changing study, work and life situations. To nurture students with strong self-efficacy in creative thinking is as important as the contexts and strategies involved in its application. But how to...

A one-day educational intervention with multiple activities was developed and operationalized with a sample of Chinese business students in Hong Kong, China. Its effectiveness in influencing students’ corporate social responsibility orientation (CSRO) was measured with a Chinese version of a forced choice scale using Economic, Legal, Ethical, and D...

Past studies identified isolated factors influencing teachers’ formative assessment practices (FAP) but did not show a comprehensive model of it. Hence, this study systematically creates and tests a theoretical model of FAP by determining whether personal or contextual factors are linked to teachers’ FAP. We collected longitudinal data from 296 Hon...

A significant challenge in studying formative assessment is the lack of suitable instruments for assessing teachers’ formative assessment practices. This paper reports the development of the Teacher Formative Assessment Practice Scale (TFAPS) and its psychometric properties based on two samples of primary and secondary school teachers: one from Hon...

We investigated the relationship between the scores assigned by an Automated Essay Scoring (AES) system, the Intelligent Essay Assessor (IEA), and grades allocated by trained, professional human raters to English essay writing by instigating two procedures novel to written-language assessment: the logistic transformation of AES raw scores into hier...

It has been suggested for many years that students who are able to judge their own performance should do well in academic assessments. Despite the increasing number of empirical studies investigating the effect of self-assessment on academic performance, there has not been a recent synthesis of findings in the higher education context. The current...

Both student feedback literacy and self-assessment are crucial for developing self-regulated and lifelong learning in higher education. The relationship between these two concepts is important but as yet understudied. Using self-assessment to develop students' feedback literacy has been mentioned in relevant literature, but how feedback literacy ca...

Both formative assessment and growth mindset scholars aim to understand how to enhance achievement. While research on formative assessment focuses on external teaching practices, work on growth mindset emphasises internal psychological processes. This study examined the interplay between three formative assessment strategies (i.e. sharing learning...

While formative assessment is recognised as a powerful strategy to improve student learning in mainstream education, less is known about its use in special schools. This study investigates how teachers' Personal Practice Assessment Theories (PPATs) affect their formative assessment practices in the special school context with the support of e-books...

Developing students' self-regulated learning (SRL) is crucial for nurturing the lifelong learners needed in modern and future society. This study adopted structural equation modelling to explore the relationships among self-regulatory climate, group regulation in project based learning (PBL) and individual regulatory ability. The results indicate t...

Teachers are playing crucial roles in the implementation of formative assessment, which has been widely recognised as a valuable strategy in enhancing students' learning outcomes. However, systematic analysis on factors that might facilitate or hinder teachers' intentions and implementations regarding formative assessment is scarce. This review cov...

This paper describes Hong Kong's borrowing, primarily from the UK, of the assessment for learning policy, in the context of prolonged use of formal summative public examinations. The narrative review and analysis are guided by a social positivist critique of the assessment for learning policy in the Hong Kong context. This paper concludes that Hong...

This study aimed to identify teachers’ perceived challenges in implementing assessment-as-learning (AaL) in classrooms, and evaluate the impact of a one-year professional development programme (PDP) designed for 47 teachers in a Hong Kong primary school to promote AaL implementation. Findings showed that the PDP increased the frequency and appropri...

Self-assessment is fundamental to self-regulated learning; however, instruments to measure self-assessment practices are limited to a few developed educational systems. This study examined the psychometric properties of the Self-assessment Practice Scale (SaPS) in the English language subject using data from 778 secondary school students from the P...

Although students who self-assess effectively often learn better, creating effective, low-cost interventions to help them do so is a critical challenge. This study examined the effects of a self-assessment diary intervention on 74 Form 1 (Mage = 12.2 years) students’ academic achievement, self-regulation, and motivation. After each homework assignm...

Recognised as the most influential publication in the field, ARM facilitates deep understanding of the Rasch model and its practical applications. The authors review the crucial properties of the model and demonstrate its use with examples across the human sciences. Readers will be able to understand and critically evaluate Rasch measurement resear...

Self-assessment is a fundamental skill for professionals because self-assessment can promote self-regulated learning and professional development. However, studies reporting the use of self-assessment instruments in the professional training context are scarce. This study aimed to re-evaluate the psychometric properties of the Self-assessment Pract...

This study explores factors that predict students' self-assessment intentions and practices using a framework based on the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB). A total of 1425 Hong Kong students (Primary 4 to Secondary 3) participated in this study. Students' intentions and practices pertaining to self-assessment and the predictors of their intention...

Despite the theoretical argument and empirical evidence regarding the impact of self- assessment on academic achievement and self-regulated learning (SRL), the mechanism for this impact is understudied. The present study aimed to investigate the characteristics of self-assessment practices at different SRL phases and its relationship with academic...

This research aimed to develop a short form of the Self-assessment Practices Scale (SaPS). Guided by a process model of self-assessment, the SaPS scale was designed to assess the actions students engage in during the self-assessment process. The data used for developing the original 20-item SaPS (SaPS-20), i.e., 1,416 Hong Kong students ranging fro...

This study investigates the relationship between students' attitudes towards formative assessment and summative assessment and aims to enrich the understanding of formative and summative assessment from the students' perspective. A total of 3,019 Hong Kong primary school students responded to a newly developed instrument. Overall, students reported...

This study translated a corporate social responsibility orientations scale (E-CSRO), a measurement scale that assesses individuals' orientation toward corporate social responsibility, into Chinese (C-CSRO). A convenience sample of Chinese business students (N ¼ 793) was recruited and randomly halved. Reliability and correlational statistics, explor...

This study investigates the relationship between students’ attitudes towards formative assessment and summative assessment and aims to enrich the understanding of formative and summative assessment from the students’ perspective. A total of 3,019 Hong Kong primary school students responded to a newly developed instrument. Overall, students reported...

This paper reports on a qualitative study on markers’ perceptions of onscreen marking (OSM) in association with key influential factors of marking reliability. The study has made adaptations to an existing framework proposed by Black, Suto, and Bramley in 2011 for exploring issues related to influential factors of marking reliability in OSM context...

This paper describes the development and psychometric evaluation of the Self-assessment Practice Scale (SaPS), an instrument for assessing students’ actions when engaged in self-assessment. Adopting a theory-driven approach, the SaPS was developed in line with the self-assessment process proposed by Yan and Brown (Assess Eval High Educ, 42(8):1247–...

While Chinese producers are often regarded as mere copyists, many of the ‘copies’ are of outstanding products, and, often, the copies exceed the originals. Recently the industry slogan ‘Made in China’ has been changed to ‘Made with China’ which emphasizes the new approach to industry collaborations between China and the rest of the world. So, why h...

While significant progress has been made on understanding the effects of student self-assessment, the processes by which these effects occur are much less studied. The present research identified the actions involved in a cyclical self-assessment process. In this qualitative study, 17 undergraduate students from a teacher education institute took p...

This study examined the relationship between teachers’ beliefs regarding self-regulated learning (SRL), together with key demographic variables, including gender, school sector and teaching experience, and their SRL instruction. A survey investigating teachers’ beliefs and instructional practices regarding SRL was administered to 873 Hong Kong teac...

Adjustments are considered necessary for students with disabilities to be fully included in classroom instruction, classroom assessment and external accountability tests. The 67 item Checklist of Learning and Assessment Adjustments for Students (CLAAS), translated for the Chinese community, was used by 74 teachers from Macau and Mainland China to d...

This chapter reports two studies aiming at explaining principals' and teachers' intentions and practices regarding inclusive education in the Hong Kong context. Both studies adopted the theoretical framework of the Theory of Planned Behavior. Study 1 surveyed 841 teachers and revealed that attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control...

Self-assessment is a core skill that enables students to engage in self-regulated learning. The purpose of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of a Self-assessment Practice Scale and to depict the characteristics of self-assessment practices of Hong Kong secondary students using this newly developed instrument. A total of 6,125 st...

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of the key demographic variables of gender, school level and goal orientation on students’ self-assessment practices, including self-directed feedback seeking (SDFS) and self-reflection (SR). A total of 8843 Hong Kong students were surveyed, ranging from Primary 4 to Secondary 6. The results show...

Onscreen marking (OSM) has been used for the majority of Hong Kong public examinations since 2012. The current study compares marker reactions to OSM, ie, perceived ease of use and acceptance of OSM, against the backdrop of virtually all subject areas being marked on screen. The data were collected from three major sources: (1) survey data obtained...

Onscreen marking has been used for the majority of Hong Kong public examinations since 2012. The current study rounds off the series of validation research studies in this volume by comparing marker reactions to OSM, i.e., perceived ease of use and acceptance of OSM, against the backdrop of virtually all subject areas being marked on screen. The da...

This chapter provides an account of the penultimate study described in this book. The study aimed to investigate the effects of three key demographic factors: the language of marking; gender; and age on marker reactions to onscreen marking. A total of 1743 markers completed a post-marking questionnaire consisting of two previously validated scales,...

During the series of validation studies investigating the implementation of onscreen marking in Hong Kong’s public examinations, an issue arose. The issue was that some markers were not as positive as might have been expected – given the English Language markers’ reactions to the enhanced support from the system. Concern was expressed about the fee...

There has been a plethora of international research on teacher motivations, and a significant literature has been accumulated about the different types of motivations for teaching. Despite this, a notable lack of longitudinal data remains, particularly those that examine the consequences of different motivational profiles (Richardson et al. 2006) a...

This study aimed at providing explanation and prediction of principals’ inclusive education intentions and practices under the framework of the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB). A sample of 209 principals from Hong Kong schools was surveyed using five scales that were developed to assess the five components of TPB: attitude, subjective norm, perce...

This study aims to explore the relationships between the extent and perceived quality of teachers’ experience of training in behaviour management (BM), and their awareness of the nature and extent of behavioural problems among school students, and their confidence in their own competence to deal with such problems. Teachers (n = 183) from Hong Kong...

Teaching assistants (TAs) play an influential role in primary and secondary schools. But there is an absence in literature about the TA's efficacy, and to date no instrument is available for measuring TA's efficacy. The present study aims to develop and validate a scale (Teaching Assistant Efficacy Scale, TAES) for measuring TA's efficacy on identi...

The current study aims to investigate the effects of three key demographic factors – the language of marking, gender and age – on markers’ reactions to onscreen marking (OSM). A total of 1743 markers completed a post-marking questionnaire consisting of two previously validated scales, i.e. Ease of Use in the OSM Environment and Acceptance of OSM sc...

This study investigates the Chinese reading patterns of students with learning disabilities (LD). The performances of students with LD in reading the three categories of Chinese characters were particularly analysed: regular, irregular, and pseudo-characters. Fifty-three students with LD in reading and 44 students without LD of Year 4 were selected...

The theory of planned behaviour (TPB) was used to explore the Hong Kong teachers’ intentions to implement school-based assessment (SBA) and the predictors of those intentions. A total of 280 teachers from Hong Kong secondary schools who had been involved in SBA were surveyed. Rasch-calibrated teacher measures were calculated for each of the 6 varia...

The theory of planned behaviour (TPB) claims that behaviour can be predicted by behavioural intention and perceived behavioural control, while behavioural intention is a function of attitude towards the behaviour, subjective norm, and perceived behavioural control. This study aims at providing explanation and prediction of teachers' inclusive educa...